Fast food before the hour of the first light of day. A short historical vocabulary

class 8

Theme: "Skhidne Pitannya" and European Policy.

Lesson type: vivchennya new material.

meta: characterize the day-to-day of the "fast food" and the way and development.

Go to lesson:

1. organizational moment
2. Actualization of knowledge of scholars on the topic ""
3. Vivchennya new material.

plan:

1. Taste the razdila volodin Turechchini.
2. Reform of the 1840s in Turechchyna.
3. Krimska vіyna 1853-1856 rr.

1. Guess be-weasel, how did Osmanska imperia pretend?(Osmanska imperia vinykla in1299 growth and passed until 1922rock. Vona included: Malu Asia (Anatolia), Blizkiy Skhid, Pivnichnu Africa, Balkan Piostriv and lay down to the new land of Europe) In Europe, Ottoman Empire was called Ottoman Empire

At the end of the period in Europe, the provincial powers entered into one-on-one confrontation, since they were not safe from their competitors, threatening to ruin the war in Europe.

equal strength - the principle of politics, which was followed by the European powers. Having let the stench come together against the quiet lands, which pretend to be a panuvannya on the continents.

We will be hospitable in the middle of the 19th century, we will see "food supply".

"Skhidne Pitannya"- the whole complex of international conflicts in the 17th - early 20th centuries, the ties of control over the holy places in Palestine, as well as the struggle of the Christian peoples of the Ottoman Empire for the independence and superpower of the great powers for the rise of the Osmantia

The reasons for the sharpening of the "skidny food"

• Fighting for spheres in Turechchina.
• Struggle of the Slov'yan peoples for national visibility.
• Control of the Chornomorsk channels Bosphorus and Dardanelli.

U 1830 rotsі The French invaded Algeria (formally Vasala Turechchini) The French authorities confiscated the lands of the Muslims, since they did not recognize the colonial powers. This land was passed on to immigrants from the provinces of Pivdennoy Europe. France gave its respect to Egypt, the chief of the basal powers of the Ottoman Empire.

Pasha Egyptu Muhammad-Ali (1769-1849) provіv reforms, as they made it possible for the yogi master.

U 1831 Rots of gasps to Franz Mohammed-Ali pochav against the Turkish Sultan. Egyptians took over Syria, Libya, and the dissatisfaction of the European powers was victorious.

Russia sent a fleet of ships to Turechchin to see Sultan Mukhmud II, which sailed to the Bosphorus region. The English bullet is spanned by such a turn of the pod. Її did not vlashtovuval nor lock Rosієya at the ducts; no establishment of French control over Egypt.

From the Initiatives of England in 1833 roci mіzh Egyptom and Turechchini Bulo signed a truce.

However, in 1839 rotsi Vіyna is over again. The Turkish army is aware of the strikes.

1. Self-operation of the robot with the text of the handler side. 114.

zavdannya: vipisati reforms, which were carried out in Turechchina in the 40th rr. XIX century.

reform:

• Introduction of centralized administrative management.
• The introduction of the right of private power to land is allowed for the purchase of sales.
• Development of the lighting system.
• Guarantee of lack of accessibility of life and lane, independent of the relevance.
• Broken try to overturn the evil when collecting taxes.
• Honoring the establishment of the regular army of the European type.

!!! However, reforms did not take place in the country. The Muslim clergy were overwhelmed by their "unnerving" actions. Misce's nobility esteemed that reforms would infringe upon their privileges. The peasantry was lacking in buy-up land by hard workers and traders.

Reforms have not taken care of the minds for the development of the vlasny virobnitstva.

1. Krimska vіyna 1853-1856 rr.

Causes of failure:

• Protecting against Russia and Turechchina and European powers through the duct.
• Help from the side of Russia of the nationally vis-à-vis the Balkan peoples in the struggle against the Ottoman Empire.
• The policy of England and France is based on the weakening of Russia in the Balkan Peninsula and on the Blizky Grid.

