Astronomical until. Dati Soncestoyannya, Rivnodennya

Meal number 23. Daily and ricne ruh. Sun. Law Kepler. Features of the sun in tropical and polar regions

Seemingly, the celestial sphere is wrapped around the axis of light with the help of rostasovanny on these weaves. Tsey rukh be called we see add spheres with a collapse. It was directed to dobovy behind the year's arrow, as if it was astonishing to the sphere from the side of the winter pole P N. heavenly parallels, Be the head of the meridian sposter in the whole of Russia, the deyaki recalculate the first vertical of the organ and the horizon. Peretin is a whitewash in his own kind of Russia of the midday part of the meridian sposterihach to be called upper culmination, And the peretin is called the lower culmination. From the lower part it can be seen that for the end latitude and for the last view, at the moment of the upper climax, it showed the maximum height, and at the moment of the lower climax - the minimum height. Peretin is called dots outrightі approach.

We can see the Sontsya ruh.

As a result of the collapse of the Earth in its orbit, it is possible to build up on the Earth, so that Sonce will move around the heavenly sphere of apparently unruly stars all the hour. It is true that the Sonce schodozirok doesn’t seem to be moaning, because the glimpses in the daytime do not seem to be forgotten. Pererakhumo deyaki overconfirmed the facts of relocation of the Sontsya schodo zirok:

V early hour The rock of the op_vnochі can see the development of the stars.

The meridional height of the Sun stretches through the rock.

The azimuth is also varied right off the bat and the Sontsya call, as well as the triviality of the day and night.

The earth, collapsing in its orbit, zberiga in the light space, unmistakably positioning its axis of wrapping. Kut nahil the axis of the Earth's orbital area to become 66 ° 33 ", then, kut to the area of ​​the Earth's orbit and the area of ​​the Earth's orbit to become 23 ° 27".

eklіptics- tse a visible natural path, according to which the Sonce moves along the heavenly spheres. Eklіptics - the whole projection of the area of ​​the earth's orbit onto the celestial sphere. Oskilki the area of ​​the heavenly adequacy is the continuation of the earthly equator, and the area of ​​ecology is the area of ​​the Earth's orbit, then the area of ​​the celestial warehouse is located within the area of ​​the celestial equator kut = 23 ° 27 ". Rich Rus is changing his mind from the beginning to pivnichny.It is the 21st birch to come to the Sonce point - on the day of the spring Rivne. direct convergence() - the chain of the arc of the heavenly equator from the point of Aries to the meridian swelled, towards the ancient ancient clockwork (either as if it was astonished from the side of the winter pole, then against the year of the arrow). The Sonce, Misyats and others move in the same straight line along the heavenly spheres, and then, they go straight to the convergence of the lights.

Zmіna of equatorial coordinates Sontsya.

Stretching the Rock of the Sonce through the heavenly spheres, pass the chotiri points (marvel at the table).

	Name
	Spring Rivnodennya Day
	Day of the summer songstations
	Autumn Day
	day winter dormitory

tropical rock It is called the progression of the hour between the two last days, the passage to the center of Sontsya through the point of Aries. Yogo triviality to become 365.2422 dobi. The time period is laid down in the basis of the calendar fate. Clarification of the magnitude of tropical rock has overshadowed a trace in the history of astronomy in the viglyad of Egyptian rock, Yulian and Gregorian styles. For the closest rosrahunks, nobility is needed to add the coordinates of Sontsya. Directly converging Sontsya, stretching out the rock, changes to the next level. Dobova the speed of the direct convergence of the Sontsya become 360 ​​° / 365.24221 ° / add.

Shilyannya Sontsya stretching out fate to change nervously

Yavischa, tied with a ruk of the Sontsya for spasters in the middle latitudes.

Appearances that will supervise the ricne and dobovy ruh Sontsya.

