adsby.ru → create

Duryagin's rule formula. Superficial appearances: The head master. Duryagin Landau's theory of coagulation

SHO STUUT technology bagatokh lykarsky forms.

Formula of the rule:

clarified rules

Particles of lykarskoy speech may be tricky (schilini Grifitsa), in which the ridina penetrates. Ridina put a wedge grip on a piece, as I overturn the force, which I will add. If it is crushed, it will swell, then it will be finely refined in a dry viglyad, or if it is less, then it will be added. Pislya to refine the lykarsky speech vikoristovuyut by means of stirring up with the help of fractionation of particles. The agitation of the field is that, with the change of firm speech from the line, 10-20 times after the whole overturning of the mass, other particles are found in the advanced camp, and the great ones settle to the bottom. The most effective way to explain this is by the richness of sedimentation of particles of small growths (Stokes' law). The suspension of the most advanced particles is angry, and the sieges are re-adjusted and stirred up with a new port of the line to quiet pir, until the whole siege goes into a thin suspension.

Stuck in technology

Bismuthi subnitratis ana 3.0

Aquae destillatae 200 ml

M.D.S. Wipe the shkіra of revealing

Prescription value: 200 ml of purified water should be added to the delivery. At the hub, add 3 g of starch and 3 g of basic nitrate of bismuth in 3 ml of water (according to Deryagin's rule), then add 60-90 ml of water, stir up the sum and pour on a sprinkle of quiline. Carefully pour out the thin suspension from the siege at the bottle. Vologiy siege dodatkovo wipe out with a tovkach, zmіshuyut with a new port of water, pissed off. The refinement and the stirring are repeated, as long as all the great parts do not turn into a thin suspension.

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 rock.

Explanation of the rule [ed]

Stagnation in technology [ed]

Dovidnik Khimika 21

Chemistry and chemistry technology

The rozrakhovanie put on the thresholds of the shvidkoy coagulation, like the rules of Duryagin-Landau (the rules of Schulze - Gardi).

There is no clarification and theoretical grounding of the Schulze - Gardi boule dania Deriagin and Landau rules. For the development of the threshold of coagulation theory, I will start the formula

The rule of Duryagin - Landau, according to the authors on the basis of the phenomenon of the physical theory of coagulation, allows for the value of the threshold of rapid coagulation, as it shows the development of the energy bar on the curves of the state of the world According to this rule, the value of the coagulation threshold does not depend on experimental values because coagulation does not lie in the form of valence, only in the case of specific, non-adsorbent

Coagulation of electrolyte is characterized by a threshold of coagulation, i.e., the minimum concentration of electrolyte in a coloidal range, which is a coagulation threshold. The time of coagulation occurs as a valence of the coagulation ion. Qia fallowness is twisted by the rule of significance (the rule of Schulze - Gardi). Bilsh suvoru, theoretically enriched with a number of links below the threshold of high coagulation at and valency of Ion, according to the Duryagin - Landau rule

As a result, I will clarify the Schulze-Gardi rule, after the theoretical derogations from Deryagin and Landau.

theoretical statements about the reasons, how to summarize the strength of liophobic ashes, they took away the given development from the robots of B.V.Deryagin and L.D. Landau. It is close to the theoretical views and experimental data of Duryagin, the plavka of Ridini, as it is found between two solid bodies that are bored in her, imposed on them a wedge-shaped grip and at the very same time. Diya shvidko grows up because of the vitality of the ferry and in the great world it goes down because of the presence of electric power. From the point of view of the coagulation of the particles of the pereshkozhaє the wedge-like opening of the spills. The introduction of electrolytes into the sol should be brought up to the change of the sub-electric ball, the squeeze of the diffusion part and the change of energy add parts of the rivals and, by ourselves, until the stability of the sol is destroyed. the string is rosy mathematical theory Stability and coagulation of Duryagin and Landau to bring the rules of valency Schulze - Gardi up to a super physical priming, and at the same time to introduce a physical basis from the empirical laws.

The basic laws of coagulation from the day of electrolysis. The change in the efficiency of ashes with the change in the change in them of electrolytes has become more common among the older pre-ages of coloidal systems (F. Selmi, T. Graeme, M. Faraday, G. I. Borshchov). Robots were trained by G. Schulz, U. Gardi, G. Pikton, O. Linder, G. Freindlikh, V. Pauli, G. Kroyt, N. P. Puskov, A. V. Dumansky and the great experimental material and broken basic theoretical publicity. Great additions to the development of the theory of electrolytic coagulation were made by the radians of B. V. Deryagin from sp., P. A. Rebinder and his school. Experimentally established regularities during coagulation with electrolytes according to the name of the rules of coagulation

There will be graphs of optical density about the concentration of electrolyte Set (Fig. III.5). From the point of overturning the continuation of both straight lines of the curve, lower the perpendicular to the vertical line of the abscis and determine the time of rapid coagulation for skin electrolyte. Having increased the value of coagulation thresholds at the least of them, we introduced the rule of significance and set it under the Deryagin-Landau rule.

VV Karasov and B.V.Deryagin revealed a sudden growth of power at the beginning of the period from the beginning of the period until the beginning of the period. All tse give the right to name such shari as a special, boundary phase, some of the appearance of a sharp separation of the distribution є mainly viznennya phase. The difference due to the specific phases of the polarity is that the thickness of the boundary phase is a total value for a given temperature.

The theory of Duryagin - Fairway - Overbeck will be established, which SC is wrapped in a proportionally high degree of valence of the coagulated ion. Tsiu zhe zalezhnost vіdimay experimentally known rule Schulze - Gardі. It is not clear that the theory of coagulation of lyophobic ashes is correct.

On the numerical objects it is shown that the coagulation threshold is rotated by the proportional valence of the coagulating ions in steps from 5 to 9, often in step 6. Spostering and more low values of the index of the step (2-3). In such a rank, the Schulze-Gardi rule is the transfer of a high degree of deposition of the coagulation threshold from the valency (g) of counterions. This is not the same as theoretically based on the law 2 of Deryagin-Landau.

The injection of the valence of coagulating ions at the threshold of coagulation is initiated by the Schulze-Guard rule, which is greater than the valence of coagulating ions, the greater the coagulating force, or less the threshold of coagulation. A theoretical outline of the rule was given in 1945 by B.V.Deryagin and L.D. Landau. They know the link between the threshold of coagulation and the valence of coagulating ions to rotate in the form

Yakshho vrahuvati, which is in the form of a bar-ry mechanism with g

For the removal of large thin and strong aqueous suspensions of hydrophilic. The essence of a polyagin’s reception is in the fact that the speech is dispersed with a spatula in a dry viglyad, and at the same time - according to the rules of Duryagin. To remove the thin pulp, dilute approximately 10 times with water (by means of a solution), and pour and pour the upper ball of the suspension into a bottle for dispensing. The operation of stirring up is repeated until a quiet feast, as long as all the speech is not dispersed and trimmed in a thin vigor.

The inflow of mastic material on the parameters of rubbing in the sinks of the boundary value is estimated, as a rule, by the amount of adsorption of oil (middle stock) and by its chemical activity. The adsorption of the building is not important for the drop of viciousness, the inactivity of the masticatory middle. So, B.V. Deryagin proponed the estimation of the efficiency of oil sludge for the criterion of oiliness, which is a reduction in the wear of the grooves and non-oiled surface. The most important criterion for oiliness is characterized by the increase in labor force of rubbing unoiled and oiled surfaces in an hour, which is needed to wash the float in an hour / g, until the price of the float is finished. The criterion of oiliness is mainly based on the triviality of oil molecules (mastic) on the surface of rubbing and the activity of mastic.

In the case of electrolytic coagulation according to the concentration mechanism (for highly charged particles), the threshold of coagulation CK in accordance with the Deryagin-Landau rule (priming the empirical Schulze-Gardi rule) is wrapped in the proportional charge of the opposite charge.

The theory of a sub-electric ball has eliminated the development in the robots of Frumkin and Duryagin. It is known from the phenomena of the inner ball of the ions of the sub-electric ball, which were named as potential-forming, usually attached to the deyak part of the protolezhny charging of the ions (Fig. 50, a), ringing against the background. The whole part of the counterparts is re-sued at once with a part and the ball is 6 ", the titles are adsorbent.

However ostannіm hour otrimanі eksperimentalnі danі, SSMSC vkazuyut on nezastosovnі in ryadі vipadkіv rules Schulze -Gardі in viglyadі law Dєryagіna - Landau On dosvіdі often sposterіgayutsya znachnі vіdhilennya od takoї zakonomіrnostі and the Same, in ryadі vipadkіv koagulyuyucha exposure The elektrolіtіv proportsіyno valentnostі protiіonіv stage in less then six ... Zgіdno І. F, Ofremov and O. G. Usyarov,

The possibility of storing the theory of Duryagin and the Schulze-Gardi rule for the coagulation of high molecular weight spoluk is shown on the butt of rubber latex in the case of interaction with electrolytes of different valence (Voyutskiy, Neyman, Sandy)

However, in the first approached theory that was looked at, it was given a year with experimental data (for example, given by the legs and the Kitchener, which were discarded on monodisperse latex), but we can find the most appropriate ones to achieve fairness and justice. The price of the explanation is clearly visible. An analysis of the minds of the dynamics of dispersed systems shows that the boundary minds of the rapid coagulation in terms of the theory of Duryagin can be written as Utyakh = O і dotakh / єk = 0, de C / tyakh is the maximum energy (Fig. XIII. Tsi mind you lowering the bar to zero.