Winnie bags:

• The turn of the Russian Federation of Sevastopol, in exchange for the Turkish fortress Kars.
• The deafening of the Black Sea is neutral, which amused Russia and Turechina with the mobility of mothers here, the fleet and the coastal strengthening.

In such a rank, "the nourishment of food" will be partly bypassed.

1. Homework.

• Read paragraph 13.

1. Providing guidance in the lesson. Vistavlyannya assessments.

The verdict of the understanding "skidne nourishment" is introduced until the end of the 18th century, I want the term itself to introduce introductions to diplomatic practice in the 30th century of the 19th century. Three main officials have raised the issue and increased the sharpness of the common food: 1) the fall in the case of the Ottoman Empire, 2) the growth of the national-vis-à-vis-à-vis-à-vis the Ottoman yoke, 3) the sharpness of the super-oddities of the fight against the Ottoman yoke, 3) Zanepad Osmanskoї іmperії i zrostannya Sered pіdvladnih їy narodіv natsіonalno-vizvolnogo Ruhu sponukali velikі єvropeyskі powers up vtruchannya in її vnutrіshnі Spravi, team bіlshe scho її volodіnnya ohoplyuvali nayvazhlivіshі in ekonomіchnomu i strategіchnomu planі regіoni Blizkogo Ret: Suetsky pereshiyok, Єgipet, Sirіyu, Balkansky pіvostrіv, Chornomorski ducts, part of Transcaucasia.

For Russia itself, there is a supply of food in the first place, because of the safety of the old cordons and the state development of the country, with the intensive growth of trade through the Black Sea ports. Russia fought the same way, as the bi-collapse of the Ottoman Empire did not break easily against the strong European powers. To that, she wondered about her position in the Balkans, so that she could change her life in the whole region. Here Russia spirals to the trend of the Slov'yan peoples, so that it organizes among its nationally-vizol'y struggle for the help of the community of those close to the country. The intercession to the Orthodox population of the Balkansky Piostrov served for Russia as a drive for permanent involvement in the near-field services and prototypes of the expansive aspirations of England, France and Austria. Zrozumilo, Russian tsarism is the best way not to talk about the national self-designation of the peoples of the Old Sultan, but about the victorious struggle of the nationally-visually-minded struggle in order to broaden his political Balkan. That is why it is necessary to develop the political goals of the tsarism from the active results of this new policy, so that we do not want the Balkan peoples. It is not possible to see the Ottoman Empire as a "stranger" side in this situation. Vona also carried out aggressive, zagarbnitsa policy, pushed to revenge - the renewal of her collegiate panuvannya in Crimea and in the Caucasus, strangled, with the most recent visits, the nationally-vis-à-vis-à-vis-à-vis-à-vis-à-vis-edged people of the Black-haired Muslim people, in the Caucasus. your interests against Russia.

Naybіlshoї gistroti skіdne nabuv at 20 - 50-tі rocks XIX cent. There are three crises in the mains supply during the period. 1) on the cob of the 20s - in conjunction with the insurrections in 1821 in Greece, 2) on the cob of the 30s - in conjunction with the vіynaya Egypt against the Ottoman Empire and the winery threat and the fall and 50 3) on the cob -x rock_v - in conjunction with the wines of both Orthodox and Catholics with a super-talk about "Palestinian saints", which served as a drive for Krimska vіynu. Characteristically, three phases of sharpening food supply followed the revolutionary "strus": in 1820 1821 rr. - in Spain, Naples, P'emonti; in 1830 - 1831 pp. - from France, Belgium and Poland; in 1848 - 1849 p. - in the ranks of the regions of Europe. Before the hour of these revolutionary crises, the problem of how bi was brought to a different plane by the former politicians of the European powers, moreover, because of the knowledge.

The insurrection in Greece was aimed at the active participation of the Greek emigrants, who lived in the ancient cities of Russia. Through їkh in the middle there was a life of trade of Russia with the countries of Seredzemnomor'ya. For a long time, the Greeks were ready to help Russia in the struggle for the sound of the Ottoman yoke. In 1814 r in Odessa, the Vinik Kerivny Center for the struggle of the Greeks for the independence of "Filiki Eteriya" (or a heterosexual). In 1820, Oleksandr Ipsilanti became a major general in the Russian service at the cholі tsiy center.

22 cruel 1821 p Prut and in two days in Yassy published a call to the spyvitchizniks to go to fight for freedom. One hour, he sent Oleksandr the 1st leaf, in which he called out to the Russian emperor with the wicked hand of the vignati of the Turks from Europe and this title of "Visitor of Greece". At the conclusion of Oleksandr I, having sued the share of the Іpsіlantі and commanded by him from the Russian service, from the fence he turned to Russia.

The call of the Іpsіlantі served as a signal before the insurrection in Greece. Ottoman uryad pragnuv virishiti "walnut nourishment" by the nobility of the general blame for the revolted Greeks. The stars of the punishers winked the vibuhs of the drone near all the lands. The foremost community of Russia vimagal to provide secret assistance to the Greeks.

In 1821, the Turkish karall vіyska saw a 6,000-year run of the Іpsіlantі up to the Austrian cordon and 19 thumbs up to the thunderstorm. Іpsіlantі vіk before Austria, de jo the Austrian authorities resisted.

At the same time, the Port, driven by the drive, to fight against the walnut smuggling, closed the Chornomorsk channels for Russian courts, which greatly impacted the interests of the exporters of the Khlib. Oleksandr I kolivavsya. On one side, in the zoob'yazyi bouv wanting freedom to navigate through the channels and immediately speed up to Greece for the weakening of the Ottoman panuvannya in the Balkans, to make Russia flow into the whole region. From his side, he is a clerk of the principles of the Holy Union, having looked at the revolted Greeks as a "slaver" against the "legitimate" monarch.

At the Russian courtyard, two people were victorious: Persha - for the help of the Greeks, for the prestige of Russia, for the victorious situation, for the purpose of seeing the food about the canals and changing the positions of Russia in the Balkans, another - for the help of the Greeks in the balkans powers. Oleksandr I adopted a different position. Having learned that he should supervise the sovereign interests of Russia, he brought them to sacrifice for the benefit of the Holy Union and the principles of "legitimacy". At the Verona Congress of the Sacred Union in 1822, Oleksandr I, after a while, signed a letter with Austria, Prussia, England and France, as if the Greeks had arisen against the sultans themselves.

In 1824, Oleksandr I tried to combine the Zusilla of the lands of Europe for a collective inflow on the Sultan. Aleksei in St. Petersburg, representatives of the European powers saw the Tsar's proposition, declaring that "Greeks want and Christians, albeit rebels against the legitimate sovereign." The karalny dei of the Turkish government against the Greeks were trivial. At April 1825, Oleksandr I called out to the participants of the Holy Union to come to the Sultan, "come in primusov," and altogether remove Vidmova. On the side of the Russian community, the voice of the Zahist Greeks sounded all the louder, for which Oleksandr could not rakhuvatisya. 6 serpnya 1825 roku vіn naked in European courtyards, so Russia in the "Turkish right" will follow vlast interests. The preparation was respected until the end of the Ottoman Empire, but the death of Oleksandr I was punished.

In an hour, the European powers pushed back against the conflict of the Sultan with walnuts. England wanted to change in the common part of the Seredzemnomorya, so it recognized the Greeks as a fighting side (and not as "rebels"). France with the idea of ​​expanding her own flow into Egypt cried out for the Egyptian uryad of Muhammad-Ali nadati I will help the Sultan in the strangled walnut viscous roach. Austria also adopted the Ottoman Empire, encouraging it to be recognized for a series of actions in the Balkans. At the ninth day of the situation, Mykola I was first sent to England. Birch 23, 1826, the signature of the Petersburg Protocol was written, for which Russia and England took on the goiters in the middle of the middle between the Sultan and the Greeks. The Sultan was granted autonomy over Greece's autonomy - by its own order and laws, albeit under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Before the Petersburg protocol, France was assigned, and all three powers made a favor about the "collective zajist" of the interests of Greece. The Sultan was given an ultimatum about granting Greece independence, the sultan saw him, and the powers, who signed their favor, sent their squadrons to the shores of Greece. On October 8, 1827, a sea battle was taking place in the Navarino bay (in the middle of Greece); The Navarino battle took over the peremozі of the walnuts people in the struggle for independence.

Spilna shares of England, France and Russia in the virgin "walnut food" didn’t even know the hospitality against them. England, bazhayuchi clinging the hands of Russia at the Blizkoe Descent, hotly spreading revanchist sentiments to Iran, an army that was revived and reorganized in English radio Iran, having pushed back, turned into the Gulistan Peace Treaty of 1813 Territory in Transcaucasia.

News about podії in Petersburg in Naprikіntsі 1825 r were taken by the shah and in a row as a pleasant moment for the development of all kinds of actions against Russia. In 1826, the 60 thousandth Shah's army invaded Transcaucasia without striking a blow and launched a strong attack on Tiflis. Ale nezabarom vona Bula zupinena to the fortress of Shusha, and then the Russian vіyska went over to the offensive. In the spring of 1826, the Iranian Vіyska knew the poverty of the Ganja and the boulevards vіdkinuty to the river. Arake. The Russian army, under the command of A.P. Yrmolov, moved the entire period to the territory of Iran.

Mykola I, did not do the same to Urmolov (he didn’t see him in calls with the Decembrists), having transferred the command to the Caucasian Corps I. F. Paskevich. At the square of 1827, Russian vіyska ovolodіli Nakhіchevan and Yerevan. To the aid of the Russians, the whole population of Vermens grew up. Russian viyska took over Tabriz - a friend of the capital of Iran - and quickly got through to Tehran. Panika has resumed in the Iranian Vіyski. Shah's uryad of snares buv piti on proponated to Russia, mind svitu. For the Turkmanchay treaty, 10 cruel 1828 r to Russia went to the Nakhichevanske and Yerivanske khanates, which deposited the Skhidna Virmenia. Iran zobov'yazuvsya viplatiti contribution of 20 million rubles. Pidtverdzhuvalosya vinyatkovo right of Russia trimatio vіyskovy fleet in the Caspian Sea. He agreed to transfer the freedom of resettlement to Russia of the Vermen population to Iran. As a result, 135 thousand people moved to Russia. Virmen. In 1828, the Erivansky and Nakhichevansky khanates of the Bula were assigned to Russia, the Bula region was established with the Russian administrative management. However, the general appeal of the Vermenian people did not appear: Zakhidna Virmenia was lost in the warehouse of the Ottoman Empire.

The Turkmanchay light is a great success of Russia. Win tired of the Russian position in the Transcaucasia, having taken the strength and strength to pour into the Middle Descent. English uryad robbing everything, shob zirvati yogo. In the hid boules let go and pay the officials of the Shah, and the promotion of religious and national fanaticism. In 1829 r іrans'ka vlada provoked an attack on the Russian mission in Tehran. The drive was from one harem of two Armenian women and an eunuch, who knew the lodge in the Russian embassy. Fanatical NATO broke up the embassy and violated the whole Russian mission; 38 Lyudin hid the secretary of the embassy. Among those who have died, the head of the mission is A.S. Griboedov. The Tsar's Uryad, not bazhayuyu new war with Iran, and quickened with England, was content with the special vibrations of the Shah, who presented the same great diamond to the Russian Tsar.

The Turkmanchay light of the Russian hands before the imminent conflict with the Ottoman Empire, which took the door to the door in relation to the relationship to Russia, wanted revenge for the number of bad luck and systematically violated the agreement. The closest reasons for the war were the closure of merchant ships under the Russian ensign, the flooding of the vantages and the hanging of the Russian merchants from the Ottoman Volodya. April 14, 1828 Mykola I came up with a manifesto about the denunciations of the Ottoman Empire. The English and French cabineti wanted to declare their neutrality, but they gave the Sultan an admiration. Austria helped her with the liberation, and on the cordon with Russia she demonstratively concentrated her vijska.

Viyna was extremely important for Russia. Vіyska, brought up to the parade ground, a mystery, technically poorly equipped and poorly equipped with mediocre generals, a handful of significant successes could not covet. The soldiers were starving; In the army, ailments were fierce, from those who died more, not from those who were sick and shells.

On the ear of 1828, the 100-thousandth army under the command of Field Marshal P. Kh. Vitgenstein crossed the river. The Prut took over the Danube princes of Moldavia and Valachia. One hour 11 thousand building І. F. Paskevich, a devil in Transcaucasia, having attacked Kars. On the Danube, Russian vіyska made a nice opіr for the good of the healthy Turkish fortresses. Tilki until the end of 1828 rd into the distance to the opanuvati of the seaside fortress of Varna and the vuzkoy swamp earth of the bridles of the Black Sea. New events were held in the Caucasus and in the Transcaucasia, de-blocking the great Turkish fortress of Anapa, and the 11-thousand-year-old І. F. Paskevich stretching out three months, occupying three pashals (regions): Karsky, Akhaltsikhsky and Bayazetsky.

At the ear of 1829 in the army, which was going beyond the Danube, with the orders of I. І. Dibich, which is a substitute for the old P. Kh. Vitgenshtein. He defeated the main forces of the Turkish army and opanuvav strategically important fortets - Silistrina, Shumlu, Burgas and Sozopol, and on the ear of a sickle in 1829 r Adrianopol. The Russian vіyska was crossed 60 versts from Constantinople, but Mikola I didn’t bother with the order to inflict a beggarly blow on the empire of Osman. At a given moment, Russia did not bother with the fall, cherishing the principle: "In order to protect the Ottoman Empire in Europe, to win over the villains." In addition, it was inevitable that Constantinople was reigning in Russia with the help of Russian military forces. Mykola I kvapiv Dibich in the style of the world. On the 2nd spring of 1829, a peaceful treatise was signed in Adrianopoli. Russia was transferred to the Danube with the islands, along the Uzbek coast of the Black Sea from Anapi to Sukhum, and in the Transcaucasia Akhaltsi and Akhalkalaki. Ottoman Empire rallied the contribution in the amount of 33 million rubles. Russian merchants have denied the right to be exteriors in the entire territory of the Ottoman Empire. The Chornomorsk channels were exposed to the open for Russian merchant ships. For some reason, little trickery for the Adrianople treatise was of great strategic importance for Russia, as they changed their positions on the Black Sea and pledged the land of the Ottoman Empire in Transcaucasia. The Adrianople Svit mav is especially important for the people of the Balkan Peninsula: it canceled the autonomy (and since 1830 and independence) of Greece, expanded the autonomy of Serbia and the Danube princes - Moldavia and Valachia.

Even more significant diplomatic successes at the Blizky Gathering Russia reached the age of 1832 - 1833, when she got involved in the Turkish-Egyptian conflict.

As early as 1811, the ruler of Egypt, Muhammad-Ali, was given the autonomy of the Arab part of the Ottoman Empire. Having built up its army and navy, having established its own independent policy, directed to France, and for a long time had been planning a residual military operation from the sultan's government, as well as arriving at the Arab-Egyptian warehouse.

Until the ear of the 30s of Mohammed-Ali, reproach the weakening of the Ottoman Empire in conjunction with the change in the age of 1828 - 1829 rr. from Russia, expanding the territory of Egypt, having carried out a number of reforms and, for the addition of the French military radics, re-creating their army. In 1832 he rebelled against the Sultan and sent him to Constantinople. At the chest 1832 r The Egyptian army defeated the Vijska Sultan and opened the threat to Constantinople without a preponderance. Sultan Mahmud II, having returned for help to France and England, ale, who were introduced to the change of his flow in Egypt, were introduced to you in the middle. After Mykola I, with great readiness, after a while, I will help Vyskov, with a pro-yak, the sultan has turned to the new one. Prior to that, Mikola I saw "the Egyptian stabbed" yak "with the inheritance of a stubborn spirit, who took over Ninya Europe and especially France."

At the fierce 1833 fate in the Bosphorus, the Russian escadra escaped, and in the outskirts of Constantinople hung a 30-thousand expeditionary corps under the command of A.F. Orlov. England and France also sent their squadrons to Constantinople. The diplomats of England and France were looking forward to the reconciliation of Muhammad-Ali with the Sultan, between those who put the agreements. Through this agreement, the whole of Syria was transferred to the management of Muhammad-Ali, and the whole of Syria was handed over to him, and he was renamed his own office from the Sultan. I took advantage of the land and led to the transfer of the Russian forces to the Ottoman Empire. Aleh before the last vivod A.F. Orlov signed the 26th day of 1833 to the fate of the summer residence of the Sultan Unkyar-Iskelessi (Gosudarevoy harbor) agreed. Vin has established a "vichny world", "friendship" and a defense union between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The secret of the statute of the treaty called the Ottoman Empire from the hope of Russia to help, the replacement of which, in the event of a Sultan's visit to the State of Russia, to shut down the Dardanelles canal for all earthly ships. The Unkyar-Iskelesky agreement is meaningfully changed in the closest positions of Russia. At the same time, he made a note of the war with England and France, and sent the tsar and the sultan a protest, thus annulling the treaty. Austria came before the protest. In the English and French press, the galaslive of the anti-Russian campaign has arisen.

England has pushed the Unkyar-Iskelesky agreement to some kind of rich-sided convention. Such a vipadok introduced himself. In 1839, Sultan Mahmud II pushed Mohammed-Ali into the seat of the ruler of Egypt. I took a great army of that knowledge, destroying її against the Sultan і in decilkoh battles, defeating yogo vіyska. The Sultan once again turned to the European powers for help, in the first place to Russia for the treaty of 1833 r. England tried to get the situation right, which was set up for the arrangement of the all-sided treaty with the Ottoman Empire. As a result, the bilateral Russian-Turkish union of the buv of replacements by the collective "opic" of the choir European powers - Russia, England, Austria and Prussia. Signed by them 3 days 1840 r The London convention gave a collective aid to the Sultan and a guarantee of the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. The convention voiced the principle: "When leaving the Port, be in the light", all foreign ships are not allowed in the channels. Tim himself having used up the secret clause of the Unkyar-Iskeles treaty about the right of Russia to drive through the channels of his Vyskov ships. On the 1st day of 1841, a friend of the London convention about canals was laid to the rock, at the same time with the participation of France. The convention has given overseas European control over the "neutralization" of the Chornomorsk ducts. In such a rank, the London conventions of 1840 1841 rr.

In 1844, Mikola I started a trip to London, and went to the English cabinet about the rise of the "Turkish decline" at the time of the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The English office, having taken a smart position, will, if the "bend Turechchini", enter into a conversation with Russia, albeit considered as the arrangement with her be a kind of food contract.

Skidny food is the so-called sleep of a number of international wipes, which was won in the end of the XVIII century - the ear of the XX century. Here it was, bezpossredno tied with the tastes of the Balkan peoples, they were tied up from the Ottoman yoke. The situation was marching in tandem with the coming fall of the Ottoman Empire. Bagato great powers, including Russia, Great Britain, Prussia, Austro-Ugorsk region, pushed back fighting for the side of the Turkish Volodin.

Pered_story

Skidny food with a sprinkle of wine through those Ottoman Turks, who were wholly in Europe, made it possible to reach the European state. As a result, the situation in the Balkan Peninsula was changed by a cardinal rank, both Christians and Muslims became protistoyannya.

As a result, the Ottoman state itself became one of the key officials of the international European political life. On one side, they were afraid, on the other side, they were whispering about an ally.

France became one of the first to tie up diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire.

In 1528, the first union between France and the Ottoman Empire became the first, which was the first for the succession to the Austrian Empire, as at that hour Charles V.

One year later, political warehouses were added. King Francis I of France wanted to turn one of the churches in Jerusalem to the Christians. The sultan buv opposed, ale, asked to give permission to all Christian churches, which will be based on the territory of Turechchini.

Since 1535, the vilne introduction of the Holy Mysts is allowed to the French and all foreigners under the intercession of France. With such a rank, stretching out to the next hour, Franzia became the only Western European land in the Turkish society.

Zanepad of the Ottoman Empire

Zanepad in the Ottoman Empire was conceived in the 17th century. The Turkish army was crushed by the Poles and the Austrians for a visit in 1683. So, letting the Turks go to Europe has zupiniti.

With a weakened empire, the leaders of the nationally-viscous collapse in the Balkans accelerated. Tse buli Bulgarians, Greeks, Serbs, Chornohors, Volokhs, and more Orthodox.

At the same hour in the 17th century in the Ottoman Empire, the economical and political positions of Great Britain and France were more and more developed, as they were thinking about saving the power of the economy, with the necessary In the first place of Russia and Austria-Ugorshchyna.

The main enemy of the Ottoman Empire

In the middle of the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire had a head enemy. Russia is coming to the winter of the Austro-Ugorshchyna. The cardinal rank of the situation in the Prichernomorsk was changed by the winners of the war in 1768-1774.

The Kuchuk-Kaynardzhiyskiy agreement was laid behind the results of the bulo, which officially closed the first hand of Russia in the Turechchini's certificate.

At that hour, once at Katerina II, having discovered the plan for the residual exile of all Turks from Europe and the renewal of the Greek Empire, she read her onuk Kostyantin Pavlovich to the throne. When the Ottoman Uryad rozrahovuvav took revenge for the strike in the Russian-Turkish war. Great Britain and France played an important role in Skhidniy nutrition, and the Turks were responsible for it.

As a result, in 1787, Turechchina began to be warned against Russia. In 1788, the English and French, with the gentry of diplomatic vicrutas, tried to join the war on both sides and Sweden, as they attacked Russia. All the middle coalition all ended in failure. Shvetsia went out of the way, and then Turechchina stayed on another peace agreement, which led to the cordon to Dniestr. The Uryad of the Ottoman Empire brought forward the idea of ​​a home to Georgia.

sharpening the situation

As a result, there was a rise in the popularity of the Turkish empire in the Kintsev rakhunku, and it became a great success for Russia. At the same time, the one-axial protectorate of Russia over the Turkish Christians was not adopted by the European powers. For example, in 1815, Emperor Oleksandr I took part in a congress at the Vidnaya’s congress, so that he was given credit for the respect of all the Holy Powers. The insurrection of the Greeks fell asleep without a hitch, followed by the terrible barbarity of the Turks, all of which made Russia all at once with the other powers get involved in the war.

We've gotten overwhelmed by the whole lot of things between Russia and Turechchina and earlier. By the way, what is the reason for the sharpening of the power supply, it is necessary to focus on the fact that the Russian rulers regularly heard about the fall of the Ottoman Empire. So, in 1829, Mikola I punished the imposition of Turecchini in vivchini at the same time.

Zokrema, proponuvalosya obgruntuvati five other powers to replace Turechchini. Kingdom of Macedonia, Serbia, Epir, Gretske Kingdom and Principality of Dacia. Now you are guilty of buti zrozumіlo, in what causes the sharpening of the Skhidny food.

Vignannia of Turks from Europe

The plan of expelling the Turks from Europe, the ideas of Katerina II, and becoming realizable and Mykola I. Altogether, as a result, the idea was brought up from the idea of ​​the idea, and the new ideas were passed on to the idea and protection of the nation.

For example, after the distant rebellion of the Egyptian Pasha Megmet-Ali, when the ice did not rise in Turechchina, Russia in 1833 set up a defensive alliance, sending the Sultan to the aid of its fleet.

Vorozhnecha on Skhodі

Vorozhnecha was trivial not only with the Ottoman Empire, but with the Christians themselves. At the gathering, there were Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches. The stench was smelled for the rіznі pіlgi, the rewins for the introduction of the Holy Mysts.

Until 1740, France was in the distance of seeking singing privileges for the Latin Church in the Orthodox school. The ambassadors of the Greek religion sought to be the Sultan of the renewal of ancient rights.

Choosing, in what reason, the Skhidny food, it will be necessary to return to rock until 1850, if the French messengers were expected to turn around the Holy Mists, rooted in Rusalim, the French order. Russia was categorically opposed. As a result, a whole coalition of European powers was formed in the Skhidnyi power against Russia.

Krimska vіyna

Turechchina's decree, which was friendly for Russia, did not have time to accept. As a result, in 1853, the number of newcomers was lost, the solution of the basic food was added again. Unsatisfactory writing wasted by the European powers, everything called to the Crimean War, as it ended in 1856.

The essence of Skhidny food was in the struggle for the inflow at the Blizky Gates and Balkansky pvostrov. With a hold of ten years of decile, I got one of the keys from the last policy of Russia, and I won’t get it once or twice. The policy of Russia in Skhidnoe power supply required the establishment of its own inflow into the whole region, while many other European powers were involved. Everything went to Krymska vіyna, to what kind of skin and participants are interested in. Now we have grown up, in which we have glimpsed Skhidny food.

Rizanina in Syria

In 1860, the European powers had the knowledge to get involved in the situation in the Ottoman Empire, the terrible development that was imposed on the Christians in Syria. On the board, the virus was viral.

Regular insurrection was not bad enough. A family in Herzegovina in 1875, and later in Serbia in 1876, Russia in Herzegovina immediately announced the need to leave the Christian citizens and to leave the land to bloodshed.

In 1877, a new route sprang up, Russian travels went to Constantinople, Rumunia, Chornogoria, Serbia and Bulgaria took independence. The Turkish uryad under the tsom was imbued with the adopted principles of religious freedom. At the same hour, Russian political policy and for example XIX prodovzhuvalo rozroblyati planes for hanging on the Bosphorus.

Situation on the cob XX century

Until the ear of XX century, the distribution of Turecchini continued to progress. Bagato in chomu took the direction of the reactionary Abdul-Gamid. Italy, Austria, and the Balkan powers were facing a crisis in Turechchina, so they were able to take over their territory.

In 1908, the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina was taken over by Austria, before the beginning of Italy, the region of Tripoli was transferred, in 1912, some of the other Balkan counties were sent to Turechchino.

The situation was fought through the genocide of the walnuts and vermens in 1915-1917 rock. At the same time, the Allies in the Entente gave intelligence to Russia, which in the time of the Trinity of the Black Sea canals and Constantinople can go to Russia. In 1918, the capital of Turechchin capitulated in the First Holy Week. But the situation in the region has radically changed again, due to the fall of the monarchy in Russia, the national-bourgeois revolution in Turechchina.

During the 1919-1922 years of 1919-1922, the people were overcame by the wire of Ataturk, at the Lozansky conference, the boules of the new cordon of Turecchini, as well as the land of the Antanti. Ataturk himself became the first president of the Turkish Republic, the forerunner of the fortunate Turkish state in the viglyad we know.

Pid bags of Skhidny food was the establishment between in Europe close to the day. Likewise in the distance vreguluvati rich food, tied, for example, with the exchange of populations. In the kintsevoy rakhunka, he called to the residual legal liquidation the very understanding of Skhidny food in the current international events.

term, scho having known the winikli in the XVIII - och. XX Art. international conflict, tied with the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the growth of the nationally-vis-à-vis-à-vis-à-vis ich was inhabited by the nations and the struggle European countries for the distribution of volodya imperia. Tsarism wants virility in its interests: panuvati on the Black Sea, in the channels of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelli and on the Balkan Sea.

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SHIDNIY FOOD

cleverly, accept in diplomacy and іst. literature, the meaning of the international. rubbing kyn. 18 - hon. 20th century, the warriors of the Ottoman Empire (Sultan Turechchina) and the struggle of the great powers (Austria (from 1867 - Austro-Ugorsk), Great Britain, Prussia (from 1871 - France), