Formation of ancient China. Periodization of the history of ancient China. Successes of Russian policy in China
Periodization of the history and culture of ancient China
Found period - V - III yew. BC
Period Shan-Іn - mid. II yew. BC (XVI - XI centuries BC), I Chinese state
Periodi Zhou and Zhangguo XI - III Art. BC
Qin dynasty - 221 m BC - 206 m BC
Empire of Han - from 206 r BC - Han dynasty
From the end of the third century to the n. e. to mid. The 19th century was a trivial middle one in China. The period of the Old Chinese civilization ended in the 3rd century A.D.
China = Middle Kingdom = Skhidna and Central Asia is about 6 yew. The fate of this is that I found civilization on earth.
Chinese writing became the basis of the writing of Koreans, V'Atnamtsi, and Japanese.
Chinese great wine-walkers: shovk, gunpowder, compass, porcelain, papir, penzel, carcasses, book handles.
Religion and Spiritual Schools of Ancient China
The main religions of ancient China buli Confucianism and Taoism.
Confucianism - to go to vchennya the Forerunner Confucius ≈ (551 - 479 rr BC). I wanted to give the authority of ancient traditions. Winning not having written to himself any letters of prats, his ideas came to us in the book "Lun Yu". Yogo theory is the basis for a practical life and is generally conservative.
From the point of view of Confucianism, the main flavors, which are necessary for us, are as follows: humanity, honesty, decency, wisdom, loyalty.
The stench is realized in the fundamental differences between people, and the ruler is guilty of showing a moral butt, and putting things in order last time in all spheres of life: in his state - his family - his character - his heart - to come into his thoughts, and to his mind.
Confucius, having broken the program in order to understand, the ideal in niy is a noble husband - a sage. Men-tszi (374 - 289 rr BC) having respected that people are good from nature, now, the basis of all garlic is laid in the people themselves. By looking for a ruler, I will be prosperous and moral to the people.
From the XI century in Ancient China, the Pan-Rhine Religion of the Neo-Confucianism. The new buv has a dualistic character: є two main cobs of light - chi(Light rose) i qi(The principle of material efficiency).
At the same time, it will be Іn Yang, Based on the comprehension of the "Book of Zmin" ("I Ching"). Yang is a cob of choloviche, light, mitsne, stronger, Ін - a cob of choloviche, passive, dark, soft. There are two cosmic pershobases. The first task is to explain the appearance and revision of all speeches and appearances on earth. There are five main elements from all interactions: fire, water, metal, wood, earth.
Signature order and rules:
Sem'ya - vichny upheavals by Heaven, the order of synonyms in the family
Suspіlstvo
Etiquette - a system of rules and norms of behavior of people - a ritual
Spiritual life - rules for all spiritual manifestations of life
Mystery - laws in music, literature and painting
Taoism.
Yogo with a classical text є the book "Tao de Zen" (close to V - III century BC). The author is the legendary philosopher Lao-Tszi, but this is not reported.
"A book about the way (Tao) and the power of nature, people", attributed to Lao-Tszi.
Tao is invariably and indiscriminate, as it is the position of the system of people to understand, the supreme principle is on the other side of all ideas.
Kilka tez of Taoist wisdom.
It is familiar to Taoism that the wisdom of the Pole is worthy of allowing the Tao to cheruvati with oneself, and seeing it from hisistic spirit. Sage dіє through week: it is not idleness, the price of chuinism before the days and in the daytime is necessary. "Tao for wiki winks є week, and all the same - do not get lost unbroken!"
At all, it is necessary to meet the minimum need.
The sage lives in simplicity and divinity behind an additional obvious weakness. Yogo make up with the water: "We are all alive, ale, do not marvel at all the water's pulp, do not remember the ZHORSTKA!" NB! Creative zavdannya: yak vi rozumiєte qiu ancient Chinese wisdom?
Chuang-tszi (IV century BC) - another ideologue of Taoism, having anger at Confucianism for losing a sprinkle of good-natured simplicity.
I will describe the Tao in a paradoxical way, like skating to oneself, for example: Tao is a price, and Tao is everything!
The spirit is guilty of turning to support, and even if you carry it, the leaf is dumb ... You need to know your Taoist way and eat it, because everything in life will come by itself, automatically. Ale golovna pratsya - tse preba correct metu.
NB! Creative work of art: write the text of the painting by V. Visotskiy "Kolya" and know the way of life in the world of ideas and Taoism.
Mo-tszi (V - IV centuries BC) - the third ideologue of Taoism, who opened a new form - moism. The cause of evil is in the presence of love to the nearest.
A few paradoxical values of the Tao:
Tao - tse everything, Tao - tse nischo
shlyakh to Vsesvit
It is essential to the light, in accordance with the laws of nature
Rivnovaga can be used for zhivny and cholovy ambushes - yang + ін
The laws of nature to Allwith, the harmony of life cannot be ruined, the harmony of life
nature path
Shlyakh of individual life
Mirilo people - earth, mirilo earth - heaven, mirilo of heaven - Tao, mirilo Tao - vono itself
Natkhnennya from the innermost without a day svitobudovi
Nebuttya, emptying, quiet,
Nishcho - the abode of the Great Tao
Dzherelo of all existence =
Having manifested the images of speeches in visible light,
rhythm to all
energy flows
Everything in all things collapses in the Space and the Hour, in keeping with the rhythm of the Great Tao
nature
absolute spirit
universal rose
Tamnichiy vіzerunok, zapam'yatovuє laws and vsesvita
Found period - V – III yew. BC
The tribes settled the valley of the rychok in China approximately V - III yew. BC
Settlement was built from mud-brick khatin
Farming, trivialism, handicrafts - developed in deeds
Create a mystery: the judges of Yangshao are the persha ceramics in ancient China, the superb form
Folding geometric babies on ships of unsolved symbols
Period Shan-Іn - XVI - XI centuries. BC
Period Shan - Ін (The name of the period was given by the name of the tribe), commemorating the roots of the first Chinese state in the valley of the Huanghe River.
The first announcement about all things formulated the ancient Chinese cosmology and philosophy of the buttya, the axis of the basic postulates:
The manifestations of nature - the whole will of the spirits and gods
The deification of all manifestations of nature: khmari, boards, viter, grim and were presented in the images of the young creatures
The ancestors died as the hunters of the living boules, the ancestors died, the cult of the ancestors appeared on the floor of the blame, before the hour they were alive they served the souls of the dead, looked after the graves, put all the remnants of the virob into it
The sky is the supreme deity to Vsesvit
A statement about the earth and the sky: the earth is square, China is in the center, and the sky is the whole. Nap_vkrugla sphere over the square of the earth; It was a long time ago that China was called "Middle Kingdom" and "Great Empire"
The sacrifice of the sky was seen on the round winters behind the borders of the settlement, right on the ground there were square windows like small images of all the earth
The ruler of the state of China called himself a "van", but he became immediately і = immediately the supreme sacrificer in the state.
Development of science, technology, architecture and art:
Tsei period appeared: silkworms, bronze littya, ієroglіfіchnе writing, basics of mistobuvannya
bronze littya
Image of tvarin, ptah_v
Carving on jade, brush, wood
The dedication of nature and ancestors
Decorative art objects (bronze, jade)
Lakovo stuffing (only in China)
Magical judges for sacrifices, important, bronze, with a bagatim relief
Relief including images of birds, dragons, cicadas, bikivs, rams, їkh zavdannya - protect the people and sow
The capital is m Shan, in the misti - the Ruler's palace on a straight platform
Known pіdzemnі pohovannya nobility: two underground chambers of the cross-like form, їkh area - 400 m2
Periodi Zhou i Zhangguo
In the XI Art. BC the Shan-Іn Bula state was conquered by the tribes Zhou, Ale to the end of the VII Art. BC there were lingering interruptions.
Period V - III Art. BC in the Chinese history of names Zhanguo- meaning "Fight the Kingdom." From the period to China, there are large regions of the country.
The bullets have come to the genesis of the zaliza, they have begun to appear in a lot of ways. Trade was developing. Round coins appeared for the first time. Strengthening the role of the state. Zrostannya misst.
In science, there is a meaning: the first pledge, which is called "Academy", has been brought to the fore.
In this period, two main religious schools, spiritual schools, two ancient Chinese philosophies - Confucianism and Taoism - were born and developed.
Development of architectures and other types of art:
Sculptures with marmuru
imperator mausoleum
This list and description of the history of the buried churches:
Images of scenes of life, legends, music
Pratsya to the people in the salt mine (relief from Chandu city)
Image of people (development, littya)
Pictures on the shovel "Divchina, fenix and dragon"
Shovkovy fabrics and "Great Shovkovy Way"
III Art. BC - Great Kitayska stina pochala buduvatisya
Mista-fortetsi
The main rice of the old Chinese architecture is the pagoda: dakh iz bent kutami
A short chronological table of the history and culture of Ancient China
4 yew. BC - Yangshao culture (4000 - 2400 BC): chervona ceramics, geometric spiraled babies
≈ 2500 mm BC - golkovkolyuvannya (= acupuncture)
≈ 2400 RR BC - culture "Longshan" bіlya rychka Huanghe (Zhovta rychka)
≈ 2160 RR BC - Pershe svidchennya about sparing for the darkened Sontsya
≈ 2000 RR BC - for example the legendary Xia dynasty
XIX - XVIII centuries BC - hitty start your power
Kinets of the XVIII century. BC - the era of the Shan-Іn dynasty, up to 1025 BC
Bronze virob technology
writing
Ancient Chinese bronze ritual objects
XIV century. BC - the wake-up plan for m Anyang, the new capital of the era of Shang-Іn
≈ 1025 RR BC - the Zhou dynasty (came to the Shang-Іn)
broadening of letters
RR 722 BC - period "Spring and Autumn", Skhidne Zhou (722 - 481)
grow mesta - palaces - capitals
≈ 600 RR BC - ancient Chinese poetry "Shizin" (zbori)
481 pp. - the period of the "warring kingdoms"
Kinets IV Art. BC - Chinese philosopher Zhuang Ji - the author of the creation of yogo im'yam, an ear of Taoism
III century. BC - Confucianism (abo Men-tszi - the name of the creature), Taoism ("Daodetsin" = "The book about the path (Tao) and the power of nature, people", attributed to Lao-Tszi
"Chuang Ji" - the right way in the religion
Han Fei (died 233 BC) - treatise "Han Feits-zi" - understand the "law"
Quasi-paper is formed - from the suture fiber
221 pp BC - an ear of the ruling of the I Emperor Qin Shihuandi, reported to China
Ear of Budivnitva of the Great Chinese Style
213 pp. - the emperor punished: burn all the old books as a symbol of the old order
210 pp BC - life-size war of farbovan clay
≈ 206 dp DOO n.u. - the end of the Qin dynasty, the ear of the Han dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD)
200 pp BC - transfer the capital to Chan-an
165 pp BC - for the first time to go through official events when recruiting state officials
134 pp BC - Chinese emperor U-di, an ear of mandarin oranges
125 pp BC - see the possibility of trading from India and Iran
RR 119 BC - Imperia Han - smashing kochivniks and shoving control "Great Shovkovy Shlyakh"
80 pp BC - Sim Qian writes "Historical Notes" - the first prototype of the history of China
23 pp n.e. - ear of the dynasty Skhidna (Molodsha) Han, the capital - Changtian renamed into Luoyang
40 m - an insurrection at the V'utnam against the Chinese zagarbniks
48 m - Pivdenny Xiongnu - Xiongnu Visnuyut the power of the Hannu Empire
58 m - Min Di - Liu Zhuang becoming the Emperor of China - the territory of the state expands
68 m - I Buddhist settlement in China (m Luoyang = Henan)
105 m - winehid paper with a roselin fiber by the Chinese chinensis tsai Lun
123 m - pivnichny hunnu overcame by the chinese
184 m - revolt of "zhovtih bandages"
190 m - spat of the rulership of the Xian Di dynasty (Liu Xie) - the last Chinese emperor of the Shidna dynasty of Han
220 m - ear for the period of internal fragmentation - up to 581 m
220 - 280 pp - the era of the Three Kingdoms: the empire to fall into 3 independent states: pivnich - Wei (the capital of Luoyang), Cao Pei Center - Shu (the capital of Chendru, Han Liu Bei); Pivdenna Chastina - the capital of Wushang, Potim - Nankin
260 m - Chinese Liu Hui showed the development of the system and the number Π ≈ 3.14159
265 m - Sima Yan will seize possession in Wei, Shu and start a new dynasty: Zakhidna Tszin
317 m - the era of the Pivdennaya and Pivnіchnoi dynasties has come (317 - 589 RR), in Egypt, the Coptic mystery is formed, the mystery of monophysics appears, as seen from the Hellenistic-Roman
420 m - the dynasty of the Western Jin in the beginning of China will replace the Song dynasty, which rules in Nankin
325 m - Shapuji II and the National Synod closed the residual text of "Avest" - the holy book of Mazdeism
479 - the Song dynasty changes to the Qi dynasty.
Zagalny visnovok on the culture of ancient China.
The light meaning of the old Chinese culture of polarity in the unique harmonious strength and weakness, hardness and pulp, enormous and individual, material and spiritual, spiritual and overwhelming, etc.
Symbols of Ін and і Yang have become at all times and for all peoples of the earth a simple monad of intelligence, unity and struggle against opposites, which formed the basis of European dialectical philosophy.
China's ceremony of Ancient China for all the offensive turbulent and tragic periods of the struggle of people for their own life has become the best way to relax tired people.
The people of goiters are not tied to the Chinese by technical means (compass, seismograph, papier, gunpowder and a lot of it).
Chinese culture is brought up to the number of traditional ones. The bagaty price gave a gift of vvazati, as well as it’s not good for scientific and technical progress. However, in Perche, scientific and technical progress It is important, but not the only indicator of the level of cultural development of the suspension. In a different way, since the mother on the respect of the building of the support to satisfy their every day drink, ancient Chinese culture in the period of the 1st century. BC and XY c. not. Bula more effective, low culture. In the ancient culture, the people were closely attracted to nature, and it bore fruit: among all the ancient peoples of the Chinese, they were the most naturalists.