The simplest vipad has c = onst. Coef. T. calm, as a rule, more kof. kinematic T., so the destruction of the mission (starting moment) is more of a support to the equal ruin. Bilsh exactly fiz. processes with dry T. vіdrazhayutsya tzv. dvuhleshavl law of rubbing Duryagіna c = F / (N + PgS), de / -addition, up to N vise, vicklication forces intermol. vzaєmodiy. til, scho rub, and S-pov-et factich. til contact, scho rub through the waviness and shortness of the T.

Robots 1937 і 1940 рр. Deryagin, vikoristovuchi Fuchs formulas for the small amount of coagulation of intermodal particles, the other criterion of the aggregative effect of weakly charged coloids for the two border species of the bugs, and the radius of the particles of the richness less than the atmosphere ... In another, the criterion of publicity and clarification of the empirical rule of Eilers-Corff, which is in the past year with a number of experimental facts. Todi f the bulo is shown showing the distant minimum on the curves, where the fallowness of the force or the change (output) from the country is turning.

At the same time, it became difficult for the theory that the rule of the ringing high step (the Deryagin and Landau rule of Gardi-Schulze is not specified) is to be taken into account, since the undisguised potential of the surface is not only small, a little less than one. Tse mozhlivo, yak showed Oko-man s sp_vavt. As the potential for the counter-ion charge changes little when the rest changes. A little explanation on the basis of the independence of adsorption against the charge was given by Usyarov.

The most fragmented theory of sustainability of one-of-a-kind colossal breakdowns called for fundamental results to a low level. The theory of strongly charging sols, as it looks at only concentration coagulation, allowed the Schulze - Gardi rule at the viglyadi to be ground to the Duryagin - Laidau law 2. With the mind-core potentials of coloidal particles, the coagulation thresholds change from the valence of counterions according to the law 2, de 2 and 6, but it is also found at the point of view. with the Schulze-Gardi rule. The theory made it possible to ground the different patterns of coagulation of the sum of electrolytes and without knowing any explanation of the effect of synergy. It also means that in the presentation of the theory of the bullet the illegitimacy of the widespread

Having taken off the value of the exact coagulation threshold for all electrolytes, there is a rule of significance, for which the values of the coagulation thresholds are known to be at the lowest coagulation threshold (for AI I3). Establish an experimental comparison of coagulation thresholds with theoretical ones, calculated according to the Deryagin-Landau rule, by the way with Y a b Vai u 11 1. Analyze the results of the submission and draw up the robot in a laboratory journal.

Marvel at the side of the word Duryagin's rule: Synthetic polymers in polygraphs (1961) - [c.130]

clarified rules

Stuck in technology

Bismuthi subnitratis ana 3.0

M.D.S. Wipe the shkіra of revealing

Duryagin's rule- a rule, broken by chemist B. V. Deryagin, should adhere to the technology of bagatokh lykarsky forms.

Aquae destillatae 200 ml

Notes

Sinov D.N., Marchenko L.G., Sinova T.D.Dovidkovy book of pharmacy technologies. 2nd ed., Revised. і add. - SPb: Publishing house of SPHFA, Nevskiy Dіalekt, 2001 .-- 316 p.
Mykolaiv L.A. 2nd ed., Rev. і add. - Minsk: Vishcha school, 1988.
Bobilov R.V., Gryadunova G.P., Ivanova L.A. ta in. Technology of lykarsky forms. T. 2. - M .: "Medicine", 1991.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 rock.

You can see the "Duryagin's Rule" in the following dictionaries:

Duryagina rule- The rule of Duryagin is a rule, broken down by chemist BV Deryagin, that the technology of bagatokh lykarsky forms should be used. The rule itself sounds like this: “To reject subtly refined lykarskoy speech when dispersing it, it is recommended to add ... Vikipedia

Deryagin, Boris Volodimirovich- Boris Volodimirovich Deryagin Date of life 9th sickle 1902 (1902 08 09) Month of the people: Moscow Date of death: 16 May 1994 (1994 05 16) (91 rubles) ... Vikipedia

International Partnership of Svidomosty Krishny- Statute on the subject Іnduizm Іstorіya Pantheon Straight ... Vіkіpedіya

pedophilia- Pedophilia ... Vіkіpedia

eksgіbіtsіonіzm- ICD 10 F ... Vіkіpedіya

rapist evil- one of the warehouse parts of the behind-the-scenes structure of malignancy, which includes work, tied with physical and mental violence against a special person or the threat of his stagnation. Violent evil can be considered in a wide sense in her ... ...

Еksbіtsіonіzm

eksgibitsionist- Exhibitionism (lat. Exhibeo vistavlyati, showing) is a form of seeing sexual behavior, if it is sexually pleasing to reach the way of demonstration of statutory organs to unknown persons, pay attention to protracted statuses, as well as in the public ...

sexual complex- it is not possible to negatively reflect on the appearance of a special feature (in the sense of dissatisfaction, fear, sin), tied up with statues, so that it is not necessary to spoil the things, and sometimes it was initially injected into such a state of life ...

COAGULATION- (in Latin. Coagulatio zgortannya, thickened), combining a part of the dispersed phase into the aggregate of the aggregation (adhesion) of particles during these closures. Loss is seen as a result of the Brownian ruin, as well as sedimentation, relocation of particles ...

CHAPTER 20. Suspensions

suspension (Suspensiones)- a kind of lykarska form for internal, external and parenteral consumption. The size of particles of dispersed phase of suspensions is not guilty of overhanging 50 microns. According to the US Pharmacopoeia, the British Pharmaceutical Code is guilty of becoming 10-20 microns.

Suspensions are an opaque line with the size of particles, indicated in private articles, but do not pass through a paper filter and are visible under an ultrasound microscope. Yak microheterogeneous systems and suspensions are characterized by kinetic (sedimentation) and aggregative (condensation) instability.

When the suspension is taken into account, that is:

- before implanting the suspension, use a stretch of 1 2 xv;

- speeches of strong and out-of-the-box forms are not accepted.

The vinyat becomes that vipadok, if the amount of speech, written in the recipe, does not change a single dose.

When prescribing in the recipe for the speech in the list A, in the amount of a large single dose, the drug is not prepared for use.

20.1. Perevagi suspension

Perevagami suspensions before the first likarsky forms є:

- the performance of a lykarskoy form for patients, especially for children, who cannot covtati tablets or capsules;

- lesser intensive relish of suspensions, lower rises. In addition, there is a possibility of short-term savor of the syrups and flavorings introduced;

- likarski zasobi in suspensions are more stable, less in roschin. It is especially important when preparing lykarsky forms with antibiotics.

20.2. SHORT SUSPENSIONS

In short suspensions є:

- physical instability: precipitation (sedimentation), collection and improvement of particle size distribution (aggregation) and recovery of solid and solid phase (condensation). Produce these physical manifestations before precipitation or spilling of the solid phase. Violate the principle of mono-versatility;

- the need for a patient to intensively mix the suspension for the renewal of a one-row camp before the storing;

- nezadovіlno maliy termіn podatnostі - 3 dB (order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation? 214).

20.3. Physical power of suspensions

The sedimentation strength of the suspensions is determined by the Stokes law, which means that the density of sedimentation is directly proportional to the square of the diameter of the particles, the difference in the density of the particles and the dispersed middle and the middle is 18 times wrapped in the proportions:

From Stokes' law it follows: the more the steps of fine-grained particles and the greater the viscosity of the middle, the more sedimentary the strength of the suspensions. In addition, the strength of the suspensions is deposited from the level of the spore of the lykarskoy speech to the dispersive middle, the manifestation of the electric charge of the particles. In suspensions of a particle of a solid phase in times of good sensation by a dispersive middle layer of solvate shells, which overshoot the coalescence (formation) of an hour

tic (suspension of speech with hydrophilic powers). The introduction of surface-active speech (PAR) is not required. When there is a disgusting sensation of solvate shells, they do not assert, as a result of which precipitation or spilling of solid particles is observed (a suspension of chasses with a sharp swirl of hydrophobic powers).

20.4. METHODS OF FORMED SUSPENSION

Pharmaceutical technology has 2 methods for preparing suspensions:

- condensation (by way of regulated crystallization). For example, to lead to ethanolic acid range of boric, salicylic and іn acids. Vipali crystals make a suspension;

- dispersion (by way of complementing crystalline speeches in a dispersive middle).

