Who is the first, having opened the nuclear energy. Who is the Vinayshov nuclear bomb? Japan is not capital
That one, who knows an atomic bomb, without knowing it, can lead to some tragic inheritance in a series of miracles of the XX century. Before the time of the super-youth, they were tested on their own inhabitants of the Japanese places of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and they carried out a further journey.
The ear is laid
At the apartment of 1903 in the Parisian garden of France Paul Langevin, another friend was chosen. The drive was made by the student of the dissertation of the young and talented in the history of Mary Kyuria. Among the eminent guests in the presence of celebrities is the English physicist Ser Ernest Rutherford. At the same time, they had fun with the redemption book. she bared everyone, there would be a surprise at once. With a clear view of P'єr Kyur, there is a small tube filled with radium salts, as it glittered with green light, wyklikayuchi supervised seizure at the presence. Nadal guests were hotly talking about the maybutt phenomenon. All converged on the Duma, that the head of state will be aware of the problem of unstable energy. All of them had a crush on the new preliminaries and new perspectives. Yakby Todi was told that laboratory robots with radioactive elements could embed the terrible evil of the 20th century, it’s unavoidable, yak bula їkhnya reaction. The history of the atomic bomb has itself been rescheduled, and it has taken away the lives of hundreds of thousands of Japanese civilians.
Gras for viperedzhennya
17th breast 1938 by the nimetsky rector Otto Gann, bulo otrimano non-negotiable proof of the fall of uranium on a large number of other elementary particles. On the day, youmu will split an atom. The scientific world has a new trend in the history of people. Otto Gann did not take a political look at the Third Reich. In addition, in 1938, he received the ideas of moving to Stockholm, de-spilo with Fridrikh Strassman, continuing his science to the end. Be afraid, that the fascist Nimechchina is pershoyu otrimaє is terrible zbroya, I write a sheet of progress. The sound about the possibility of viperredzhennі strongly cut the US squad. American steel is quick and smart.
Who opened the atomic bomb? American project
Even before a group of rich bots from the German-fascist regime in Europe, the development of nuclear weapons has been given. Pochatkovі doslіdzhennya, varto respect, were carried out at the Nazi Nіmechchina. In 1940, the state of America received an ear of funding for government programs for the development of atomic health. To help the project, Bula was seen by name at one hour of the sum in two and a half milliard dollars. Prior to the release of the secret project, there were requested some kind of physics of the 20th century, there were more than ten Nobel laureates in the middle. In total, there are close to 130 thousand sportsmen, the middle boules are not only vіyskovі, but also civilians. A team of researchers chastened Colonel Lesley Richard Groves, and Robert Oppenheimer became a science clerk. The same vin is that ludina who is vinayshov an atomic bomb. Near the Manhattan area there is a special secret engineering building, which is called "Manhattan Project". Stretching out the onset of several rockets in the secret project, they tried to solve the problem of nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium.
The non-peaceful atom of Igor Kurchatov
Christmas Schoolchildren You can ask for help about those who are responsible for the atomic bomb in the Radianske Union. And then, on the ear of the 30s of the last century, which did not know anything.
In 1932, the academician Igor Vasilovich Kurchatov was one of the first people in the world to start the development of the atomic nucleus. Having taken on the same idea, Igor Vasilovich in 1937 started the first cyclotron in Europe. In a whole lot of wines, with their one-thinkers, they open and first piece kernels.
In 1939 rotsi I. V. Kurchatov initiates a new direct development - nuclear physics. I will reject the previous center, which has the name "Laboratory No. 2", in the list of decile laboratory successes at the vivchennaya apparition of teachings. Our secret days are called "Arzamas-16".
We will direct the efforts to the center of the development of the nuclear war. Now it becomes obvious, having opened an atomic bomb in the Radianskiy Soyuzі. The yogo team todi has only ten of them.
Atomic bomb bootie
Even before the end of 1945, Igor Vasilovich Kurchatov will receive a serious command of one hundred people. The beautiful minds of the young scientific specializations came to the laboratory from the efforts of the land for the establishment of atomic health. Send the Americans off the atomic bomb on Hiroshima Radianskiye vcheni rozumili, so it is possible to destroy Radiansky Union... "Laboratory No. 2" will take into account the capital of the country in the growth of finances and a great surge of quality frames. Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria is recognized as the lead for such an important project. The majestic pratsi of Radianskih gave their fruit.
Semipalatinsk polygon
The atomic bomb in the SRCP was the first of the viprobuvan at the polygon in Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan). 29 serpnya 1949 to the rock of nuclear pristrіy tugnіstu 22 kilotons shake the Kazakh land. Nobel laureate, physicist Otto Hants, saying: “We are good news. As soon as Russia will be atomic, it will not be destroyed. " The same atomic bomb in the SRCP, encrypted yak virib number 501, or RDS-1, liquidated the US monopoly on nuclear weapons.
Atomic bomb. Rik 1945 th
Early in the month of April 16 "The Manhattan Project" has successfully tested a nuclear annex - a pluton bomb - at the Alamogordo polygon, New Mexico, USA.
A penny, an investment in the project, it’s not trivial. The first in the history of the people of the book about 5 years of 30 years of age.
"We've seen the devil's robot", - say, piznish - the one who's the atomic bomb in the United States, called the "daddy of the atomic bomb".
Japan is not capital
Until the moment of the residual and successful testing of the atomic bomb, the Allies had crushed the fascist Nimechchina. However, one power lost its way, and it fought until the end for panuvannya in the Pacific Ocean. Between mid-April and mid-April 1945, the Japanese army repeatedly hit the allies' victories, which themselves started the great losses of the US Army. In the end of 1945, Japan's militarist uryad informed the allies about the capitalization of the Potsdam Declaration. At nіy, zokrema, it was about those who, once in a while, disobey the Japanese army, check and overwhelm.
President, wait a minute
The American order was streaming its own word and the ear was directed towards the bombardment of Japanese European positions. The emergency strikes did not bring much results, and US President Garry Truman took the decision about the invasion of American military forces in Japan. However, the command to bring up their own president in view of such a decision motivates the American invasion to cause a great number of victims.
For the proposition of Henry Lewis Stimson and Dwight Devid Eisenhower, it was announced that there was a greater effective way of ending the battle. The great henchman of the atomic bomb, Secretary of the President of the United States James Francis Byrnes, having taken into account the bombardment of the Japanese territories, it is enough to leave the United States in the dominant camp, so that it will be positively recognized in the future interruption of the life of the world. With such a rank, President of the United States Garri Truman was overcame, but there is only one correct version.
Atomic bomb. Hirosyma
In the middle of the first mission, there is a small Japanese place of Hiroshima with the populations of more than 350 thousand people, which are located five hundred miles from the capital of Japan, Tokyo. On arrival at the US military base on the island of Tinian of the modified B-29 "Enola Gay" bomber, an atomic bomb was placed on board the bullet. Hiroshima mala viprobuvati for 9 thousand pounds of uranium-235.
Tse nebachene dosi zbroyu bulo priznachene for peaceful residents of a small Japanese place. Colonel Paul Wharfild Tibbets Jr. The US atomic bomb was cynically called "Maluk". Vrantsi 6 serpnya 1945 rock, about 8 years old 15 khilin, the American "Maluk" will be thrown off on the Japanese Hiroshima. Nearly 15 thousand tons of TNT depleted all life within a radius of five square miles. One hundred and forty thousand inhabitants of the place disappeared in a few seconds. Shcho lost in the living Japanese dying a painful death from the promenade ailments.
Їх having humiliated the American atomic "Maluk". However, the descent of Hiroshimi did not wipe out the secret capitulation of Japan, as all of them were checked. Todi has taken a decision as simple as one bombardment of the Japanese territory.
Nagasaki. The sky at the vogni
The American atomic bomb "Tovstun" bullet is mounted on board the B-29 lithuanian 9 serpnya 1945 rik all in the same place, at the US military base in Tinian. For the first time, the commander of the ship's ship, Buv Major Charles Suina. A collection of strategic missions in the city of Kokura.
However Wash the weather did not allow zd_ysniti conceived, zavazhal great hmarn_st. Charles Suina Zaishov on a friend. About 11 years 02 hvilini American atomic "Tovstun" glanced at Nagasaki. Tse bolsh a straining ruinous accidental blow, which is behind its own strength, in addition to developing a bombardment in Hiroshim. Nagasaki viprobuvav on his own atomic energy close to 10 thousand pounds and 22 kilotons of TNT.