І the very image of life of the old Chinese suspension of the chief for the bitter people.
The theory of Taoism and the image of the Great Tao with a unique rank of building help people with this special cosmos, all-wise, all-wise, let us see our Not-Alone in the vast expanses of the hour and the vastness, stretch out the hand of the Great - for a little ...
NB! Creative work: what spiritual specialties of the vision allowed you to develop knowledge of the old Chinese culture and what does it mean especially for you?
Until the end of the Heavenly Empire, it’s quite busy. The scale of the accumulated information of the enemy: for the indicated stage of the Chergovy there appear vikovoy promises, a change of generation, a low pod.
The term "dynasty" is a tribute to tradition. I'm short: the imperial "dynasties" are not human families - the process of development and formation of a great power.
What fate will China's history be counted?
Prehistoric China is not a foreign language system. The basic "historical advances" developed over the periods of the rule of the supreme ruler.
Chinese vcheni (not without imperial pathos) save 5000-richen vik I will arrange a sovereign... The history of China is seen from the legendary diyan of Wang Fu Xi, who is considered a mythological father as a father and found ruler of the land. Well, do not operate with legends and myths, but mirkuvati "briefly about the smut": documentary support from the state before the establishment of the Shang dynasty is not insignificant. Same s rule of Shang (1600-1027 rr. Before our era.) The history of the People's Republic of China is counted.
Periodization of Ancient China
Rakhunok rockiv in the empire has two methods. The numbers for the era of the rule of Chergov Volodar and the chronology in cycles, the derokies were united in sixty stages.
Tradition looked at the turns of all existence in five elements. A skin sign of a pershoelement with one of two twelve sounds, giving the name of rots in the circle of everyday life.
Tsikavo! Sinologist sees ten dynasties and I emphasize respect for the period of one-hour dynasty of rulers.
Tsi "miti" of the great history of the land see about:
- rule of "six families" (220-589 rr.): between the fathers of Han and the embryos of Sun;
- the era of political upheavals, "five buddies and ten state officials" (907-960 rubles).
Determination of the Shan-Іn state
Shan (in deyakie dzherels Shan-Іn) is the first Chinese state, which has been confirmed by archaeological artifacts.
An ancient legend says: the leader Pan Gen knew from the face of the earth Mistechko Anyang in the middle of the Huanghe і zaklav settlement, giving him the name Shan. The name of the settlement broadened not only on the "svizho-gate" state, but on the whole family of tsars.
The board of the numerical warriors was Shansky's reluctance by the rulers of the numerical supporters and the triumphantly grandiose expansion of the empire.
Shan-Ine has a small calendar, the rudiments of writing and ... a majestic army, zbroyny with bronze swords, edged bows and wagons.
Xia dynasty
Zhou dynasty
Vlada Zhou trivialized close to 800 rubles. For a short analysis and systematization, we add Zhou to two periods:
- backward (1045 BC - 770 BC) - the clan ruled the entire land;
- shidny (770 BC - 256 BC) - van step by step entrains the supremacy of power, the territory of the country is transformed into a "klaptev kovdra" of the okremikh powers.
The basic stage was developed to "spring and main chronicles", since in the vastness of the land there were powerless independent fiefdoms (the central government lost its power) and the period of the dissolution of Zhango ("Fighting the kingdom") was overtaken by Zhou.
For hours, Zhango region has lived in seryoznі zmіni:
- development of urbanization;
- the expansion of the zal_znykh znaryad і, like the inheritance, the increase in the productivity of the work;
- perebudova army structures;
- development of commodity-penny, rinkovyh vidnosin;
- Massive settlement of little developed regions.
All the prices for hostile political instability and large-scale battles. Nevtomni vіyni for Vlad led to the collapse of the ruling house. Ruler Zhou trashed the heavenly mandate. The Qin power with the ruler of Shihuand was overwhelmed in "vіynі against all".
In 221 rotsi, the forerunner of the dynasty united dozens of other estates in one land, dividing the majestic territory in provinces and in the skin, "putting on the rule" the sovereign cholovik. The land was systematically transformed into a hard core of power from a single center.
The Emperor voiced about the depiction of all the battles, saw all the strength of the princes from all the princes and melted it down, ordering them to see two twelve great monuments to the world and prosperity.
Power invaded usi spheres of life:
- standardization of metric systems;
- firmness to the canon of writing;
- carrying out costly and ship reforms;
- the formation of a clear vibuduvanoi ієrarchії bureaucratic people.
Tsikavo! Qin - the hour of grandiose life: the erection of the Great Chinese era, the life of the tomb of the emperor (from the famous army from the terrorist attack) and the great palace Elan.
The whole empire is covered by road construction (official length is 7500 kilometers).
The main reason for the unrepentant rule of the dynasty, historians call the opposition (in the name of the Emperor) to the ideas of Confucianism to philosophy and philosophy. Legism ("school of lawyers") propounded the letter to the law and in the corner of the righteous punishment for whether it was innocent or guilty. The bloodthirsty horror itself ruined the ruler of the dynasty. Qin Shi Huang died at 210 rots before our era.
Han i Xin
Novy Volodar Imperii Ershi Juan Buv is a weak-willed people. The head of the Imperial Chancellery Zhao Gao Shvidko "took the lead" of the weak-willed wang. The land was shaken by riots against the gray cardinal.
In 207 years before our era, the Emperor killed ritual suicide. The leader of the rebels, Liu Bang, changed into a messenger for power and, having fallen asleep in the Han Yak dynasty, ruled the land (with a small interruption) to 220 rock (more than the other reigning dynasties).
Sinologists demarcate the tsarjuvannya in early (late stage) and іznіshe Han (with a short-hour interruption of power in the middle of the rule).
The convergence to the throne of the Han dynasty brought about a number of changes in the life of the land, which allowed the partnership to "zgurtuvatsya" and calm down. Bloodthirsty legism changed Confucianism in rights. The villagers were denigrated opodatkuvannya, bureaucratic apparatus conceived of serious purges. Life in the Middle Ages soon enters into the mainstream of peace and prosperity. Ale on the cordons, voyovnichi susidi guni were active. Pragnuchi to unknow the unused bloodshed, the ruler Liu Bang made peace with the aggressors. The kochivniks waited a while to join the exchange for the great payment (tribute).
The first head of the Liu Bang clan died at 195 r. BC e. all offensive rockІmperіya wandered off to the fall. Zakhidna Han died out bloodlessly. After the death of Volodar Pin-di, the throne peacefully passed to Van Manu. Bringing tribute to tradition, a new one was built, and the Xin dynasty did not last long.
The boss of the ruling house of Xin tried to reform the land, remind the slave-class members, and bring the top officials under control. Provinces overwhelmed chaos, slaughtered bloody, insurrection. Wang Mann conceived a failure, buv the mercy of power and suffering.
At 25 rotsi started a friend of the era of governing Han. They brought to the power the distant birthplace of the kolishnykh kings - the small Guan U-di.
Skhidna Han is famous for the enthronement of the small emperors. Power-loving regents and sire cardinals felled life, brought the dynasty to the brink of ruin. In 184 rotsi revolt Zhovtikh bandages knocked off the empire.