20.5. ADDITIONAL SPEECHOVINI, SCHO VIKORISTOVYUTSYA FOR STABILIZATSIЇ suspension

For the adjustment of the stiffness of suspensions with hydrophobic ryechains, vicorist:

A. Zgushchuvachi- speech, which volodyyut insignificant surface activity, ale the stability of the suspension for the reduction of the viscosity of the system.

- natural (gum, alginati, caragenan, guar gum, gelatin);

- synthetic (M!, sodium carboxymethylcellulose - Carbopol?);

- inorganic (aerosil, bentonite, magnesium aluminosilicate - Veegum?).

- Steam, to reduce the interphase surface tension on the interphase of the phases (twini, fat sugar, pentol, emulsifier T-2 and in.).

Table 20.1 shows stabilizers and concentrations that can be used to prepare suspensions of hydrophobic rivers.

Table 20.1. stabilizers of suspensions

Amount of stabilizer (g) per 1.0 license

with sharp swings hydrophobic authorities

with not abruptly swiveling hydrophobic authorities

Note. For the stabilization of the suspension of grain for the most recent transformation, it is recommended to use vicoristovuvati nicely medicinally in a quantity of 0.1 0.2 g per 1.0 g of grain. From the medical point of view, the supplement is sweet to the point, so as it’s how to push the pores of the shkiri, being a PAR, and the deep penetration of the sirka, like the vicious one to be vicious with the quickness of the shkiry and the other children. Slid mother on uvaz, it’s nice in the capacity of a stabilizer of sirka it is recommended to use it only for the order of the drug. As in the recipe there are salts of bivalent metals, then the amount of mil is increased to 0.3-0.4 g per 10 g of grain. It is recommended to carry out sterilization of the serum in suspensions with alcohol and glycerin for one hour.

For the stabilization of lykarsky speeches with a sharp turn of hydrophobic powers, the gelatosis in a ratio of 1: 1, and with not a sharp turn of power - 1: 0.5.

Vinatok: suspension of sirka (div. Table 20.1).

20.6. TECHNOLOGY OTRIMANNA suspension

The technological scheme for removing suspensions by the dispersion method is stored in the beginning stages:

1. The preparatory stage includes advanced technological operations:

- preparation of a working mission;

- preparation of materials, possession;

- rozrakhunki, decorated with the revolving side of the PPK;

- the quality of the suspended chanters.

2. The stage of detailing includes 2 technological operations:

- otrimannya concentrated suspension (pulp);

- rejection of diluted suspensions, including fractions (agitation and loss).

Note. A stage is given є obov'yazkovoy for suspensions of speech, which volodyut with hydrophilic powers, and not obligatory for suspensions of speech, but volod_yut with hydrophilic powers. The price is explained by the sedimentary instability of the first and aggregative instability - the other.

A. Operation of removing concentrated suspension. For the removal of concentrated suspensions, the operation is refined in the middle of the country. The introduction of a line to a larger thin section for a razkolyu for forces of surface tension (Rebinder effect) (Fig. 20.1).

Small. 20.1. Rebinder's effect

Forwardly wedging development of life and decrease in the strength of solid skills in response to the inflow of the bullets to the later pupils of P.A. Rebinder in 1928 r Efect Rebinder of the foundation on the ruin of the increase in the forces of the surface tension in the middle of the trough of solid solid (div. Fig. 20.1). The effect is based on the structure of a solid body (the manifestation of dislocations, troughs), the powers of origin (viscosity) and її кількістю. As a result of the forces of the surface tension, there is a bagatoraz decrease in performance, an increase in the crumbness of solid solid. I will lay down and paint the mechanics of additional materials.

B.V. Deryagin doslidzhuvav injected Rebinder's efect for the refinement of pharmaceutical powders. It was determined that the optimum ratio of the weight of the line to the weight of the solid body was determined, which is approximately 1/2.

For otrimannya subtly podrіbnenih lіkarskih rechovin rekomenduєtsya spochatku otrimuvati kontsentrovanu suspenzіyu Shlyakhov roztirannya suspendіruemih rechovin in vodі, rozchinah lіkarskih rechovin chi іnshoyu dopomіzhnoyu rіdini, vzyatoї in kіlkostі 1/2 od masi materіalu scho podrіbnyuєtsya lіkarskoї rechovini (usually Dєryagіna BV, on zasnovane efektі Rebinder).

B. The operation of removing the diluted suspension, including fractions (agitation and release). By means of the operation є the removal of particles with a size less than 50 microns. Particles of the given size make a suspension, so they take a one-sided mill with a stretch of 2-3 minutes, to that hour, which is necessary for a patient to re-enter and receive a lykarskoy form.

To remove the concentrated suspension, add water in a quantity, which changes 10-20 times in the dispersed phase. Heat the suspension intensively to stir (by stirring) and stand for 2-3 hours with a fraction of the particles. Small parts are found in the raised camp, large parts settle to the bottom. Thin suspension is poured, the siege is re-adjusted and stirred up with a new port of the line. Repeat the operation, as long as the siege does not go into a thin suspension.

Bismuthi subnitratis ana 3.0 Aq. clun. 200 ml

At delivery, add 200 ml of purified water. At the hub, add 3.0 g of starch and 3.0 g of whiteness, the basic nitrate from 3 ml of water (the rule of B.V. Duryagin), add 60-90 ml of water, stir up the sum and fill it with calm for 2-3 minutes. Thin suspension is carefully poured into the siege at the bottle. Zalishok in the hub dodatkovo wipe out the pump, hesitate with a new port of water, pissed off. The refinement and the stirring are repeated, as long as all the great parts do not turn into a thin suspension.

When preparing suspensions of hydrophobic rivers with a sharp change in power, it is necessary to add ethanol yak during dispersion, it is important to refine the rivers.

Rp .: Solutionis Natrii bromidi 0,5% - 120 ml

Coffeini-natrii benzoatis 0.5

M.D.S. 1 table spoon 3 times a day.

At delivery, take 112 ml of purified water, 5 ml of the range of caffeine-sodium benzoate (1:10) and 3 ml of the range of sodium bromide (1: 5). At the hub, scrub 1.0 g of camphor with 10 drops of 95% ethanol until razchinenya, add 1.0 g of gelato and 1 ml of the prepared range of medicinal waters, stir until the thin pulp is removed. Transfer the pulp into a vial of coffee-sodium benzoate and sodium bromide, adding it in parts.

In the case of prepared suspensions, it is necessary to replace the liquor words in a concentration of 3% or more, and they are prepared for the mass, so in the passport of the written control in this case, there is a request for the preparation of the mass and the mass of the prepared suspension.

butt 3 Rp .: Zinci oxydi Talci ana 5.0

Aq. purificata 100 ml

M.D.S. Wipe the shkіra of revealing.

At the hub, mix 5.0 g of zinc oxide and 5.0 g of talcum powder in a dry viglyad, then add about 5 ml of purified water (rule of B.V. To the thin pulp, add water in parts, which is too much purified, mixed with a pump, transfer to the bottle and draw up.

Do not filter the suspension.

3. Stage of development including the introduction of the first likarsky speeches in the viglyadi rozchiniv. A special feature of this stage is the need to reconcile the confusion of both licars' words, so that it is injected into the sedimentation of the stability of the suspensions. Strong electrolysis and polarity of speech will rapidly reduce the stability of suspensions.

As soon as inorganic salts enter the suspension warehouse, then the concentrated suspension is more beautiful than hotwati, it can be rubbed with purified water, then a stabilizer is added, and at the same time the range of salts in the order of increasing concentration.

4. Stage of registration and packaging. The suspensions should be packed in a container similarly to the rare drug forms in order to preserve the drug's quality by stretching the term of adherence. Naybіlsh manual є packing suspensions in a syringe, secured by adapters, and dispensers (Fig. 20.2).

When formalized, the observance appears on the etiquette of pre-juvenile letters: "Before implantation," "Freezing is unacceptable", "Term of attachment 3 dib".

5. Assessment of the quality of suspensions. The quality of the prepared suspensions should be evaluated in the same way, as in some of the most rare licar forms, in order to revise the documents.

Small. 20.2. Syringe nozzle for dispensing suspensions

tsiyu (recipe, passport), registration, packaging, color, smell, visibility of mechanical inclusions, visibility in general and mass. Specific indicators of quality for suspensions є resuspension and uniformity of parts of the dispersed phase.

Resuspendability. If the siege of the suspension is evident, a steady rise in the stock will be brought up to the full extent with a stretch of 20-40 s from the 24th year of the siege and 40-60 s from the 24-72 year of the siege.

Uniformity of part of the dispersed phase. It is innocent to be inhumane great parts of the dispersed phase.

Note. The design of the size of the parcels is carried out with microscopy. The size of the particles of the dispersed phase is not to blame for the change in the size of the particles, meaning in the private articles on the suspensions of the okremikh lykarsky rechovins (FS, VFS).