The geographic growth of the Japanese place has changed the effect of cleaning. All on the right in that place is located near the high-school valley mіzh gir. That 2.6 square miles ruined the entire potential of American health. Viprobuvannya of the atomic bomb in Nagasaki to get involved in close proximity to the "Manhattan Project".
Japan is built
Report on the 15th Serpnia 1945 Emperor Khirokhito voiced about the capitulation of his land in the radio-turned-over to the bags of Japan. Tsia novina shvidko rozletіlasya on svіtu. In the New States of America, the cleanliness of the land was lost over Japan. The people of radio.
On the 2nd spring of 1945, rock on board the American lincor "Missury", which is anchored in the Tokyyskiy zatotsi, has been officially written for the sake of the warrant. With this rank ended the naijorstokisha and bloody war in the history of people.
The longest rocky in the world of sportsmanship came to the end of the famous date - from the 1st spring of 1939, since the first ones built Nazi Nimechchin on the territory of Poland.
Peaceful atom
In total, 124 nuclear vibuhi were carried out in the Radiansky Union. Let us characterize є those who all the stinks were booming for the benefit of the people's statehood. Only three of them bully avariyami, as they caused a turn of radioactive elements behind them. The programs for the freezing of the peaceful atom were realized only in two countries - the USA and the Radiansky Union. Atomic Peaceful Energy knows the butt of a global catastrophe, since the fourth power unit of the Chornobil nuclear power plant is equipped with a reactor vibuch.
Atomic Bomb Fathers Officially Announced American Robert Oppenheimer and Radiansky Vcheny Igor Kurchatov. Along with the deadly zombies, they were shattered in the other lands (Italia, Dania, Ugorshchina), which seems to be the right thing for everyone.
The first ones took care of the food of nimetskі physics Frіts Strassmann and Otto Hahn, who in 1938, in 1938, went ahead of the piece to split the atomic nucleus of uranium. And through a meal at the Kummersdorf polygon under Berlin, they installed the first reactor and purchased uranium ore in the Congo.
"Uranium project" - nimtsi repair and program
In Veresna 1939 rock "Uranium Project" was classified. To participate in the program, 22 reputable science centers were recruited, supervising the last one by the Minister of Education Albert Speer. The equipment of the installation for the sub-isotopes and the production of uranium for the interconnection of the isotope, as well as for the lantsyug reaction, was entrusted to the IG Farbenindustra concern.
The two rocky group of the venerable venerable Heisenberg gave the power to the stem of the reactor from important water. Potential vibukhovu speech (isotope uranium-235) can be uranium ore.
But for the necessary ingibitor, which is positive for the reaction, - graphite or water is important. Vibir of the last option solving the unfinished problem.
A single plant with an important water supply, which is located in Norway, is responsible for the payback of the business support, and there are few stocks of valuable oil supply until France.
Shvidkoy implementation of nuclear programs by setting up the same vibuch of the completed nuclear reactor in Leipzig.
Hitler, having prepared the uranium project for a while, while still being able to correct it as soon as possible, would be able to fit into the result of the unconnected one. It took robots for an hour to write fast and powerful financial programs.
In 1944, Heisenberg saw the opening of uranium plates in the distance, a special bunker was built for the reactor installation in Berlin.
They planned to complete the experiment to achieve the lantsyug reaction in the late 1945 rock, and then through the month of possession, the term was transported to the Swiss cordon, de which they fired only through the month. The nuclear reactor had 664 cubes of uranium weighing 1525 kg. We have added 10 tonnes of graphite-toned neutrons to the active zone;
23 Bereznya the reactor was shut down, and we arrived in Berlin before the hour: the critical points of the reactor are not reached, and the lantsyugov reaction is not victorious. Dodatkovy rosrakhunks showed that the amount of uranium needs to be increased, yak minimum, for 750 kg, proportionally adding and amount of important water.
Ale stocks of strategic sirovini boules on the border, like a share of the Third Reich. On April 23 in the village of Gaigerloh, a vip test was held, the Americans were gone. Vіyskovі dismantled the reactor and shipped it to the USA.
First atomic bombs in the USA
Three of them started working on the atomic bomb in the United States and Great Britain. Everything came from the leaf of Albert Einstein and his second authors, physicists, emigrants, which they co-ordinated at the spring of 1939 to the President of the United States Franklin Roosevelt.
At the beastly nagoloshuvalos, the Nazi Nimechchina is close to the point of the atomic bomb.
About robots over nuclear weapons (both ally and opposing) for the first time Stalin became aware of the development in 1943. Immediately, we took the decision to develop a similar project in the SRCP. We saw not only vkazіvki, ala і development, for what videotapes of any kind of information about nuclear secrets has become a precept.
Unspecified information about the distribution of American workers, as if in the distance to discredit the radio distributors, simply slipped through the nuclear project. Vona helped our members to identify the ineffective nobles by a joke and to significantly speed up the term of implementation of the Kintsevo family.
Ivan Oleksandrovich Surov - Bomb Operator
Obviously, the Radiansky district could not have lost the success of the Nimetsian nuclear physicists without respect. A group of Radians' physicists was sent to Nimechchin - maybut academicians in the form of colonels of the Radian Army.
Ivana Surov, the first intercessor of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, was designated as the key of the operation, and even allowed us to open doors.
Krim Nimetsky colleagues, the stink of the stocks of uranium metal rumbled. Tse, on the thought of Kurchatov, has passed the term of the distribution of Radianskoy bombs not less, not less on the rik. Chi not one ton of uranium and provincial nuclear scientists were transported from Nimechchin and American ones.
In the SRSR, they did not deprive them of chemistry and physics, but also of qualified work force - mechanics, electroslyusars, skloduvs. A part of the spirits was known in the camps for the visitors. In general, over the Radiansk atomic project, there were close to 1000 Nimetsian fachivts.
Nimetski vcheni and laboratories on the territory of the USSR in the play of rock
From Berlin we transported a uranium centrifuge and also the possession, as well as documents, reagents and laboratory of von Ardenne and the Kaiser Institute of Physics. Within the framework of the programs, we set up laboratories "A", "B", "C", "D", and cleaned them up.
The standard of laboratory "A" is Bove Baron Manfred von Ardenne, who has broken down the method of gas-fusion purification and distribution of uranium isotopes in a centrifuge.
For the start of such a centrifuge (only on an industrial scale) in 1947, he received the Stalin Prize. At that hour, the laboratory roztashovuvalasya in Moscow, at the center of the famous Kurchatov Institute. The team has 5-6 radianskih fakhivtsiv.
More laboratory "A" Bula vivezen in Sukhumi, de on the її base established by the Physics and Technology Institute. In 1953, Baron von Ardenne suddenly became a Stalinist laureate.
Laboratory "B" conducted experiments in radioactive chemistry in the Urals, and in Nicolaus Ril - the key figure for the project. There, in Snєzhinsk, with him a talented Russian geneticist Timofev-Resovskiy was working with him, and they were friends with that smell in Nimechchyna. The success of the atomic bomb test brought Rila the star of the Hero of Socialist Pratsi and the Stalin Prize.
Presented by the laboratory "B" in Obninsk Keruvav Professor Rudolph Posi - a pioneer in the field of nuclear viprobuvan. Yogo command in the distance to open reactors on fast neutrons;
On the basis of the laboratory development of the Physics and Power Engineering Institute of A.I. Leipunsky. Until 1957, professor worked in Sukhumi, later in Dubna, in the United Institute of Nuclear Technologies.
Laboratory "G", developed in Sukhum sanatorium "Agudzeri", ocholyav Gustav Hertz. A nephew of the famous 19th century, he won the popularity of a series of experiments, which approved the ideas of quantum mechanics and the theory of Nils Bohr.
The results of this productive robot in Sukhumi were stalled at the opening of the industrial installation in Novouralsk, and in 1949 the filling of the first radio bomb RDS-1 was broken.
Uranium bomb, yaku Americans threw off on Khіrosima, a bullet of a hardened type. When the RDS-1 was launched, the nuclear physicists used Fat Boy - “the bomb of Nagasaki”, destroyed with plutonium according to the implosive principle.
In 1951, Hertz was awarded the Stalin Prize for good work.
Nice engineers and vchens lived in comfortable booths, they brought their families, furniture, paintings from the Nimechchin, and they got them a good salary and special habits. Chi buv do they have the status of full? On the thought of academician A.P. Aleksandrov, an active participant in the project, full of stinks in such minds.