Pori rock. The amount of sleepy energy, possessed by a single area on the Earth, lie as a head rank from the height of the Sontsya above the horizon and an hour of illumination. At mid-latitudes, Sontsya change for rik by 46 ° 53 ", so that it can bring up to the wrinkle. put IV navpaki - in winter, in winter - summer.

Astronomical signs of the feast were taken in respect of the relation of the sign and the magnitude of the vision of the Sontsya with the latitude of the month. If δ is one change from φ, spring is to be repaired, and at δmax it is lito. If δ is old-fashioned for φ, autumn will be repaired, and with δmax winter will be repaired.

As a result of the unevenness of the day, the Sontsya in the course of the hour of passing the glassware between the points of the rock is not the same, the spring is not the same for the first time, the spring is 92.9 dB; years - 93.6; autumn - 89.8; winter - 89.0 dB; warm spring-summer period for seven days before autumn-winter. On the paths, summer and winter grow in two seasons - both dry and woody.

Climatic belts.

Podil Earth on climatic belts tied up with a bit of warmth, you can get rid of the Sontsya, and by the peculiarities of your dobovy ruch. From the astronomical point of view, the Earth is divided into five climatic zones.

A hot, abo tropic, belt includes regions, in which the Sonce may pass through the zenit. Umova passage through the zenit: δ = φ Otzhe, between the zones of the belt will be parallel 23 ° 27 "N and S, i.e. E paths of Cancer and Capricorn

Pomirny belt (pivnichny and pivdenny) includes areas in which the Sonce is a day to go and enter, or do not go through the zenit. Umov outright δ< 90°-φ Следовательно, грани­цами этих двух поясов будут параллели от 23°27" до 66°33"N и S, т. е. от тропи­ков до полярных кругов.

The cold, or polar, belt (arctic, antarctic) includes regions, in some days with an unforgettable or uninhabited Sonetz. When δ> 90-φ, up to one day the Sonce will not be negligible, and if δ> 90-φ and variable, it will not be negligible.

Extreme parallels, on which it is possible not to enter anyway from the uninterrupted Sonce, are called polar stakes: pivnichny - at φ = 66 ° 33 "N and pivdenny - at φ = 66 ° 33" S.

Special features of the Sontsya ruku in different latitudes.

It’s easy to see how you can see your dream in good time and when the latitude of the month changes. The yak is shown in Fig. 24, stretching out to the Sonce rock, collapse along the spiral and extreme parallel to the spherical belts at the boundaries of 23 ° 27 "N and S.

On the equator (Fig. 27, a), all the parallel dreams are moving forward, that day the day is already approaching. At the day of the day (δ = 0) the Sonce collapses according to the adequate, as it starts here with the first vertical; Opіvdnі Sonce pass through zenіt. Until noon, the Sonce collapses along the E part of the first vertical, and at noon - along the W, i.e., at noon, the azimuth of the Sonce mittєvo changes by 180 °. In the days of the songstations, the parallels of the є paths (δ = 23 ° 27 "), with the whole meridional height H = 66 ° 33", will be the most popular.

In the tropical belt (Fig. 27, b), the extreme parallel of the Sontsya is the zenit (φ ≤ 23 ° 27 "N, S), the Sonce passes through the zenit two to the river, and on the cordons there is only one. The sun can reposition the first vertical (δ< φ) и не пересекать его. В тропиках изменение азимута проис­ходит весьма неравномерно: велико око­ло кульминаций и мало около первого вертикала.

V to the pomirny belt The dream, stretching out to doom, should go and enter, and the triviality of the day wanders in wide boundaries (extreme parallelism in Fig. 24). In the whole belt of the Sonce, the nicoli does not pass through the zenit, but the meridian height changes by stretching one rock by 2δmax.