20.7. Add the suspension recipes (NAKAZ MOH SRSR? 223 VID 12.08.1991 r)

1. Suspension of iodoform and zinc oxide in glucerin Rp .: Iodoformii 9.0

Zinci oxydi 10.0 Glycerini ad 25.0 M. D. S. Zovnishn.

Diya i is shown: antiseptic salting.

2. Suspension of serum with levomycetin and acid of salicylic alcohol

Rp .: Laevomycetini Ac. salicylici ana 1.5 Sulfuris praecip. 2.5 Sp. aethylici 70% - 50 ml M.D.S. Wipe the shkіra.

Diya i is shown: antibacterial and antiseptic in case of ill health.

3. Suspension of zinc oxide, talc and starch Rp.: Zinci oxydi

Aq. pur. 100 ml M.D.S. Zovnishn.

Diya i is shown: antiseptic, astringent.

4. Suspension "Novotsindol" Rp.: Zinci oxydi

Sp. aethylici 96% - 21.4 ml

Aq. rsh \ ad 100.0 M .D.S. Make a shkira.

Diya i is shown: antiseptic, viscous and muscular-anesthetic.

5. Suspension of zinc oxide, talc, starch and anestezin

Anesthesini ana 12.0

Sp. aethylici 70% - 20.0 ml Aq. pur. ad 100.0

M.D.S. Apply to the skin.

Diya i is shown: antiseptic, knitting, micevo-anesthetic zasib.

6. Suspension of zinc oxide, starch, talc, anesthesin and boric acid and water-glycerin

Rp .: Zinci Ohidi Amyli

Talci ana 30.0 Anesthesini 5.0

Sol. Ac. borici 2% - 200.0

1. Yake viznachennya suspensions yak lykarskoy form? Yaki її

What are the features of a heterogeneous system?

2. What kind of stability of suspension and heterogeneous systems?

3. What factors are injected onto the strength of the suspensions?

4. How to prepare a suspension of hydrophilic rechovins?

5. Yak explain the rules of prof. B.V. Duryagina and the amount of agitation when preparing suspensions?

6. What is the role of stabilizers and mechanism of the process?

7. Yak obgruntuvati vibir stabilizer for suspensions hydrophobic rivers?

8. How can you prepare suspensions from the springs with unstable swirling hydrophobic powers?

9. Yak prepare suspensions from the springs with sharp turns of hydraulic

10. What are the special features of preparing a suspension of sirka?

11. What are the main indicators for assessing the quality of the suspension?

12. Can a suspension be given to any change in the process of recovery?

1. Before implanting the suspension, use a broach:

2. Shot speech in suspensions:

2. Admit, as much as the branded speech, written in the recipe, does not change a single dose.

3. The rate of sedimentation is directly proportional:

1. The square of the diameter of the particles.

2. The abundance of particles and dispersed middle ground.

3. Viscosity of the middle.

4. Perevagami suspensions before the first likarsky forms є:

1. Physical style (sedimentation).

2. The convenience of a lykarskoy form for patients (children), who cannot covtati tablets or capsules.

3. Maliy term of accessibility - 3 dB.

5. From Stokes' law it follows: what is the difference between the steps of fine-grained particles, the time of sedimentation of the strength of suspensions:

6. From Stokes' law it follows: the greater the viscosity of the middle, the more sedimentary the stability of the suspensions:

7. For the stabilization of lykarsky speeches with a sharp swirl of hydrophobic powers, to produce gelatosis in spіvdnoshennі:

8. For the stabilization of lykarsky speeches with a sharp swirl of hydrophobic powers, to produce gelatosis in spіvdnoshennі:

9. Fractionation (stirring and displacement) is necessary for suspensions of rechains, which will be:

1. gidrophilnyh authorities.

2. Hidrophobic authorities.

10. For rejection of subtly detailed licars, it is recommended to use a sprinkle of concentrated suspension by means of a well to remove suspendable rivers from the waters, and in the branches of licars, and in an additional auxiliary life in the village:

1. 1/1 of the mass of material, how to improve the lykarskoy speech.

2. 1/2 of the mass of material, how to improve the lykarskoy speech.

3. 2/1 in mass material, how to improve the lykarskoy speech.

11. When prepared suspensions, you should take out the liquor in a concentration of 3%, and you should prepare:

13. As soon as inorganic salts enter the suspension storehouse, then the concentrated suspension is more beautiful than gotuwati, and it can be rubbed out from:

1. The size of the salt.

2. Purified by water.

14. To prepare a recipe:

Rp.: Solutionis Natrii bromidi 0.5% 120 ml Camphorae 1.0 Coffeini-natrii benzoatis 0.5 gelatoses required:

15. Zagalny obsyag recipe:

Rp.: Solutionis Natrii bromidi 0.5% 120 ml Camphorae 1.0 Coffeini-natrii benzoatis 0.5:

3. The recipe for vigotovlyayut for Masoy.

16. Rp .: Zinci oxydi; Talci ana 5,0 Aquae purificata 100 ml

An elementary act of coagulation appears as a result of the "close interconnection" of particles. If you fall asleep and non-gated, so as the energy of the heavy is overwhelming the energy of the household. Here, there is a non-mediated contact between particles, at a distance that is indicative of the first minimum, or the understanding of condensation-crystallization structures or coarse dispersions. 2. If the height of the bar is large, but the depth of the other is small, the particles cannot be poured into the bar and disperse without interaction. Tse - vypadok "aggregatively stable systems". You can destroy the style with two shorts. a) Adjust the kinetic energy of the particles up to an increase in the number of clocks. If the energy of the shimmery particles is transformed into a potential bar, then the particles can get angry. This can cause the temperature to coagulate the system. b) Potential bar can be changed when added to the system of electricity. With a whole DES, clutching at the cracking of the diffuse part, as a result of which the particles go one to one on the smallest part, deceiving the force is difficult. Fig.4.3 Scheme of injecting electrolyte for coagulation: h2< h1 3. Если глубина второго минимума достаточно велика то, незави- симо от высоты барьера, происходит так называемое «дальнее взаимо- действие» двух частиц, отвечающее второму минимуму. Вторичный минимум на участке ВС отвечает притяжению частиц через прослойку среды. Возникает взаимодействие на дальних расстоя- ниях, осадки получаются рыхлыми и обратимыми, так как минимум не глубокий. Второму минимуму соответствует явление флокуляции или образо- вание коагуляционных структур. Интерес к этим системам в последнее время велик: фиксация час- тиц во втором минимуме при достаточной концентрации дисперсной фазы может привести к превращении. Золя в полностью структуриро- ванную систему. Реальные твердые тела, составляющие основу материальной куль- туры человечества (строительные материалы, деревянные изделия, оде- жда, бумага, полимеры) – в подавляющем большинстве являются струк- турированными дисперсными системами. Вывод: Рассмотренный классический вариант теории Дерягина-Ландау да- ет хорошее согласие с экспериментальными данными. Но может быть самым главным ее достижением является обоснование правила Шульце- Гарди, которое справедливо считается краеугольным камнем для про- верки теорий устойчивости. const g = 6 – «закон шестой степени» Дерягина, устанавливающий Z зависимость порога коагуляции от заряда иона-коагулятора. 4.7 Зависимость скорости коагуляции от концентрации электролита. Медленная и быстрая коагуляция Медленная коагуляция – это когда электролита введено в таком количестве, что небольшой барьер отталкивания сохраняется (DU), здесь не все сталкивающие частицы коагулируют. Скорость ее зависит от концентрации электролита. Быстрая коагуляция – имеет место при полном исчезновении энергетического барьера, здесь каждое столкновение частиц приводит к коагуляции. Скорость быстрой коагуляции u – не зависит от концен- трации электролита. Рис.4.4 Зависимость скорости коагуляции от концентрации электролита При небольших количествах электролита скорость коагуляции близка к нулю (участок I). Затем скорость растет при увеличении количества электролита (участок II). Коагуляция на участке II является медленной и зависит от концентрации электролита. На участке III скорость достигает максимальное значение и уже не зависит от количества прибавляемого электролита. Такая коагуляция называется быстрой и соответствует полному исчезновению потенци- ального барьера коагуляции DU . Начало участка III отвечает порогу быстрой коагуляции g б, здесь величина x -потенциала падает до нуля. Порогу быстрой коагуляции на основании теории ДЛФО можно дать строгое определение: Порог быстрой коагуляции – это количество электролита, необхо- димое для снижения энергетического барьера до нуля. 4.8 Изменение агрегативной устойчивости при помощи электролитов. Концентрационная и нейтрализационная коагуляция Одним из способов изменения агрегативной устойчивости золей является введение электролитов. Электролиты в состоянии изменить структуру ДЭС и его диффуз- ный слой, снизить или увеличить x -потенциал и электростатическое от- талкивание, т.е. способны вызвать или предотвратить коагуляцию. Воз- можны концентрационная и нейтрализационная коагуляция электроли- тами. Причина их одна и та же – снижение x -потенциала, ослабление электростатического отталкивания. Однако механизм снижения x - потенциала различный. Рис.4.5 Падение потенциала в ДЭС до (кривая 1) и после (кривая 2) введения электролита в процессе концентрационной (а) и нейтрализационной (б) коагуляции j1 и j 2 , x1 и x 2 – значения полного и электрокинетического по- тенциалов, соответственно, до и после введения электролитов; 3 и 4 – направления адсорбции ионов электролита; х – расстояние от твердой поверхности в глубь жидкости. 1. Концентрационная коагуляция наблюдается при больших заря- дах поверхности, когда j0 ³ 100 мВ, и проводится она в основном ин- дифферентными электролитами. Эти электролиты способствуют сжа- тию диффузной части ДЭС, снижению x -потенциала (x 2 < x1), но не изменяют полный потенциал j0 . Благодаря этому (сжатию ДЭС) частицы сближаются и межмоле- кулярные силы притяжения начинают превалировать, что и вызывает слияние частиц. Правило Шульце-Гарди подтвердили теоретически Б.В. Дерягин и Л.Д. Ландау, представив расклинивающее давление как суммарный эф- фект сил отталкивания и притяжения, что позволило им вывести урав- нение, связывающее порог коагуляции с зарядом иона-коагулятора. B * e (kб T) 5 Cкр = g = , (1) A2 e 6 Z 6 где B * – константа; e – диэлектрическая постоянная; kб – константа Больцмана; T – абсолютная температура; A – постоянная Ван-дер- Ваальса; e – заряд электрона; Z – заряд иона-коагулятора. Это уравнение (4) хорошо описывает зависимость порога коагуля- ции от заряда иона-коагулятора для сильно заряженных поверхностей и соответствует эмпирическому правилу Шульце-Гарди. В уравнение (1) не входит потенциал поверхности. Таким образом, правило Шульце-Гарди справедливо в случае концентрационной коагу- ляции. 2. Нейтрализационная коагуляция происходит при малых потен- циалах поверхности (j0 £ 100 м В) под действием неиндифферентных, т.е. родственных электролитов. Особенно эффективны электролиты, со- держащие ионы большого заряда и большого радиуса, то есть хорошо адсорбирующиеся. При введении таких электролитов идет частичная нейтрализация полного потенциала поверхности при адсорбции противоионов, что приводит к снижению не только полного потенциала j0 , но и j " и x - потенциала, а также к сжатию диффузной части ДЭС. Для случая нейтрализационной коагуляции при j0 £ 100 м В авторы теории ДЛФО нашли выражение для порога коагуляции: " x 4 Cкр = g = k 2 . (2) Z Из уравнения (2) следует, что для нейтрализационной коагуляции критическая концентрация зависит от x -потенциала и, следовательно, от полного потенциала поверхности j0 . Из уравнения (2) также следует: при малых j0 порог коагуляции обратно пропорционален Z 2 коагулирующего иона. Этот случай соответствует эмпирическому правилу Эйлерса- Корфа, которое оказывается справедливым для слабо заряженных по- верхностей. В реальных системах одновременно могут действовать оба меха- низма коагуляции, поэтому зависимость порога коагуляции от заряда иона-коагулятора оказывается промежуточной. 4.9 Особые явления при коагуляции. Явление неправильных рядов Коагулирующая сила ионов зависит не только от заряда и радиуса коагулирующих ионов, но и от их специфической адсорбции. Кроме того, многовалентные ионы могут вызвать перезарядку по- верхности и привести к чередованию зон устойчивого и неустойчивого состояния системы. Это явление получило название явления неправиль- ных рядов. Суть: при добавлении электролитов вначале наблюдается ус- тойчивость золя, затем – коагуляция. Далее – вновь устойчивость, и, на- конец, при избытке электролита – опять коагуляция. Это объясняется тем, что многовалентные ионы (Fe3+, Al3+, Th4+) перезаряжают частицы и переводят систему из неустойчивого в устой- чивое состояние. Введение электролита AlCl3 в золь сернистого мышь- яка, имеющего первоначально отрицательный заряд. Рис.4.6 Схема неправильных рядов На рис. 4.6 можно выделить две зоны устойчивого состояния (0-1, 2-3) и две зоны коагуляции (1-2, 3-4). Зона 0-1 – электролита добавлено недостаточно, устойчивое со- стояние. Зона 1-2 – электролита добавлено достаточно, x = xкр. Идет коагу- ляция. Далее начинается перезарядка поверхности, x -потенциал приоб- ретает opposing... When x> + xkr is reached, a stiy mill (dilyanka 2-3) will start again. At 3-4 days, the coagulation of the system is known and after the scheme is concentrated coagulation. On the way out of the plate 1-2, de coagulation with Al3 + ions, in the 3-4 zone, coagulation is carried out with Cl- ions, so as the charge of the particles becomes positive. 4.10 Coagulation of the sum of electrolytes In industrial minds for the coagulation of vicious electrolyte, it is not one electrolyte, but a sum of decilkoh electrolytes. The coagulation of the sum of two electrolytes is often non-additive. In some cases, electrolyte is needed in a greater amount, but not one of them is a manifestation of antagonism. As soon as the sum of electrolytes is more effective than one electrolyte, then synergism appears, and in sum it requires less, less skin conditions. With an additive effect of electrolyte coagulation is exactly one kind of one. To characterize the sum of two electrolytes, the graph of accumulation of the coagulation threshold g 1 from the coagulation threshold g 2 is manually corrected by the graph of the coagulation threshold g 2. With an additive action, the dependence g 1 - g 2 is line. Synergy is characterized by a curve 2, if the first electrolyte is taken in the g 1/2, then the other - in the g 2< g 2 / 2 . Рис.4.7 График зависимости порога коагуляции: 1 – аддитивное действие; 2 – синергетическое действие; 3 – антагонистическое действие Синергизм электролитов широко используют на практике для коа- гуляции больших количеств дисперсных систем. 4.11 Применение коагулянтов и флокулянтов в процессах очистки воды Явление коагуляции тесно связано с проблемой удаления загрязне- ний из водных сред. В основе многих методов очистки от в.д.с – загрязнений лежит яв- ление потери системой агрегативной устойчивости путем объединения частиц под внесением специально вводимых реагентов: коагулянтов и флокулянтов. Это укрупнение частиц приводит к потере седиментационной ус- тойчивости системы и образованию осадков. В настоящее время подбор реагентов для коагуляции основывается преимущественно на эмпирических исследованиях. Чаще всего коагулирование загрязнений воды производится элек- тролитами, которые содержат многозарядные ионы (Al3+, Fe3+). Ранее процесс осветления воды объясняли нейтрализацией много- валентными катионами, заряженных, как правило, отрицательно, частиц природных вод. Однако коагуляция эти ионами связана с процессами их гидролиза, в результате которого возникают полиядерные аквагидро- комплексы, обладающие более сильной коагулирующей способностью, чем ионы. Сам процесс коагуляции подобен процессу флокуляции ВМС. В процессах водоочистки постепенно расширяется применение по- лимерных флокулянтов (ВМС): длинная молекула полимера адсорбиру- ется двумя концами на двух разных частицах дисперсной фазы и соеди- няет их «мостиком». Получается рыхлый агрегат – флоккула. Здесь час- тицы не имеют непосредственного контакта между собой. Флокулянты бывают природными и синтетическими, неионоген- ными и ионогенными. В последнем случае флокуляция возможна не только по механизму мостикообразования, но и путем нейтрализации заряда частиц противоположно заряженными ионами полиэлектролита. На празднике часто эффективным оказывается совместное приме- нение коагулянтов и флокулянтов. 4.12 Кинетика коагуляции Процесс коагуляции протекает во времени. Отсюда вытекает пред- ставление о скорости коагуляции. Скорость коагуляции – это измене- ние частичной концентрации в единице объема в единицу времени. Раз- личают быструю коагуляцию, когда каждое столкновение частиц при- водит к их слипанию и медленную коагуляцию, если не все столкновения частиц являются эффективными. Термины «быстрая» и «медленная» коагуляции условны и не связаны со скоростью процесса. При опреде- ленных условиях быстрая коагуляция может протекать очень медленно и, наоборот, медленная коагуляция может идти весьма быстро. Теория кинетики быстрой коагуляции предложена С. Смолуховским. Скорость процесса уменьшения общего числа частиц (n) во времени он рассматривает как скорость реакции второго порядка, поскольку слипание частиц происходит при столкновении двух частиц, dn = k × n2 . (3) dt После интегрирования этого уравнения получим 1æ1 1 ö k= ç - ÷ (4) t è n n0 ø или n0 n= , (5) 1+ kn0t где n0 – общее число частиц в единице объема золя до коагуляции, n – число частиц к моменту времени t, k – константа скорости процесса коагуляции, которая вычисляется по уравнению (5.5). Константа k свя- зана с коэффициентом диффузии частиц D и с расстоянием d, на кото- ром действуют силы притяжения между частицами, уравнением k = 4pDd . (6) Подставив в это уравнение вместо D его значение из уравнения Эйнштейна и учитывая, что d = 2r, получим 4 RT 3 –1 k= ,м с. (7) 3h Из формулы (7) видно, что величина k не зависит от начальной концентрации золя и от размера частиц и поэтому не меняется при их слипании. Константа скорости процесса коагуляции – постоянная толь- ко для данной коллоидной системы. Если величина константы k, вычис- ленная из экспериментальных данных, не совпадает с величиной, полу- ченной из теоретической формулы (7), то это значит, что в системе про- исходит не быстрая, а медленная коагуляция. С. Смолуховский предложил формулы, позволяющие определить с к о л ь к о ч а с т и ц того или иного порядка (первичных, вторичных и т.д.) имеется в золе ко времени t. Причем для того, чтобы исключить входящие в эти формулы трудно определяемые величины D и d, он ввел в них так называемое время половинной коагуляции q (период коагуля- ции), за которое начальная концентрация первичных частиц уменьшает- ся вдвое. Тогда для первичных частиц n0 n1 = , (8) (1 + t q) 2 для вторичных частиц n0 t q n2 = (9) (1 + t q) 3 и для частиц m-го порядка n0 (t q) m-1 nm = . (10) (1 + t q) m+1 На рис. 4.8 уравнения (8-10) изображены графически. Получен- ные кривые наглядно показывают распределение числа частиц в бы- стро коагулирующем золе. В на- чальный момент, т. е. когда t = 0, все частицы – первичные: n = n1 = n0, а n2 = n3 = n4 = 0. Через некоторое время количество всех частиц равно n, число первичных n1 уменьшается, но начинают появ- ляться двойные, тройные и др. час- тицы. По мере коагуляции эти час- тицы также постепенно исчезают, уступая место частицам высших порядков – более крупным агрега- там. Поэтому кривые, выражающие Рис.4.8 Распределение числа частиц при изменение числа частиц различных быстрой коагуляции золя порядков, со временем приобрета- ют ясно выраженные максимумы. Кривые, выражающие распределение числа частиц во времени, строят также в координатах n = f (t / q) , n = f (t) или в линейной форме – в координатах 1 / n = f (t) . Согласно теории С. Смолуховского, время половинной коагуляции не зависит от времени коагуляции. Чтобы проверить применимость тео- рии, по экспериментальным данным вычисляют q для нескольких зна- чений t по формуле, полученной из (4), . (11) Если величина q не остается постоянной при различных t, то это означает, что в системе происходит не быстрая, а медленная коагуля- ция. 4.13 Примеры коагуляции. Образование почв Мы рассмотрели развитие основных идей, определяющих содержа- ние проблемы устойчивости. Так, одна из важнейших задач заключается в сохранении устойчивого состояния суспензий, эмульсий и других объектов, проходящих в процессе переработки через сложные системы производственных агрегатов. Не менее важной для народного хозяйства является и обратная задача – скорейшего разрушения дисперсных сис- тем: дымов, туманов, эмульсий, промышленных и сточных вод. Огра- ничимся здесь иллюстрацией многообразия и сложности коагуляцион- ных явлений на примерах, связанных с процессами почвообразования. Почвы образуются при разрушении girskikh breeds as a result of winding, waterlogging, hydrolysis, etc. These processes are carried out to the establishment of oxides: non-essential, such as SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 (exactly - hydroxides), as well as developing O (de RO type) - metal). Through the meaning of hydration of irrelevant elements in the soil and distant interaction in the process of mutual coagulation, structured coagulations are formed, close behind the power to gels, are called coagulations. All kinds of chemistry and chemistry start all the different types of soil. For example, pidzolists of the runt, typical for the private regions of our land, settle in the minds of a small variety of organic surplus (humic rheumines) and great vologosti, vividing the oxides of the main character) (RO and R2). Coagels are characterized by a high amount of SiO2 and a small number of nutritious words, which are necessary for growing. Navpaki, black earth soils of the middle smog of Russia, are established in the minds of little vologosti. In cychic sinks, the ions Ca2 + and Mg2 + are not affected, due to the interaction with humic acids, they resolve the insoluble high-molecular coloidal particles - humates Ca2 + and Mg2 +. In the process of reciprocal coagulation of positively charged particles of R2O3 with negatively charged humates and SiO2