Riot quietly against the army. As a result, the generals divided the empire into three parts. The rule of Han ended, the Trinity was reborn.
Krivava protistoyannya kolishnyh generals accelerated the collapse of the Empire. Honored with the era of Tszin (265-316 pp.).
The kochivniks conquered the entire winter of the land, and the capital was moved from Luoyang to the first day. The Emperor Simiao Yan provid the reform of the land management, so we will bake the masters of the great land ages. The zagarbniks "took" from the land of the province of the country and the majestic place, mesmerized the villagers to take over the rice needed by the nomads, the clans settled down the valley of the river.
In the land, Buddhism came from the India: monasteries and temples were everywhere.
Sun
At Pivnichny Zhou, Vlad's last capital was usurped by Chinese officials and military leaders and the Chineseized Turkic leaders from the foreign leader Yang Jian.
The empire was oppressed by fragmentation. In the wake of the general public gathering, "Yan tovarishami" was introduced to the land. In 581 rotsi Yang Tszyanshov came to the throne under the "avatar" Wen-dі and the devіz Sun. Three hundred rockets of roses ended, the era of Sun began.
For an even short term of rule, the days of Sun zumiv globally rebuild the wall, proclaim the Imperial Canal and build a great palace in Chergov's capital of the state.
Tsikavo! The dynasty united China to choose the roses of the day.
The leaders saved the integrity of the land, changed the cordon, consolidated the population.
Chi Yuan, having fallen asleep in the Tang state, yaka passed from 618 to 907 rіk. The spasmodic leader, Li Shimin, strangled all the popular revolts, stratified separatists and spoke out about the new imperial economic and political strategy. The Middle Kingdom was experiencing a period of great potential: economic ties with the other powers developed, silky cultural cultures (rice, tea, bavovna) developed, and were introduced from the ruins of the world and settlement.
The history of the ruling dynasty was cut off by the "serpent of the governors of the world." The witch hunter Huang Chao in 901 defeated Tang and once again shattered the empire on the outskirts of the estate.
Prove the power of the state
Historical years before 1928, the documentary confirmed the forerunner of Chinese statehood as early as 1600 before our era.
Diggers in the outskirts of the Xiaotun settlement (Henan province) wicked a fair furore in the midst of modern synology. Ruins of the majestic, ancient place, life, workshop of repairmen, cult, Imperial Palace and three hundred tombs
Rozkopki approved the statement of the state: the hierarchy of the administration (apart from the graves of officials and merchants, the powerlessness of the "people" was revealed);
Naturally wash that hour
China is tse Gori, flat and river valleys. Zakhidna chastina the country is the best in the world of high society with a very continental climate. The path of the state of the channel richok goes to the sea (here all trade routes start, the great shovkovy route starts). Skhid is famous for its mild climate and versatile dedication.
The prehistoric climate and natural mind were seen from the modern country of the right. Pivnich of the land was covered with a forest, green massiv and stabilized the weather, took the buzz.
About zapovіdnyh woods, modern glimpses only know by numerical images, re-quotes and myths.
population
The spirituality of the Indians and Chzhousians (the first thousand years BC) gave birth to the Chinese ethnos. In the survey of the population, they took the part of the Middle East, of the Paleo-Asian (at winter) and Austro-Asian (at the first meeting) talk.
Shid, Pivnich and Pivnichno-Zakhid of the land were inhabited by Chinese clans (shan, sya, zhou). Pivden and Pivdenny Zakhid belonged to close-blooded peoples, the noses of the Sino-Tibetan governors. Pivnichno-Skhid and Zakhid lying to the Mongols and Turkic institutions.
U scho virili
The revival of the empire was not impersonated. In China, they did not build churches dedicated to a specific deity;
The ancient Chinese have three main religions (more for religious and philosophical trends): Buddhism from India, Taoism about the Great Way and the understanding of Kun Fu-tszi - Confucianism.
The current sinologist sverdzhu: for the collapse of the Han dynasty in the Empire, an epic revival will take place: the middle stage will come to the wake of Antiquity. The history of the country at the end of the day is built up from grandiose low pods: parts of the warriors of the rulers, the trivial panuvannya of the conquerors, the number of warriors, stabbed to death, insurrection.
The imperial transition to Serednyovichchya came unprecedentedly, without "ruinuvan boarding" like a tse bulo in Europe. The Chinese are unique and here they have shown wisdom and discretion. Everything was robust and deed: in the middle capital, China quietly said goodbye to slave traditions, provoked spiritual and religious re-creation, having woken up state structures and, smut, re-evaluating the moral foundations.
Period of the imperial middle
China in the middle ("dark") capital, having survived the change of the decile dynasties:
- III-VI Art. - the hour of troubles (pile of kochivniks, the Three Kingdoms) decline to the collapse of Han;
- 589-618 pp. - the rule of Sun;
- 618-907 RR. - Tang rule;
- RR 907-960 - five ruling buddies and ten powers;
- 960-1279 pp. - the rule of Song;
- 1279-1368 pp. - government Yuan (Mongols);
- 1368-1644 pp. - rule of the Ministry;
- 1644-1911 pp. - Qing rule.
Tell and Legends
The great people changed the primitive folk change, the judgment of Confucius, the rituals and mysticism to Taoism with the superfluous spiritualism of Buddhism. The empire gave birth to mythology for the skin day, for all kinds of life.
The history of the found civilization has a lot of thousands of years. Anxious dibaylivism to old-timers, rekazov and traditions attracted to the Chinese for all hours. Mythological decline is retrospectively to climb, to systematize and to look everywhere like a national bunch.
Myth, tell the very history of ancient China to visualize the support and announcement of the Chinese about the device of light.
visnovok
Periodization of the history of ancient China: low evil and catastrophes, whirling along the spiral, albeit acting up the hill. The great empire quickly beat down the spontaneous dashing, the aggression of the nomads, the numbers of the insurrection and the stabbing ...
Another half of the 1st millennium BC. e. in suspensions ancient China otrima named Zhangguo - Struggle kingdom. The tse of the era of post-war wars and other princes and kingdoms, which were established on the ruins of the mighty power of Zhou. In the middle of them, seven of the strongest were seen, who persecuted their own weak suspects and prodzhuvali to fight for the decline of the Zhou dynasty: kingdoms Chu, Qin, Wei, Zhao, Han, Qi and Yan... Ale tse bula and the era of change in all spheres of life, virobration and suspiciousness. The world grew, crafts became more sophisticated, and the spirit of the state was developing, and it came to the change of bronze. At the same time, those writers described the miracles of interpretation in the field of natural science, philosophy, history, romance and poetry to continue reading. To tell the story that Confucius and Lao-tsi were the forebears of two philosophical and religious schools - Confucianism and Taoism, who were hookers of some and at the same time preoccupied with a lot of Chinese.
Unimportant on the border, the central part of the United States, one civilization, in it all the minds were set not only for the purpose of communication, but for their geographic boundaries. BC that is, under the rule of the dynasty of one of the "seven strongest" - kingdom of Qin... The dynasty ruled the United China only one generation, only 11 years (from 221 to 210 r. BC). Ale yake tse bulo ten years! Reforms have incorporated all aspects of the life of the Chinese suspension.