Near the polar belt (Fig. 27, c), it is possible to avoid entering any non-desolate Sonce, if δ≥ 90 ° - φ, that is, Mozhliviy polar day is not strong. At the last hour of the Sonce, go and go

A polar day is called an hour or so, stretching out the Sonce in pre-dovoy Rusi do not enter and collapse over the horizon (parallel bb1, Na in Fig. 27, c), win triva, leave δ≥ 90 ° -φ і equally

Polar nights are called between an hour, stretching out like a Sonce in pre-dove Rus, not to descend and collapse below the horizon (parallel to Sc, d1d), not trivial, as long as δ≥ 90 ° -φ і differently

At the poles, polar days and at no hour are more important than winter, at the winter pole, day - from 21 birch to 23 spring, now - from 23 spring to 21 birch, on pivdenny - navpaki

Kepler's laws.

1. Orbit of the planets є elipsi, in one of the focuses of which is the Sonce. The radius vector of the ellip point (Fig. 21) is rotated by the formula:

2. The area described by the radius-vector of the planet at the same time interval, equal to the hour (div. Fig. 21)

de s - the moment when the point of a single mass falls.

The whole law is in vrahovu unevenness to the ruins of this planet in її orbit: nearer to Sontsya, the planet collapses more quickly, the distance - more.

3. The square of the dawn periods of the wrapping of the planets around the Sontsya is rendered as the cubes of the great ones of the orbits. The whole law will show that the planet is more close to the Sontsya, there may be great middle orbital shifts, not more visible; for example, Merkuriy maє v = 48 km / s, Venus -35 km / s, and Pluto - close to 5 km / s.

Newton showing that Kepler's laws Zagalom viglyadі to communicate to all space and life in any field of hardness and laws of guilt in the world and the speed of bodies. Formula (51) for the radius vector of the boolean was introduced by Newton іfrom the law of all-important heavyness in the outward-facing view (as the rule of the end-to-end change from 0 to ∞). It was glimmering, but in the central field it was heavy with orbits of space til and the end of the flow: in the fallowness of the fluidity, it could only describe elips, a parabola or a hyperbola.

Krim wrapping around the axis, the Earth, like all the planets, orbiting around the Sontsya (e = 0.0167) orbiting near the axis (Fig. 23) right in front of the end, moreover, the pnps was nailed to the 66 ° orbital area to be seen in the process of furrowing (without urahuvannya zburen). The Earth's crumbling in orbit is seen nervously, which is imaged in another Kepler's law (div. § 12). It is more likely for all the Earth to collapse at perihelion = 23, v de on the figure. 30, 3 km / s, how close to pass 4 sichnya; next - in aphelion (point A "in Fig. 23), de v = 29.2 km / s, if you pass close 4 days ///- IV- / Land pass shvidsche, and dilyanka / - II- /// - more. The average orbital speed of 29.76 km / s near the Earth is close to the day (/ і ///). The orbital roach of the wicket is a direct change to the beams for the sposter, who is on the surface of the Earth. For a long time, he blamed on the spheres of guilt, that is, E. Svitila, besides the good ruin with the sphere, guilty of the mother and see, the power of the ruk about the sphere

heavenly sphere

The last century, the "firmament of the earth," was enthralled with a sharp impenetrability and impairment. There is a lot of nothing wondrous, so the pardon has been squeezed out so much, even all of ours feel like talking about the fragility of the Earth and wrapped around her "heavenly star" from the stars, the Son and the Misyats. Ale and at a time in astronomy, as a memory of those ancient hours, vikoristovaetsya understanding of the celestial sphere - a clearly indefinitely great sphere, in the center of which there is a posterior and on the surface of what appears to be the heap of heavenly light.

Obviously, we note that the sky is wrapped up - the sun rises, passes through the sky and descends beyond the horizon, the glimpses, like in the evening are seen at the descent, until first night, the sky is high, and the sky is falling, and then the sky is falling. to wrap around an invisible axis, a roasted bile of the Polar Star.

Rukh Zirok near the Pole of the Light. Photo by A. Mironov

Even if the sky is wrapped up, we will lie down in our camp on the earthly kul - as it is found in the pivdenniy pivkuly, we will be even more innocent if the Sonce collapses across the sky in the opposite direction - from right to left. Surprised by the lecture, as the visible wrapping of the heavenly star in the wanderings of the Earth is visible.