Duryagin's rule- a rule, broken by chemist B. V. Deryagin, should adhere to the technology of bagatokh lykarsky forms.

Formula of the rule:

For rejection of a finely adjusted likarskoy speech when dispersing it, it is recommended to add the distributor in half of the amount to the material, so that you can add likarskoy speech.

clarified rules

Stuck in technology

Bismuthi subnitratis ana 3.0
Aquae destillatae 200 ml
M.D.S. Wipe the shkіra of revealing

The rozrakhovanie put on the thresholds of the shvidkoy coagulation, like the rules of Duryagin-Landau (the rules of Schulze - Gardi).

There is no clarification and theoretical grounding of the Schulze - Gardi boule dania Deriagin and Landau rules. For the development of the threshold of coagulation theory, I will start the formula

As a result, I will clarify the Schulze-Gardi rule, after the theoretical derogations from Deryagin and Landau.

Yakshho vrahuvati, which is in the form of a bar-ry mechanism with g

Marvel at the side of the word Duryagin's rule: Synthetic polymers in polygraphs (1961) - [c.130]

Chemistry and chemistry technology

Duryagin Landau's theory of coagulation

BV Deryagin and L.D. Landau (1941) introduced the development of the threshold for coagulation with electrolytes to the brilliant support of the DLFO theory, in order to reveal the difference in the magnitude of the charge. It was revealed that the coagulation threshold is wrapped in a proportional quick step to the charge of the coagulating cone. From the same time, the value of the coagulation thresholds for one-, two-, three- and four-charged ions of guilt are set, yak

At the same time, the theory of electrical stabilization and coagulation of dispersed systems of Duryagin, Landau, Fairway and Overbeck (DLFO theory) is very important.

The coagulation of emulsions is experimentally weak, so until the last hour there will be no more effective methods of introducing the process. Then the theory of coagulation of dispersed systems was split into lectures. This is the name of the DLFO theory (Deryagin - Landau - fairway - Overbeck).

It can be shown that, in the time of the wonderfully thoughtful mindset of the rush or coagulation (aggregation), think (1.266) є with the help of mimic coagulation and start the start of the

Theoretical statements about the reasons, how to summarize the strength of lyophobic ashes, took away the further development from the robots of B.V.Deryagin and L.D. Landau. It is close to the theoretical views and experimental data of Duryagin, the plavka of Ridini, as it is found between two solid bodies that are bored in her, imposed on them a wedge-shaped grip and at the very same time. Diya shvidko grows up because of the vitality of the ferry and in the great world it goes down because of the presence of electric power. From the point of view of the coagulation of the particles of the pereshkozhaє the wedge-like opening of the spills. The introduction of electrolytes into the sol should be brought up to the change of the sub-electric ball, the squeeze of the diffusion part and the change of energy add parts of the rivals and, by ourselves, until the stability of the sol is destroyed. The mathematical theory of stability and coagulation of Duryagin and Landau was developed by Strunko to bring the Schulze-Gardi valence rule to a supremely physical priming, and at the same time to introduce a physical basis for the change in temporality.

The order of communication between coagulation and coagulation effects, between them there are several links. In sols and suspensions, the concentration of electrolyte is low, and the coagulation interaction occurs, which appears to be rheological methods. Yak vidomo, the theory of Duryagin-Landau gives such a viraz for the coagulation threshold

The description of the stability of lyophobic ashes includes a report on the theory of the kinetics of rapid coagulation according to Smol-Khovsky, close to the theory of the stability and coagulation of electrolytes by Duryagin-Landau-Fervey-Overbek. When describing the structure of foams, it is especially important to consider the roles of black spikes, which can be established at singing, critical concentrations of surface-active speeches. Here the Bulgarian team will also have a role to play.

According to the theory of coagulation by B.V.Deryagin and L.D. there are two surfaces. A wedge grip is called an overworld (in some cases, hydrostatic) grip, from the side of a thin ball to surround the surface. In sols, it is accumulated in the main reciprocal views of the counterions of the diffuse ball of contiguous particles, in addition, by the forces of molecular interaction between the surfaces of the particles of particles and molecules of water. For injected electrostatic fields,

It was already implied that, according to the theory of coagulation of Deryagin-Landau, the value of Yao was 10 m in the form of the fixation of particles on the basis of the close coagulation (the mechanism of coagulation of the contact) from the part of the

Formerly successful until the age of 1941, Kalman and Wilshtetter were born in 1932, B.V. ). A similar response to the implementation of the stiffness of colossal systems in a local application store and in robots of Dutch fairways, and Overbeck. Behind the cob letters of the main authors of the book of physical theory of coagulation, the theory is now often called the theory of DLFO.

According to the theory of coagulation by B.V.Deryagin and L.D.

A further explanation of the aggregate stiffness of dispersed systems and coagulation with a few changes in the total energy in relation to the modalities of the particles of the Bulo was given by Deryagin, and then in greater detail by Deryagin and Landau. Before the problems of stability and coagulation, the fairway and Overback went down. To this, the theory of interaction and coagulation of dispersed particles is called the theory of Duryagin - Landau-Fairway-Overbeck, or it is fast DLFO.

Our task is not to enter into a negotiation of the numerical theories of coagulation, which were developed by the children of the past in the end of the last century - an ear of ninety. The stench is deprived of historical interest. In the Danish hour, taken over by є physical theory coagulation of lyophobic sols of Duryagin - Landau - Fairway - Overbeck, in the steps of the stability of the system, is due to the balance of molecular and electrostatic forces (Div. Chapter I). I want a detailed development of the theory that has not been completed yet, the founders of the principledly interpreted role of the surface forces of nature, allowed explaining a number of coloidal chemical manifestations.

The development of a number of theories of stiffness and coagulation of coloidal systems, zokrem, the theory of DLFO (the theory of Duryagin - Landau - Fairway - Overbek) led, correcting from other light development of the number of systems up to adulthood

N.P. Puskov sorted out the reason for the stiffness of the colossal breaks, and B. Deryagin and L. Landau broke the modern theory of coagulation. The hallucinatory theory of solutions is of great importance for the analytical chemistry of N. A. Izmailov's robots, assigning differentiation to different types of solutions. They have been victorious for a long time already in the form of injecting the bottle to the strength of acids, and when they stand up and start to see the bottles, in which they are injected, they manifest themselves especially, specifically in terms of the rate at which acids of different classes are used, i.e. vicoristovuvati tse phenomenon in analytical chemistry.

In such a rank, the theory of Duryagin and Landau is wider than the theory of coagulation. Vaughn is the theory of stabilization of coloids systems, which can lead to coagulation of coloids.

The process of coagulation in emulsions is described by the DLVO theory (Deryagin - Landau - cord - Overbeck). The essence of this is to be built so that, with the presence of hydrophilic dylyanoks on the globules of the dispersed phase and the close particles to the appearance of these dispersed forces, the stench is aggregated in the conglomeration of particles of progressively growing size. The process is carried out when the energy is low and it is mimic. The presence of the structural-mechanical bar near the globules of the dispersed phase is not obedient from the walled balls, it wants to lie in the viscosity of the wandering middle. The fluidity of coagulation in the concentrated system can be assessed by the kinetics of the build-up of structural and mechanical powers, as the fluidity of the coalescence of globules is small in comparison with the rapidity of coagulation.

Aggregative strength and triviality of life-threatening D. with. for the sake of saving their sv-in to take care of the stabilization. For highly dispersed systems with a fine dispersive middle ground, the introduction of in-in - stabilizers (electrolytes, PAR, polymers) is used. At the theory of stikosti Duryagin-Landau-fairway-Overbeck (theory DLFO) main. the role is introduced by ion-electrostatic. factor of stabilization. Stabilization of electrostatics. to the subdivision of the diffuse parts of the sub-electric. a ball, to-riy to establish itself during the adsorption of ions of electrolyte on the surface of particles. When there is a shortage of particles, the production of diffuse balls will increase the appearance of a minimum of potential. crooked (distant, or secondary, minimum see fig.). If you want a minimum that is not glib, you can overshoot the small particles, attracting by the forces of intermolecular interaction. Close, or pervinniy, the minimum is due to the mingling of the particles, with which the energy of the heat debris is not enough for their roses. Approaching the viewpoint, when it is shown to the minimum, the particles are united in an aggregate, the illumination of which was taken to the point of being lost by the system of aggregate stiffness. At the same time, the stability of the system before coagulation starts with a lot of energy. bar'єru.

The main scientific robots for the assignment of additional superficial pests. Having developed the thermodynamics of systems with the urahuvannyam introduced by him, he wedged the vice of thin projections. For the first time, there is a direct change in the molecular weight of solid particles in the function of forming and wedging thin balls of ridin into a vice. By theoretically priming the inflow of the cross of ian atmospheres onto the wedge grip of the rare projectiles and the interaction of coloidal particles, it allowed him to solve the theory of coagulation and heterocoagulation of coloidal and dispersed systems. Spilo with the Radiansk physicist L.D. Landau (1928) solved the theory of the stability of lyophobic coloids, apparently called the DLFO theory (the theory of the stability of the dispersive systems of Duryagin - Landau - Fairway). Having revealed the particular power of the border spheres of the country, they begin to have a specific (anisotropic) structure. Developing the theory of thermoosmosis and capillary osmosis in ridges, thermophoresis and diffusion phoresis of aerosol parts. The author of the two-term external grating law. From this core it is synthesized with a low grip of the thread-like crystal of a diamond - vus. Having broken up the methods of growing diamond crystals and pods with gas with a low vice.

Stagnation of the theory of Duryagin - Landau - Fairway - Overbeck to describe the stability and coagulation of dispersions in the non-polar middle regions, the Parfit and Spivr were primed. We also analyzed the factors to speed up the description of coagulation processes.

An important part of P.I. is the surface activity, which appears in a decrease in surface tension when one of the components is adsorbed into the rosette. Superficially active speeches may be magnificently practical. the value of the regulator P. i. stench pour on sniffles, raspsilennya, adhesion and in. Particularly great is the role of the PAR in the coloidal systems, which will be great too superficial energy. Thermodynamic. instability of such systems. to manifest itself in coagulation and coalescence / gnzіі when the particles are close, to-Roma can overshoot the wedge vise, which causes the overcurrent of the surface balls to approach the particles. On the basis of the winikla fiz. the theory of the stiffness of the Deryagin - Landau - fairway - Overbeck coloids.

The most fragmented theory of sustainability of one-of-a-kind large-scale breakdowns has called for fundamental results to a low level. The theory of strongly charged sols, as it looks at only concentration coagulation, allowed the Schulze-Gardi rule in the viglyadi to be ground to the Duryagin-Landau law 2. When the potentials of colossal particles are reduced, the coagulation thresholds change from the valence of counterions according to the law 2, de 2 a. Duryagin Landau's theory of coagulation: Adhesion of birth and feeling (1974) - [c.196]

Landau-Duryagin rule

History of development of a colossal chemistry

know the neighbor

Coagulation rules

1. All the strong electricity, added to the sol in sufficient quantity, wicks coagulation.

Minimal concentration of electrolyte, so that the coagulation of the sol in a single short period of time is called coagulation threshold.

The time of coagulation can be developed, knowing the concentration of the electrolyte-coagulator C, the amount of electrolyte V, and the amount of V sol (sludge 10 ml): coagulating building electrolyte. So, the less the coagulation threshold, the more the electrolyte coagulating health.

2. Not all electrolyte is coagulated, but only that ion, the charge of which is charged behind the sign of the charge against the target of the lyophobic sol (the charge of the coagulating ion is opposed to the charge of the coloidal particle). Tsey Ion name ion - a coagulant.

3. Coagulating health of ion - coagulant has more, less charge of ion. Quite the regularity is described by the empirical the Schulze - Gardi rule, And theoretically, the links are coated with a charge of a coagulable ion and a coagulation threshold yes theory of Duryagin - Landau.

Adjustment of coagulation thresholds for one -, two - and trivalent ions one ( value rule) :

Otzhe, the coagulating health of a triple-charged ion is 729 times that of the coagulating health of a single-charged ion.

In the Danish hour, an indication of the Schulze - Gardi - Duryagin - Landau rule (the rule of significance) was established. At the threshold of coagulation, the charge is injected with a radius of the coagulable ion, building up to adsorption and hydration, as well as the nature of the ion, which is a coagulable coagulation.

In times bagato-loadersіonіv mozhliviy і such an effect, yak particle recharge, Tobto the sign of the sign to the charge and potential of the coloidal particle. They can be added to exchange with counterions, replacing them in diffuse and in adsorption balls. At the same time, it’s like a lot of charged ion є to fill it with a small one (for example, Al 3+, Th 4+ і і ін.) not equivalent in charge number of number of ions ( over-equivalent adsorption). For example, instead of one - two іons К + can appear іon Th 4+. Moreover, when reaching a high concentration of such ions, the charge on the surface can be higher than the absolute values, lower than the charge of potential-determining ions. Tse i means a change of sign to charge and potential. Now, such a potential-determining one (replace the number) and in the vicinity of a small part, there are against them.