Having made a call to turn to Batkivshchyna, some people gave a letter about their non-speechless participation in the Radiansk nuclear project for 25 years. At the NDR, the stench continued to the robot for the fah. Baron von Ardenne was the winner of the National Award.
Professor at the Physics Institute in Dresden, who set up the Science Guide for the sake of the peaceful stagnation of atomic energy. Keruvav Naukova Rada Gustav Hertz, who recognized the National Prize of the People's Democratic Republic of Russia for his tritomny handbook of atomic physics. Right there, in Dresden, at the Technical University, professor Rudolph posi.
Participation in the Radiansk atomic project of the Nimetsian fachivts, so that the achievement of the Radiansk development itself, does not alter the merits of the Radiansk people, as the atomic zombies were created in their heroic practice. І all the same, without the contribution of the skin participant, the project of the atomic industry and the nuclear bomb would be extended without value
A handful of radians' atomic bomb(Vіyskova part of the nuclear project of the SRSR) - fundamental advances, development of technologies and practical implementation in the SRSR, directing to the end of the mass struggle against the nuclear power industry. Come to the smallest step of the bully, stimulated by the activity in the whole direct of the scientific institutions and the promises of the world, in the first place of the Nazi Nimechchina and the USA [ ]. In 1945, the American letters threw off two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As many as half of the civilians lost their lives at once before the hour, they were very sick and continue to die.
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In 1930-1941 robots were actively carried out in nuclear halls.
For the whole ten years, fundamental radiochemicals have been carried out, without any overwhelming reasoning of problems, development and, more recently, implementation.
Robot in 1941-1943 rock
Information of the new development
Already in the spring of 1941, the development of information about the holding in Great Britain and the United States of secret intensive scientific and pre-ancient robots, directing to the distribution of methods for the development of atomic energy for the modern era One of the most important, in 1941, the Russian government's investigation, documents є is called the British "Committee MAUD". From the material that was cut off through the channels of the new development of the NKVS SRSR from Donald McLean, it was hoped that the atomic bomb was real, but it could be fired until the end, from the end of the day.
Development of information about robots on the problem of atomic energy beyond the cordon, which was in the SRCR until the moment of taking the decision about updating the robot on uranium, it was taken out through the channels of development of the General Headquarters of the GRU, as well as through the channels of the Headquarters
In 1942, the GRU's core business informed the Academy of Sciences of the USSR about the manifestation of information about robots behind the cordon on the problems of atomic energy management for all purposes and asked to see if the problem was real practical basis... In 1942 V.G. Khlopin gave the indications for the indications, meaning that robots are not going to be published for the last time in the literature of science, because they are related to the problems of nuclear research.
Official sheet of the head of the NKVD L.P. Beria on the name of I. B. Stalіna of іnformatsієyu about robots vikoristannyu atomnoї energії in vіyskovih tsіlyah behind a cordon, propozitsіyami schodo Tsikh organіzatsії robіt in CPCP i secret oznayomlennі of materіalami NKVD Visible Radyans'ka fahіvtsіv, varіanti yakogo boule pіdgotovlenі spіvrobіtnikami NBVV slit in kіntsі 1941 - 1942 rokіv cob, Bulo by І. V. Stalinu only in October 1942, as well as the receipt of the order of the DKO about the renewal of uranium robots in the SRSR.
Radio development of small reports on robots on the development of the atomic bomb in the United States, which went from the fakhivtsi, who thought they were not safe from the nuclear monopoly, or spyvchuyuh SRSR, Zokrem, Klaus Fuchlas, Theodzhadzhad However, the most significant, as vvazhayut deyaki, there are few addresses to Stalin on the cob 1943 rock sheet of the Radiansky physicist G. Flerov, which zoom in on the essence of the problem is popular. From the side, є give the allowance, but the robot of G. N. Flerov over the sheet Stalin was not completed and not redirected.
Thanks to the initiative of the head of the scientific and technical development of the NKVS, Leonid Kvasnikov, in 1942, a little more than a friend of Vasily's friends arrived to Washington, Grigoriy Kheifits, a resident of the NKVS near San Francisco, who is apparently the most important physicist of America Robert Oppenheimer, and many of his colleagues who have visited the Californian in an unknown place, may be looking forward to seeing them.
The revision of the data of "Charon" (this is the name of Kheifits) was given to Colonel Semyon Semyonov (pseudonym "Twain"), who had been working in the United States since 1938 and took a great and active agent group there. "Twain" itself confirmed the reality of the operation from the start of the atomic bomb, naming the code of the Manhattan project and the idea of finding its leading science center - a colony for young people in Los Alamos in the state of New Mexico. Semyonov, too, having been asked to attend the great Stalinist events, when they turned to the United States, did not lose the connection to the local authorities.
In such a rank і bully vprovadzhenі radianskі agents in the science and design center of America, the nuclear ammunition has been destroyed. However, on the same day, Liza and Vasil Zarubin Bouli Terminovo drove to Moscow. The stench was ruined in zdogad, even a zhodnyi failure did not become. Z'yasuvalosya, scho to the Center of Nadiyyshov the denunciation of the resident spy Mironov, who has called Zarubin in health. In the first place, the Moscow counterintelligence service revised the process of engagement. The stench was not accepted, protest, Zarubin was not allowed to go outside the cordon anymore.
Tim within an hour, the robot in the provincial agents has already brought the first results - a report has come, and the need has been sent to Moscow in a secret manner. The robot Qia Bula was assigned to a group of special chickens. Nayoperativnymi and did not know the fear of Bulo's friends Koeny, Moris and Lona. In addition, as Moris was called to the American army, Lona began to independently deliver information materials from the state of New Mexico to New York. For many won, I went to a small place in Albuquerque, and for the sake of visibility I went to a tuberculosis dispensary. There, there was a game with agents on the intelligence service "Mlad" and "Ernst".
However, the NKVD nevertheless went into the distance to add a spout of tons of low-enriched uranium c.
The organization of industrial production of plutonium-239 and uranium-235 was carried out by the staff of the department. For the renewal of the first plant, it is necessary to install the previous one, and then the industrial nuclear reactors, the new radiochemical and special metallurgical workshops. For the renewal of another plant, it was built up to the plant for the distribution of uranium isotopes by the diffusion method.
The revival of the cich of the building became possible as a result of the establishment of industrial technologies, the organization of production and the implementation of the necessary great numbers of pure metal uranium, uranium oxide, uranium hexafluoride, other uranium, graphite of high purity and a whole series of other special materials, stemming a complex of new industrial units and attachments. Inadequate production of uranium ore production and removal of uranium concentrates in the USSR Please, please
In 1945, the Uryad of the SRSR will take the onset of the new decisions:
- on the basis of the Kirovsky plant (m Leningrad) two special pre-design bureaus, signs for the development of possession, which is carried out for the extraction of 235 uranium isotope by the method of gas diffusion;
- about an ear of production in the Middle Urals (for the village of Verkh-Neyvinsky) of a diffusion plant for rejecting waste uranium-235;
- about organizing laboratories for robots along the stem of important water reactors using natural uranium;
- about the vibration of the Maydan and the ear of business in the Great Urals of the first enterprise in the country with the production of plutonium-239.
Before the warehouse of the enterprise in the Pivdenny Ural, the blame bully includes:
- uranium-graphite reactor on natural (natural) uranium (plant "A");
- radiochemistry based on the appearance of plutonium-239 from natural (natural) uranium, which was tested in reactors (plant “B”);
- chemical and metallurgical technology for the removal of especially pure metal plutonium (plant "V").
Participation of Nimetsian Fakhivts in the atomic project
In 1945, hundreds of people from Nimechchin were delivered to the SRSR, hundreds of people were brought before the nuclear problem. A large part (about 300 individuals) was brought to Sukhumi and smashed in the collectibles of Grand Duke Oleksandr Mikhailovich and Milioner Smetskaya (sanatorium "Sinop" and "Agudzeri"). In the SRSR, the possession of the Nimetsky Institute of Chemistry and Metallurgy, the Physical Institute of Kaiser Wilhelm, the Siemens Electrotechnical Laboratories, and the Physical Institute of the Ministry was sent by Nimechchini. Three of the German cyclotrons, tug magnets, electronic microscopy, oscillography, high voltage transformers, super-precise attachments were brought to the SRCP. At the leaf fall in 1945, in the warehouse of the NKVS SRSR, the Office of Special Institutes (9th Office of the NKVS SRSR) was opened for the execution of the work on the basis of victorious fachivts.