For an ear of memory, for the height of the Pole Svit (the point near which the wrapping of the sky is visible) above the horizon, set the road geographic latitude misce of caution. This means that at the pole of the Polar star, it will be in the zenith, and all lights will be in a good wrapping, the evil collapses to the right parallel to the horizon, neither does it come down or go. If we were overwhelmed at the poles, we could have poured the stars of just one drink, but then in no time.

Navpaki, for spostering on the equator, there is no unintelligible star (though, as and not to enter) - all the glimpses of the sky are available for caution, the stench descends vertically in the lower part of the horizon and immediately after 12 years go into parts of the sky.

At mid-latitudes, a part of the sky in the vicinity of the pole does not go down to the horizon, but also the area of ​​the sky near the opposite pole is not accessible for caution, for the eyes of the sky, it is darkly rooted to reach the sides of the heavenly position, and go down.

Approximately the same way, in the middle latitudes of the new year, the Pole of the World would be visible above the horizon, near a glimpse to wrap around a year old line, and for everything that happens in the private part of the sky and collapses from the right to the left.

Visible rukh sontsya i dobu

Speak about the rook of the young, I don’t go back to them î the collapse of the Earth near Sontsya - we see the majesty and the change in its position through the rook of the Earth, even smaller, and we can be precise with the instruments of the instrument. Zovsim іnsha on the right - Sonce. Rukh the Earth in orbit to bring up the visible ruk Sontsya in the middle of the stars. Shlyakh, who passes the Dream in the sky with a stretch of rock, is called eklіptika. So, as the earth is hovering at 23.5 °, then when the Earth is wrapped around the Sontsya until it appears, it is rotated either pivnichne, then the new arrival - the change of seasons on our planet is explained.

If the wine is turned up to Sontsya - there is a summer, Sonce, in its own visible way along the eclips, will appear in the winter and in our country, in the new horizon, in the future. At the pivnichnuyu pole on the pivrok Sonce, it has become an unforgettable sight - there is a polar day. Threesomes more polar day is even less than at the latitude of the polar stake (66.5 ° - polarity at 23.5 ° from the Pole). The charge at the poles may not go off Sontse (three times less through refraction), on the first day of the polar, now it’s all short and the pose of the polar stake Sontse to hover in the middle of winter rises above the horizon.

In the middle and equatorial latitudes, the dream is to go and to enter, the triviality of the day is not only in the future, but in the latitude - closer to adequate, it is less likely to take the triviality of the day until 12 Alle only at the equator, the triviality of the day and night is always a matter of course. The triviality of days can lie in latitude - in the equatorial latitudes of the Sonce, it sits perpendicular to the horizon and the day of the New York, and in the latitude of St. Petersburg in the middle of the summer, the smell of the night stinks from the famous sunset until the very beginning.

From latitude to lie down, as well as the sun can rise above the horizon - on the day of the day, the height of the warehouse is 90 ° -φ + 23.5 °.

Before the speech, the pomilkov dumka has been extended even further, but at the Equatorial Sonce, it is not so, in any point of the Earth, but to lie between the line paths (from 23.5 ° NL .. Up to 23.5 ° s.sh.) exactly through the zenit of the Sonce it is not necessary to pass two to the river, on the ekvator - in the days of the day, and on the lines of the paths - only once on the river, on the day of the summer dream on the winter path - on the winter day.