4. Coagulative health of the ion with the same charge Tim more, lower more yogo crystal radius.

For single-charged inorganic cations, the coagulating building capacity changes in the offensive order:

Ag +> Cs +> Rb +> NH 4 +> K +> Na +> Li +

sites.google.com

Coagulation rules with electrolytes

Coagulation is spontaneous in the addition of any amount of electrolyte, chemically reacting with the dispersed phase of the system. Guarded by G. Schulze, the bulo was set up, with the coagulation of the wicker, one of the ions in the electrolyte. Tsey ion is called ion-coagulator. Moreover, the coagulating health of the ion grows with the increase in the charge of the ion in geometric progress with the ratio 1: 100: 1000 (the rule of significance or the rule of Schulze). Landau, Deryagin was established that the coagulating building changes according to the 6th step to the charge of ions: 1 6: 2 6: 3 6 = 1: 64: 729.

The laws, known by Schulze and Gardi, are combined into one rule (the Schulze-Gardi rule): coagulating due to volodya that ion electrolyte, a charge that protects the charge of the granule and coagulates the charge that is stronger than the coagulant.

, Mol / l.

The opportunity for coagulation to lie among a number of minds: at the moment of fixing the electricity; from the method of caution; from the concentration of the pre-sentient difference and to be supplied to the electrolyte. The time for coagulation is to start with a path of light-induced coagulation, or titration of a coloidal range of electrolyte to the coagulum of obvious coagulation.

The value at the threshold of coagulation is called coagulating building: Vona vyslovlyuє obsyag sol, coagulated for 1 mmol of ion-coagulator. Chim is a coagulating healthier, less electrolyte for a coagulation wick.

Coagulatively, it is necessary to lay down the atomic mass and charge, that is, to the power of the ion. With the increase of the atomic mass, the power of the charge decreases, and they become less polarized. As a result, the solvate shell becomes thinner. To that great, they more easily penetrate into the adsorbent ball of the target and neutralize the charge of the particle, which coalesces with the sol. For example, for iodide sol in the storage xK + with indifferent electrolytes - KNO 3, NaNO 3, Ca (NO 3) 2, Al (NO 3) 3, Th (NO 3) 4, Ca 2+, Al 3+, Th 4+. Coagulative health of growth ions in the row: Li + + + + + or Na + 2 + 3 + 4 +. The less the hydration (solvation) of the cation, the less the coagulation, the stronger the coagulation. The hydration shell of the ion's size and the penetration of the ion into the adsorption ball. The coagulation of organic growth is consistent with Traube's rules.

Piznishe M. Gardi vyaviv, that the charge of the coagulable ion is dependent on the charge of the granule of the micelle (Gardi's rule). Also, the coagulum granule is negative before it is injected positively charged ions, and the granule is positively charged - before the electrolyte is supplied.

To characterize and test the age of electrolytes, the understanding of "coagulation threshold" is used - the goal of the minimum concentration is to get the electrolyte, when you repair (prevent) coagulation:

, Mol / l.

The value at the threshold of coagulation is called coagulating building:
... Vona vyslovlyuє obsyag sol, coagulated for 1 mmol ion-coagulator. Chim is a coagulating healthier, less electrolyte for a coagulation wick.

Coagulation theory with electrolytes

The new theory of coagulation is magnetized for 3 meals:

- why is the coagulation infused with the singular concentration of the electrolyte-coagulator?

- what is the main role of the concentration of ion, against the charge of the granule?

- why does the charge of the ion-coagulator flow in according to the Schulze-Gardi rule?

Freundlich's adsorption theory. According to the theory, the coagulants on the surface of the particles are adsorbed according to the adsorption isotherm:
... Moreover, the coagulation is infused with a stepwise, the same decrease in the zeta potential for the adsorption of the same amount of different ions. As a result of neutralization, the number of charges in potential-determining ions decreases, z-potential to a critical point.

The interchange of the theory of polarity is that, in practice, one does not expect to be able to achieve the same adsorption, the isotherm of adsorption of other diseases, and some coagulation of some diffusion.

Muller's electrostatic theory. According to the principle of the theory, the introduction of electrolyte does not change the zagalny charge in the DES, but instead of reducing the pressure of the diffuse ball (the introduction of counterions into the adsorption ball). Reduce the atmosphere of the ionic atmosphere to reduce z- the potential for reducing the stability of the ash.

The theory is not given to the adsorption of the introduction of ions and their input into the DES.

The offense of the theory is fair, offend may sometimes be at coagulation, albeit at the early stages. Through intercourse, there is no way to get a visitor to explain the other types of coagulation.

DLFO theory broken up by Deryagin, Landau, fairway and Overbeck (born 1941). Vona vrahovu potential energy of particles and equilibrium e / static forces, which work between them. When the particles are close to each other, there is a static force and a heavy load. The system is designed to start with the quality of the relationship. As soon as the output is larger, then the system is stiyka. Reconsideration of energy is a heavy burden of coagulation. The energy of the heavy is encumbered by the forces of Van der Waals and the change is wrapped in proportion to the square of the space between the particles:
... The price is only on the small sides (1.10 - 10 - 1.10 - 11 m, that is 1/10 part of the size of coloidal particles). To this, coagulation is promoted only when the particles are close to the proper place. Also, it is close to see in the course of the heat debris of particles and that in the flow, which increases the speed of the debris and the number of zitknen (div. Factori viklikayut coagulation), take coagulation.

Fig. 1. A recrimination of the atmosphere of coloidal particles

In the world of change in appearance, in parts, the power of electrostatic display will be accepted. The closed part of the pereshkojaє and the solvated shell. The power of electrostatic display is manifested only when diffusion balls (ion spheres) of the same charge of particles are overturned. The energy of the economy is reduced to the increase in the number of children.

Fig. 2. Potential curve of coagulation

For viznachennya I will set the system and calculate the total energy (there will be a potential coagulation curve). At niy є kіlka dilyanok: a large primary minimum (potential hole 1) in the area of small cities, a small secondary minimum (potential hole 2) in the area of great cities. Smell vkazuyut on the value of the energy is heavy, so in them U pr >> U Ott.

In the area of mid-rise there is a maximum. As soon as it grows over the abscissa, then it is between the particles and the force, so that it is a system of aggregation. When U otm >> U pr. Chim vishche maximum, tim is the system.

For the coagulation of coagulation, there is sufficient neutralization of the charge of the particles to the singular value and destruction of the solvate shell. Tse reach the introduced electrolyte or the visible stabilizing electrolyte. The minimum charge of particles, when coagulation is repaired, is called critical z-potential (

0.03 V). With a critical value of the zeta potential, kinetic energy is sufficient for the crumb of particles of sufficient energy to increase the forces of surplus electrostatic energy (U pr

U Ott) і particle sticking in the aggregate.

According to the theory of DLFO, during the rapid coagulation with electrolytes, there are two mechanisms: concentration of coagulation and adsorption (neutralization) of coagulation.

at concentration coagulation They do not change the value of the -potential. Coagulation is drawn for the rakhunok of squeezing the diffuse ball, so that the counterions are put into the adsorption sphere, or for the rakhunok, for the squeezing of the diffuse ball.

adsorption coagulation to be seen in the result of the change in the -potential. A whole type of coagulation wicks electricity, and they can (like) be adsorbed on the surface of particles and may be charged against granules. The stench penetrates into the adsorption ball, neutralizes the potential-determining one and reduces the-potential.

As soon as on the surface of microcrystals є vilnі centri, then you will see a pre-made crystal lattice. For example, in the presence of a sol x K + additional KI is added to coagulation for the adsorption of iodide-ions. With a wide range of - and -potential to grow. For the sake of the center of adsorption to creep. Further, increase the concentration of KI to reduce the -potential for the squeezing of the diffuse ball (turning the ion into the adsorption ball). When the concentration is reached, the sol will restore the coagulation.

Even on the surface of the outer center, the adsorption does not support, and the -potential does not grow, but a little less pressure of the diffuse ball.

With the addition of AgNO 3, it is not indifferent and it is Ag +. Oscillations of the potential-determining ions є iodide-ion, then the addition of ions of the medium should be produced to the approval of the hardly soluble AgI solution. As a result, the number of potential-determining ones will gradually decrease, and the number of potential-determining ones will be reduced to a decrease. At a critical value of the -potential, the sol coagulates according to the adsorption mechanism. Further, to add AgNO 3 to recharge and move the positive charge of the granule for the vibrating adsorption of ions of the medium with the approval of the new DES: x NO 3 ─. With a small increase in AgNO 3, the sol coagulation is carried out according to the concentration mechanism for the preparation of nitrate ions.

Duryagin's rule formula. Superficial appearances: The head master. Duryagin Landau's theory of coagulation

clarified rules

Stuck in technology

Notes

See also "Duryagin's Rule" in the following dictionaries:

Explanation of the rule [ed]

Stagnation in technology [ed]

Dovidnik Khimika 21

Chemistry and chemistry technology

clarified rules

Stuck in technology

Notes

You can see the "Duryagin's Rule" in the following dictionaries:

CHAPTER 20. Suspensions

clarified rules

Stuck in technology

Chemistry and chemistry technology

Duryagin Landau's theory of coagulation

Landau-Duryagin rule

History of development of a colossal chemistry

know the neighbor

Coagulation rules

Coagulation rules with electrolytes

Coagulation theory with electrolytes