The history of ancient China lasts for a long time. A short history of ancient China. Briefly explain the nature of ancient China

China - land z old history... To get involved, the first slave powers in the territory of China have appeared in 21 centuries BC. (Xia dynasty).

U 221 BC Winiklo Perche was a great centralized power - the Tsin empire.

Recovering from the era of Han (206 BC - 220 BC) in China, the process of becoming feudal tribes. The feudal suspension was going through the period of its development before the ruling of the Tang dynasty (618 - 907 rubles). At the end of the hour of the highest level, the development reached the Silskoe government, the development of crafts and trade. The whole country has covered itself with the hedge of land and water ways of obtaining, the boules have established wide economic and cultural links with the countries of the country, including Japan, Korea, Persia, India and others. Science, literature and art flourished.

At the 13th capital of China, people have come across Mongol conquerors and mayzhe 100 years (1271-1368). Until then, it was introduced to China by the first Europeans, including the Venetian merchant Marco Polo.

The Chinese Min dynasty (1368-1644 rr.) Came to replace the Mongol Yuan dynasty in the course of the people's insurrection. Immediately in the Chinese economy, the beginnings of new virobniks appear. Trade develops, first manufactories appear.

In the first half of the 17th century, the Manchurians invaded China, and the Qing dynasty fell asleep (1644), which ruled the land until 1912. Tsinska rulers pursued a policy of self-isolation and rejected the maintenance of the existing feudal order. As a result, China has more and more emerged as the leading countries of Europe. The economic and vital weakness of Qing China was especially clearly manifested in the period of the First Opium War (1840-1842).

The other half of the 19th century is a cob of the 20th century, an hour of hospitable social and economic crisis. China more and more fell under the dominion of the great powers that hour, as they spread it on a sphere in flux.

The Xinhai Revolution swept away the land of the Russian dynasty in 1911, and the republic was thrown out in China.

At the beginning of the rock, China took the fate of the first years of war on the boats of Antanti, and on the ear of the 30s of rock in the face of aggression on the side of Japan. In 1930, the Japanese militarists paid for the Pivnichno-Shidni provinces, establishing the Marionette state of Manchukuo there, and in 1937 they thought they would go against China. At the crescent of 1945, I will join the war against the Japanese of the Radiansky Union, the Japanese Kwantung army capitalized, and the Japanese zagarbniki boules were sent to China.

From the end of the twenties to 1949, the internal political situation in China was characterized by a strenuous struggle for power between the ruling party and the Communist Party of China. As a result of the huge war 1945 - 1949 rr. vlada Gomindanu was knocked down, and on the 1st of June 1949, the leaf of the People's Republic of China was destroyed.

Having voted its own message about socialism, the Chinese culture in the 50s took as a basis the so-called "Radian economic model" of the planned economy. In China, a nationalization of industry was carried out, in the Silskoy state government the establishment of cooperatives and people's communes. With the active development and addition of the Radiansky Union, more than 200 industrial projects were prompted in the Central Government, and the foundations of the modern industry were laid.

60-70 Rocks of the 20th Century Bully in the context of aggravated political struggles and shocks " cultural revolution"(1966 - 1976 p.). On the death of Mao Zedong, 1976, the so-called" bandi chotiroh "and those who brought the turnovers to the active political activity of Den Xiaopin by the Chinese capitalist of the capitalization of the education course on modernization of the economy. 11 clicks voted on the ear of the policy of "reforms and the opening of the land of the new world."

Over the past few years, China has wondered about great achievements in the development of national economics, the development of the life of the population, the establishment of the foundations of the market government, viyshov in the first place in the celebration of the promises of the members of the scientific community Carrying out at leaf fall 2002 r 16 z'yzd KPK visunuv zvdannya zbіlshiti GDP of the country in 4 times in the period from 2000 rock, so to allow China to go to the middle-soul indicators, characteristic of the middle-aged countries of the world.

The main epochs of the Chinese history in that view, in the same vision of the traditional history of history, are suggested below. Placement dates can be exact from 841 r BC.

*** PRE-IMPERATOR CHINA

1. "Three rulers" and "Five emperors": the myth of the era of the Golden Capital, on the yak, prote, confucians, in their theoretical worlds, as it was, as Christians - on the Book of Butty.

2. Xia Dynasty (XXI - XVI centuries BC). From the era of the past, mythical views and a number of archaeological memorials; The suspicion of both these and the first is hypothetical.

3. Shang (Ін): XVI - XI Art. BC First letters of memory.

4. Zakhidne Zhou (about 1027 - 770 BC). The given confucians have a golden mark. On the day - to finish the fluff of power, the yaka ended with a feudal recession.

5. Lego - "Oremi Kingdom" (770 - 221 BC): the hour of feudal fragmentation. Within the framework of the era, the following are also seen: Shidne Zhou (770 - 256); Chunqiu ("Spring and Autumn", for the name of the script, edited by Confucius: 770 - 475 or 403; Zhango (Shuo Fight the Kingdom) - 475 or 403 - 221, the period of fighting the seven strongest powers (Qin, Chu, Zha'an Qi, Yan) for the unification of the land.

*** IMPERIAL CHINA

1. Qin (221 - 207 rr. BC). The rule of Qin Shi-Huang (Tsar Qin z 241, emperor z 221) - the folding of the apparatus of bureaucratic empire.

2. Zakhidna (Elder) Han: 206 (actually 202) BC. - 8 A.D. The pinnacle of the political, economical and vital development of ancient China. The folding of the social structure of the empire. Establishment of a link to the distant lands along the Great Shovkovy Way.

3. Xin (rule of the usurper Wang Man): 9 - 23 AD.

4. Skhidna (Molosha) Han: 25 - 220. The crisis of the old Chinese statehood, which culminated in the grandiose revolts of the "zhovty bandages" and the destruction of the country between the military leaders and the patron saints.

5. Trinity: 220 - 280. The struggle of the kingdoms of Wei, Shu-Han and U.

6. Zakhidna Tszin: 265 - 316 (registered the land at 280). Vlada voyaccini.

7. Skhidna Tszin: 317 - 420. Volodya tilki Pivdnem, so yak Pivnich up to 317 m flooded by kochivniki; here the "16 powers of the five pivnichnyh tribes" formed, evoked by the "barbarian kingdoms" in Europe.

8. "Pivnichny and Pivdenny courtyards": 420 - 589. Ancient Chinese, degrading statehood - the dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen; at the same time with the kolishnіm kingdom In and the Shіdnoї Tszіn іх invite to unite under the names of the "Six Dynasties". The Epoch of Six Dynasties is a turning point in the history of Chinese culture: the crisis of Confucianism, the lasting triumph of Buddhism, the formation of the foundations of the middle artistic culture. At Pivnochi Panun, the state of one of the Xianbei tribes - Toba-Wei, within the framework of which nomads is Shvidko Sinicized; 534 won. In 589, one of the ancient kingdoms - Sun raised Pivden and re-united the land.

9. Sun: 581 - 618. The revival of Confucianism, aggressive war.

10. Tan: 618 - 906. Political development, which changes from the middle of the VIII century. on the fall. The system of central control, law, education (including the examination system) is a classic form that can be acquired during the onset of dynasties and borrowed by other countries. The Chinese armies control Korea, Vietnam, an hour - Step and Middle Asia. Golden wick of travel: Li Bo, Du Fu, Wang Wei, Bo Ju. Іdeinі heights of Chinese Buddhism. Ear of reform of Confucianism. In the beginning of the era - the village of vіyna Huang Chao.

11. Five dynasties: 907 - 960. Pivnichniy China is governed by changing one of the ephemeral regimes and let us come to the Khitan tribe (in the Russian Dzherels - "China"), which conquer the Pekin region. Fifth Day of fragmentation into the "Ten Kingdoms".

12. Pivnichna Sun: 960 - 1127. China is one, but at the same time the political and worldly old is weak. "Golden Victory" of the Confucian bureaucracy. A kind of "constitutional" monarchy is taking shape, in which the emperor is surrounded by the top bureaucracy and bureaucratic energy. The design of the neo-Confucian philosophical system. Razkvіt poezії in the genre of qi, singing the miskiy novella. Burkhlivy razkvit economy, uryadovy control over how it slightly weakened at the time of the Tansky hour.

13. Pivdenna Sun: one thousand one hundred and twenty semester - 1279. Volodya tilki Pivdennem; Pivnich, having crossed over from the ruler of the Chzhurchzhen (ancient Manchu) "Golden Empire" Tsin (1115 - 1234), and then the Mongol Tatars, under Chingiz Khan conquered the regions in the XIII century. - the whole country.