Rukh Zemli navkolo Sontsya to produce up to one more important phenomenon - the triviality of the drowsy dob (about an hour before two noon) does not get away with another dawn (about an hour before passing through the meridian, be-like a star). On the right, in the fact that the Earth is in need of an early hour, it will turn onto the cube, as if it’s possible to pass for the addon in its orbit. Moreover, the triviality of the sleepy dob is not worthy (div. Statue of the Rivnyannya hour). I can easily make a close approximation - for the ground to pass 1/365 part of its orbit, or maybe less than 1 °, and if the Earth turns around its axis (360 °) in about 24 years, then it will turn 1 ° won in about 4 hilini. Dіysno, zoryana add to become 23 years and 56 khvili 4 seconds.

month

Our companion has been serving people for a long time for an hour, but not at all - the change of phases Misyatsya is easy to support and the triviality of the month is rather awkward; Before the speech, every seven-day period is also tied with Mysyats - 7 days is approximately a quarter of a month (and the phase of Mysyatsya can be seen as a quarter). Most of the old calendars are monthly and monthly-sleepy.

Surely, for the first time, it’s worth throwing yourself in the eyes when Misyatsya is wary - the price of a change in sight by stretching out a slender sickle, which can be seen immediately when the Song enters in 2-3 days when the youngsters are half-hearted, until the first half of the disc. ), far away to the next month, the rest of the four (half of the disc is illuminated) and, nareshty, to the young, if Misyats come nearer to the Son and to be found in these exchanges. The alternation of phases is explained by the change in the position of the Misyatsya apparently the Sontsya at the beastly near the Earth, the new cycle of the alternating phases is the turnover of the Sontsya, or the synodic month is close to 29.5 dB. The period of wrapping is less than 27.3 times. Yak bachyte, in rotsi there is an innumerable number of months, the monthly-sleepy calendar for the special rules of the 12th and 13th rocky days, through the price of stinking to reach the fold and infection in a large region Gregorian calendar We won’t tie it with Misyats - in memory of the one who was in front of us, we lost misses (though, more trivial, less than a thousand) and tyzhny ...

Rusi Misyatsya has one more Tsikava specialty- the period of wrapping around its axis to be wrap-around around the Earth, so our companion starts turning around to the Earth in one drink. But it is not possible to say that we can only half of the surface of the Misyatsya - from looking at the irregularity of the orbital ruin Mysyatsya and nahil the orbital's orbit until the Earth is adequate, but the earth's way of looking like this We can bach the edge zones of the disc - in sum with caution - close to 60% of the monthly surface.

Jean Effel, "A Party to the Light"
-It's not easy to start allsvit!

Sontse - tse smut the warmth і edina zirka nashoї sleep system, Yaka, similar to the magnet, will attract all the planets, companions, asteroids, comets and their "bags" to space.

The distance from the Sonce to the Earth is more than 149 million kilometers. The very viddalence of our planet from Sontsya is taken as an astronomical unit.

Uninvolved in the name of the vivid, the zirka is a great inflow into our planet. It’s a long time since the dream is on the Earth, the day is changing, but it’s to come for the winter, to see the magnetic storms and to set up to find the visions of the polar waters. And most of all - without the participation of Sontsya on Earth, the ill-humored process of photosynthesis - the main dzherela sourness.

The position of Sontsya in the development of the future

Our planet is collapsing near the celestial jerel of light and warmth in a closed orbit. Tsei shlyakh schematically can be seen at the viglyadi of the twisted ellipse. The Sonce itself does not grow in the center of the ellipse, but a trio of ostoron.

The Earth is now approaching, now coming out of the Sontsya, completing a new wrap around the Earth in 365 days. The closest to the night, our planet is in the middle of the night. It will take an hour to speed up to 147 million km. The point of the earth's orbit, which is the closest to the Sontsya, is called "perihelion".

The closer the Earth to Sontsya grows, the closer the Pole hangs up, and in the lands of the New Years it is a little more to be repaired.

Closer to lime, our planet is as far away as possible from the head star of the Sonyachnoy system. The period has a lifespan of more than 152 million km. I called the point of the earth's orbit "aphelion" from the point of the earth's orbit. Chim gave the earthly kul is to be found in Sontsya, tim is more light and warmth to warm up the land pіvnіchnoі pіvkulі... Todi is here for summer, and, for example, it is winter in Australia and Young America.