Sanatorium "Sinop" was named "Ob'єkt" A "" - baron Manfred von Ardenne's Keruvian. "Agudzeri" became "Ob'ukt" G "" - yogo got rid of Gustav Hertz. On the objects "A" and "G" they made the most important observations - Nicolaus Ril, Max Volmer, who spent the first time in the SRCR installation with a powerful water supply; they worked on the centrifugal method by the method, and then we got patents for gas centrifuges at the entrance. On the basis of objects "A" and "G", there are more openings (SFTІ).
Deyakі provіdnі nіmetski fakhіvtsі for tsyu robot bouli honored uryadovye towns of the USSR, including the Stalinsky Prize.
In the period 1954-1959 there were some fakhivtsi in early hour residing in the NDR (Gernot TsІPPO - in Austria).
Construction of the gas fusion plant in Novouralsk
In 1946, a gas-fusion plant, which I will call Combinat No. 813 (plant D-1)), was used to build a gas fusion plant in Novouralsk. The plant gave pershu products in 1949 p
Production of uranium hexafluoride in Kirovo-Chepetsk
On the other side of the wake-up Maydan, with an hour of buzzer production, there is a complex of industrial enterprises, zaliznyts, System of heat and power supply, industrial water supply and canalization. At an early hour, the secret place was called in a simple way, albeit the most popular name - Chelyabinsk-40 or "Sorokivka". In Danish hour, the industrial complex, which is sometimes called the Combinat No. 817, is called the "Mayak" vyrobnichy community, and the place is on the birch trees of Lake Irtyash, in which the ancestors of the "Mayak" live, and the members of the "Mayak" family are named.
At the fall of 1945, the rock on the obrany square began to go to the geological Vishukuvan, and from the ear of the breast, the first wives began to arrive.
The first chief of the bureaucracy (1946-1947 rr.) Buv Ya. D. Rappoport, who was replaced by Major General M.M. Tsarevsky. The chief engineer of the budget for business was V.A. Muzrukov (from 1 chest 1947). By scientific kerіvnik to the combinat of the buv signs І. V. Kurchatov.
The office of Arzamas-16
Products
Development of the design of atomic bombs
By the Decree of the RM SRSR No. 1286-525ss "About the plan for the development of robotic KB-11 at Laboratory No. 2 of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR" in the form of "jet engines with", in two versions: RDS-1 - implosive type with plutonium and atomic bomb RDS-2 of the harmed type with uranium-235.
Tactical and technical staff at the design of the RDS-1 and RDS-2 blame the bullets were broken up to 1 April 1946 and the construction of the leading universities - for 1 lime 1947 r The bomb RDS-1 was made ready, the bullets were blamed before the state viprobuvan for vibuhu when installed on the ground for 1 September 1948, in the aviacinny - for 1 birch 1948, and the RDS-2 bomb - based on 1 worm in 1948 and milled for 1 week in 1949 boules are carried out in parallel with the organization in KB-11 of special laboratories and rosters of robotic laboratories. Such definitions of terms and organization of parallel robots have become possible, as well as the founders of the necessary development in the SRCR about the development of American atomic bombs.
The scientific laboratories and the design engineers of KB-11 started to develop their activity without
With a hand of two rockets, the Heisenberg group carried out the follow-up, necessary for the shutdown of the atomic reactor, for the release of uranium and important water. Bulo pidtverdzheno, how vibuchovaya speech can serve only one of the isotopes, and itself - uranium-235, so take revenge in an even small concentration in a special uranium ore... The first problem was in the fact that you should be able to get viokremiti. At the right point of the program of the bomb launch is an atomic reactor, for which - as a spovilnyuvach reaction - it is used graphite or water is important. Nimetsky physicists vibrated the water, creating a serious problem for themselves. Passing the occupation of Norway into the hands of the Nazis crossed over at that hour. Ale there, the stock of a product necessary for physicists until the cob becomes deprived of dozens of kilograms, that stench did not reach anybody - the French led the price of products literally from the nose of the Nazis. And in the fierce 1943 fate of the Zanedbani in Norway, the English commandos for the additional combatants of the mission led the plant to the ground. The implementation of the nuclear programs of Nimechchin appeared before the threat. At all, they didn’t get away with it: a nuclear reactor was vibrated in Leipzig. The uranium project was adopted by Hitler until quietly, when he lost the hope to correct it over and over again until the end of the process. Heisenberg by asking the Speer and feeding it directly: "If it is possible to erase the barrel of the bomb, would it be good to go to the bomb?" Vchenyi buv chesny: "I vvazha, if you need a spike of rocky robots, in any case you can't fit a bomb into the bags." Nimetske critical rationally screwed up, but forsuvati podії can’t be senses. Do not let it be quietly start - before the onset of failure, wonder, wake up. As a result, Hitler has shown the best in science, general and financial resources only on projects that give feedback on new types of projects. State funding for the uranium project was burnt. Protest robots in great trivial.
Manfred von Ardenne, who developed the method of gas diffusion purification and separation of uranium isotopes in a centrifuge.
In 1944, Heisenberg cut off uranium plates for a great reactor installation, and in Berlin also built a special bunker. The last experiment on reaching the lantsyugovy reaction to the current year of 1945, and on the 31st of today, all possessions were promptly dismantled and sent from Berlin to the village of Gaygerloh, not far from the Swiss cordon cordon. The reactor had 664 cubes of uranium with a 1525 kg out-of-the-box wagon, which had been separated by a graphite spillover-wagging neutron wagon of 10 tons. In the birch of 1945, 1.5 t of important water was poured into the active zone in the active zone. On the 23rd birch in Berlin, the reactor was closed. But the joy of the bullet before the hour - the reactor did not reach the critical point, the lantsyugov reaction did not go. When the amount of uranium was found, it is necessary to raise the amount of uranium for 750 kg, proportionally increasing the weight of important water. Ale stocks of none of that have not been lost. The Kinets of the Third Reich is neatly approaching. 23 April in Gaygerloh, the American news went away. Reactor BUV dismantling and luck in the USA.
Tim overseas for an hour
At the same time, we started working in England and in the United States with atomic energy projects (except for the small amount). After reading the list, they were spun in the spring of 1939 by Albert Einstein to the President of the United States Franklin Roosevelt. The authors of the pages and the authors of a large part of the text of the boule physics-emigrant from the Ugorshchyna Leo Silard, Eugene Wigner and Edward Teller. Liszt burst into the president's respect for those that the Nazi Nimechchina was actively involved in, as a result of which it might not be bargaining to acquire an atomic bomb.
In 1933, the Russian communist Klaus Fuchs was born in England. Having renounced a diploma in physics at the Bristolsk University, he has prodovzhuvav pratsyuvati. In 1941, Fuchs talked about his fate in the nuclear war to the agent of the Radian development Yurgen Kuchinsky, who informed the Radiansky ambassador Ivan Maisky. After entrusting the atache of the term to establish contact with Fuchs, who in the warehouses of the group were going to be transported to the USA. Fuchs podratsyuvati on radyansku razvіdku. In robots with him, there are bully zadiyanі bagato radianskі illegal agents: friends Zarubin, Eytingon, Vasilevskiy, Semenov and іnshi. As a result of his active work already in 1945, the SRSR mav described the design of the first atomic bomb. At the same time, the residency in the United States has shown that the Americans need at least one risk, or not more than five rockets, for the establishment of the nuclear weapons arsenal. At the same time, it is also about those who vibuh the first two bombs, it is possible, if they are carried out through a few months. In the photo - Operation Crossroads, a series of atomic bomb tests conducted by the United States on the Bikin Atoll in 1946. Meta bulo viprobuvati effect of atomic security on ships.In the SRSR, the first views about robots, which were carried out both by the allies and by the enemy, were brought up to Stalin in 1943. Immediately, a decision was made about the distribution of such robots in the Union. So I thought about the Radiansk atomic project. It was not only the vchens that were taken away, but the first ones, for which versions of nuclear secrets it became overshadowed.
Finding out about the robot over the atomic bomb in the United States, since the development, have further helped the progress of the Radiansky nuclear project. They took part in the new day of the zumіl of uniting the dead-end paths of the joke, and by ourselves, they themselves, quite quickly, had reached the end of the day.