14. Yuan: one thousand two hundred seventy-one - 1368. Founded by Khubilai, the onuk of Chingiz Khan (tse Shukav Shukav Shlyakh Columbus to this kingdom!). Vlada of the Mongol-Tatars, was brought down by the zalnonatsionalny insurgents "chervonykh vіysk" (1351 - 68). The fall in the classics of literary genres and the ear for the development of more democratic ones: drama, aria, a novel. In the end of the XIII century. Marco Polo "vidkriv" China for Europe.

15. Min: 1368 - 1644. The master - Zhu Yuanchzhang, a synonym of a peasant, later - a participant in the rebellion "chervonikh vіysk". Try a wide variety of economic and vital conditions, the peak of which falls on the ear of the 15th century. (Floating Zheng He all the way to Africa, zahochennya zznіshnoї trade in її specific kind) from 1436 change the course on self-isolation of the country. At the same time, the era of Mine is the last period of the political, economic and spiritual development of old China. The land of the rule of the dynasty of Min was deceived by the villager because of Li Tszichen's policy, which was the conquest of the land by the Manchus.

16. Qing: 1644 - 1911. Manchurian dynasty. In 1842, the Nanking Light, which shaped China in the "first opium war" from England, followed the ear of the country’s re-creation in the form of a colony and great crisis of the entire traditional Chinese suspension. The rule of the church dynasty ended with the Xinhai bourgeois-democratic revolution, as it was the end of the whole Old China. Voted in Nankin on 01.01.1912. formally, the meeting of the Ostny Bogdihan (Manchurian Emperor) Pu I - 02/12/1912.

Compass, gunpowder, dumplings, papir (including toilet paper and papery pennies), shovk and a lot of speeches from our pobut, who are we all together? Yak awkwardly, all the stinks came to us from ancient China. The Chinese culture and civilization has brought to the people the helpless and superb wine-walkers, vidkrittiv. Moreover, it is not only in the material sphere, but in the spiritual, as well as the celebration of the great Chinese philosophers and sages, such as Kun-Dzi (big vidomy yak Confucius) and Lao-Tszi become relevant at all times of that era. Yaka buli is the history of ancient China, its culture and religion, read about everything in our article.

History of ancient China

Winning of the civilization of ancient China fell on a friend half of the 1st millennium BC. e. In those distant parts of China, there was an ancient feudal power, like the Menuval Zhou (by the name of the ruling dynasty). Then the power of Zhou, as a result, fell on a circle of other kingdoms and principalities, which fought without interruption one by one for power, territory and inflow. The Chinese themselves call the ancient period of their history Chzhango - the era of Fighting Kingdoms. Seven main kingdoms were gradually seen, as all of them were destroyed: Qin, Chu, Wei, Zhao, Han, Qi and Yan.

Unimportant to political fragmentation, Chinese culture and civilization was actively developing, new places appeared, crafts and government gifts were developed, and won the bronze. The same period can be easily named as the golden capitals of Chinese philosophy, as well as at that hour the famous Chinese sages Lao-Tszi and Confucius lived, on some of the details of three of them, as well as the last scholars they also filled the wisdom of the wisdom with their thoughts and labors.

I know, nevertheless, indifferent to those that the Chinese civilization took shape in that period from the seven fragmented kingdoms, the smell of the world’s day, one mova, one tradition, history, religion. And it is not a bar to one of the strongest kingdoms - Qin before the keruvans of the suvorogi and warlike emperor Qin Shihuand, conquering all of the kingdoms far into the distance, knowing ancient China before the ensign of the single state.

True, the Qin dynasty ruled over the same China for only 11 years, but for ten years there was one of the greatest in the Chinese history. Reforms carried out by the Emperor imprisoned all sides of Chinese life. Well, why did you aim for such a reform of ancient China?

The first of them was a land reform, which gave a beggar blow to the communal land cold, the first time the land began to be bought and sold. Another bula is administrative reform, as the entire Chinese territory has been distributed to the administrative center, the stinks are posed (xiang), a sovereign official has taken shape on such an occasion, who, with his own head, has told the emperor for order. The third important reform was the tribute reform, as before the Chinese paid a tribute of land - tithing in return, now the payment has been dragged down from fallen lands, which gave the state a lot of weariness in the absence of fallowness. with neurosurges they kicked now on the shoulders of earthworms.

And without any summaries it was necessary in those troubled hours of the Bula Vijskova reform, as in the case of the war, it was overwhelmed by China: I would go to the Chinatown, and then in the back of the Chinese, but also in the back of the Chinese, the bullet was rebuilt and reorganized. the bully is replaced by a short and large hand (like in kochivniks). The soldiers were divided into p'yatyrki and dozens, tied one to one system of mutual guarantee, those who did not appear in proper manhood were given to suvor punishment.

This is approximately how they saw the ancient Chinese wars, the terrorist army of Qin Shi Huang.

During the visit of the reformer Qin Shikhauandi, they helped the formation of the Qin army, one of the most powerful people in ancient China, to overcome the kingdom, unite China and transform it into the strongest power on the Descent.

On the change of the Qin dynasty, a new Han dynasty came, as it changed the right of its successors, expanded the Chinese territory, expanded the Chinese inflow to some of the peoples, as the Gobi was empty at the beginning of Memorial.

Map of ancient China in the era of Qin and Han.

The ruling hour of the Qin and Han dynasty is the period of the greatest development of the old Chinese civilization and culture. The Han dynasty itself lasted until the II century BC. That is, it also fell apart as a result of Chergov's troubles, the era of the Chinese might have changed by the era of the fall, and they came to change during the summer. The fall of Han in China came the era of the three kingdoms, while the dynasty of Tsin came to the reign, the dynasty of Sui came, and yet so richly developed one imperial Chinese dynasty conquered until Han. Protest, China is always going through the most terrible crises and troubles of history; That one in our hour sposterіgaєmo Chergovy evil of the Chinese civilization, and you can read the article singingly on computers, either phones or tablets, a lot of details of which (perhaps not all) are broken, it’s awesome in China.

The culture of ancient China

The Chinese culture is superbly rich and rich, it won’t be rich in why it has become a foreign culture. The first is the greatest addition here, in our eyes, the tse of wines by the Chinese to the paper, yake, in his own heart, has actively poured into the development of letters. At the same time, if the ancestors of the Bagatyokh European peoples still lived in the land and could not think of writing, the Chinese also created great libraries with their ancestors.

The technology of writing of ancient China also passed through the Chimal of Evolution and appeared before the wine day of the paper, a handful of Chinese were written on bamboo; Then they scraped the top and bottom edges with shkinny repairs, and the bamboo panel was pulled, as it could be easily rolled into a roll. Such a bula is an ancient Chinese book. The appearance of the paperwork made it possible to make the books more expensive, and the books themselves were made available for the bagatyokh. If you want, intelligently, the extravagant Chinese villagers at that time have become unwritten, but for the state officials and those more aristocrats they are more literate, and also the volodin 'misterious leaves, calligraphy, in the bounds of bounds.

Pennies in ancient China, as well as in other civilizations, I make boules at the sight of metal coins, however, in the ancient kingdoms, coins could have a different shape. Protest, in an hour the Chinese themselves perished, however, already in the greater age of the era they began to pick up paper pennies.

About the high development of crafts in ancient China, we know from the ancestors of Chinese writers quietly. Moreover, the Chinese skin region was famous for its maister maysters.

The shipbuilding was actively developing in ancient China, it's easy to witness, but the model of the 16 oar chovna, junks, and archaeologists have been well preserved.

So viglyada is an ancient Chinese junk.

And so, the ancient Chinese boules were good sailors and in the right stench they could have seen the European Vikings. Hourly, the Chinese, as well as the European ones, robbed the maritime expeditions, the most grandiose of which were the sailing of the Chinese admiral Zheng He, who was the first to go from the Chinese to the shores of the contiguous Africa and the east. For an orientation in sea traffic, the Chinese have added a compass, and they will find them.

Philosophy of ancient China

Philosophy of ancient China stands on two hundredths: Taoism and Confucianism, which are based on two great Witnesses: Lao-Tszi and Confucius. Two strands of Chinese philosophy harmoniously complement one one. As Confucianism is the origin of the moral, ethical side of the suspicious life of the Chinese (I go to the fathers, serving the suspension, the good spirit of children, the nobility of the spirit), then Taoism is glad to the religious light and at once with himself.

Do not scare some people, what you don’t want, the stench robbed you... - Confucius.

Admitting anger to the Great - you know an excess of anger. Calm down - creative blessing. Lao Ji.

The rows of two great Chinese sages, in our view, clearly convey the essence of the philosophy of ancient China and wisdom for the quiet, who has wuha (in these words, in short, all of them).

Religion of ancient China

Ancient Chinese religion is richly linked to Chinese philosophy, moral warehouse from Confucianism, mystical to Taoism, and it is also highly suspected of Buddhism, religious religion, yak in the V century BC. That is, it appeared in the middle.

The Buddhist monk and monk Bodhidharma (who is also the forerunner of the legendary monaster Shao-Lin) for the legend of the first principle of Buddhism in the territory of China, really spent on a pleasant soil and rose in color. In the past, Buddhism became the third unsettled warehouse economy in China.

Buddhism is also well infused into the development of illumination in ancient China (the Buddhist Chent is a commoner, and as a monk, you need to read literacy of that letter). Bagato Buddhist monasteries at once became and reference scientific and cultural centers of that hour, even though they were busy with rewriting Buddhist sutras (they started with a great number of libraries), they started learning about the buddhists and learned from them.

The Buddhist monaster Shao-Lin, and the very start to take the ear of the common martial arts.

Bagato Chinese emperors defended Buddhism, making generous donations to monasteries. At that moment, ancient China has become a true stronghold of Buddhist religion, and even Buddhist missionaries have brought the gift of Buddha to the other lands: Korea, Mongolia, Japan.

A masterpiece of ancient China

The religion of ancient China, especially Buddhism, has infused a lot of it into its mystery, as it has richly created art, frescoes, sculptures and sculptures. Aleksei in China, a special and unique style of painting has been formed, in which there is great respect for landscapes, I describe the beauty of nature.

Yak, for example, is a painting by a Chinese artist Liao Songtao, written in the spokonvіchno Chinese style.

The architecture of ancient China

Bagato old-fashioned Chinese design, set by talented architects of the past, and until the end of the day will wake up our dumping. Particularly hostile to the development of the palaces of the Chinese emperors, who are responsible for everything, blame them for accentuating respect for the emperor's temple. In the їkh stylistics, in the general order of the presence of magnitudes and writing.

Palace of the Chinese Emperor, Zaborone Misto, Pekin.

The palaces of the Chinese emperors were built in two sections: the ceremonial for the official, and for the general for the living, the private life of the emperor and his family passed

Buddhist architecture in China is represented by numerous beautiful pagodas and temples, inspired by Chinese writing and grandeur.

Chinese pagoda.

Buddhist temple.

• Ancient China is a fatherland to football, so Chinese histories are imbedded in, reflections of the gras in the ball are still in the ancient Chinese chronicles, which date back to 1000 BC. e.
• The very Chinese boules were one of the first wines of the calendar, so approximately in 2000 BC. That is, the stench has become vicoristovuvati the monthly calendar, mainly for the Silk-state robots.
• For a long time now, the Chinese roam the birds, and the fenix, the crane, and the pitching are the most popular ones. Fenix ​​will provide imperative power and strength. Zhuravel symbolizes dovgolittya, and pitching is a symbol of happiness.
• Among the ancient Chinese people, they have legal wealth, a little lightly for mind, how people can reach their money, and how to get rid of a few squads. Well, there are Chinese emperors, then an hour in their harems there will be a thousand concubines.
• The Chinese were convinced that it would take an hour to take a calligraphy to see the soul of the people.
• Great Chinatown, a grandiose monument of Chinese culture, is included in the Guinness Book of Records for the bagatma parameters: a single Budova on earth, as seen from space, there were 2000 rockets - from 300 rock BC. That is, before 1644, and at the beginning of the day, more people died, not de-not.

Ancient China, video

І at the end of the tsikaviy documentary film about ancient China.

China has a history of practically uninterrupted history, which is close to six thousand years. Letters dzherela, however, tell about three of the lesser vice - 3600 rock. China has presented people without wine-driving, including gunpowder, compass, papyr and folding hand. Until the 19th century, China was one of the most advanced states of the world and the main cultural center of Central Asia. In the past, the land has survived the entire century of colonial drowning, protest against the knowledge of a mighty, independent industrial power.

A short look

Vvazhaєtsya, scho people on the territory of China lived already 7 million years ago. And the Persha Chinese dynasty - Xia - ruled the ear in 2700 BC. Effort of the coming period to mate with the rules in the land of the early dynasties, which are constantly changing one one. To be able to save all the Chinese history, to start the periodization, based on the tradition of the Han Chinese history:

1. Pre-Imperial China (Xia, Shang, Zhou - up to 221 BC)
2. Imperial China (Qin - Qing)
3. New China (1911 - bitch.)

First Emperor Shi Huang- having united China under his rule, having distributed the news to the empire Qin(221-206 BC) on 36 provinces, which were ruled by officials who are recognized as emperor. Vin voiced about the pride of all the warriors, took the children from the children and melted them down, having stayed 12 great monuments. Having ordered the world and wagy, introduced the standard writing of the indicators, organizing the hard bureaucratic management system. From the hour of the rule of Shi Huang to the building of the Great Chinese Style. The merezha road 15 m wide. I called the land with 7500 km.

To a friend in the history of China, the empire, I will name it Han(206 BC-220 AD), falling asleep as a middle-ranking official Liu Bang. The whole period is one of the most important periods in the history of China, the Chinese themselves have taken their own name zvidsi (han).

epochs Tan(618-907 rr.) І Sung(960-1127 pp.) It was adopted as the classic period in the history of China.
In the period of Panuvannya Tan Bula, a system of sovereign aspirations was formed. Smells took the vikhovannya of the sanctioned elite, the scandalous candidate, who knew the classic texts well, was independent from the social proclamation to acquire the rank of an official. People who are humane to occupy - writers, philosophers, vcheni - boomed people of a privileged class.
The period of Sung embraces the era of economic and cultural development in China. The growing number of places, the growing number of the local population, the Chinese craftsmen reach the height of the prepared virobes from porcelain, seam, varnish, wood, elephant brush, etc.

On the ear of the XIII century, Mongols invade China under the rule of Chingiskhan. The stench of boules of vignani in the middle of the XIV century was written for trivial struggle. Until the power of the priysh, one of the cores of the insurrection is the sin of the peasant Zhu Yuanzhang, who fell asleep the power min(1368-1644)

dynasty Qing(1644-1911), felled by the conquerors of Manchuria, vibuduval the rest of the empire, maximizing the territory of the country. Until the middle of the 19th century, the population of China had grown to about 400 million people, although the management and financial system was extremely ineffective, which laid the foundation for future problems and crises. Corruption was everywhere, the leader of the elite did not want reforms. While the odds are low in Opium Wines, China, however, has been intimidated by the power of the European powers to be unequal to the treaty, having created its own markets and handed over to the head of the country control.

The Manchu dynasty of Bula was knocked down as a result Xinhai Revolution(1911). The Qing empire collapsed and the root of the Chinese Republic was thrown out. In 1912, the Revolutionary Party of Gomindan was launched for the USA and Japan campaigns. And in 1921, the Communist Party of China was initiated by the Communist International for the support of Russian organizations. Since 1927, the rock of the Kuomintang and the CPC is being repaired with a little bit of a huge vіynu... In the 1930s, the Japanese intervention was repaired, which interrupted the conflict for an hour. When Japan was struck in 1945, the PDA was renewed. Until 1949, the CPC army took control over a large part of the land.

1 October 1949 rocu booze thrashed approval of the People's Republic of China. Head of the Communist Party of China Mao Zedong uchistoly having looked at the tribune on the Tiananmen square. On the coming day, the Radiansky Union will first visit the People's Republic of China and have signed agreements with her about friendship, union and I will help.

Announcement of the Chinese Civilization

Yangshao culture

The middle of the Zemlerobsky Neolithic vine in the Huang River basin is approximately in the 6th-5th millennia BC. f. For the ancient Chinese Neolithic, boules are characterized by close-knit species of cereals (wheat, barley) and a breed of domestic thinness (cow, vivtsya, goat), a potter's wheel and innovations, at that hour we have already come to China. The design of ceramics and tips for growing grain crops, knowledge of the domestication of thinness (pig), allows you to call the culture of Yangshao with analogous cultures of roasted ceramics, zokrem close to the farm. At the same time, it’s not about pouring into the form of mass migration. Let us denote the racial type in the Old Chinese Rivnini since ancient times, the Buli Mongolians (interspersed with the European-Australoid racial types singly), and the very same time the old Chinese vogynische civil.

Bronze vik in China

An ear of bronze capital was recorded by archaeologists from the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. In the end of the Neolithic era in the Lunshan-Lunshanoid neolithic midst of the Khliborobi in the Huanghe basin, the bronze culture has been developed Shang-Іn... You can let go, but the civilization of the bronze capital in China is known to be rich in what the goiters are due to the cultural influx of zzovn. To talk about high tempi, show and develop a bronze finish: the development of a bronzolivary right, the appearance of letters, the existence of writing palaces and a tomb built, a mystery of stone cutting, filling of filling, embellishment, filling About the call of civilizations, the most convertible are the Yin boys of the identical Indian. Pre-Chinese China did not know any horses, nor did it carry. With this rank, the Indo-European tribes could play a role in the process of the genesis of the Chinese civilization. At the same time, they also boiled Mongoloids, so it is important to talk about migrations in the hundreds of times.