Yak Sonce will illuminate the Earth in the Middle East

Sanctifying the Earth by the Son in the middle of the earth's time will lie without the middle from the distance of our planet in Denmark at least one hour and because the Earth is turned "sideways" at a moment before the Son.

The most important factor that is pouring into the change of heaven is the earth. Our planet, wrapped around Sontsya, rises at the same hour to turn around a powerful, clear axis. It was lifted up to the edge of the sky at 23.5 degrees to the heavenly light, and it was ready to appear straight to the Polar Star. The outer one is wrapped around the earth's axis for 24 years. The axis of the wrapping will also provide for every day and night.

Before the speech, as if the vision had not been heard, then the fate of the rock did not change one against the same, but became invincible. Tobto, here panuvalo will last a little, in some areas there will be a lasting spring, the third part of the land will always be watered with big planks.

From the direct interchange the Sontsya will appear earthly equator... Sleepy lanes, which fall straight ahead, bring more light and heat, the stench does not rise in the atmosphere. To that, the inhabitants of the lands, roztashovanyh on the ekvator, do not know the cold.

poles earthly coo alternately opinyayutsya in the promenades of the Sontsya. It is a trivial day for pivrok at the poles, and not for pivrok. If we illuminate the Pivnichny Pole, then in the Pivnichniy Pivkuly spring is coming, with a wintry day.

At the onset of the pivrok, the picture changes. Before Sontsya, we see the beastly Pivdenny Pole. Now, in the winter season, it’s going to be repaired, and in the provinces of the winter season, it’s going to be winter.

Two to the river, our planet will appear in this position, if the sleepy exchanges, however, illuminate the surface from the extreme winter to the Pole Pole. These days are called rivnodennya days. Vesnyans mean 21 birch, autumn -23 spring.

Another two days in rotsi they renounced the name of the songstoyannya. At the end of the hour, the Sonce appears either as high as possible above the horizon, or as low as possible.

At pivnіchnіy pіvkulі 21 or 22 breasts are nіch, which can be found in rotsі - the whole day of winter sensation. And 20 or 21 worms, navpaki, day є found, and not nichorotshoyu - the whole day of the summer songstations. All new packs will be added to the pіvedennіy pіvkulі. There in the chest dovgy days, And in the middle - the last night.

Krim dobovogo wrapping, the Earth wrapped around Sontsya. Tse to create before that, in the world, the Earth is shifted in orbit, the Sonce is projected in the different points of the heavenly sphere. Yaksho stretching out to the fate of the point of z'єdnati in a smooth curve, an obsessively great thrust into the heavenly spheres. The great spheres of the heavenly sphere, according to the stretching of the fate, the Sonce will move in a certain way, and will be called an ekliptica.

In fig. 1.10 shows a part of the celestial sphere, with the celestial ekvator and ekliptica applied to it. Point P N meanings of the symbolic pole. The eklіptitsі also shows the Sonce and directly its displacement by stretching out to the rock.

Actually eklіptics є slіd overflow flatlythe orbital of the Earth with the celestial sphere, and nahil ekleptics to the heavenly adequacy to start nagging axis wrapping the Earth to orbital area... Tsey nahil road 66.5 °. Tom nahil heavenly equator to eklіptics δ = 23.5 °.

On the birds there are some characteristic points: two points cross over from the heavenly ekvator and two, outward to them by 90 °. The points overflowing the eklіptics with the celestial ekvator are called points of the equinox, points outward from them at 90 °, are called the points of the day.

The point, in the Yakiy Sonce, to go from the pivdennaya pіvkulі to pіvnіchnu (div. Fig. 1.10), is called the point of the spring rіvnodennya or the point of Aries (Y). Protylezhnaya point - the point of the main day or the point Tereziv (Ώ).

Speck L The private part of the economy, which is shown at 90 ° from the points of the day, is called the point of the daylight. Protilezhna point - the point of winter sleep L‘.

To pass the spring season point of Sonce 21 birch, the point of summer season - 22 chervnya, point of autumn season - 23 spring; and point of winter season - 22 breast.

So, like the Earth in orbit, wrap itself nervously, then the thThe change of the Sontsya according to the ecclesiastics will be displayed nervously. It is more likely for all Sonce to change the charge close to 4 days;

One hour between two last passages to the center of Sontsya through the point of Aries is called tropical rock. vin dorivnyu 365,2422 average dib. All the calendars, organized on the Sonce, will be like this, but the average is civil rock Bula yakomoga is closer to the triviality of tropical rock.

The yak is seen in Fig. 1.10, stretching out to rock Equatorial coordinates The dream is constantly wandering. Straight convergence changes from 0 ° to 360 °. Shilyannya changes from 0 ° to 23.5 °. Moreover, between 21 birch and 23 spring shilyannya Sontsya pivnichne. April 23rd and until 21st birch shilyannya Sontsya pivdenne.

For close positions, it was taken to increase the amount of direct convergence - 1 °. The additional change was taken from the month to the month of the weekday - by 0.4 °, the month to the month of the day - by 0.1 °, and the hour - by 0.3 °. For the change of poses, one should lead to the most characteristic point of the economy.

So, as a schilannya Sontsya, stretching out the fate, change, change and put a good parallel Sontsya for a sposter in this latitude. A clear view of the flow of the dobogo wrapping і of the richest rue of the Earth on the hook of the transfer of the Sontsya over the heavenly spheres.

In fig. 1.11 a) shows the projection of the celestial sphere onto the area of ​​the meridian sposter at a latitude close to 10 ° N.dobova parallel The song is described by 22 worms, if it is 23.5 ° N , be called the path of Cancer; dobova parallel, Described by Soncem 22 breast - the path of Capricorn. At the time of the day, Sontsya has the maximum. All of the others need to be paralleled by different paths.

In one of the days, the sonnya Sontsya, which changed by 22 worms, reached the value, equal latitude and dobova parallel pass through zenit, Tobto in the whole day the Sonce culminates in the zenit at the ts latitude.

21 birch і 23 spring silyannya Sontsya road 0 ° і dobova parallel to pass through the heavenly equator. In fig. 1.11 it can be seen that in the middle of the day, half of the additional parallels are raised above the horizon, half of them are on the horizon, so that in the middle of the day the road is not far from the latitude.

On the 22nd breast, since Sonce describes the path of Capricorn, in one of the days Sonce's schooling will once again become the same latitude and the Sonce suddenly beyond the ric at the third latitude culminates in the zenith.

A part of the surface of the earthly couch, de Sonce hocha b times on the rik culminates in zenitі , to be called a tropical or hot zone. Yogo mezhami є geographic parallels 23.5 N i 23,5 S, yaki also called the paths of Cancer and Capricorn.

In fig. 1.11 (6) shows the projection of the celestial sphere for the sposter at latitude close to 75 ° N... 21 birch dobova parallel to pass through the heavenly equator and day to night. In the world of that, as it grows up to the point of being seen, dobova parallels all the food in one day, if the age is equal to 90 ° - φ , won’t stick to the point N and the song will pass over the horizon.

A phenomenon, if the Sonce is more than 24 years old, is above the horizon, it is called a polar day . Polar day trivatime until quiet feast, leave the Sonce, drive to the path of Cancer, do not descend again to the dobova parallel from the window, equal to 90 ° - φ . Let us come to our senses

I will add with the descent and visits of Sontsya.

With analogous, altered latitude, declination Sontsya dobova, the parallel flutters from horizons to the next polar nich. A part of the surface of the earth, de spostering a polar day andpolar nich, be called polar abo cold belt. Polar belts two : one patching per pair per pair 66.5 N, іnshiy - on parallels 66.5 ° S.

