Cytology is a science and links with other sciences. Morphofunctional characteristics of the eferent statements of the central nervous system during the injection of experimental ischemia. Morphofunctional characteristics of the central nervous system (head

The dorsal brain is folded in two symmetrical halves, separated one by one in front - by a large middle cleft, and at the back - by a middle furrow. The dorsal brain is characterized by a segmental bud; A pair of anterior (ventral) and a pair of posterior (dorsal) cords are tied with the skin segment.

In the spinal cord, there is a gray speech line, which is removed in the central part, and there is a speech line, which lies along the periphery.

Bila speech to the spinal cord is a combination of late orintegmental nerve fibers. Bundles of nerve fibers, such as the connections between the small parts of the nervous system, are called tracts, or conductive paths, of the spinal cord.

Seed speech on the transverse opening of the panicle, including the anterior, or ventral, posterior, or dorsal, and bi, or lateral, horns. In the middle of the speech, there are tila, dendrites and (partly) axonneurons, as well as glial cells. Main warehouse part syroї speech є multipolar neurons.

Clitini, subdivided by size, subtle and functional meanings, lie in a system of speech in groups, which are called nuclei.

Axoni korintsevykh clitin zalishayut spinal cord in the warehouses of the front corners. The outgrowths of the internal cells end in synapses in the boundaries of the spinal cord. The axons of the bundle cells pass in the bile speech with the adherent bundles of fibers, which carry the nerves and impulses from the spinal nuclei in the first segment, or to the outward paths of the brain, which are connected. Around the spinal cord, the spinal cord is meaningfully evolving one way behind the store of neurons, nerve fibers and neuroglia.

At the rear horns, there is a spongy ball, a gelatinous speech, the core of the posterior horn and the sternum of Clarke. Between the rear and bichny horns of the serpentine speech, it is thrown into strands in the bile, as long as it pretends to be a network-like release, I call it a network-like statement, abbreviated as a reticular form, to the spinal cord.

The hind horns are diffusely rosted with inserted cells. There are a number of other multipolar associations and comisural cells, axons that end in the boundaries of the spinal cord of the spinal cord on either side (associative cells) or on the other side (comic).

Neurons of the spinal zone and of the gelatinous speech, so there is no sound between the sensitive cells of the spinal ganglia and the ruff cells of the anterior horns, the freezing muscles of the reflex arcs.

The neurons of the Clarke nucleus recognize information from receptors in the muscles, tendons and lobes (proprioceptive sensitivity) through the core fibers themselves and transmit them to the brain.

In the industrial zones, the center of the autonomic (autonomous) nervous system is developed - preganglionic cholinergic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic type.

In the anterior horns, most of the neurons in the spinal cord are rosted, which set the values ​​for the nucleus mass. It’s so, like the neurons of the nuclei of the horns, the core cells, and the fragments of the neurites store the bulk of the fibers of the anterior cores. At the warehouse of the small spinal nerves, the stench comes to the periphery and fixes the motor end in the skeletal muscles. In such a rank, the nuclei of the anterior horns are the motor somatic centers.

It is a system of tissue and organs, stimulating from the nervous tissue. They see:

Central visualization: brain and spinal cord

Peripheral appearance: autonomous and sensitive ganglia, peripheral nerves, end nerves.

If you have a child, you can also use it for:

Somatic (animalny, cerebrospinal) viddil;

Vegetative (autonomous) type: pretty and parasympathetic parts.

The nervous system is shaped by the following membranous djerels: nerve tube, nerve crest (ganglion plate) and membranous placody. Tissue elements of shells є mesenchymal are absent. At the stage of neuropathy, the anterior end of the tube expands significantly, the number of stinks grows, establishing the rudiments of three cerebral microorganisms. To lie on the cranial michur, the anterior brain is established, the middle michur is the middle brain, and from the third michur, which passes into the anlage of the spinal cord, the posterior (rhomboid) brain develops. The uncomfortable transmission of the nerve tube is guided right down to the straight cut, and behind the additional groove, the first michur is distributed to the dimple and the intermediate viddili, and the third cerebral michur - to the end of the brain and the back. The appearance of the middle and rear cerebral microorganisms has become a permanent brain and the old ones; in them there is a segmental principle of budovi, which is known in the old industrial and endocrine brain. In the rest there are integrated functions. This is how five forms are formed in the brain: the middle and middle brain, the middle, the back and the back brain (in humans, it appears approximately in the end of the 4th development of the embryonic development). Kіntseviy mozok is shaped as two peaks of the great mozok.

In the membranous histological and organogenesis of the nervous system and the development of young types in the brain, it grows with growth (heterochronous). The caudal parts of the central nervous system (spinal cord, brain stem) are formed earlier; an hour of residual formation of the structures of the brain is highly variable. In a number of brain cells, it is possible to see the message of the population (the brain, hipocampus, nyukhov cybulin); In the cutaneous brain, there is a spacious and modern urbanization of neuronal populations, which creates a unique structure of the nerve center.

The spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system, in the structures of which the most clear are the development of the cerebral brain: tubular character of budov and segm-tarity. At bichnykh viddilakh neural tube The growth of the cystic mass is fast, while the dorsal and ventral parts do not grow in general and have an independant character. The development of the cellular stems of the neural tube extends from the lateral furrow to the dorsal - LTSHMSHOPK, and the ventral - to the main plate. At the first stage of development in the inner walls of the neural tube, three zones can be seen: the endimu, the central channel, the middle (raincoat ball) and the marginal (edge ​​veil). From the raincoat ball in the footed spine the spinal cord grows, and from the edge veil - the yogo speech. The neuroblasts of the anterior horns are differentiated in the motor neurons (mucous neurons) of the nuclei of the anterior horns. The axons travel from the spinal cord and establish the anterior cortex of the spinal nerves. In the rear ends and industrial zones, the growing nuclei of the intercalated (associative) cells develop. Ox axoni, entering the spinal cord, enter the store of the new conductive bundles. The posterior horns include the central outgrowths of sensitive neurons in the spinal nodes.