Ancient China. Pre-imperial period.

The ancient Chinese historical tradition commenced the history of China by describing the period of the rule of five legendary emperors. The hour of panuvannya will take off as a golden sign of wisdom, justice and honesty. sage Yao handing over his throne to the stately and good-natured Shunyu, And the one - to the great Yuyu, Fixing from the rule of yakogo vlada began to be transmitted in the recessions. Yu to become the forerunner of the first dynasty Xia... The Chinese istoriographic tradition of vvazhaє, the Xia dynasty ruled China in the end of the 3rd and the ear of the 2nd millennium BC. That is, the left unvirtuous representative of Tsze has lost his authority, and by that of the moral right of the cheruvati of the Middle Kingdom. Win buv peremozhnim good Chen Tan, Like falling asleep a new dynasty ін.

Є Let’s respect you, but no Xia didn’t disappear. If the Pershi Yin perekazi were written down, the term Xia gave rise to the supremacy of the Chinese lands and population. It is not included that the invasion of the Yins into the Huanghe Basin for the last year and for the sake of their comprehension was replaced by some (Xia) іnshim (Yins).

The Yin spirit was settled in the Anyana region. Here, the great proto-state was built on top of an omnipotent ruler. Ruler-van Buv is one hour and a high priest. Posada became a decline for the rest of the rulers. Administrators were divided into three main categories - senior administrators-dignitaries, lower officials-officials, posadovs, who were advised for their preparation and love. On a part of the van and the next, they saw turbots about the harvest, preparation and clearing of the fields. book pisen Shijing zgadu about the great fields, plowed by the collectives of the villagers under the control of the visuals. All remanufacturing products are also vikoristovuvalas in a centralized order. There is a similar model of a bullet in the royal temples of the ancient Egypt or Dvorichchia.

Happy Dzherel of the era of Shang-Іn є spellbound on specially chipped lamb shoulder blades and tortoise shells. The whole boulevard has been revealed over 150 yew. Such writing. Judging from us, іntsi lived in a compact group of same tribesmen, who were guided by social ritual and cult practice, sacrifices in honor of their spiritual ancestors, deities and spirits. Seemingly, they practiced human sacrifices from the number of dead people. The rite of spіlkuvannya with the dead vanes and ancestors is more important. From their will and education, after the gifts of the Indians, the team was found out. Informing the ancestors about the encampment and the current problems, having gone before them with the haunted, they wrote down the essence of the law on the handles and carried out the rite of passage.

Інци were active call the policy, Including the expansion and expansion of their territories for the rakhunok susidiv. Most of the power reached under U Dini. Ozbroєna battle chariots, which was laid out from professional archers and spearmen, the Yin army was bulled by a terrible force, like a trimala in conquering susіdіv.

Until the number of such suspensions zhousqi We lived at the end of Shan-Іn. Їx the capital of Bulo Zongzhou. The Zhou rulers recognized the suzerainty of the Yin Wang. By the year the stench of a zumіli change and іn thе іn thе coalition of tribes, yak in the іntsev rakhunka and thrashed Shan-In at the great battle of Muya in 1027 r. BC e. The new volodar of ancient China, becoming Woo-wang.

China in the period of Zakhidny Zhou (1027-771 B.C.)

The innumerable Zhou tribe, having defeated the Indians, appeared on the part of the great Vyisko-political society, between which they went far beyond the scope of the entire territory of Shang-Іn and practically hunted down the whole Huang He basin. Bula was created for the Chzhous residents of Nova Capital Chenzhou... Vona became the city of relocation of a significant part of the Zhou administration, and also the main center for the development of 8 armies. Іnsha part of the administration, 6 armies and the van himself from usim yogo courtyard prodovzhuvali life in Zongzhou, In the areas of the colonial clan settlements of the Chzhous people. Started the name of the described period (Zakhidne Zhou).

U cei period bulo virobleno vchennya pro mandate of heaven(Tyan-min), zgіdno z yakim Heaven gives the mandate for the management of the Celestial Empire to the virtuous ruler, letting the unvirtuous ruler themselves. Having taken advantage of the legitimate ideology, the zhoustsi zoomed to improve the efficiently centralized administration, spiraling to the 14th army center in the two capitals. On the administrative board, the aristocracy was recognized as having little good fortune and the merits of the aristocracy, the first for all of the Zhou and Yin clan nobility. In the houses, the building administrators were scampered up the hill at the service gatherings. Important innovations have become the root of the system and the length of time that came in the fall of power and management to relatives and the approach of the ruler. The Vlasnik rejected the squad of the Chzhous warriors. A handful of volsniki have overlaid the boules, tied tightly to the center, and have been hidden from the center of the city. However, the situation changed. The rulers already in the 4th-6th generations already saw themselves as rulers in their lands.

Zanepad vlady vana i change his nadilu

The number of the first ones was speeding up each year. Some of them, from the very cob of boules, are more susceptible, which additionally helped them to grow faster and are lighter than the supernicks. The Іnshi boules were visibly roztashovani, which allowed them a lot of money to grow the earth for the rakhunok of the weak susіdіv. The third, the outskirts, boldly fought their boundaries for the rakhunok vіyny with the tribes of the zovnіshny belt. Fourths, navpaks, boules were imprisoned by strong susides, and the recession of the fathers was gradually drawn into the nervous struggle. All the tse summoned the decilkoh of the great parts to be able to do it.

One of the rulers of Zakhid Zhou, Xuan-wang having tried to carry out a number of reforms, directing to the empowerment of the central government, for example in the area of ​​opodatkuvannya. However, the reforms nashtovuvalis on op_r oochuyuchi і, smut, vyavilsya zanadto zapiznіlimi. Xing Xuan-wang, Yu-wang Having put his beloved concubine as a legitimate squad, the daughter of the ruler of the fall Shen. That, in an alliance with the common barbarian tribes, invaded Zongzhou and threw off Yu-wan. Pislya tsyo sin Yu-wan, Pin-van, Buv of snares at 771 p. BC e. to move your residence to the capital city, to Loi, Scho became the ear of the period Skhidne Zhou. Lands in the districts of the old capital of Zongzhou Pin-wan made one of the allies, which on the basis of the land opened a new udil Qin- the one who, after 500 years, united the Chou kingdom to China within the framework of the United Empire.

Period Zhangguo ("fight the kingdom", V-III centuries BC)

A whole hour of large-scale destruction in all spheres of life in China, from the productive forces to ideology, from the development of the outskirts before the war. In tsei period China has entered the zal_zniy vіk. Krim roles in virobnistvі, zalіznі people literally revolutionized the army. On the change of the carriages came the abundance and the good fortune, and then the book. Battles for the fate of dozens and hundreds of thousands of wars were fought, the strategy and tactics were developing, as well as being depicted in treatises about the master's art (Sun Ji).

The period of Chzhanguo will be an hour of recovery and struggle between the seven greatest kingdoms (Wei, Zhao, Han, Qin, Qi, Yan і Chu)... Zmagalisya between themselves kingdoms led between themselves baked vіyni. The map of the country was gradually overlapped, the front edge was hired by the mighty powers. Most of them have carried out reforms of the legal type. Naybіlsh generally and radically reorganized bully in the middle of the IV century. BC in Qin. Pochiv їkh poklav legist Shang Yang.

In the first place, the bulo is strictly regulated by the communes of the land. Great families are guilty, but they will be given to little ones. Bula has a system of mutual guarantee: the courtyards are united in five or dozens, within the framework of which all the inhabitants of Qin Buli are knitted stitches one by one and one by one.

In another way, a new system of social ranks was introduced, which were assigned to people for their merits, in front of them. From the singing level, the ranks were given to pilgrims and privileges, right up to the right to the settlement of volodinnya and income from ny. Until superciliously, they rocked the vlains, as they were able to take advantage of the other rows, to which the craft and trade were secured, and the free mechanism of expres- sion was secured. It is possible to uncover inappropriateness for thinking about a chimali of social rank.

At 350 r BC the whole kingdom was divided into kerovans by officials of the country. Bula unified the world and vag system, fixed behind the villagers їхні nadіli. Excessive growth was known under strict control of power.

Stumped by the swift youngsters of the Qin, they tried to create a coalition of the opposite. The whole friend's half of Zhangguo passed under the sign of intrigue, master diplomacy. However, the intrigues and folding alliances did not help. The kingdom of Chu fell into oblivion in 221 r. BC e. Qin Іn Zheng, Maybutny Emperor Tsin Shi-Huandi, having completed the transfer of his dominion to China.