Map of ancient China in the era of Qin and Han
A new one came to the change dynasty - Han, Yaka not only did not cross everything, rublen First Emperor Qin Shi Huang, Ale saved, multiplied the last time and went all over to the new people, from the empty Gobi at winter, to the Pivdenno-Chinese Sea at the entrance and from the Liaodunskiy pivostrov at the descent to the mountains of Pamir. The empire of ancient China, which existed until the end of the 3rd century. BC That is, it continued right up to the end of the II century. n. that is, since new ones, even more significant changes have led before crisis and fall.
In the subordinate history of the civilization of ancient China, there were fewer dynasties that were changing, like the Muscovites, so they came. Epochs may have changed more than once in the period of fall. In the face of a skin crisis, China has invariably gained its freedom and multiplied its cultural wealth. certificates of chergovy the heat of the Chinese civilizationє mi with you і at a time. And an ear of wondrous steel and wondrousness was laid in that distant era, if the Empire of China was being celebrated.
The street of the Chinese place of the era of Shidny Zhou
Anniversary of the civilization of ancient China
kingdom of Qin the middle of the greats of the ancient China will not be the most powerful and will be illuminated. Vono was known at the winter of the country, little importance to the ground and suspicion with the numerous nomadic tribes. Ale fenced off by natural boundaries - the Rich Khuanghe and the mountain ridges - the kingdom of Qin Bulo Bilsh-Mensh was captured from the fortunate invasions, and at the same hour it took a strategic position for the attack on the northern tribe of the state. The lands of the kingdom, scho lie in the pools of the rychok Weikhe, Tszinhe and Lohe, duzhe rodyuchy. In the middle of the III century. BC That is, one hour from the branches of the "Zheng Guo" canal, robots were carried out here to drain the pain, which significantly increased the harvest. The territory of the Qin kingdom passed important trade nobles, and trade with the other tribes became one of the dzherel yogo trade. Particularly significant for the small power is trade with the indigenous tribes - middlemen in the trade of the old Chinese kingdoms with the lands of Middle Asia. Z Qin was transported in the main zalizo and virobi znogo, sil and shovk. From the skotar tribes of the first and second days, the inhabitants of the kingdom of Qin trimmed their wool, skins and slaves. At first, the Qin kingdom traded with the inhabitants of the Mu and Ba regions. The dear lands and girski riches of the cikh regions, which lay before that on the stick of the trade nobles, which led far into the early days right up to the ancient India, became the cause of the expansiveness of the Qin kingdom.
At the hour of the rule of Xiao Gong (361-338 rr. BC. Ye.) Qin's strength was recovered. I on the right were not only in the successes of the economy and victorious campaigns. The same ones were found in the kingdoms of ancient China.
In the middle of the IV century. BC that is, in the kingdom of Qin, bully zd_ysneni important reforms They gave it to the all-round concession. Їх having seen off the dignitary Shang Yang - one of the most prominent representatives and zealous epistles of the day of fajia. First Bula land reform, She was in charge of a lucrative blow to the communal landholding. According to Shang Yang's principles, the land began to be bought and sold. With the centralization of the state Shang Yang viv new Administrative subdivision on the basis of the territorial principle, which destroyed the number of boundaries, established by the old people of the tribal families. The whole kingdom will be smashed into povit (xiang). Lots of people were divided into more general education, officials were appointed to the number of skin boules. The found administrative units have become bound by the circular responsibility for the establishment of five or ten seven families. other reform Bula podatkova. To replace a large land tax by folding 1/10 of a part of the crop, Shang Yang gives a new tax, which will bring about a large amount of soil. Tse has taken care of the powers of a long-term endurance, so that I can’t get stuck in the harvest. Droughts, povenі, neurosis now all over the place kicked on hlіborobіv. The new system of tightening of taxes gave birth to the majestic cost that the rulers of the Qin kingdom needed to wage war.
good luck to the reform Shang Yang, the Qin 's bulo was redeployed and reorganized. At Nyogo included a book. Boyov kolisnitsy, which formed the basis of all the great hereditary aristocracy, were included in the warehouse of the army. Bronze zabroya is replaced by new - z zaliza. Dovgu the upper coat of war was short, like a barbarian nomad, a jacket that is great in a campaign and in battle. The army was divided into p'yatyrki and dozens, tied by a system of mutual guarantee. The soldiers, who did not show proper masculinity, gave themselves up to the suvorian punishment. With the recent reform of Shang Yang, the Qin army became one of the largest armies of the ancient Chinese kingdoms. Shang Yan has built 18 steps of nobility for outstanding merits. One foot was laid for the dead man's skin taken in full і. "Give birth to a small house, which does not conceal any merits, cannot be more rewarded in the lists of nobility," the decree said. The result of the reforms carried out by Shang Yan was the emergence of an amorphous establishment in the world - the kingdom of Qin - a strongly centralized state. Already at the hour of the reign of Xiao Gong, the struggle of the Qin kingdom for the unification of its hegemony throughout the entire territory of Ancient China rested. The Qin kingdom is not a few of its own people for strength and virtue. The subal conquest of the kingdom, which ended with the establishment of the empire, was tied with the im'yam of In Chzhen (246-221 rr. BC. Ye.). As a result of the difficult struggle, he podkoriv one after one all the kingdoms of Ancient China: in 230 rubles. BC e. - the kingdom of Han, in 228 p. BC e. - the kingdom of Zhao, in 225 p. BC e. - the kingdom of Wei. At 222 p. BC That is, the kingdom of Chu was left behind and the kingdom of Yan was built. Ostannim - at 221 rubles. BC That is, the kingdom of Qi was conquered. Kolisnytsya, the visitor of the viconany with superb accuracy, which conveys all the details of the prototypes. Having become the head of a majestic state, Ін Chjen took for himself and his lands a new title - Huandi (emperor). Piznish dzherela call yogo Qin Shi Huang, Scho literally means "the first emperor of the Qin empire." Mayzhe, immediately after the completion of the conquest of the ancient Chinese kingdoms of Qin Shihuand, and a successful campaign against the Huns in the winter and the kingdom of Yue in the beginning. The Chinese state has gone beyond the boundaries of national education. At the same time, the history of the imperial period will be repaired.
Shovkivnistvo. Shovk in ancient China
Dzherela informs about the shanuvannya of the ancient Chinese suture chrobak and silk weaving. Shovkovytsya is a sacred tree, apart from the Sontsya and a symbol of prudence. In the old Chinese texts, there is a sense of the sacred multivariate hai chi okremi shovkovitsi as a motto of the improvement of the rituals associated with the cult of the Mother-grandparent. By the legend, in the hollow of the Shovkovitsy there was known a dumb one, when he became the ancestor of the first dynasty of China. The deity of the shovkovichny hrobak is a woman who stands by the tree on the knees and weaves a seam thread.
Pennies in ancient China
The VI Art. BC That is, it is also the case for the latest civilized light in Western Asia, in kingdoms of Tszin for the first time there were metal pennies. The odor began to be seen in the other powers of Ancient China. In the kingdoms penny mali grow in shape: In Chu - the shape of a square, and in Qi and Yan - the shape of knives or swords, in Zhao, Han and Wei - the shape of shovels, in Qin, buli are large pennies with square openings in the middle.
writing
Bamboo or wood plates and shovk were used to write to the paper before the winery in China. The bamboo plates were sewn in a simple "zoshiti". Shovkov "books" were collected in rolls.
got it technology of writing ancient China. Stovburi of Chinese bamboo was split into thin boards and wrote on them in black ink with ієroglіfi from top to bottom. Then they were folded in a row, they were scraped with shkіryаnye repairs along the upper and lower edges - they came out with a bamboo cloth, it was easy to fold into a roll. Such a bula is an ancient Chinese book, written on decilkoh scrolls - juan; they were put in earthenware dishes, they were stored in stone screens of imperial libraries, in wicker boxes of scholars of scribes.
The politics of ancient China
The Chinese suspension, which took the most insight into the minds of that hour, was kind enough to confirm and come up with ideas. It can be said that the policy has disappeared into the ward of the skinny Chinese, and the strange super-streams of the clerks of the natives of the natives flared up on the squares and in the taverns, at the courtyards of nobles and dignitaries. Taoism, Confucianism and Fatszia, mentally called the school of lawyers, - of lightness, by the newcomers of this era of Buli. Political platforms, which were hung by the representatives of the cichs directly, caught the interests of the local population. The creators and preachers of the Tsikh Navchans were the representatives of the whole world, as well as the people of the ignorant and non-rich. The deyak from them bully from the lowest vernaculars of the suspension, to navigate from the middle ranks of the slaves. The founder of Taoism is involved in a legendary sage Lao-chi, Yakiy is alive, for perekazami, in the VI-V Art. BC e. Win, having written a philosophical treatise, see it under the title "Tao De Tsin" ("Book about Tao and De"). Vchennya, vicladena in ts_i down, has become a singing world of viraz of the mass passive protest against the strength of the oppressive oppression and rozorennya. Succulent wealth, growth and nobility, Lao-tsi stood up against the svavillya and the horror of rulers, against violence and war. Social ideal of ancient Taoism Bulo turned to the primordial community... On the other hand, the order of the bold witrit of injustice and violence Lao-tsi proclaimed in vidmov from the struggle, hangs out the theory of "failure" For the sake of it, people are guilty of obeying the Tao - the natural interruption of life. Tsia theory was the basic principle of the social and ethical concept of Taoism.
Confucianism is victorious at the turn of the VI-V century. BC That is, in the farther side, the width is wider. The preacher from the kingdom of Lu - Kun-tszi (Confucius, as he is called in the European light; close 551-479 BC. E.) Confucians bully by ideologists of the old aristocracy, Vypravdovuvali formations from a long time ago, the order of speeches, they were negatively put up to the preparation and presentation of ignorant people. According to the scholars of Confucius, the skin ludin in the suspension is strictly guilty of singing misce... “The sovereign is guilty of being the sovereign, the tsar is guilty, the dad is the dad, the sin is the blue,” said Confucius. Yogo sycophants poured on the non-sagging patriarchal vidnosins and gave great significance to the cult of the ancestors.
Representatives of the third directly - fajia caught the interest of the new nobility. The stench stood for the establishment of private power on the earth, for the intercession of warriors between the kingdoms and for the reforms that were carried out to bring them to the hour. Tsey directly to the huge thoughts reached the mark in the IV-III century. BC e. Nybilsh prominent representatives of fajia buli Shang Yan, who is alive in the IV century. BC e. і Han Fei (III century BC). Legisties have solved their theory of political and sovereign. In the past in the history of China, Bula Visunuta idea of "legal law" as a sign of sovereign government. In opposition to the Confucians, cheruvatisya by old traditions and evangelists, they respected the lightness, that in the basis of the government of the state they were guilty of being guilty of the suvor and the rules for all the laws (fa), so that the supply of good luck was to be given. The stench of booze with henchmen is the root of a strong bureaucratic power. In the struggle for the unity of the ancient China, the change of the same one, which followed the same day, was changed. Yogo was embraced by the rulers of the circumstantial and naymensh sanctified kingdom of Qin, willingly took the idea of a "strong kingdom and a weak people", absolutely dominion over the efforts of the Heavenly Empire.
craft
about rіven development of ancient Chinese crafts See also a list of professions. Long-standing writers talk about repairs of industrial specialties: master liverworms, teslyar, majesty jewelers, stocks, fashions from the preparation of carriages, ceramic robots, weavers, sailing days. The Kozhna region, the place was famous for its majstras: the kingdom of Qi - for the production of sewing and linen fabrics, and the capital of Linzi Bula, the most important center of weaving craft at that time. Immediately, the zavdyaky zruchnuyu roztashuvannyu otrimovliy special development of salt and Ribalsky promissed. Misto Linqion in Shu (Sichuan), Bagatoyu ore genera, Becoming one of the most important centers of the vidbutt and obroboka zaliza. At that time, the most vivid centers of the vivid virobnance of Nanyang Buli in the kingdom of Han and Handan are the capital of the kingdom of Zhao. In the kingdom of Chu, Hofei was famous for its virobics of naughty virobs, Changsha - for its jewelery virobs. Coastal places in the city of business courts. About the ancient Chinese courts, yes, the manifestation of good was saved derev'yana model 1b-oar chapel(Div. Nizche), yaku archaeologists have seen the hour of excavation of ancient graves. Already in the early days of the Chinese era, there was a primitive compass; a few of them got used to overland roads, and then they became stasis and Chinese seafarers. The growth of the local and the industrial production, the expansion of the land and water road hedge gave shipments and development of trade.
At the end of the hour, a link was established not only in the middle kingdoms, but also in the different regions of ancient China and the other tribes. Among the ancient and ancient tribes of the Chinese, they bought slaves, horses, a great horned thinness, sheep, shkira and wool; among the tribes who lived in pivdni - elephant's basket, barvniks, gold, silver, pearls. The kingdom was dominated by a large number of great merchants and a large number of great merchants. And it’s pouring into the political life of the land, having made it up, but all the parts of the stench began to occupy the powers that be planted at the courtyard. So, in the kingdom of Wei in the IV century. BC That is, the trader Bai Tui became a great dignitary. In the kingdom of Qin in the III century. BC e. Zvistka, the merchant of kinmi, Lu Buvey, having occupied the posad of the first radnik. In the kingdom of Qi, the family of Tian was born.
Rozdil - I - SHORT DESCRIPTION
Rozdil - II -CHINA AT THE III STOLITTI BEFORE OUR ERI - II STOLITTI OF our ERI
Rozdil - III - The culture of ancient China
Rozdil - IV -Ancient China's Mistakes in Brief
Rozdil - V -Religion of Ancient China in short
Ancient China is one of the greatest civilizations of the Ancient World. The trekking of ancient China is similar to that of Sumer, Ancient India, that Ancient Egypt. The great rychka Huanghe is constantly bringing from the mountains particles of fruitful runts - to the forest.
In the valley of the river Zhovtoi (Huang Ho) was born ancient civilization... The first kingdom appeared in another thousand years before our era and was called Ін abo Shang.
Occasional archaeologists carried out excavations, as a result of which they extended the excavation into the capital of this kingdom, the Great Misto Shan, and the tombs of the king of Shan were called Vani. Hovali Vana in a deep pit (up to 10 meters), a drab was led into a bule. At the grave they put gold embellishments, embellishments with jade, jaspers, and so the majestic bronze judges stood by themselves. The bath included the offensive: the cheruvati power, the vison of special religious rituals, as well as the supreme court. 
Van got involved in the sacred and unfinished specialness. At one thousand one hundred and twenty other fate before ours, the tribe named Zhou in Chol z U-Wan gave great amazement to the trenches, having set up their own panuvannya, and a great part of the inhabitants of the Shan-Іn state was turned into slavery. At the eighth century before our era, the power of Zhou collapsed by the blows of the kochivniks; now, the main role is now one, then one of the kingdoms, with which the greatest power was built the kingdom under the name Tszin (Somiy - the times of the century before our era). After the fall of the Tszin state, an important period of Chzhango (in the reckoning as "Fighting the Kingdom"), since ancient China has been overwhelmed by two dozen other principalities, which constantly contested among themselves, and so it practically did not
6-5 centuries BC - an hour if in ancient China the first philosophical day is being repaired. A great sage lives in China near the capital of our days, his name was Confucius, and he was even better than the midst of the Chinese, as in that hour, so also in the coming capital. Vchennya Confucius about a poop to the elders, about a "noble people", about the importance of education, about modesty, and so on became an important standard of communication in China among people - both in the homeland and in the land itself.
U 221 BC That is, the ruler of Qin Іn Zheng became one of the great territories in one empire and took the title of Qin Shihuandi, which means "The first emperor of the Qin dynasty." tsey 
the ruler to finish off horribly znischuvav be-a kind of opir, vikoristovuchi naizhakhlivіshі vidi ekzekutsії. If Lyudin didn’t understand the law, then the whole family of people was involved in a whole lot of punishment: those members of the family were simply reimagined into slaves, sentimental, and their actions on important wake-up robots.
If Qin Shikhuandi had established his own power in the empire, he was often guilty of hunters, who often attacked from the side of the country at the border. I have to close my winners, having stayed at the cordon wall, I will call it Velika Kitaiska stein. The fall of the Qin dynasty before the rule of Liu Bang. Vіn changed the order і skasuvav in the deyakі most zhorstokі laws, like boules introduced in ancient China by Emperor Qin Shihuandі. Liu Bang, who inherited from the eleventh territories, became the forerunner of the Han dynasty. In the era of the Han dynasty, the main rice of the ancient Chinese powers was laid. Ancient China has laid the foundations of the Chinese civilization and culture - mystery, literature, science. In the twentieth century, the Han dynasty passed into the West, and for all the territories it was formed a circle of independent one from one state. Qia podіya vvazhaєa the end of the antique period in the Chinese history.
Briefly explain the nature of ancient China
The ancient Chinese inhabited the Pivnichno-Chinese Rivnina, which was located at the extreme descent of Asia, from the approach to the ravnina, the Huanghe (Zhovta Richka), which carried a richly roaming mule, was carried over. Falling back, the mule poured into the channel and zmushuvuv the river of minutia yo. The Huanghe flooded the fields, the serpentine villages. People nicknamed її "grief to China". With an easy pracea, virulent foxes, draining marshes, taking care of the rychok, the ancient Chinese have transformed their fatherland into the land of rooted farming. The valley of the Yangtzi River (Blakitna Richka), roztashovana for the day off Huanghe, the boola was conquered by the Chinese more, Richka, especially the Yangtzi due to its numerous tributaries, served for a long time as the most important ways of obtaining.
Busy population.
In the middle of another thousand years BC. That is, the area of the Huanghe and the tributary was inhabited by the numerous tribes of the Mislivts and the Ribaloks. One of the tsikh tribes, the tribe іn, drew inspiration from their susіdіv. Ostannіm hour by experienced archaeologists have excavated dozens of settlements of the Indians. A lot of thousands of letters have been revealed on the leaves of creatures and on turtle shields. It does not allow vivchiti to be busy and busy finding a population in China.
The main occupation of the ancient Chinese, who settled in the Huanghe Valley, was farming. They were given a soft, warm climate, combustible soil and a great number of vologues.
Millet, wheat, barley, rice grew in the fields. By stretching out to the rock, two crops were taken: in the first half of the rock was known the harvest of millet, and in the other - wheat. The earth was covered with wood plows, wood motiks, stone sickles.
Cattlehood, ribalism, love have been added to it for some reason, the great-horned thinness and horses, ancient Chinese raised sheep, kiz, pigs, dairy products by the Chinese did not get used to writing for a long time.
A collection of chlіborobi was prepared by the most simple silky-consumer goods, earthenware, textiles. Over the years, the craft is transformed into a special, independent galuz virobniztva. First of all, he has seen the craft of a liverwurst, as a special cleverness and navichok. Bronze-makers Smelted and smoked metal and rocked weapons and materials from it. Potters began to whirl beautifully and mint dishes, cinnamon potter's wheel and food. The Chinese have found an hour or so 
sewing fabrics. The main character of the trimalos in the tamnitsa.
With the development of agriculture and the craft of winemaking and the development of trade. The trade was conducted not only with the bezposredny sussids, but with the peoples on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The role of the pennies was played by expensive shells. Vidobuvati їkh bulo is important. To that, they became cannabis shells from expensive stone and from a brush. Then we saw the bronze medals in the form of shells and other objects. This is how the metal pennies appeared in China.
Found new slave powers.
Another thousand years BC. That is, the Chinese have slavery. Golovne dzherelo yogo - vіyni with susids, especially with pіvnіchny kochovy tribes. The rabbis were also cut off from the viglyad Danini from the ancient tribes.
Pratsya slaves went to the state. At the same time, the slave was kept in the collective power of the community. The rabbis did not only snarl the pratsyuvati to the znemogy, but sacrificed them to the gods. Archaeologists have dug up hundreds of people who have been entrusted with them, as they have vanished by the rapist's death. Tse buli were sacrificed to rabbi.
The order of the deserted, to avenge a wealth of speeches, as well as "sacrificed slaves, digging up graves, in some kind of mute speeches. Do not talk about those who are in the suspension of the rich and the bred, the servant and the slave class."
Schob trimati in the conquest of slaves and children, slaves to know the current state. At the cholі of the found Chinese state, the Vіyskovy leader - van. Yogo the support of the nobility and numerical officials. The stench dragged unbearable taxes from the population. For the service of van rozdarovav we will approach the earth and slaves. Tse led to the development of the great earthly volodinnya.
In the XII century. BC That is, the Zhou tribe, which lived in the west of the Shan-Іn state, was ordered by the Indians. Power Zhou pretended to be. Krym, in China, a rich slave powers appeared.
Khliborobi in the cikh powers lived in hunks, ale dermal semblance otrimuvala in koristuvannya land nadіl. Famous pratsi, thinness, nasinnya also stayed in private power okremikh
noi sim'ї. The clan and tribe of the nobility, creeping with their own camp of the community, began to swallow the land. Vilny communes znemagali out of the small land, consumed the fallow land in the Borg to their rich susides - the great landowners. 
Dissatisfaction of the villagers knew the image in the pictures, the extortionists were greedy and harsh. In one of these trees, the great landowners compete with the horde of shchuriv, so that the fruit of human prazi will be born:
“Our shchuri, our shchuri, don't eat our millet. We live in you three rock, And the turbo is not visible from you ... We live in you three rock, And in the city you can not see ",
The right workers lived in the towns. From clay and metals, the stench was used to make garnishing dishes. In the middle of the first thousand years BC. e. Chinese buv vidomy varnish. Lacquer was used to cover furniture and wood virobi. The sack of the lacquer wood was flaky, so the craftsmen, who robbed the garnie, the staggering speeches, died early.
In the first half of the first thousand years BC. That is, the Chinese trade links are expanding. The development of trade began with the appearance of the first coins from metal. Proceedingly, the place is being transformed into the center of craft and trade.
Pivnіchnі cordoni China has consistently been given attacks by kochіvniks, which for the year became known as "guni". The Chinese powers laid down between themselves alliances, as the forces of one power fought against the nomads unhappily. Ale tsi unions bully German. Often the Chinese powers fought one by one. The interjusobni vіyni thwarted the statehood of China and led the exploitation of the working masses to an even greater capacity.
Features of the Chinese civilization.
1. Geographic isolation to China. At winter, China is surrounded by wilderness Gobi and Siberian forests, at the descent - by the Pacific Ocean, at winter - by tropical jungles, at sunset - by Gimalai. At the level of the agrarian support, it is important to overpopulate, so there was practically no invasion into China, and, moreover, there was a permanent overpopulation (surplus of labor resources).
2. Stability. Progress in development of the suspension, without shaking, revolutions.
3. To establish the basis of the economy silske statehood... The head halluzzu is a highly intensive farming, based on the Zagalno-Chinese farming system. Cattle-breeding did not rise through the visibility of pastoral lands and through the vicariousness of people as a draft force. Surplus of working hands with the development of the craft.
4. Cycle of political development. The whole history of China collapses in stages:
Stage 1 - the drowning of power in the course of the whole period of the huge wars. At the end of the day, a part of the population is significant and there is a surplus of land and high r_ven life, social stability. Tsim іmperator pіdverzhuvav in the presence of a new "mandate of heaven", so that the right to rule in the land.
Stage 2 - the population is growing, the land is not vistacha, the villagers go to the place, there are marriages, the village insurrection, so that there is social instability. Tse to witness, for the Emperor to pick up the "mandate of the sky."
Stage 3 - the fall of the old dynasty, the establishment of a new one.
One cycle becomes close to 300-500 rocks.
5. Particularity social structure China, in that, as a place and in a state of affairs, it is impossible to recognize one thing and the essence of the same obligation to the state. All the population is divided into 2 groups: 1) on the same level - peasants, craftsmen, merchants, rulers of the class; 2) I will become incomparable - people of new professions, the stench does not mean the freedom of oversubstantiation, and I can’t put down my drink and become an official.
6. System of management of China. In China, until the 19th century, there were no police, no army, but 1% of the population were officials (shenshi). Shcheb stati shenshi, it is necessary to create a drink for knowledge Philosophical Literature, Mathematicians only Bulo 9 rows of shenshi: the first three were in the country, the next three were in the provinces, and the remaining three were in the capital. The sovereign shenshi were engaged in the policy and administration of the state. The stinks served the posture of the native province, and the skin of the 3 rd rocky place of service was changing, and the posture of the corruption. The shenshi, who don’t miss the posts of sovereign, took up the economy in their fatherland, the stench was cheruvali everything, bully teachers, likars.
7. Zhorstke pіdporodkuvannya tradition i dotrimannya ritual.
Periodization of the Chinese history.
Stage 1: 2 thousand years BC - distribution of the first fret and determination of the founding powers (Xia, Shang-Іn, Zakhidne Zhou). Mista mali has a more geometric layout. The Shang-yin periods have the first letters of signs.
2 stage: 8-3 st. BC - Ancient China. Skhidny Zhou.
The first hours of philosophy and the first schools of thought are at hand. Confucianism was born.
3 stage: 221-207 rik BC Empire Qin. Introduced the Persian ob'nannya to China during the Qin dynasty. The bule has a structured administrative structure. To mend the well-being of the Great Chinese Worship.
Stage 4: 2 tbsp. BC-3 tbsp. not. Empire of Han. Z 1 century n.e. be called Skhidna Han. Confucianism grows wider, palatsi awakes, the history of China is written, the wine of the papyr and іnshi "great" wine.
5 stage: 3 - 6 tbsp. not. Political breakdown. Naybilsh is a strong power - Pivnichny Wei (4th-6th century) with the capital in Luoyang. Buddhism is expanding.
6 stage: Con. 6 - hon. 7 tbsp. Imperia Sun (ob'єdnannya to China). Prorytiy the Great Chinese Canal, which is called the Yangtze and the Huanghe (more than 1000 km).
7 stage: 7 - beginning of the 10th Art. Empire Tan. Introduced a system of shenshi, storage of single stars of laws. China conducts intensive trade with Arabian Halifat, Middle Asia, India. The bookmaker has been found.
8 stage: Ser. 10 - book. 13 Art. Imperia Sun. Vona was conquered by the onuk of Chingiskhan Khubilay, who fell asleep to the Mongol Yuan dynasty.
9 stage: Con. 13 - Ser. 14 Art. Yuan Dynasty. The Mongols have mastered Chinese language and writing, adopted the management system. Alektivnіshe, nіzh Chinese took part in international trade vіdnosina.
Stage 10: Con. 14 - mid. 17 Art. Dynasty of Min. Pekin became the capital. Craft to develop. China is a European, opening a concession in Macau. Penetration into China of the first missionaries - Uzuytiv.
11 stage: 1644-1911 pp. Manchurian Qing Dynasty. The penetration of Europeans was more active, so in 1757, they closed all the ports for foreign traders (from the middle of the 19th century). China will be developing from a new world, which will lead to the preservation of an economical and stable fret, a loss and adjustment of development.
Mythology.
see:
1. cosmogonic myths, all of which are known from two parts: Yang (cholovic spirit, positive, light, governing the sky) and Ін (female spirit, cold, negative, governing the earth). As soon as it was announced, the goddess Nui-Va was shot by the goddess Nui-Va from clay and dry grass. Zgodom Vinnik myf, scho Vsesvit resembled the first man Pan-Gu.
2. Myths about spontaneous dashing and heroes hid people from them. In the main, there is drought and drought.
The announcement about the lasting light imaged the order, as it appeared on the ground. All the dominion in heaven belonged to the supreme deity Di. Nayblyzhche otochennya Dі - tse left ancestors of the Emperor (Emperor - Wang abo Huandі). Smell vikonuyut Dі і convey to you Wang's goodness. To this they sacrificed to their ancestors, Wang could easily appease them, and at the same time, they were given the help of the supreme deity. The function of Van, as the supreme sacrificer, was brought together by his ancestors, who were in the middle between the people and the gods.
Proceedingly to see the light of the ancestors in the light of the gods. As a result, there are two cults: the cult of the ancestors, the cult of the supreme deity. At the same time, the cult of the supreme deity is transformed and transformed into Heaven.