Dosvid of recent enemies and allies
Naturally, the radian capital couldn’t have gone from the baiduzhim to the Nimets’s atomic boxes. For the end of the war, a group of Radiansk physicians, the middle of the Maybut Academicians Artsimovich, Kikoin, Khariton, Shcholkin, were sent to Nimechchina. All the bullets were camouflaged in the uniform of colonels of the Chervona Army. Operated by Keruv, the first patron of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Ivan Surov, who opened the door. Among the necessary nymetsk clerks, the "colonels" whispered tons of metal uranium, but, for Kurchatov's claims, he passed the robot over the radio bomb no less than a rick. Most of the uranium from Nimechchin was brought in by the Americans, who had brought in fakhivts, as they worked on the project. And in the SRSR, in the field of physics and chemistry, mechanics, electrical engineering, skloduvs were directed. The deyakis were known in the camps of the Vyskovo-dwellers. For example, Max Steinbeck, the Maybut academician and vice-president of the Academy of Sciences of the People's Democratic Republic of Russia, was taken away, if he was guilty of the head of the camp in a sleepy year. In the entire atomic project in the SRSR, no less than 1000 Nimetsian fakhivtsiv were trained. From Berlin, Bula was completely transported to the laboratory of von Ardenne with a uranium centrifuge, owned by the Kaiser Institute of Physics, Documentation, and Reagents. Within the framework of the atomic project, the banks of the laboratories "A", "B", "C" and "D", the science cores of which steel came from Nimechchini vcheni.
K.A. Petrzhak i G.N. Flerov In 1940, in Igor Kurchatov's laboratory, two young physicists had a bulo vidkrito novy, even more kind radioactive drop atomic nuclei - spontaneously.Laboratory "A" Keruvav Baron Manfred von Ardenne, a talented physicist, who developed the method of gas diffusion purification and distribution of isotopes in uranium in a centrifuge. A handful of these labs were taken up on the Zhovtnevoy Pole in Moscow. Before the skin nіmetskiy fakhіvtsevі bulo assigned to five-many radianskih engineers. Most of the laboratory moved to Sukhumi, and on the Zhovtnevoy Pole, the Kurchatov Institute was shown in an hour. At Sukhumi, on the basis of von Ardenne's laboratory, there is the Sukhum Physics and Technology Institute. In 1947, the Ardenne was awarded the Stalin Prize for launching a centrifuge for the purification of uranium isotopes on a commercial scale. Through a series of rockets in the Ardennes, he became two Stalinsky laureates. He is alive with his squad in a comfortable mansion, the squad played on the royalties brought from Nimechchin. They didn’t get rid of them, and they didn’t get rid of them: the stinks came with their families, brought with them furniture, books, paintings, and they got good salaries and goodies. Chi buli stink full? Academic A.P. Aleksandrov, himself an active participant in the atomic project, respected: "Nicely, nice fakhivtsi bully, ale full bully and mi sami."
Nicolaus Ril, a freak of St. Petersburg, in 1920-і rocky moved to Nіmechchin, becoming a corel of laboratory "B", yaka spent the pre-session in the hallucination of radio chemistry and biology in the Urals (Ninya Misto Snezhin). Here s Rilem pratsyuvav yogo old znayomiy shche on Nimechchin, a prominent Russian biologist-geneticist Timofev-Resovskiy ("Bison" after the novel by D. Granin).
In 1938, the famous physics of Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann first saw the release of a piece of uranium nucleus splitting.Having renounced his knowledge in the SRCR as a prelude and talented organizer, in all the way he knows the effective solution of the most common problems, Dr. Rill became one of the key figures of the Radiansky nuclear project. The story of a successful vip test of the radio bombs was won by becoming the Hero of the Socialist Pratsi and the laureate of the Steel Prize.
Robotics of the laboratory "V", organized in Obninsk, having cleared Professor Rudolph Pose, one of the pioneers in the field of nuclear research. From the start of the development of the fast neutron reactors, the first in the AES Union, the design of reactors for sub-water chambers has come to an end. Ob'єkt in Obninsk became the basis for the organization of Physics and Energy Institute named A.I. Leipunsky. Posed until 1957 rock in Sukhumi, then - in the United Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna.
The light of the atom is fantastical, but for the mind it is necessary to understand the problem of space and hour. Atoms are small, so if I can drop water, it’s possible to grow up to the size of the Earth, then a skin atom in a speck of water is smaller than an orange. In truth, one speck of water is stored for 6000 milliards milliards (+6000000000000000000000) atoms in water and sour. I Tim not less, do not marvel at your microscopic dimensions, the atom of my buddov until the deyakoi miri, do not marvel at our budova sleep system... Its infinitely small center, the radius of which is less than one trillian centimeter, has an unusually large "sun" - the nucleus of the atom.
Around the th atomic "son", there is a wraparound "planet" - electronics. The nucleus is stored from two main alarms to Vsesvit - protons and neutrons (I will call it nucleons, to name a few). Electron and proton are charged particles, and the amount of charge in the skin of them is absolutely the same, prote charges are developed according to the sign: the proton is positively charged, and the electron is negative. The neutron is not not an electric charge, and for some reason it has even greater penetration.
In the atomic scale, the mass of the proton and neutron is taken as one. An atomic whale of any chemical element that lies in the number of protons and neutrons, which are located in the nucleus. For example, an atom is water, the nucleus of which folds only from one proton, atomic mass equal to 1. Atom helium, with a nucleus from two protons and two neutrons, low atomic mass, equal to 4.
The nuclei of atoms of one and the same element depend on the same number of protons, or the number of neutrons can be different. Atoms, though nuclei with the same number of protons, are less likely to appear for a number of neutrons, and as a result of one and the same element, they are called isotopes. For the derivation of one kind of one, before the symbol of the element, assign the number that is important to the sum of all the particles in the nucleus of the given isotope.
Maybe viniknuti nutrition: why can't the nucleus of an atom fall apart? Even before entering a new proton - electrically charged particles with the same charge, which are guilty of being brought in one form of one with great power. It will be explained that in the middle of the nucleus there are so called internal nuclear forces, that the particles of the nucleus are attracted one to one. In order to compensate for the power of proton production and not to let the nucleus grow out of motion.
The internal nuclear forces are even larger, but they are only on the far side of the country. In addition, the nuclei of important elements, which are stored in hundreds of nucleons, appear unstable. The particles of the nucleus are found here in the uninterrupted rus (in the inter-gaps of the kernels), and as soon as there is an additional amount of energy, the stench can lighten the inner strength - the kernel is divided into parts. The value of the price of superfluous energy is called energy generation. Among the isotopes of important elements, such as are located at the very edge of self-fall. To achieve the deprivation of a small "postage", for example, a simple consumption in the neutron nucleus (and why shouldn't we be able to grow up to great speed), then the reaction of the nuclear delay has begun. Deyakі from tsikh іsotopіv pіznіshe came to otrimuvati piece by piece. In nature and іsnu only one such isotope - tse uranium-235.
Uranium was introduced in 1783 by Klaproth, who saw the uranium resin and named after recently on the planet Uranus. Yak vyavilosya in the fake, tse buv, vlasne, not uranium itself, but yogo oxide. Pure uranium - metal silver-white color - buv otrimaniy
only in 1842 rotsi Peligo. The new element didn’t carry any miraculous powers and didn’t have any respect for itself until 1896, since Becquerel was a manifestation of radioactivity of uranium salts. The development of uranium has become an object of scientific studies and experiments, ale practical sucking yak and earlier not mav.If in the first third of the XX century physicists became more aware of the atomic nucleus, the smell of the Bud's atomic nucleus has become a bit of a smell, the smell of the first one has tried to live the old world of alchemists - they tried to transform one chemical element into the last one. In 1934, the French friends of friends Frederick and Irene Jolyo-Kyuri added to the French Academy of Sciences about the onset of the news: when the plates were bombarded with aluminum alpha particles (nuclei of the hydrogen atom), the atoms were not converted to aluminum oxide. into a stable isotope of silicon. In such a rank, the aluminum atom, having given one proton and two neutrons, is transformed into a more important silicon atom.
Tsey dosvіd navіv on a dummy, as if "bombarding" with neutrons the nucleus of the nayvazhchiy from the elements existing in nature - uranium, then it is possible to reject such an element, which is dumb in the natural minds. In 1938, Otto Hahn and Frits Strassmann repeated their friend Zholio-Kyuri’s advice in rice, taking the substitute for aluminum uranium. The results of the experiment didn’t look like it was, but they didn’t smell it - the replacement of a new overhead element with a larger number of more than uranium, Gan and Strassman took away light elements from the middle part of the periodic system: bari, detonation, crypton. The experimenters themselves could not explain the phenomenon. Only in the offensive phase of the physicist Liza Meitner, Yakiy Gan, having looked at her difficult times, knew the correct explanation of the cautioned phenomenon, having let go, when shelling uranium with neutrons, the splitting (rospodil) of the second nucleus is generated. At the end of the blame, the nuclei of more light elements were established (the axis of the star was taken by the bar, krypton and the first words), and also 2-3 strong neutrons were seen. Subsidiaries were allowed to clarify in detail the picture of what to see.
Natural uranium is stored in a sum of three isotopes with masses 238, 234 and 235. The main amount of uranium falls on isotope-238, the nucleus of which contains 92 protons and 146 neutrons. Uranium-235 becomes 1/140 of natural uranium (0.7% (in its nucleus 92 protons and 143 neutrons), and uranium-234 (92 protons, 142 neutrons) is less than 1/17500 of foreign uranium (0 , 006%. Nimensh is stable from the cycle of isotopes є uranium-235.
An hour from the hour of the nucleus of its atoms, it is mimicry to be divided into parts, in addition to which light elements of the periodic system are established. The process of supervising the visions of two or three vial neutrons, as they rush through the majestic shvidkistyu - is close to 10 thousand. Km / s (їх are called fast neutrons). Neutrons can be consumed in uranium nuclei, causing nuclear reactions. Kozhen isotope is carried out in a wide variety of ways. The nuclei of uranium-238 in a large number of types will simply swallow neutrons without any further revisions. Ale about one drop in five, when a bright neutron is closed from the nucleus of isotope-238, a nuclear reaction occurs: one of neutrons in uranium-238 is sent to an electron, flashing into a proton, to be flashed
an important element is neptune-239 (93 protons + 146 neutrons). Ale neptunium is unstable - through a chilin of quill, one of the neutrons of the vipuskє electron, transforming into a proton, for which the isotope of neptunium begins to turn into an offensive for rakhunk, an element of the periodic system - plutonium + 239 (94 protons). If a neutron is consumed in the nucleus of unstable uranium-235, then it is inaccurate to get rid of - atoms fall from the release of two or three neutrons. It seems that in natural uranium, a large number of atoms can be carried to isotope-238, no visible traces of the reaction can be seen - all neutrons appear in vreshty-resht eaten by cyme isotope.Well, what if you want to end up with a lot of uranium, how can you store up with Isotope-235?
Here the process goes in an іnshomu: neutrons, which were seen when the decile nuclei rose, in their own accord, were consumed in the suspended nuclei, they wicked out. As a result, we see a new batch of neutrons, which will split such nuclei. With friendly minds, the reaction against avalanches is like an avalanche and is called a lance-like reaction. For її the cob can be hit with a few bits of particle bombardment.
Yes, don't let uranium-235 bombard 100 neutrons. Stink 100 uranium nuclei. At the same time, 250 new neutrons of another generation are seen (in the middle 2, 5 for one submission). Neutrons of another generation produce more than 250 subunits, with 625 neutrons being seen. In the offensive generation, there are a thousand five hundred sixty-two, then 3906, further 9670, etc. The number of podiloks will be boundlessly, as long as the process is not zupiniti.
However, the fraction of neutrons consumed in the nuclei of atoms is really less insignificant. Rashta, briskly rushing through them, rush into the navkolishn_ space. Self-evident lantsyugov's reaction can only be inflicted on the great mass of uranium-235, which Volodya, as it seems, is a critical mass. (Qia masa, with normal minds, weighs 50 kg.) It is important to note that the dermal nucleus is superfluous to see the majestic amount of energy, as it appears about 300 million in more energy, more vitality! (Pidrakhovano, when a repeated rise of 1 kg of uranium-235, there is a glimmer of heat, and a drop in the heat of 3 thousand tons.)
A whole colossal gleam of energy, how to sound in people, to manifest itself as a vibuch of a terrible power and to lie in the basis of the nuclear war. But for this purpose, it became a reality, it is necessary that the charge was formed not from natural uranium, but from a rare isotope - 235 (such uranium is called bagachenim). As soon as it is installed, pure plutonium can also be used with material and can be substituted for uranium-235 in an atomic charge.
All ci important view bullets broken in front of one other light war. The secret robots from the atomic bomb were reckoned to be uncommon in Nimechchyna and in the other lands. The United States dealt with this problem in 1941. The Ushogo complex has been assigned the name of the Manhattan Project.
General Groves was responsible for the project, and the professor of the Californian University Robert Oppenheimer was in science. An offense for good reason, or for the majesty of being able to stand in front of them. To that, Oppenheimer's first turbo was a complete set of a highly intelligent science team. In the United States, today they have a lot of physical fascist Nimechchini... It was not easy to get them up to the end of the zombie, straightened out against the great fatherland. Oppenheimer speaks especially with the skin, letting in all the power of his charm. Unimaginably, you went into the distance to pick up a small group of theoreticians, who called them hotly "svitly". And in fact, it included the most important aspects of that hour in the field of physics and chemistry. (Among them are 13 laureates Nobel Prize, Including Bor, Fermi, Frank, Chadwyk, Lawrence.) Among them, there were a lot of fakhivts of the most interesting profile.
The US uryad did not skimp on vitrati, and the robots took a grand scale from the very cob. In 1942, the rotsi Bula was founded in the most recent laboratory in Los Alamos. The population of the whole scientific place of nezabar reached 9 thousand people. According to the warehouse of scientists, the range of scientific experiments, the number of robots and robots in Los Alamos laboratories is not small among those in the history of society. The "Manhattan Project" has its own police, counter-intelligence, communication system, warehouses, settlements, backwaters, laboratories, its own colossal budget.
The main project meta project had enough space for material that could be used to fire a few atomic bombs. In addition to the uranium-235 charge for the bomb, as has already been said, if a piece of plutonium-239 could serve, then the bomb could be like uranium or plutonium.
Grovesі Oppenheimer Wait a while, but the robots are guilty of being carried out at once in two straight lines, the fragments are uncomfortable in advance, as they appear to be more promising. The offense of the method was fundamentally one way of one: the accumulation of uranium-235 has little effect. The first and second way seemed to be extremely important and did not come across easy decisions.
Really, how can it be possible to go one way to one two to isotopes, how is it that it is not insignificant to be seen by your own car and it is chemically carried out absolutely the same? Neither science nor technology has ever faced such a problem. The development of plutonium may have become even problematic at times. Up to all, the entire dosage of nuclear conversions was made to a number of laboratory experiments. Now, on a commercial scale, it is necessary to master the production of plutonium kilograms, to break up and establish a special installation for this - a nuclear reactor, and it is possible to control the flow of a nuclear reaction.
And there, and here it is necessary to build a viral complex of folding buildings. In addition, the "Manhattan Project" was formed from decilky pіdproektіv, on some of which there were vcnі vchenі. Oppenheimer himself became the head of Los Alamos Science Laboratory. Lawrence is in charge of the Radio Laboratory of the Californian University. Fermi viv at Chikazkiy University until the end of the nuclear reactor stem.
Some of the most important problems have been rejected by uranium. Until vіyny tsei metal is practically not stagnant. Now, if the wine is consumed immediately by the majestic copies, it has appeared, but not in a simple industrial way.
The company "Westinghouse" took up the development and quickly achieved success. For the purification of uranium resin (in such a view, uranium is found in nature) and rejection of uranium oxide, it was converted into tetrafluoride (UF4), with a path of electrolysis, uranium metal was seen. Even in the end of 1941, in the order of American production, there was a whole ounce of uranium metal, then in the fall of 1942, the production at the factories of the Westinghouse company reached 6,000 pounds per month.
One hour the robot walked over the doors of the nuclear reactor. The process of plutonium production was actually built up to the optimization of uranium stripping by neutrons, as a result of which a part of uranium-238 was guilty of being turned into plutonium. Atoms of uranium-235 could be distributed by several neutrons, while the amount of atoms in uranium-238 rose in sufficient quantity. But for this purpose, we must continue to generate neutrons, the lantsyug reaction was to blame for the uranium-235 atoms. Tim for an hour, as has already been said, on the skin atom of uranium-235 brought 140 atoms of uranium-238. It is clear that there is a lot of energy going on in the direction of neutrons in the middle of the neutrons. Tobto, a great number of neutrons were seen, without any cories being consumed by the main isotope. Obviously, Lantsyug's reaction could not have been for such minds. Yak bootie?
A few people were getting on, but without a trip the two isotopes of the reactor's robot were unhappy, but unfortunately, one important circumstance was set: it appeared that uranium-235 and uranium-238 were receptive to the neutrons of new energies. The nucleus of the uranium-235 atom can be split by a neutron of an altogether small amount of energy, as the speed may be close to 22 m / s. Such neutrons are likely to be consumed by uranium-238 nuclei - for the most part, the speed is on the order of hundreds of thousands of meters per second. In other words, uranium-238 without effort to change the ear and the course of the lantsyugov reaction in uranium-235, viclikan neutrons, trusting to the smallest speed - no more than 22 m / s. This phenomenon has been built by an Italian physicist Fermi, who has been alive in the USA since 1938 and has been here by robots along the stem of the first reactor. In yak spovilnyuvach neutron Fermi virishiv zastosuvati graphite. Behind them, they went through the uranium-235 neutrons, passing through the 40 cm graphite ball, blame it to reduce their performance to 22 m / s and sometimes self-generate the lance reaction in uranium-235.
The "vaschka" water could serve as one of the best spovilnyuvach. Okskіlka atomi vodnyu, scho to enter before her, beyond the size of that mass even closer to neutrons, the stench could be the most beautiful. (Approximately the same neutrons are seen with fast neutrons as with coolies: if a small coolie hits a great one, it seems to go backwards, it does not consume any speed, but with a small coolant, a neutron is exactly transferred to the same value as a part of its from an important nucleus, they are not very different, but when they are locked with the nuclei of atoms, water even more quickly consumes all its energy.) The axis of what for the whole family should be vikoristovuvati deuteriy, to enter the warehouse of "important" vodi.
On the ear of 1942, the future of the first nuclear reactor in the history of the first nuclear reactor in the backyard of the Chikazkiy stadium in the backyard of the tennis court. All robots were carried out by ourselves. Controlling the reaction can be done in a single way - by adjusting the number of neutrons, which will take part in the lantsyugovy reaction. Fermi, letting go to seek help for help, hairs, prepared from such words, such as boron and cadmium, which strongly glaze neutrons. Graphite ceglin was used as a sparing element, in which the physicists were growing colonies with a height of 3 m and a width of 1.2 m. The entire structure consumed close to 46 tons of uranium oxide and 385 tons of graphite. For the control of the reaction, stripping of cadmium and boron was introduced into the reactor.
As a result, there was a lack of safety, then for insurance on the platform, rosttasovany over the reactor, there were two with buckets, reminiscent of the range of cadmium salts - the stench blamed the power on the reactor, as the reaction went out of control. Happily, it wasn’t needed. 2 breast 1942 to the fate of Fermi punishing all control haircuts, and experimenting. Through a choteri of chili, the neutron doctors began to clatter more and more voices and voices. With the cutaneous quilting, the intensity of the neutron flux increased. Tse talked about those in the reactor and the lantsyugov reaction. Vona trivialized with a stretch of 28 hilines. Then the Fermi gave a sign, and the hairs were lowered to fix the process. So, for the first time, people have become aware of the energy of the atomic nucleus and dovids, who can control it at their own will. Now I no longer knew that nuclear energy was a reality.
In 1943, the Fermi reactor was dismantled and transported to the Aragon National Laboratory (50 km from Chicago). Here, without a bargain, there was another nuclear reactor, in which water was spilled. The wine was folded from a cylindrical aluminum cistern, to place 6, 5 tons of important water, 120 strips of metallic uranium were vertically bored into the yak, stacked in an aluminum shell. Seven keruyuchy haircuts boules with cadmium. Around the cistern, there is a graphite packing, then a screen with lead and cadmium alloys. The whole structure fell into a concrete shell with a thickness of walls close to 2, 5 m.
Experiments on these additional reactors have confirmed the feasibility of industrial plutonium production.
The main center of the "Manhattan Project" has become a non-bargaining place Oak Ridge in the valley of the Tennessee River, the population of which has grown up to 79 thousand people in a few months. Here, in a short term, it was prompted by the first in the history of the plant for the production of uranium waste. Immediately in 1943, there was a new industrial reactor, a kind of viroblya plutonium. Nearly 300 kg of uranium was fought in the fierce 1944 rockets of uranium, and plutonium was removed from the surface. (For a lot of plutonium, a handful of pieces was taken apart, and then taken to the cloud.) Purification of uranium was sent to the reactor. At the same time, in a hopeless summation of the wilderness on the birch trees of the Columbia rivulet, the fortunes of the majestic Henford plant have grown old. Here three strained atomic reactors were dispersed, each day yielding a few hundred grams of plutonium.
At the same time, with a turnaround, we went to the end of the industrial process of uranium recovery.
Having looked at the development options, Groves and Oppenheimer performed the measurement of the Zusilla using two methods: gas diffusion and electromagnet.
The gas-fusion method was primed on the basis of what was called the Graham's law (it was first formulated in 1829 by the Scottish chemist Thomas Graham and fractured in 1896 by the English physicist Rail). According to the law, if two gases, one lighter than one, pass through the filter with tiny openings, then three more light gas, less important, pass through the filter. At the fall of 1942, the Yuri and Danning from the Columbian University was installed on the basis of the Rail method, the gas-fusion method for the separation of isotopes in uranium.
So, since natural uranium is a solid word, then uranium (UF6) was reintroduced with fluorides. At the same time, the gas was passed through microscopic - on the order of thousandths of a millimeter - open a filter in the partition.
So, as the growth in molar gasses was even smaller, then behind the partition, instead of uranium-235, it was reduced by 1, 0002 times.
In order to increase the amount of uranium-235 even more, I reject the idea of passing it through the partition again, and the amount of uranium will again increase by 1, 0002 times. In such a rank, the amount of up to 99% versus uranium-235, it would be necessary to pass the gas through 4000 filters. Tse went to the majestic gas fusion plant in Oak Ridge.
In 1940, the certificate of Ernst Lawrence at the Californian University was honored until recently on the distribution of isotopes in uranium by the electro-magnetic method. It was necessary to know such physical processes, which allowed for the production of isotopes, which were cured by the increase in weight. Lawrence, having tried the distribution of isotopes, vikoristovuchi principle of the mass spectrograph - I will add, for the help of which to start the mass of atoms.
The principle of this principle is that, in front of the ionized atoms, they were anchored by an electric field, and then passed through a magnetic field, in which stench they described the stakes that were roasted in an area perpendicular to the normal to the field. So, like the radii of their traktorіy boules, they were proportional to the mass, the light ones appeared to the smallest radius, not important. As soon as pastes were spread on the way of the atoms, then it is possible to pick up the isotopes in such a rank.
Such a bouv method. The laboratory minds have given bad results. Alle the future of the installation, on the basis of the isotopes, could be carried out on an industrial scale, in a superbly foldable manner. However, Lawrence is vreshty-resht into the distance of all the difficult things. The result of yogo zusil was the appearance of a kalutron, which is a bust of uprisings at the giant plant in Oak Ridge.
The whole electromagnet plant was built in 1943 and became a child of the Manhattan Project. Lawrence's method in a great number of folding, not yet fragmented annexes, tied with a high pressure, high vacuum and injected magnetic fields. The scale of the vitrath appeared majesty. Kalutron mav gigantsky elektromagnit, dovzhina yakogo sagged 75 m with a vazi close to 4000 tons.
On the windings for the whole electromagnet, a dart of thousands of tons of medium dart went.
All robots (not working costs for a sum of 300 million dollars, as the state treasury gave only for an hour) cost 400 million dollars. The Ministry of Defense paid 10 million for the electric power, vitrachena with a calutron. A great part of the otatkuvannya of the Ok-Ridzh plant has overturned everything for the scale and accuracy of the preparation, if it ever was distributed in the whole area of technology.
Ale all the vitrati were not marnimis. Vitratiity in total is close to 2 billion dollars, in the United States until 1944, a unique technology for the recovery of uranium and plutonium was developed. Tim spent an hour in Los Alamos laboratories working on a project of the bomb itself. The principle of її dії buv in the outlying rice has been clear for a long time: the speech, how to go (plutoniy or uranium-235) at the moment of vibuhu, to transfer to the critical mill (for the development of the lance reaction mass, the charge will be guilty of the critical neutron) the tax behind itself was an ear of lantsyug's reaction.
For rozrahunks, the critical mass of the charge overturned 50 kilograms, ale її could change meaningfully. Vzagal on the value of the critical mass strongly infuse a number of factors. If the charge is larger than the surface area, the larger the neutrons will be thrown into the outer space. The most common area of the surface is a sphere. Otzhe, spherical charges with the lowest minds may fail the most critical mass. In addition, the value of the critical mass lies in the purity and type of materials that can be distributed. Vaughn is wrapped in proportion to the square of the material, which allows, for example, with an increase in the degree of excellence, change the critical mass in some cases. The necessary steps of criticality can be discarded, for example, to the hardships, how to add, for the vibration of the charge of the snake vibuch speech, which is victorious at the spherical shell, which expels the nuclear charge. I am critical of the mass, in addition, it is possible to change it by removing the charge with a screen, kindly representing the neutron. In the capacity of such a screen, there may be vicorian lead, beryl, tungsten, natural uranium, gold and a lot of them.
One of the possible designs of the atomic bomb is stored with two pieces of uranium, which, in order, make it more critical. In order to wicklikati vibuh bombs, you need a yakomoga shvidshe zdliziti їkh. Another method of scaffolding on vikorystanni converges in the middle of the vibuhu. At the end of the day, there is a tendency of gas from the most vivid vibuch speech, directing it to the spreading in the middle, and squeezing it to quiet pir, as long as it does not reach the critical mass. The charge and the intensive determination of it by neutrons, as has already been said, to the lantsyug reaction, as a result of which in one second the temperature rises to 1 million degrees. Over the course of an hour, it rose up to 5% of the critical mass. The part of the charge in the bombs of the early design was vaporized without
be-like a corny.The first in the history of the atomic bomb (it was given to the name "Triniti") was taken over from 1945 to the rock. And on the 16th worm, 1945, at the atomic test site in the Alamogordo heathland (New Mexico), he carried out the first atomic vibuch to the Earth. The bomb was placed in the center of the polygon on the tops of steel 30-meter high. About her great vіdstanі the restructuring of the equipment has been changed. At 9 km there is a sprint point, and at 16 km - a command one. At all indications of the stage, the atomic vibuch has met with a sly enmity. After the description of the eyewitnesses, there was also a glimpse of the sightless son, which came in one and at once illuminated the polygon. After a glimpse of the majestic vine over the ryvninoy, the saw and the light became more and more ominous.
Having broken out of the earth, she was driven into a fire for a few seconds of evil to a height of three kilometers. With a skin mitty, it grows in size, the diameter of the reach is 1.5 km, and it has grown into the stratosphere. Then the drove out the cooler, having waived the mice of a stop, the dimo, which stretched 12 km to the height, took the form of a giant mushroom. All the tse is supravodzhuvalosya zhakhlivy gurkot, from which the earth trembles. The pushing of the bomb, which vibrated, turned over all the ochіkuvannya.
As soon as the radio situation allowed, a group of Sherman tanks, victories in the middle with lead plates, rushed to the vibuhu area. Having crossed Fermi on one of them, who could not tolerate getting the results of his work. Yogo ochima was dead, the earth was dead, on yak in a radius of 1, 5 km, everything was alive. The sap went down into a squalid zelenevata pick, the yaka was shaking the ground. At the majestic crows lay the thinnest surpluses of steel support. The force of vibuhu boola is estimated at 20,000 tons of TNT.
The offensive croc was guilty of stating the fight against the atomic bomb against Japan, as the capitulation of the fascist Nimechchina alone prodded against the United States and its allies. Rocket-carriers have not been built yet, so the bombardment should have been done from the lithuania. Components of two bombs were delivered by the cruiser "Indianapolis" to the island of Tinian; For the type of charge and design of the bomb, there was often one kind of one.
The first atomic bomb - "Malyuk" - was a large-sized aviation bomb with an atomic charge and heavily loaded uranium-235. Dovzhina її Bula is close to 3 m, diameter - 62 cm, wag - 4, 1 t.
Another atomic bomb - "Tovstun" - with a charge of plutonium-239, a small egg-like shape with a large-sized stabilizer. dozhina її
became 3, 2 m, diameter 1, 5 m, wag - 4, 5 tons.6 sickle bomber B-29 "Enola Gay" by Colonel Tibbets having thrown off "Malyuk" on the great Japanese place Hiroshima. The bomb landed on a parachute and vibrated, as it was transferred, at a height of 600 m from the ground.
Traces of vibuhu buli zhakhlivi. To navigate the pilots themselves the sight of a peaceful place that they have inflicted in one minute, having coped with the oppressive hostility. More than one of them, he knew that the stench smelled in a second to the best, but only you can beat a ludin.
For those who are quiet, who are on the ground, those who see the hell out of it. First for everything, a heat wave passed over Khіrosima. Ї dіya trivialo all the bunch of mittvs, ale bulo nastіlki tighter, so they melted the tiles and crystals of quartz in granite slabs, rewashed the phone lines at 4 km in the distance, and people spilled them for on the walls of budinks. Then we go to the fires of the fire, weaving the wind and rushing over the place with a speed of 800 km / year, we change everything on its own way. Chi did not show off the baked onslaught of the booth; At a giant number with a diameter of 4 km, there is no big city life. Through a splinter of chilin, a vibuhu over the place was transformed into a black radioactive board - it was transformed into a vapor of a vologue, condensed in the high balls of the atmosphere and plunged to the ground near the great specks that wandered with the radioactive saw.
Writing the board onto the place, a new porous wind fell down, blowing it all the way to the epicenter. If you are the weakest of the first, you can still reach the strong, but virivati with the root of the tree. Viter rozdmukhav gigantska pozhezha, in such a throat everything that could only burn. There were 76 thousand more and more than 55 thousand. The evidence of the terrible catastrophe guessed about people-torches, from which flames of odeans fell to the ground at once for the lakhmits of the shkiri, and about the nasty people who shouted with greedy opiks, who screamed at the vulits. In every day, there was a suffocating scent of hot human meat. People were lying around, dead and ever. There were a lot of people like that, who spent time and deafened, ticking on their sides, could not do anything in a panuvalo about chaos.
Unspeakable, they were known from the epicenter at a distance of up to 800 m, for a few seconds they burned in the literal sense of the word - their insides vyparuvalisya, and tyla was re-created into the breasts of the suppressed vugilla. They were located at the epicenter at a distance of 1 km. Already after a few years they had a strong blues, the temperature jumped to 39-40 degrees, there was a problem and bleeding. Then on the skirts hung nezapoyny virazki, the storehouse of blood rapidly changing, hairy shriveled. For the zhakhlivy citizens, beckon for another third day, death came.
In all of the vibuhu and the promenade ailment, nearly 240 thousand people were lost. Nearly 160 thousand people cut off the exchange of ailments in a light form - the death was painful, in a few words a few years ago. If the message about the catastrophe spread throughout the country, the whole of Japan was paralyzed by fear. It’s still growing, because of that, yak 9 sickle lіtak "Box Car" Major Suina threw off a bomb on Nagasaki to a friend. Here, too, a few hundred thousand inhabitants were wounded and wounded. Unable to stand up to the new strike, the Japanese uryad capituluvav - an atomic bomb hit the Chinese Other light warriors.
Vіyna skіnchilas. Vona tripled all the rockets, alas, she met the change of sights and people who were even more unprecedented.
Human civilization before 1939 rock and human civilization in 1945 rock are not similar one to one. For many reasons, but one of the most important - the emergence of nuclear destruction. It is possible, without too much to say, that Tin Hiroshimi lie on all other half of the XX century. Vona became a great moral opioid for many of the many people who were involved in the catastrophe, so they were born after ten years of her life. Luckily, Lyudin can’t think about light like that, as they thought about it until the 6th sickle of 1945, but it’s clear that it’s clear that the light could be transformed into nothing.
Luckily, a person cannot be astonished at vіyna, so as I marveled at yo dіdy and great - I know for a fact that we will be left alone, and in them there will not be any difficulties, nor changes. The nuclear game has imposed its own video beats on all spheres of suspicious life, and a modern civilization cannot live under these laws, but sixty and sixty rocky ones. Nichto is not more beautiful than the creators of the atomic bomb themselves.
“People of our planet , - wrote Robert Oppenheimer, - guilty about it. Zhakh і ruynuvannya, posіyanі the rest of the, Dictate to us a qiu dumka. Vibuchs of atomic bombs have brought її with an intense horror. In the last hour, some of the other people were already saying other words - only about the inspiration and about the others. The stench did not succeed. Along with that, hto and for the present say, that words do not bring corysti, introductions to Oman minlivistyu іstorії. We can’t be transferred to a single place. The results of our work do not leave people behind in their choice, except for the establishment of the communication of lights. Light, foundation on legality and humanism ".