Empire Qin

In Chzhen, having accepted the new title "Qin Shihuandi" ("The First Volodar-Emperor of the Qin Dynasty"), the land was transformed into a centralized bureaucratic empire. The state podkoril suvoru administrative control of all aspects of the life of people, the population took all the zombie and poured it into the ringing. All empire has one legislation. Yogo was based on the bail system. The death penalty was fixed for all wrongs, including others. Often they strayed or re-embodied in the sovereign slaves the whole family.

The territory of the Bula was divided into 36 administrative districts, in the skin environment, the civilian Vlada Bula was in the hands of one official, and Vyskov - in the hands of the one. Look after them with a special service of inspectors - the emperor's assistant. The Emperor acknowledged two radniks, such as bullets, for those who were not guilty of decree. In their own order, the radars of the small central households have a small number. One of the most important bulo is the Yushi Dafu family. The obligations of these officials included the acquisition of the sovereign archives and the reorganization of the robots of the districts.

There are many robots in the country who have built roads and channels. The development of trade and the efficiency of management increased. For this purpose, the roads had grown demanded to be repaired; In all the empire for Qin Shi-Huand, 700 palaces were prompted. The capital of Sanya became one of the most beautiful places of empire. At the time of the rule of Qin Shihuang, the Great Chinese Wall was built and a giant force for the emperor. They have spaced 6,000 terakotov war guards in full size. The budget was carried out for the rakhunok zhorstokoї exploitation, tributes for the villagers reached 2/3 of the harvested.

Throughout the country, there are unified pennies, one world and one, as well as writing,. Punished is the blame for all the doings of the pre-Church era, so that people do not get a hint of knowledge about the old hours and orders. For the longevity of the old days and the principles of reforms, hundreds of great confu- sants have been stricken.

The Qin dynasty wicked overwhelming hatred, and after the death of Qin Shihuang in 210 p. BC That is, an insurrection all over the land was immediately awaited. At 207 p. BC That is, the encroachment of the rebels took the capital and threw off the Sina Qin Shi Huand. However, China at that moment іnuvav yak dina power. The leading Chinese empires, who came to the Qin change, in a political and economic plan, have quite a lot at their front. The Qin empire carried out all 14 years, but after a few days and the importance of changes, it took an hour and a whole era for China.

Padinnya Qin

Qin Shikhuandі pragnuv to know the secret of immortality, ala 210 p. BC That is, 49 years of age have not been approved yet. The young Sin became a Yogo decayman, who ascended the throne before Yershi Huandi (210-207 rr. BC. E.).

At 209 p. BC That is, in the land of the people of the insurrection, the imperial vіyska began to move to the bik of the insurgents. One of the armies was punished by the other official Liu Bang. At 202 p. BC that is, win ob'єdnu China under its own rule and take over the imperatorska im'ya title Gao-tzu(202-195 pp. BC. E.).

Han dynasty

Gao-tsu became the forerunner of the new Han dynasty (206/202 r. BC - 220 r. N. e ..).

Bula changed the power management system. Not less than half of the territory of the land Gao-tzu was found in the fall to the closest companions: seven of the most of them were denied the titles of vaniv. In their own volodinnyas, the stench was widespread. The vani could independently sign and recognize the officials, collect the tribute and establish the obligations. In the іnshіy part of the country, the Bulo has introduced an administrative apparatus, which has gone beyond the Qin dynasty. A number of visits were bulging, the camp was rapidly growing to the people, and they were eager for the development of the virob. Gao-tzu significantly lowering the land tax (up to 1/15 I grow). Bagato category of the population of the boulevard is zvіlnenі from all obligations.

Hanska Imperia, who has found a new development, reached the position of the Emperor's rule U-dі(140-87 pp. BC. E.). U-dі provіv reform, straightened out on the basis of centralization of the state. The official ideological training of Confucius Bula introduced a system of training officials. Representatives of the districts who are guilty of the bullets have seen them and recommend them to a number of healthy young people. Candidates were sent to join a special academy in the capital, graduates of the Academy for the purpose of providing hospitals were appointed to sit in the state apparatus. The right to join the Academy of Mali is all vilny people, independent of the rank of nobility.

In the end of the II Art. BC That is, the Han vіyska zdіysnyuyut hike against the Hsiungnu at celebrations, to Korea, to the trip to Skhidny Turkestan and to the cordons of the modern V'utnam and M'yanmi. The territory of Han's empire has increased by one third of the protest as a result, it has become involved in the economic and social crisis. Vlada Bula was usurped by one of the relatives of the Emperor, the people were honored, the most of which were the insurrection "Zhovtokhvosty" and "green fox". The peasant armies threw off the usurper, then they swarmed among themselves.

Liu Xiu, who voted for himself as Emperor Guan Wu-di and fell asleep to the Shidna dynasty, or Piznya, Han (25-220 pp.). The capital of Bula was moved to the skid, to the Luoyang city. At the end of the hour, Han's empire has established post-trade diplomatic contacts with the Parthian and the Roman empire. The other half of the I-II st. Imperia lead mayzhe without interruptions with susides.

The Chinese dynasty Skhidna Han also worshiped the people's insurrection, most of which was the insurrection of the "zhovty bandages", which reigned in 184 r. Not. E. At 220 p. That is, after the death of U-di, China falls into three independent kingdoms: Wei, Shu i U... Qia podіya cleverly engages in the end of the history of ancient China.

History of Ancient China, summary

The first empire of ancient China - Qin has developed all the first dozen rockies, and even laid the foundation for the social and economic foundation of the empire of Han. The new empire became one of the strongest powers of the ancient world. It’s an important step in the development of all of Eastern Asia, because of the epochs due to the collapse of the slave’s method of virobnastics. For the national history of China, there is an important stage of consolidation of the old Chinese people. The Chzhango-Tsin-Han era for the historical development of China and all of Central Asia is of the same significance as the Greek light for Europe. Ancient Chinese civilization laid the foundations of cultural tradition, as if the long stretching of the rich history of China can be prowled right up to the New and New Hour.

Features of the development and periodization of the history of ancient China

The young people did not show great diligence in the timing of historical events, not the Chinese, who began to keep their literature from the first millennium BC. and the stench punctually followed the dynasty after the dynasty.

The Chinese history has adopted the victorious days of the past. I will name the skin dynasty, I will name it, not from the prince of rulers. In the capacity of such names, a collection of vikorists was called ethnony (the name of a nation, which the state fell asleep) and topony (name the children of the maybut dynasties). 3 XII century. dynasties are known by philosophical categorical terms, for example, the yuan is literally "primordial" so that an ear of true rule is laid, hv - "enlightened".

In the midst of the modern period, they pass through the "hour of trouble" - the administrative-territorial fragmentation of the country, on which the terminological meaning is included: "The era of fighting kingdoms", "the era of the Six Dynasty"

The tradition of the Chinese power for a long time has not been classical in the principle of power-power and centralized redistribution. Pookie villagers mali nadіli, crushed the land and paid a tribute-rent to the treasury, the structure of the Chinese empire was strong. The stability of such a kind is indispensable, as a rule, within the framework of a daily cycle, not more, most often not more, less on the outskirts of the table. A little bit of the land in the meaning of the number passed to the rich landowners, the situation was repaired by the change. The treasury underrated the rate of the parish, the price was not very compensated for by the strength of the land of the land. Tse led to his own curse until the death of the crises.

History of Ancient China in Schools - 5th grade

History of Ancient China in Russian schools to vivchayut in the 5th grade. Zavdaniya lesson: Formulate a statement about Ancient China, learn about the history of Ancient China, its geographical position, formulate a statement about the introduction of Chinese culture into svitovu history... The topic of the lesson is new for scholars, Ale Vona has seen an important role in the vivchenna distribution "Old-time Skid". Ochikuvani results: knowledge of the geographical position, natural minds of ancient China, history of the knowledge of the Qin state. Cleverly show on the map the territory of the Qin State, the Great Chinese Wall and the Great Shovkovy way... Vislovlyuvati judgment about the introduction of the culture of Ancient China into the svit culture. Characterize the life and busyness of the population, the suspenseful way of the Ancient China, the camp of representatives of the old faiths. Basic terms, understand:"Great Chinese Wall", "Great Shovkovy Way", Confucius.

Epoch of the Three Kingdoms (220-280) and Empire Tszin

The fall of the other dynasty of Han and the decile rock of the fight, three of the happiest commanders came to the fore. Cao Cao Panuwaw at celebrations, in the Huang He Basin, de 220 r yogo xing Cao Lei voted himself the ruler of the state Wei... Liu Bei, having denounced himself as the ruler of the ancient-western part of the land Shu... Sun Quan, becoming the ruler of the ancient part of China, the kingdom Have... A short period of the Three Kingdoms, having grafted two independent powers to China, which had been poorly developed until that hour, before being approved.

Already until the middle of the III century. lord in the kingdom of Wei passed to the mighty clan of the commander Sim. At 265 rotsi win, having fallen asleep here a new dynasty of Tszin, like a nezabar, 280 m away, into the distance of sobi Shu and U, having shared the knowledge of all China with his mastery, however, depriving him of ten years. On the cob of the IV Art. One by one, the kochai pivnichnii tribes began to invade Pivnichny China, the empire Tszin reckoned its iznuvannya, after the period of the Nan-Bei chao, pivdenny and pivnichny dynasties.

Nan-Bei chao (IV-VI century)

The conquerors of the traditional China bully came from the Chinese people. Pid injected Chinese culture kochivniki up to V-VI Art. oktіtіlіs nasіlki, until the end of the VI Art. These sites have become very special Chinese. order "You can conquer the empire, sit on a horse, or you can't control it, sit on a horse", - meant that the infusion of the Chinese culture early quickly led to the assimilation and Chineseization of whether it was by conquering the land of ethnos. Tim more, so the Inozemts became in Pivnichny China only 20% less; all of the population, unaffected by the mass migration of Chinese for the day, was Bulo Chinese.

From the early dynasties it is possible to endure the shyness of one to one (Song, 420-479; Qi, 479-502; Liang, 502-557; Chen, 557-589; paired with her Piznya Liang, 555-587). The center of the Chinese culture is in the middle of nowhere: there lived vivid vchens, singers, misters, energetically developing in China in the II century. Buddhism. Already from the V Art. in the fertile fields of the rice belt, they started picking two crops per rice to practice and pony. At the same time, new places are developing at a fast pace, old and new types of crafts are developing, trade and commodity-pennies are growing.

Development of the Chinese Empire (VI-XIII centuries)

Sui Dynasty (581-618)

In 581 r, the commander of the kingdom of Pivnichne Zhou Yang Tszyan united the whole Pivnichny and sometimes Pivdenny China under his rule, having voted for a new dynasty. The new emperor has carried out a series of reforms, pranguchi to win the power, to vibrate the soil for the sake of nig "strong budinks". The skin orach is guilty of acquiring his own field and paying the tribute. Yogo sin Yan-di relocating 10 yew. Bagatikh family from the rural districts of the country in the capital city of Luoyang. Near the district of Luoyan there are boules of zbudovanі rozkіshnі palatsi, as well as majestic grain holdings, moreover, for the transportation of grain-fed grain for the first time, which has become the main granary of the land, having built the Great Canal viritium, which tied the Yangtze to the Huang He. At the service center, it is equipped with locks and annexes that are occupied by up to 80 thousand rubles. Cholovik. Yan-dі vіv overnight a number of colossal economies, intending to conduct an active call of politics and constantly fighting, and in the bag, the country did not show the traction. The insurrection fell asleep, Yan-di was killed.

Tang Dynasty (618-907)

The ruler of the new Tang dynasty, having voted for himself one of the leaders and relatives of Yang-di by the life line Li Yuan. Win і yogo sin Li Shi-Min (Tai-tszong, 626-649) laid the foundation for the prosperity of the Chinese empire. The land reform and the implementation of the tax system within the framework of the allotment land management provided the storehouse with a regular boost of income, and the state - with the necessary labor force (labor duty). Those іnshe took on the improvement of infrastructure of the empire - there will be roads, canals, dams, palaces, temples, and the whole of the great place. Craft and trade have grown, including government craft, krashі maystri high qualifications, which were applied in the order of labor service, or for hire. The craft and trade were known under the control of the state, special officials, who were in the middle of the heads of the Tuan and Haniv (workshops and guilds) strictly regulated the skin of the inhabitants of the city.

At the Tang hour, the empire was divided into 10 provinces (dao), which were added to the region (zhou) and poiti (syan). All officials were assigned to the center and were also controlled by him. This particularity gave the administrative-bureaucratic system to China strength and strength. The censors and prosecutors of the special ward Yushitai, who were not very important, including the right to submit additional information to find, were supervised by the censorship-prosecutors of the special ward Yushitai for all the apparatus of the government, officials, suvoro. The viconavchu vlady was represented by two chancellors (tsaysani abo Chzhichen) - livy (win to call in to the elders) and the right, who went from three to six houses of the Shangshushen ward, of his own kind For the sake of the ministries. Prior to the first group of households, management ranks were put in place (for personnel and for all empires), rituals (control over the norms of behavior, protection of the community order) and taxes. To the other - the management of the right-wingers, the punishment of the huge robots (the implementation of labor duties, maintenance, including irrigation).

Vlada of the district chief was even a great one, and for that he was very kindly controlled by the most strict. Vona was interchanged as a term (not more than 3 years in one place with further changes at the same time), as well as a month of service (not in any case, it’s not there, it sounds like an official by birth). The empire was especially respectful of the important problems of training and the principles in the staffing of civil servants. In Tanske China, the main focus was on special hospitality on the steps in the occasional, provincial and metropolitan centers. For the successful folding of the sleep of good nobility, create ancient, persistent for all the classic Confucian canons, and also see creative interpretations of themes from history, abstractly worlds on those philosophical traditions of literature All tse, zrazumіlo, in a strictly Confucian mind, in the minds of a general general form. More beautifully for the others, they fit in from the employees (3-5% of the number of candidates) were honored with the bazhana world and, smut, they denied the right to put sleep on another step, and volodary two - on the third.

Song Dynasty (960-1279)

The whole period can take an hour to develop the Chinese empire in the spheres of economy, culture, and administration. The number has grown, the population and the goodness of the city. New handicrafts have appeared: porcelain wares, shovels, wipes from varnish, wood, elephant brush and t. P. Same at the end of the hour, gunpowder and compass, it has become widespread. Great successes the state's gratitude and agrotechnics have reached the full extent, the cultivation of the Indian bavovnia has been respected.

However, all the tse was united by the onslaught of the pivnich kochov tribes (Khitan, Tanguti) and the unsuccessful attempts of the Sung empire to represent the onslaught. China was tempted to pay a humiliating tribute, but it didn’t help it, and it didn’t help it, having spent the territory for the territory, in place of the place.

In 1127 the Chzhurchens conquered the capital of the Sung empire - Kaifin and took in full of the empire's family. One from the blue of the emperor to live for the day, in Hangzhou, which became the capital of the new - South Sun empire (1127-1280). The streaming of the army of chzhurchens for the first day is streaming out of the river Yangzi. The cordon between the Tszin and the South Sung empire will be established along the Huanghe and Yangtze interirch.

On the third day of Tan-Sun, the coming capital of the boule is already in the period if or not before the fall, then at any time of stagnation.

Mongols and Yuan dynasty (1280-1368)

Having transformed the peoples of Holy Siberia, the Mongolian steppe, the army of Chingiz Khan in 1210 passed away from the Chzhurchens and in 1215 already occupied Pekin. For the conquest of South Sun China, the Mongols spent more than 40 rocky. 1280 r China was completely supported by the rule of the Mongols, and the Great Khan Khubilai became the Chinese Emperor of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty (1280-1368).

The economy of China has gone into the West during the first half of the wars, agriculture and trade have become tormented. Confucian officials were bullied to sacrifice their monsters to Mongols and vikhіdіv from the other regions of Asia. The Chinese respected for the people of the third and fourth grade (for the Mongols themselves and this-zhen, to be the victors from the other lands). However, after a few ten years, Confucian officials began to come to the administrative office (from 1317 the system of hospitals began to function); On the sites of the first Mongol rulers, they often took Chinese women into the squad, more and more they were transformed into the most primitive Chinese. However, the extraordinary scenario of the assimilation of zagarbniks has not been seen.

It was a series of cataclysms, the most catastrophic from which it became a hole in the dams on the Huang River in 1334, taking hundreds of thousands of lives. In the land, the dissatisfaction with the Mongols was growing rapidly. Were spalahuvati of the insurrection, the participants of which were called "red-bandage". The leader of the rebels Zhu Yuan-chzhang (1328-1398) in the beginning of the century and taking over the imperial throne, falling asleep to the Min dynasty.

China during the Min dynasty (1368-1644)

Yak and kolishny went to the throne of the emperor Chu Yuan-chzhang chimalo zrobiv for the change of the central government after the agrarian reforms. The boulevard was introduced, and it was fixed with rather low tribute, and the people of the category of courtyard in an hour were getting paid, as it had been in the past. The system of duties was out-of-the-box, ale realizovuvalasya through.

Having successfully signaled the Mongols out of the territory of China, the Ministry of the Army conducted a number of successful military campaigns and in the first days, in the V'utnamu area. The Chinese fleet, ocholyuvanny Zheng He, from 1405 to 1433 r having spent at a number of sea expeditions to the lands of Pivdenno-Shidnoi Asia, to the Indies and to sail to the western Uzbek coast of Africa.

The establishment of trade links with the other regions is considered until the end of the period. The trade was in the edge vividly for the Inozemts. Their comrades smelled like “give” from the land of their country, the Chinese, “who’s like the manifestation of tributary trade with the“ barbarians ”,“ give away ”, and why the price and value of the imperial highlands, about which the prestige of the Chinese emperor is valued by the Chinese themselves for the prestige of "tributary rulers".

The dynasty of Min has spent three centuries, and I will leave half of the term in the minds of a protracted crisis. For the last century of trivial political struggle at the top for the necessary land to reform the process of rooting out the villagers to the extreme level. On the chol of the Chergov revolt, he became Li Tszi-Chen (1606-1645). In 1644, Vіyska Li took Pekin, and Vin himself, having left Mine, denounced himself as Emperor. However, he didn’t get a seat on the throne.

1) XVIII-XII centuries BC Epoch Shan (Ін). There is a great number of memorials of material culture, because of the destruction of not only the stone and the stone, ale midi and bronze. Ear shaped to the cult of the Emperor. In the 17th century, the Shan state was established (susidi were called yogo Ін). Archaeological data indicate the development of the suspension.

2) XVII-V centuries BC Epoha Zhou (mova yde about the remote and remote regions). Dozens of independent powers fought one by one at the time of the era on the territory of ancient China. Sposterіgalosya the power of the clan nobility, the formation of sovereign power. Persha is the person of the state – king(Abo Wan) і yogo radniki:

a. Title of the first radnik – Great Instructor(Vin taking care of the right relіgії).

b. Another Radnik's Title - Great Teacher(Gromadsky robots, іrigatsіya).

c. Title of the Third Radnik - Great Patron(Vіyskova on the right)

The stumps were formed:

b. ancestor cult

c. cult of the emperor

d. cult of nature

3) V-III centuries BC The era of Zhangguo (the era of the warring kingdoms). In the era of Zhangguo, there are seven great kingdoms, metal pennies appeared, according to the economy:

a. Zalіzne znryadya pratsі

b. crafts

Centralization of the region received:

a. trade is expanding

b. іrrational system

c. Protistoyannya to kochivniki

4) 221-207 rock BC Epoch of the Qin Empire. The Qin state roztashovuvalasya in the backcountry cordons to China. The IV century BC dignitary Shang Yan proviv duzhe important reforms... The III capital has a state Qin remag Zhou i residual get along in the period 246-210 BC Of the rules, one of the possible imperators - In Zheng.

5) 2006 rik BC - 9 rіk n.e. The first Han dynasty. After the death of Qin Shi Huang, an insurrection was dropped in ancient China, as a result of which one of the leaders, Liu Bang, became the emperor of the new Han dynasty.

6) 25-220 rock C.E. Friend of the Han dynasty.

Pislya 220 rock n.e. China falls into three kingdoms - ear of middle.

§2. The main achievements of the Chinese culture

1) The cult of the ancestors and the cult of the emperor

2) Chinese mythology. Myths inform about the sky, the first ancestors - cultural heroes: the emperor, dignitaries, nobles. In the era of Zhou, having formed a residual cult of the sky(Tien) and practice of divination.

Ін ta yang - Two pioneers, who transcended chaos and destroyed the whole world. ін- tinovy, pіvnіchny, and Yang- enlightenment of events. ін- Zhіnoche beginning, darkness, water, death ... In Taoism, the very center of the understanding will help to explain the whole light. Yang- the beginning, the sun, the light, the life.

traditionі stability buttya - the main priorities of the Chinese culture. The gods, in the revealed Chinese, took into account the natural and cultural objects.

Chinese civilization (ancestor of the state-making ethnos han) - a group of cultures (Banpo 1, Shiji, Banpo 2, Miaodigou, Zhongshanzhai 2, Hougan 1 і іn.) Middle Neolithu (approx. 4500-2500 BC) as traditionally get together by name Yangshao. Representatives of cich cultures virochuvali grain (plague і ін.) And engaged in breeding pigs. The Longshan culture has expanded in the whole region: there are close-growing types of cereals (wheat and barley) and a breed of domestic thinness (cows, vivtsi, goats).

Shang-Іn

For the Zhou period, in general, the active development of new lands was characteristic, the growth of and ethnical changes from the rural districts, along (for years - kingdoms), which took the root of the foundation of the Maybut Chinese spirituality.

At V-III Art. BC (Period Zhangguo) China joins the Golden Age. The agricultural areas are expanding, the irrigation systems are expanding, crafts are developing, revolutionary changes are being introduced at all times.

During the period of Zhangguo in the territory of China, seven of the largest kingdoms were added - Wei, Zhao and Han (earlier, all three were included in the kingdom of Jin), Qin, Qi, Yan and Chu. Proceedingly, as a result of the baked supernatural, the top has become a good one - Qin. Having come one for the last kingdom, in 221 BC. That is, the ruler of Qin - the maybutny emperor Qin Shi Huang - uniting all of China under his rule.

Qin Shikhuandi, who was in all his reforms at the ambush of legism with barracks discipline and in the fierce punishments quietly, were guilty, having passed the Confucians, zrajuyuchi їh strati (haughty livestock) і burned out for the evil ...

The empire of Qin pissed off the unbearing moment of Qin Shihuand's death.

Imperia Han

To a friend in the history of China, the empire, I called it Han (Chinese Trad. 漢, forgiven. 汉, pinin Hàn; 206 BC e. - n. e.) having fallen asleep from the middle bureaucracy Liu Bang (Gao-tsu), one of the chiefs of the incarnate kingdom of Chu, fought against Qin after the death of Emperor Qin Shihuang in 210 r BC.

China at the end of an hour, experiencing an economic and social crisis, vicissitudes of the second kerovanosti and warriors of the Chinese armies with the elites of the dignified early kingdoms, as they were trying to renew their power. Through resettlement and war, the number of people Silsky population in the main agricultural areas.

The particularity of the change of dynasties in China is important because the skin new dynasty came to the change in the context of the social and economic crisis, weakened by the central government and the war and the warlords. The master of the new state became the one from them, who could seize the capital and forcibly move beyond the rule of the emperor from the state.

From the rule of Gao-tzu (206-195 BC), a new period of the Chinese history, which I will call Zakhidna Han, will be reclaimed.

Period from 8 to 23 pp. n. That is, Vlad will be bursting with Wang Man, I will sound myself as the Emperor and the master of the Xin state. A number of revisions are being repaired, as if to be overwhelmed by an ecological catastrophe - the little river Huanghe changed the course. Through the three-pronged hunger, the central vlada weakened. In the minds of the Tsikh minds rebelled the Zhovtokhvosty rebellion and the representatives of the Liu clan for turning the throne. Wang Man was killed, the capital was taken, the lord turned the Liu dynasty.

The new period was named Skhidna Han, and it was trivial to m n. e.

Power Tszin and period Nan-Bei chao (IV-VI century)

Skhidnu Han changing the period of the Three Kingdoms (Wei, Shu i U). In the course of fighting for the power between the leaders of the Bulo, a new state was established Jin (Chinese Trad. jìn; -).

Tang Power

The rulers of the Liu dynasty ended up with the nobles and carried out a number of successful re-creation. The country has been added to 10 provinces, the "allotment system" has been updated, the administrative legislation has been thoroughly reinforced, the vertical of power has been strengthened, trade and life have been improved. Significantly increased the size of the city and the number of the population of the city.

Unimportant to the territorial deeds of the people, the Sung period is involved in the era of economic and cultural development in China. The growing number of places, the growing number of the local population, the Chinese craftsmen reach the height of the prepared virobes from porcelain, seam, varnish, wood, elephant brush, etc. Gunpowder and a compass have been found, the book-hand has expanded, new varieties of grain have been grown, and more grain has grown. One of the most hostile and effective ones from the past is announcing everything, systematically and well organized in terms of speed and widening of new varieties of speed of dark rice from Pivdenny V'utnamu (Champi).

Yang Guifei, saddle the horse, Artist Xin Xuan (1235-1305 AD)

Chingiskhan opened up an organized and large army, as it became a major factor in the advances of success of the somewhat unnumbered Mongolian ethnic group.

Having brought up the peoples of the Holy See of Siberia, Chingiskhan went to live on the Chzhurchens and in Ozyav Pekin.

The conquest in Holy China was continued as early as the 1250s, on the way to Europe and to the Near and Middle Skids. A small group of Mongols were seized by the land, as the Pivdenno-Sung empire - the state of Dali (-), Tibet (). In the Mongolian era, by the wire of Khan Khubilai, they invaded China from other sides, but the death of the Great Khan Munke was unsuccessful. Khan Khubilay, having seized the Khan throne, moved the capital from Karakorum to the territory of China (spat in Kaipin, and in Chzhundu - the fortunate Pekin). The capital of the South Sun state, Hangzhou, was taken by the Mongols into the distance. Until the whole of China there were conquests, and the Sunskaia empire was degraded.

Important economic, political and national oppression, the rise of Mongolian feudal lords, streaming the development of the country. Bezlich Chinese were turned into slavery. Farming and trading bully pidirvani. They didn’t see the necessary robots on the basis of the built-up structures (dams and canals), which called up hundreds of thousands of people to the dreadful state of affairs. The Great Chinese Canal buv inducements from the hour of the Mongolian panuvannya.

People's dissatisfaction with the new rulers wagged into a possible patriotic movement and insurrection, as the members of the local community "Bily lotus" (Bailianjiao) were chastened.

The Mongols, who have seen their first step, start to actively develop the steppes of the modern Mongolia. The Empire of Minority is a part of the Jurchen tribes, the state of Nanzhao (the current provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou), a part of the other provinces of Qinghai and Sichuan.

The Chinese fleet under the command of Zheng He, is to be stocked with dozens of decks of heavy-deck frigates, for the period from the last deck of sea expeditions in Pivdenno-Shidnu Asia, India and Africa. We don’t bring China any economic vigodi, expedition bullets, and ships - rozibrani.

The Manchu dynasty in the Qing state ruled from rik. In the hands of the Manchurian nobility, they overwhelmed the government of that army. Zmіshanі sluby bouly zaboronenі, і thіm not less Manchurian іs wіdly Chineseized, thаt more thаt, іn thеіr іn Mongolians, the stench did not oppose to itself the Chinese culture і.

In the first two centuries of the Qing dynasty, China, encroaching on all the contacts and out of the world, as a strong independent power, as there is an expansion in all directions.

In the course of the crossing of the Japanese army and the fleet was called up to great strikes for China on land and on the sea (before Asan, linden 1894 before Pyongyang, spring 1894 at Jiulian, jovten 1894).

loss of intervention

Umov, imposed on Japan China, led to the so-called "consumer intervention" of Russia, Nimechchina and France - the powers, which, up to a certain hour, already received great contacts with China, and they received the signatures of the written documents. On April 23, Russia, Nimechchina and France immediately turned up to the Japanese district to see the Liaodunsky pvostrova, which could lead to the establishment of Japanese control over Port Arthur, at that time, when Mikola II was captured by the Soviet Union. Port Arthur is a frost-free port for Russia. Nice note was very hard, nimble for Japan.

Japan had a chance to sacrifice. On May 10, 1895, the Japanese uryad announced that Liaodunsky had turned to China, however, having reached the sum of the Chinese contribution for 30 million Tael.

Successes of Russian policy in China

In 1895, Russia gave China a position of 150 million rubles per 4% of the population. An agreement to take the goitre liable to China will not wait for the earthly control over its finances, as in the new part of Russia. In the beginning of 1895, the Russian-Chinese Bank initiated the initiative. 3 worms 1896 The Russian-Chinese treaty about the defense alliance against Japan was signed in Moscow. On the 8th spring of 1896, a concession agreement was signed between the Chinese district and the Russian-Chinese bank. The success of the KSZ cut off the swamp of the earth and the road, as it passed from its jurisdiction. In the birch of 1898, the Russian-Chinese agreement on the lease of Port Arthur and Liaodunsky pivostrov was signed in 1898.

Flooding of Jiaozhou with Nimechchino

In the serpent of 1897, Wilhelm II saw Mikoli II in Peterhof and went to the nymetskoy vіyskovo-sea base in Jiaozhou (in the current version of the transcript - "Qiao-Chao"). On the cob of leaf fall in Shandong, Chinese bully beat in nimetski misioneri. On the 14th of leaf fall, 1897, they were landing on the Uzbek coast of Jiaozhou, and they seized them. 6 birch, 1898, the rock was signed by the Chinese-Chinese please, for which China rented in the Nimechchini Jiaozhou term for 99 rock. One hour, a Chinese uryad gave a concession to a certain concession for two projects in Shandong and a number of military concessions in the whole province.

Hundred days of reforms

A non-trivial period of reforms, the 11th day of 1898, was seen by the Manchu Emperor Tszaityan (the name of the government is Guangxiu) to the decree "On the Establishment of the Basic Line of State Politics." Zaitian, having screwed a group of young reformers - scholars and one-thinkers of Kang Yuvey to distribute a series of reform decrees. In the whole bulo, 60 decrees have been seen, such as the systems of education, construction of buildings, plants and factories, modernization of the civil government, development of internal and external trade, reorganization vapid forces, Purification of the sovereign apparatus, etc. The period of radical reforms ended on the 21st of the same day, since the Empress Qi Xi celebrated a coup d'état and passed the reform.

XX century

Map of vlasnaya China on the cob XX century from the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedia

boxing rebellion

Qi Si, widow of the Emperor (1900s).

In 1900, a great rebellion began to emerge in China in 1900; 20 worms in Pekin, the German envoy Ketteler was killed. Likewise, the bullets rebelled over the diplomatic missions, which were transferred to the special quarter of Pekin. Bulo was also besieged by the Cathedral of Petang (Beitang). Honored by the massacre of "Ikhetuani" Chinese-Christians, including 222 Orthodox Chinese. 21 worms 1900 to the fate of the Empress Qi Xi (慈禧) voiced in Great Britain, Nimechchin, Austria-Ugorshchina, France, Italy, Japan, USA and Russia. The Great Powers waited a while about the spilny children against the rebels. The head commander of the expeditionary forces will be assigned to the Nimetsian General Waldersee. However, if he arrived in China, Pekin buv already sent a small forward corral under the command of the Russian general Linevich. The Russian army occupied Manchuria.

Map of China (1908)

Russian-Japanese Viyna

Since the fall of the monarchy, the ruler of Mongolia has seen the republic and moved towards China. 3 leaf fall їm boulo was laid for the sake of Russia. England was speeding up its internal struggle in China to re-incarnate Tibet into its zone. Tibet started to fight and left the country after the Chinese garnizon. Efforts to try and try the Chinese to bring their own power there, Britain took over. Russia had a long time to respect Tibet with the English sphere, and England became interested in Russia in the independent (former) Mongolia.

Birch 22, 1916, the Republic of Bula was revived. Yuan Shikai buv prompts for the title.

Era of the militarists

With the death of Yuan Shikai in China, the number of Vyskovo-feudal estates of the young militarist groups began to take shape. Nybilshoyu Bula Beyansky ugrupovannya, which fell out into the Finnish year on the cholі from the colis of the hunhuz Zhang Tszolin, the Chzhilіysko on the choli with the General Feng Gochzhan, and the Duke on the Cholіs from the general. In the province of Shansi, the militarist Yan Xishan, in the province of Shansi, was sent to prisoners from the Beyyan, and in the province of Shensy, General Chen Shufan. The taber of the ancient-western miltarists formed from two great groups: Yunnansky in the group with General Tang Jiyang, and the Guangxi people in the group with General Lu Zhuntin.

Under the control of the Fentian group, the provinces of Heilongjiang, Girin and Fentian were intercepted, before the control of the Zhylyan group - Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei and parts of the Zhyan The Fentian and Ankhoi clans were financed by Japan, the Chzhilian - by the English and the United States. Chi Yuanhong is a staunch of the ancient ancient miltarists. Vice-President General Feng Guochzhang directed to England and the United States, and Prime Minister General Duan Qizhui trimmed pro-Japanese directly. In 1917, Japan began to give Duan Tsihu great poses, and for them all new and new deeds, including the concessions in Manchuria, were recovered.

peremoga Gomindan

Chiang Kai-shek's order for an hour in the Weimar Republic rejected Vyskov's help from Nimechchiny. With the arrival of Hitler to the power of Hitler, the help of the bulw was improved in order to fight with the communists. At China, there was a bullet of the creek with a licensed nymetsky plantation, the nymetsky radians carried out a special warehouse, M35 Stahlhelm, Gewehr 88, 98, C96 Bhandle Mauser were exported to China. China also cut off the Henschel, Junkers, Heinkel and Messerschmitt litters, Rheinmetall and Krupp howitzers, anti-tank and heavy weapons, for example, the PaK 37mm, Panzer I tankettes were also supplied.

25 leaf fall 1936 to the rock of Japan and the Nimechchin they laid the Anti-International Pact, the harnessing against the CPCP and the communist ruch. On the 12th, 1936, the fate of the Chinese incident, when Chiang Kai-shek got together with the communists, was a fateful one.

March of Chinese Communities in Pekin (1949)

cultural revolution

In 1966, the head of the Communist Party of China, Mao Zedong, launched a mass campaign on the development of a revolutionary spirit among the masses. In fact, it was firmly committed to Maoism in the form of a single state ideology and political opposition. Mass mobilization of youngsters, I will call the yak “