Analyze rice. 1.11 (b), it is not important to bachiti, but at the Pole of the Sonce, half of the time is over the horizon, half is under the horizon, so that it is built up from the polar day and the polar night.

Part of the surface of the earth, visnovkiv and tropical andthe polar belts, called the polar belt.pomirnyh beltstwo. The stench is laid down in parallels 23.5 ° and b6.5 ° in the wine and foodpivkuli. In the middle of the belt, the nicholas do not boom in the zenith and the polar day and polar nich are not spared.

Changing the rock through the trees, the Sonce goes through the small suns. There are 12 such suzir'iv - one per skin month. Tsi suzir'ya are called zodiakalny, And їх cleared by the signs of the Zodiac. The transition from one suzir'ya in іnshe is seen on the ear of twenty numbers of the skin month.

Vlasny Rukh Misyatsya

Misyats є niblizchim heavenly spirit and wrap around the Earthchi, More precisely, near the center of the Earth - Misyats mass system, along the electronic orbit at the middle of the country 384 thousand kilometers from the Earth.

Period wrapping Misyatsya around the Earth shodo neruhomikh zirok become 27,32 average dib and called sidereal month. To add Misyats to 13.2 °.

Obertannya Misyatsya will go in the same direction as the Sontsya on the eclips. For the sidereal month Sonce, it will move around 27 °, and the month will need more than 2.21 average dib, so it will come on the cob where Sonce is supposed to. Period wrapping Misyatsya around the Earth Shodo Soncya be called synodic month i vin dorivnyu 29,53 average dib.

The name of the viglyad Misyatsya will start in the memory of Sontsya and Misyatsya, so in the given term "misyats" we will be mother on respect synodic month ... For an ear of the synodic month, take the growth of the month between the Earth and the Son, if the reverse side is illuminatedMisyatsya, but the brutal side to the Earth is invisible.

phase Misyatsya be called putting illumination of a part of a disc to the whole disc ... Phase (F) rotate with a fractional number of 0 to 1. Deyaki characteristic phases may be called: F = 0 - young; Ф = 1 - new month; Ф = 0.5 - quarter.

In fig. 1.12 letter C is designated for the Sonce by the letter 3 - Earth. The current number is a thousandth orbit, on which the 8th long-distance position of Misyats is shown. On the inner count of images, the view of Misyats for a sposter on Earth when Misyats is in orbit.

Analyze the last change the most recent viglyad Mysyatsya, bachimo, scho a month's sickle, for a young man on the right, in the third position, will store half of the disc. The qia phase is called the first four. The set 5 has an extra month. Then the disc starts to fall on the right, and in the position 7, the remaining half is present, if the left half of the disc is illuminated.

A number of days that have passed from a young man to this moment, will be called Vіk Misyatsya (V). A phase can be detected after the Misyatsya vіkom. So, at B = 0 - young; at B = 7.5 - perch; at B = 15 - full moon; at B = 22.5 - the remaining quarter; at B = 4 - the sickle of the loan is close to four

disk z right- (young month).

The phase of Misyatsya begins at night and is guided, as in Misyatsya, at 0 years past Greenwich hour in the Marine Astronomical School.

close vik Misyatsya can be pidrahuvati for the formula:

de D - date; № - number of the month; L is the month's number, permanently for the whole rik. The monthly number, like і вік Місяця, lies between 0 to 30. In 1998, the number increased to 0. At the end of 1998, the number increased by 11. The value of the monthly number on the number of rockets ahead is shown in the table. 1 1

2011рік-23.

: For example, 2.09.11. B = 2 + 9 + 23 = 44 (14). There will be another month in the whole day.

Instead, the growth of Sontsya, Land and Miscellaneous is injected by the amount of inflow and elements of tidal leaks. The growth of їх on one straight line (a young man or an additional month ± two days) is called a syzygy. The syzygy is more prone to extreme high-tide and high-tide leaks. The position of Misyats in the first and the rest of the fourth is called a square. At the square, there is a minimal amount of rivnya.