One hour with the development of the spinal cord spinal cord and peripheral nodes of the autonomic nervous system are laid. The primary material for them is to serve as a stem-hole of the cells of the neural crest, as a way of divergent differentiation to develop in neuroblastic and globlastic strains. A part of the neural crest cells migrates to the periphery in the localization of the universities of the autonomic nervous system, paraganglia, neuroendocrine cells APUD-serii and chromaffin tissue.

Peripheral nervous system.

The peripheral nervous system is united by the peripheral nerves of the university, the end of the storm.

Nerves ganglia (universities) - structures, approved by the purchased neurons in the pose of the central nervous system, - are subtle and autonomous (vegetative). Sensitive ganglia replace pseudo-unipolar or bipolar (in the spinal and vestibular ganglia) afferent neurons and dislocate importantly along the dorsal roots of the spinal cord (sensitive in the nerves of the cranial and spinal cord). Sensitive ganglia of spinal nerves may have a fusiform shape and cover with a capsule with a spinal fibrous tissue. Along the periphery of the ganglion, there is a large collection of bodies of pseudo-unipolar neurons, and the central part is occupied by іх іх growths and rosettes between them with thin projectiles endoneuria, which is the essence of the judgment. Autonomic nerves of the ganglia are set up by the purchased multipolar neurons, on some of the numerical synapses they set up preganglionic fibers - the outgrowths of neurons, which lie in the central nervous system.

Nerve. Budova and regeneration. Spinal ganglia. Morphofunctional characteristic.

Nerves (nerves in the storm) tie the nerves in the center of the brain and spinal cord with receptors and working organs. The stench is confirmed by bundles of muscle and non-micelin fibers, which are combined with semi-tissue components (shells): endoneuria, perineurium and epineurium. There are a lot of nerves є changes, to include afferent and efferent fibers.

Endonevre - thin prodigies of fluffy fibrous tissue with other blood vessels, so that you can feel some nerve fibers and ringing in a single bundle. Perineurium is a shell that covers the skin bundle of nerve fibers from and around the septum in the middle of the bundle. Win a plate-like part of the Budov and images with concentric spheres of agglomeration of fibroblast-like cells, tied with long and thin halves. Between the balls of cells in the open spaces, filled with ribbons, the components of the basal membrane and later arranged collagen fibers are expanded. Epineurium - the zvnishnya sheath of the nerve, which tinkles together bundles of nerve fibers. Wines are stored in high fibrous fabrics, to avenge fat cells, blood-bearing and lymphatic judgments.

Dorsal brain. Morphofunctional characteristic. Rosette. Budova sіroї i bіloi speech. Neural warehouse.

The spinal cord is folded in two symmetrical halves, separated one by one in front of a large middle slit, and at the back - by a semi-tissue septum. The inner part of the organ is darker - the whole syra speech. On the periphery of the spinal cord, there is more light and speech. The spinal cord of the spinal cord is composed of tl neurons, without micelin and thin muscle fibers and neuroglia. The main storage part of the syllabus of speech, which is from the big one, is the multipolar neuron. Vystupi syroї speeches are accepted by nazivati ​​horns. Razrіznyayut anterior, or ventral, hind, or back, і bіchnі, or lateral, horns. In the process of development of the spinal cord from the neural tube, neurons are established, which are grouped in 10 balls, or in plates. People are characterized by

advance of the architecture of the indicated plates: I-V plates show the posterior horns, VI-VII plates - the industrial zones, VIII-IX plates - the anterior horns, X plate - the zone near the center of the canal. The brain is composed of three multipolar neurons. The first type of neurons є phylogenetically more ancient and characterized by innumerable, direct and weakly dendritic dendrites (isodendritic type). Another type of neurons has a large number of strongly rounded dendrites, which intertwine, forming "tangles" (idiodendritic type). The third type of neurons behind the stage is the development of dendrites borrowed from the first and other types. Bila speech to the spinal cord is a sufficiency of late orintegration of important muscle fibers. Bundles of nerve fibers, when the ligaments are connected between the small parts of the nervous system, are called the conduits of the spinal cord

Brain. Dzherela rozvitku. Signal morphofunctional characteristic of the great pіvkul. neuronal organization great pivkul. Cyto- and myeloarchitectonics of measles of the great cerebral inoculations. Vіkovі zmіni measles.

In the brain, there is a gray and a white speech, the alopex of two storage parts is significantly more foldable here, lower in the spinal cord. A great part of the cerebral speech of the brain grows on the surface of the great brain and into the corn, fixing the cortex. Mensha part of the brain.

budova... The bark of the great brain is represented by a ball of syroi speech. Naybilsh is strongly promoted in the anterior central part. There is a great number of furrows and zvivin means that there is a greater area of ​​speech in the brain. The stench is a miracle of food analysis and synthesis of nerve impulses. smartly okreslenі

cordons between them are visible. For measles, it is characteristic to rostashuvannya klin and fibers balls. The development of measles of the great pivkul (neocortex) of humans in embryogenesis is brought into the ventricular germ-natal zone of the endocrine brain, de-rosted small-specialized proliferative clitini. Z cych cells differentiate neurocytes in the neocortex. With a whole lot of cells, they consume the building to the bottom and melt into the cortical plate. Neurocytes can be inserted into the cortical lamina, which may be I and VI balls, so that the most superficial and large balls of measles. We can then wake up in the middle and called the last neurons V, IV, III and II ball. The whole process is going to work for the establishment of cells in small dialects of the ventricular zone during the period of embryogenesis (heterochronous). In the skin of cychs of dylanoks, groups of neurons are established, after which one or more deciduous fibers are formed.

radial glia at the column view.

Cytoarchitectonics of measles great brain. Multipolar neurons measles velmi rіznomomanіtnі in form. Among them, one can see paramedic, spindle-like, pavuko-like and horizontal neurons. Measles neurons are not sparsely intertwined with balls. Kozhen ball is characterized by the resale of one species of keratin. In rukovy measles zones, there are 6 main vertices: I - molecular, II - granular, III - nuchal neurons, IV - internal granular, V - ganglionic, VI - a ball of polymorphic clitins. Molecular ball of measles reveals a small number of other associative cells of the fusiform shape. Їх neurites pass parallel to the surface of the brain in the warehouse of tangential plexus of nerve fibers of the molecular ball. This is a granular ball of statements by other neurons, which can be rounded, not grabbed, and paramidal, and with small neurocytes. Dendrites of cychcrystalline cells are transferred into a molecular ball. Neurity, either to go into the speech line, or, to form arcs, also come to the tangential intertwining of the fibers of the molecular ball. The greatest ball of measles is great for the brain - pіramіdny. From the top of the pyramid cell, there is a head dendrite, which grows into a molecular ball. The neurite of the pyramidal cell is always seen asleep. Internal granular ball of statements by other partial neurons. This warehouse has a large number of horizontal fibers. The ganglion ball of measles assertions of the great pyramids, moreover, the area of ​​precentral zivini takes revenge on the giant pyramids.

The sphere of polymorphic cells of statements by neurons of the growth form.

measles microarchitectonics... Among the nerve fibers of measles injections of the great brain, it is possible to see associative fibers, so that there are some kind of measles in the same poultry, comysurals, so that the cortex of the young injections, and projection of fibers, such as lower views of the central

nervous system.

vіkovі zmіni... At the 1st stage of life, the typification of the formation of pyramid and small neurons, dendritic development, development of dendritic and axon arborization, intra-ensemble links along the vertical line is promoted. Up to 3 rockets in the ensembles appear "gnizdov" groups of neurons, more clearly formed vertical dendritic bundles and bundles of radial fibers. Up to 5-6 rocky outgrowths of neuronal polymorphism; The system of internal ensembles in the horizontal direction is accelerating for the growth of the growth in the entirety of the growth of the household and the basal dendrites of the pyramidal neurons and the development of the biological thermal dendrites. Up to 9-10 years, the growth of the cell becomes more significant, the structure of short-axial neurons significantly accelerates, and the axon line of the collaterals of all forms of interneurons expands. Up to 12-14 rocky in ensembles, special forms of pyramid neurons are clearly recognized, all types of interneurons can be reached viskogo rivnya differentiation. Up to 18 rockets of the ensemble of measles organization for the main parameters of their architecture reach the level of salary and grow up.

The uterus. Budova and morphofunctional characteristics. Neuronal storage of measles, moss, gliocyti. Interneuronic connection.

lobe... It is the central body of the military and coordination of the military. In the dressing with a stovburom brain afferent and efferent by the bunches, there are three bets on the brain. On the surface of the corn, there is a lot of zvivin and a furrow, which significantly increases the area. Furrows and zvivini open on the rise

the picture of the "tree of life" is characteristic of the corn. The main mass of syroї speech in the corn grows on the surface and bark. The mensha part of the syllable speech lies deeply in the bilious speech at the viglyadi of the central nuclei. At the center of skin zivini є a thin projectile

white speech, covered with a ball of white speech - bark. In the cortex of the corn, there are three balls: the outer ball is the molecular ball, the middle ball is the ganglion ball, or the ball of the pear-shaped neurons, and the inner granules. The ganglion ball is to avenge the pear-shaped neurons. Smell of neuriti, yaki, leaving the cortex of the cortex, fix the cob lanka of yogo eferent

galm_vennyh nobles. From a pear-shaped body, 2-3 dendrites enter the molecular ball, which penetrate the entire molecular ball. From the sleep of the bodies of cich cells, neurites enter, they pass through the granular ball of the measles of the corns, into the bladder, and end on the cells of the nuclei of the corns. The molecular ball is to take the place of two main types of neurons: core and part. Basket neurons are located in the lower third of the molecular ball. Їх thin dendrites spread over the area, spread across to the area. Dovgі neurity kіtin must go across the zivini and parallel to the surface over the pear-shaped neurons. Part of the neurons lie in the basket and there are two types. Other small neurons are damaged by thin short dendrites and weakly branched neurites, so that synapse is established. Large portions of neurons may cause severe and severe dendritis and neuritis. Granular ball. The first type of client's ball can be used for grain-like neurons, or for cells-grains. A cluster of 3-4 short dendrites,

end up in a whole ball of dazzling hairs at the bird's paws. Neurity of the keratin-grains pass into the molecular sphere and in a new way on two beads, arranged parallel to the surface of the measles and the zvivin of the moss. Another type of keratin of the granular ball of the corn is the large size of the neurons. There are two types of such cells: with short and large neurites. Neurons with short neurites lie close to the ganglionic ball. The dendrites expand in the molecular sphere and create synapses with parallel fibers - the axons of the clitin-grains. Neurity is directed to the granular ball up to the glomeruli of the corns and ends with synapses on the endoscopy of the dendrites of the clitin grains.

Non-numbered parts of neurons in large neurites can clearly be reddened in the granular sphere of dendrites and neurites, which can enter into the speech field. The third type of cells is used to store spindle-shaped horizontal cells. The stench may be a little bit tough, as it comes into the offensive sides of the horizontal dendrites, and ends up in ganglionic and granular balls. Neuriti and tsikh clitin give colaterals into a granular ball and go into

bila speech. gliocyti... The cortex of the moss is to take revenge on the glial elements. The granular ball has fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes. Low growths of fibrous astrocytes establish perivascular membranes. In the little balls in the corn є oligodendrocyti. Particularly rich in cells, a granular ball і was a speech cord of the corn. In the ganglionic balls between the pear-shaped neurons lie the glial cells with the dark nuclei. The outgrowths of cich cithin are directed to the surface of the measles and form the glial fibers of the molecular ball of the cornsus. interneuronal connection... Afferent fibers, which come to the cortex of the cortex, are represented by two types - Mossy and so called to climb fibers. Moss-shaped fibers are blown from the warehouse of the olive and cerebellopontine paths, and then they are redrawn through the cells-grains and put on the pear-shaped cells for an extravagant diet.

Lazyach_ fibers come into the cortex of the cortex, mabut, along the spinal-cerebellar and vestibulomocerebellar paths. The stench re-melt the granular ball, lay down to the pear-shaped neurons and spread along their dendrites, ending on their surfaces with synapses. Lazyach_ fibers transmit excitation without the middle pear-shaped neurons.

The nervous system is autonomous (vegetative). General morphological and functional characteristics. Widdili. Budov extramural and intramural ganglia.

VNS last for pretty and parasympathetic. Offended systems and at once take a part in the innervations of organs and put on them a protolezhny injection. It is formed from the central viddili, represented by the nuclei of the syllabic speech of the brain and spinal cord, and peripheral: nerve stubs, universities (ganglia) and gossip.

Intramural gangs and linking them with provincial paths are very vivid in their high autonomy, flexibility in organizing and peculiarities of mediator exchange are seen in an independent metasympathetic form of an autonomous NS. I see three types of neurons:

Long-axial efferent neurons (type I type Dogel) with short dendrites and axons, which go beyond the university to the cells of the working organ, on which I will approve the hands or the secretory end.

Equal response of afferent neurons (cells of type II Dogel) to replace the dendrites and axons, which are minus the boundaries of this ganglion in the middle and set of synapses on cells of I and III types. To enter the yakosti of the receptor lanka to the warehouse of the muscular reflex arcs, which freezes without the entry of the nerve impulse into the central nervous system.

Associative cells (cells of type III Dogel) - muscle insertion neurons, which are connected by their sprouts with cells of type I and II types. Dendritic cells do not go beyond the boundaries of the university, but the axons go to the other universities, setting up synapses on type I cells.

I am myself flattening heavy, Rosetting in the spinal canal, up to 45 cm in women and 42 cm in women. At times the nerves go up to the upper and lower ends, the spinal cord has two stimuli: the shinny and the transverse.

The spinal cord folds into two types of fabric: Greater white (bundles of nerve fibers) and internal speech (nerve cells, dendrites and synapses). At the center of the child's speech, the entire brain must pass through the high canal from the cerebrospinal ridino. Spinal cord maє segmentally Budov(31-33 segments), dermal band of dressings from the singular part of the body, from the segments of the spinal cord enter 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 pairs of pectorals (Ci-Cviii), 12 pairs of pectorals (Thi-Thxii), 5 pairs of transverse (Li-Lv), 5 pairs of kryzhovykh (Si-Sv) and a pair of kuprikovykh (Coi-Coiii).

The cutaneous nerve, when entering the brain, lasts for front and rear corners. back corners- fraudulent routes, front corners eferent paths. Behind the back roots of the spinal nerves, afferent impulses from the shkiri, the arm apparatus, and the internal organs come into the spinal cord. The anterior corners are fixed with nerve fibers and transmit the current impulses to the working organ. Sensitive nerves overwhelm the rods, so the first analysis of the afferent signals and the formation of reactions that are most important for the body at a given moment (transmission of numerical afferent convergence).

Zagalna number neurons in the spinal cord become close to 13 million. 2) for signs - eferent, afferent, inserted; 3) behind the inflow - buzzing and galvanizing.

Function of neurons in the spinal cord.

eferent neurons to refer to the somatic nervous system and nerve skeletal muscles - motoneurons. Razr_znyayut alpha and gamma - motoneurons. A-motoneuroni transmission of skeletal muscle signals from the spinal cord. The axons of the cutaneous motoneuron are bagatorazous, so that the dermal motoneurons are hungry for the lack of muscle fibers, making them a rok motor unit. G-motoneuroni Innervate the fibers of the meat spindle. Smell of a high frequency of impulses, receive information about the state of the meat spindle through the intermediate neurons (insert). Generate an impulse with a frequency of up to 1000 per second. The phono-active neurons, which may on their dendrites up to 500 synapses.

afferent neurons somatic NS are localized in the spinal ganglia and ganglia of the cranial nerves. The outgrowths carry out the pulsation of the muscle, tendon, and skin receptors, enter at the outward segments of the spinal cord and connect with synapses with inserted abo alpha motoneurons.

function inserted neurons to build up in the organization of the connection between the structures of the spinal cord.

Neurons of the autonomic nerve systemє insert ... cute neurons roztashovani in the biches of the thoracic horns to the spinal cord, the stench may cause the frequency of impulses. Some of them play a role in the onset of judicial tone, and in the regulation of the smooth muscles of the herbal system.

The number of neurons confirms the nerves of the center.

The spinal cord has a regulatory center large internal organs and skeletal muscles. centri skeletal muscle management to be found in all spinal cord organs and nerves according to the segmental principle of skeletal ligaments (Ci-CIV), diaphragms (Ciii-Cv), upper cranks (Cv-Thii), tuluba (Thiii-Li), ). When the spinal segments of the spinal cord are lumpy, or of the other paths, specific problems develop and sensitiveness develops.

Function of the spinal cord:

A) provide a bilateral connection between the spinal nerves and the brain - the provincial function;

B) good folding hands and vegetative reflexes - reflex functions.

The nerve system is taken to the side of the worm. For topographic signs її go to the central and peripheral views, for functional signs - to somatic and vegetative views. Central viddil, or the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. To the peripheral view, or the peripheral nervous system, carry all the nerves, so that all the peripheral conductive paths, which are composed of sensitive and nerve fibers. Somatic viddil, for the somatic nervous system, including the cranial and spinal nerves, which ring the central nervous system with the organs, so that the nervous system is squeezed out - with the shkinny curl and apparatus of the ruch. The vegetative form, or the autonomic nervous system, will prevent the ligaments of the central nervous system from the internal organs, vines, vines and organs, in the warehouse of smooth tissue tissue. The vegetative form extends to the pretty and parasympathetic part, or the pretty and parasympathetic nervous system.

The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. Between the mass of the brain and the spinal cord and the development of the spinal cord: in the world of the development of the organization of the creature, the mass of the brain grows in the mass of the spinal cord. In birds, the brain is 1.5-2.5 times larger than the spinal cord, in pigs it is 2.5-3 times, in huts it is 3.5-5 times, and in primates it is 8-15 times larger.

Dorsal brain- the medulla spinalis lies in the spinal canal, occupying about 2/3 of the last. In the great horned thinness and horses of the yogh, the size is 1.8-2.3 m, weight is 250-300 g, in the pig - 45-70 m. There is no readiness between the brain and the spinal cord. Vvazhaєtsya, scho vona pass on the edge of the cranial edge of the Atlanta. In the spinal cord, the spinal cord, thoracic, crosswise, sacral and tail parts are developed behind the mice of the zalyagannya. In the embryonic period, the development of the spinal cord will retain the entire spinal canal, and in conjunction with the great development of the skeleton, the growth of the skeleton grows ever greater. As a result, the brain in the great horned thinness ends at the level of the 4th, in the pig - in the area of ​​the 6th transverse ridge, and in the horse - in the area of ​​the 1st segment of the kryzhovoy kistka. The bridle of the spinal cord along the dorsal side and the middle dorsal groove (trough). From this, the uglib comes from the semi-tissue dorsal septum. In the side or middle furrows, go through more dorsal lateral furrows. Behind the ventral sides of the gliboka is the middle ventral fissure, and from the sides of it there are the ventral lateral grooves (zholobi). In the end, the spinal cord sounds loudly, edging the cerebral cone, which turns into the endov thread. Vona is approved with a good fabric and ends on the level of the first tail ridges.

In the shynoy and transverse parts of the spinal cord є sweating. A number of neurons and nerve fibers grow at the link with the development of the dots in the cich dylyankas. In pigs, 5-8 neurosegments are formed. Yogo the maximum width at the middle of the middle of the 6th ridge is 10 mm. Across the side, the growth is brought to the 5th-7th across the neurosegmentation. In the skin segment from the spinal cord, a pair of spinal nerves enter with two roots - on the right and on the right. The dorsal root extends from the dorsal lateral groove, the ventral root - from the ventral lateral groove. From the spinal canal, the spinal nerves enter through the mid-spine open. The dilenca of the spinal cord between the two suspension spinal nerves is called the neurosegment. Neurosegments are growing in size and often beyond the size of the cyst segment. As a result of the spinal cord nerves enter the spinal cord. It is often from them to pass through the middle of the ridge canal to the exit from the ridge opening of its segment. At the caudal straight line, it becomes possible to grow from the nerves, to go through the middle of the spinal canal, behind the cerebral cone, to form a bi penzlik, called the "Chinese tail".

Brain- encephalon - is placed in the cranial box and stored in several parts. In pigs, the weight of the brain is 0.08-0.3% of the mass, which is 370-600 g for a horse, 220-450 g for a horse, for animals and pigs - 96-150 g. the mass of the brain is better than that of the greats.

Cephalic cephalic semi-oval form. In the ruminants - with a wide frontal area, they cannot be seen with scent cybulins and broadened extensions on the rivni frontiers. The pig has more sounds in front of it, with a little bit of smelling cybulins. Dovzhin yogo to become in the middle in the great horny thinness 15 cm, in the vivtsi - 10, in the pig - 11 cm. The globose transverse cleft of the brain, the brain extends into the great brain, so it lies rostrally, and the diamond-like brain, the rosette is more caudal. Dilanki to the brain phylogenetically long ago, which represent an advanced projection of the conductive paths of the spinal cord, are called the brain stem. Wine includes in itself a little brain, a cerebral place, a middle place, a part of an intermediate brain. Phylogenetically, the youngest part of the brain will fit into the part of the brain. At her enter the brain and cerebellum.

diamond-like brain- rhombencephalon - extends to the back and the back brain and to revenge the quarters of the brain.

Prodigal brain- medulla oblongata - the very back of the brain. Yogo mas stock - 10-11% masi mozku; in great horny thinness - 4.5, in vivtsi - 3.7, in pigs - 2 cm.May the shape of a flattened cone, which is straightened forward and adjoined to the cerebral bridge, and at the top - to the spinal cord, into which to pass without thin cordons ...

On the dorsal side є of the lozenge of the rhomboid form - the quarters of the cerebral lid. For the ventral side there are three furrows: middle and 2 furrows. Z'єdnyuchis caudally, the stench passes into the ventral midline of the spinal cord. Between the bearded ones, there are 2 tall species of bridesmaid rollers - pіramidi, in which bundles of nerve fibers pass through. On the cordon of the old and spinal cord, the paths are crossed - the crossing of the paths is established. In the large brain, the cranial nerves are rosted in the middle, in the days of the fourth cerebral cranny near the nuclei, which give an ear of cranial nerves (from VI to XII pair), as well as nuclei, in which the intermixing of impulses in the brain occurs. Bila rechovina lay call, more ventrally, molding conductive paths. Rukhovi (eferent) conductive paths from the brain to the dorsal shape of the piracy. Sensitive conductive paths (afferent) from the spinal cord to the cerebral cord / rear lobes of the corns, which go from the large cerebral to the corns. In the mass of the large brain, in the viglyad, the gossip has an important coordination apparatus to the brain - the reticular formation. There is a common structure of the stovbur to the brain and the reception to the foldable, easily accessible parts of the given reactions.

Prodigal brain- life is very important for the central nervous system (CNS), to bring it to death. There is a rosette center of energy, sercebitty, zhuvannya, kovtannya, smoktannya, bluing, chewing, salivation and juice secretion, tone of sudin and іn.

back brain- metencephalon - folds into the cerebral і cerebral bridge.

Mozkovy Mist- pons - massively draining on the ventral surface of the brain, but lying across the anterior part of the large brain up to 3.5 cm wide in the great horned thinness, 2.5 cm in the veins and 1.8 ohms in the pig. The main mass of the cerebral bridge is made up of conductive paths (fall and downward), so that it connects the brain with the back and sides of the brain inside oneself. There is a great number of nerve fibers going across the bridge to the cornsus and the shape of the middle nіzh of the cornsus. In the bridge, there are groups of nuclei, including the nuclei of the cranial nerves (V pair). The most common V pair of cranial nerves - three parts - go from the bichesky surface of the bridge.

lobe- cerebellum - to grow over the bridge, dovgastim brain and fourth cerebellum, behind the quadruple. In front of me, between the drinks of the great brain. Masa yogo becomes 10-11% of the mass of the brain. In a vivtsi and a pig, a yogi (4-4.5 cm) is more than a height (2.2-2.7 mu), in a great horny thinness it is 5.6X6.4 cm. the cell and the bichn_ part - the pivucleus of the moss. The lobe is 3 paris nizhok. The posterior legs (ropes) are made from the middle brain, the middle from the cerebral bridge, the anterior (rostral) - from the middle brain. The surface of the corns is selected in the numerical folds of the lobes and zivines, broken out by the bears and shilines. Sira speech in the cortex is rostered from above - the cortex of the cortex and in the glybin at the viglyadi of the nuclei. The surface of the measles, the corn in the great horny thinness, is 130 cm 2 (close to 30% in terms of the rate of measles in the great spikes) at a thickness of 450-700 microns. Bila speech is roasted before the bark and at the glance of the tree, after which it is called the tree of life.

The lobe є is the center of coordination of powerful rukhiv, to adjust the tone of mucous membranes, posi, rivnovagi.

diamond-like brain to revenge the quarters of the cerebral slunk. Yogo bottom є the loss of a large brain - a diamond-shaped fossa. Yogo stinki established by the nits of the corns, and by the anterior (rostral) and posterior cerebral vitrils, which are the vernacular gossip. The lid is rostrally connected with the cerebral aqueduct, caudally - with the central canal of the spinal cord and through the opening into the vitril - with the open space.

great brain- cerebrum - including dintsevium, intermediate and middle brain. Kintseviy and intermediate brain connected to the forebrain.

The middle brain - mesencephalon - folds into the quadruple, the lower part of the great brain and the cerebral aqueduct laid between them. Prikritiy great pіvkuli. Yogo mass becomes 5-6% of the mass of the brain.

The four-hills set up the middle brain. It is stocked with a bet of rostral (front) humps and a bet of tail (rear) humps. The four-hill is the center of insanely reflexive rocking acts in the minds of health and hearing teasing. The anterior humps are invaded by the auditory analyzer centers, the posterior humps - by the auditory analyzer centers. In ruminants, the front humps are larger than the rear ones, in pigs - navpaki.

The bottom of the great brain will set the bottom of the middle one. You may see two rollers, and lie between the green tracts and the brain bridge. Rozdilenі inter-pectoral furrow.

Between the quadruples and the great ones, the brain at the vyglyadi vuzkoy tube to pass the cerebral (Silvia) water supply. Rostrally, it sits behind the third, caudally - with the fourth cerebral dimples. Mozkovy water supply of effluent formations.

In the middle brain, there was a speech, the calls were rooted and they were the leading afferent and efferent paths. Sira speech is roasted in the glybin at the viglyad nuclei. The third pair of cranial nerves enters from the cerebral nerves.

middle brain- diencephalon - to build up from healthy humps - thalamus, epithalamus - epithalamus, hypothalamus - hypothalamus. Roztashovaniye of an industrial brain mіzh kіntsevym.

In the middle brain, prikritiy k_ntsevym brain. Yogo mass becomes 8-9% of the mass of the brain. Zorovi hump - the most massive, centrally welded part of the brain. Zrostayuchis mіzh saboy, the stench will stifle the third cerebral slunk so that it takes the shape of a ring, so that it is near the middle mass of green humps. Above, the little one is covered with a sudinnoy pokrishkoy; to see the middle opener with small shlunochkov, aboral go into the brain water. Bila speech in the thalamus lies on top, gray - in the middle at the viglyadi of the numerical nuclei. The stench is to serve as remixing lanes from the lower links to the bark and tied up with the analyzer. On the basal surface of the midbrain, the splicing of the crossed healthy nerves is called chiasma.

Epitalamus is stored from decilkoh structures, including the epiphysis and rupture of the third cerebral slurry (epiphiz - internal secretion). Rosetting in dead mids with green hillocks and quadruples.

Hypothalamus of retouching on the basal surface of the intermediate brain between the chiasma and the lower brain. Store from decilkokh parts. Bezposredno posterior chiasmata at the viglyadі of the oval hump is a gray hillock. Yogo turned down the top is knitted for the rakhunnya vypynnya stinka of the third lynx and the funnel, on which pidvizheniy gipofiz - zalosa of the internal secretion. Behind the gray hillock, it is not very large, round about the nasal-nipple-like tilo. Bila speech in the hypothalamus roztashovani calls, form to carry out the afferent and efferent paths. Sira rechovina - at the viglyadi of numerical nuclei, as the hypothalamus is in the vigorous vegetative center. Win to take revenge on the center of health, blood and lymphocytes, temperature, statutory functions and in.

Kintseviy mozok - telencephalon - statements of two puffs, breaking out with a lot of late chilin and with some calluses. Yogo masa (great thinness 250-300 g, in vivtsi and pigs 60-80 g, to become 62-66% of the mass of the brain. The bins of the breeches are darkened by a hole in the septum.

The smelling brain is stored in decal parts, which are placed on the ventral surface of the bone marrow. Rostrally, the spike is placed behind the edges of the cloak, there are 2 scent cybulinis. The stench occupies the pits of a gritty brush. Through the openings in the perforated plate of the cyst, the scent threads enter into them, as in the sum the scent nerve is established. Cybulini are the primary scent centers. From them there are scent tracts - afferent provincial paths. The lateral scent tract extends to the pear-shaped portions, which are spread laterally to the brain. The medical scent taverns reach the medial surface of the cloak. Along the tracts lie the scent trikutniks. Pear-like parts and scent tricycles are the second scent centers. In the glybin of the scent brain, at the bottom of the little sniffers, rots in the other parts of the scent brain. Smell to tie the smelling brain with the іnshim іddіls of the brain. Smugas tilo roztashovane in glybin pivkul and is a basal complex of nuclei, such as pidkirkovy centers.

The raincoat is attainable to the greatest development in vishyh ssavts. I have to know vishі centri all the life of the creature. The top of the cloak is covered with zvivins and bears. The great horned thinness has a surface of 600 cm. 2. A sera of speech in a cloak rostered from above is the center of the bark of the great feasts. Bila speech is located in the middle - the whole route. The functions of the small children of measles are not of a certain value, but it’s possible to see the mosaic, which gave the opportunity to see in the decals of parts (lobovu, tim'yanu, skronevu, potilichnu) and half a dozen. Fields are derived from one of their own cytoarchitectonics - to rosetting, to a few and to the shape of a cell and to a microarchitectonics - to rosetting, to a few and a form of fibers.

Meninges. The dorsal and cerebral corns are firm, pavutinous and mucous membranes.

The hard shell is the surface itself, tovsta, it is approved by the chilnaya with the full tissue, b_dna by the vessels. With the cysts of the skull and the ridges grow with links, folds and іnimi apparitions. Vona descend into the lower half of the brain between the injections of the great brain about the view of the sickle-shaped ring (sickle of the great brain) and the great brain from the rhomboid re-entanglement of the cornice. Between her and the bunches, do not skim the epidural space, accumulate rich and fatty tissue. Veni pass here. In the middle of the solid brain sheath is whitewashed by an endotel. Between her and the pavutinous sheath є subdural space, filling the spinal cord. Spider web - is made up of fluff with a full tissue, n_zhna, bezudinnykh, do not enter the furrows. On both sides, the endothelial and visualized subdural and subdural (subpaired) open spaces of the shells are covered. Come to the shells for the help of the ligaments, as well as the nerves and nerves to pass through it.

M'yaka obolonka - tonka, ale shilna, z great numbers Sudin, for scho її they call it sudinnoy. To go into the mustache furrows and lines of the brain and spinal cord, as well as in the brain of the louse, deforming the pokryshka.

Interbolochny space, cerebrospinal corkscrews and central spinal canal is stored with the spinal cord, which is the inner middle of the brain, I'll write down the function... Establish a ridina. In the main, in the jugs of shlunochk_v, v_dt_kaє in the venous channel. The norm has a lot of time.

Judgment of the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord is covered with blood along the spines, which come out of the ridges, intercostal arteries, transverse and cryogenic arteries. In the spinal canal, the stench is formed into the spinal arteries, and in the furrows and the central cleft of the spinal cord. To the brain, roofs go along the spinal and internal sleepy (in horny thinness - along the internal slit) arteries.

The spinal cord is the most ancient and primitive study of the central nervous system of the spinal cord, and the morphological and functional segmental nature of the highly organized creatures themselves is preserved. characteristic rice organization of the spinal cord є the periodicity of its structure in the form of segments, which may enter the vigilance of the posterior roots, the cell of neurons (serum of speech) and the entrance to the vigil of the anterior cortex.

The spinal cord of a human has 31-33 segments: 8 shinny, 12 thoracic, 5 transverse. 5 Kryzhovy, 1-3 Kuprikovy.

The morphological cordons between the segments of the spinal cord are not sleepy, so it was on the functional segment to start with the zone of growth in the new fibers of the dorsal cortex and the zone of cells, which establish the appearance of the anterior cortex. The skin segment through its core information three body metamers and information is also included in the three body metamers. As a result, the skin metamer is innervated by three segments and signals are transmitted to three segments of the spinal cord.

The spinal brain of a man has two sweats: the shinny one and the transverse one - there are more neurons in them, less in those of them. Fibers, which come along the back corners of the spinal cord, function as a function, which starts when these fibers end on some neurons. Back korintsi є fraudulent, sensitive, docentric. Anterior - eferent, rukhovy, vidcenter.

Afferent enter into the spinal cord organized by the axons of the spinal ganglia, lying in the posture of the spinal cord, by the axons of the extra-intramural ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic signals of the autonomic nervous system.

The first group of afferent entrances to the spinal cord is established by sensitive fibers, which enter into the myasse receptors, tendon receptors, bones, membrane of lobes. A group of receptors set up an ear of proprioceptive sensitivity.

Another group of afferent inputs to the spinal cord is repaired from the small receptors: large, temperature, tactile, vice - and is a secret receptor system.

The third group of afferent inputs to the spinal cord is represented by receptive inputs to the visceral organs; tse visceroceptive system.

Eferent (rukhovi) neurons grow in the anterior horns of the spinal cord, its fibers innervate all skeletal muscles.

The spinal cord has two functions: provincial and reflex.

The spinal cord of the viconu to provide the function for the rakhunok of the lower and lower paths, which passes into the white speech of the spinal cord. Try to tie around the spinal cord segments one by one. With the help of high hanging and falling paths, the spinal cord receives a bilateral ring from the periphery of the brain. Affective impulses along the pathways of the spinal cord are carried out into the brain, not bearing all the information about changes in the external and internal organisms. During the downward movement, impulses from the brain are transmitted to the effector neurons of the spinal cord, and they are triggered or regulate their activity.

Yak reflex center of the spinal cord is built up, folds and vegetative reflexes. Afferent - sensitive - the way of binding to receptors, and eferent - from skeletal muscles and all internal organs.

Seed speech to the spinal cord, posterior and anterior corners of the spinal nerves, vlasy bundles of white speech, set up the segmental apparatus of the spinal cord. I will take care of the reflex (segmental) function of the spinal cord.

Nerves in the center of the spinal cord are segmental, or working, centers. Їx neurons are without anteriorly linked to receptors and working organs. Functional development of neurons in the spinal cord, the presence in the new afferent neurons, interneurons, motor neurons and neurons of the autonomic nervous system, as well as the number of straight lines and vertebrates, segmental, intersegmental joints of the brain, the structure of the brain the spinal cord for the fate, both the power structures, and the brain.

The organization allows for the realization of all muscular reflexes of the body, diaphragms, sechostatic systems and rectum, thermoregulation, sudinal reflexes and іn.

The nervous system functions according to reflex principles. The reflex is a kind of reaction of the body to the call or the internal inflow and expands along the reflex arc, so that the reflex action of the spinal cord is connected to segmental reflex arcs. Reflex arcs are the purpose of lancers, which are formed from nerve cells.

The reflex dusa has five lanoks:

receptor;

sensitive fiber, scho to carry out stimulation to the centers;

the nerve center, de-vidbuvatsya mixing up the excitement of the sensitive clitin on the rukhovi;

ruff fiber, which carries nerve impulses to the periphery;

dyuchy organ - m'yaz abo zaliza.

The simplest reflex arc includes a sensitive and efferent neuron, according to which nerve impulses collapse from the mediator (receptor) to the working organ (effector). The dendrite is repaired by a receptor, so that it springs up or internally develops (mechanically, chemically and so on) and transforms it into a nerve impulse that can reach the nerve cell. From the neuron along the axon, a nerve impulse through the sensitive roots of the spinal nerves straight into the spinal cord, whereby synapses are established with the bodies of the effector neurons. In the cutaneous interneuron synapses, behind the addition of biologically active speech paths (mediators), an impulse is transmitted. The axon of the effector neuron travels from the spinal cord to the storehouse of the anterior cortex of the spinal nerves (ruff or secretory nerve fibers) and goes to the working organ, wicks the fast mucosa, strengthens (galmuvannya) secretions.

Reflex centers and spinal reflexes in the functional connection of the nucleus of the spinal cord. The center of the phrenic nerve, the center of the ulceration of the brain is located in the spinal cord viddili. In the shinny and thoracic viddilakh є motor center of the joints of the upper edges, breasts, abdomen and back. At the transverse viddili є the center of the junction of the lower cues. At the crooked appearance, the center of the secularization, defecation and statutory activity will grow. In the horns of the thoracic and transverse viddiliv lie the center of the vision and the vertebral center.

The spinal cord is small segmental budov. A segment is called such a bead, which is an ear of two pairs of corins. It’s like the toad's rear corners on one side, and the front legs on the sides, de-rearranging the back corners, amuse sensitiveness, and on the other side, the front corners become paralyzed. Otzhe, the back corners of the spinal cord are sensitive, and the anterior ones are rosy.

The reflex reactions of the spinal cord lie in the form of a muscle, or a subtlety, the area of ​​the irritated reflex zone, the fluidity carried out along the afferent and efferent fibers, nareshty, in the flow of the brain. The strength and triviality of the reflexes in the spinal cord diminish with repeated irritation. The skin spinal reflex has its own receptive field and its own localization (mice znakhozhennya), its own riven. So, for example, the center of the shkіrny reflex is located in the II-IV transverse segment; akhillovogo - in the V transverse and I-II kryzhovyh segments; plantar - in the I-II kryzhovoy, the center of the cranial mucus - in the VIII-XII thoracic segments. find life important center spinal cord є cranial center of diaphragms, lacerations in III-IV shee segments. Poshkodzhennya yogo veda until death in the past zupinka dikhannya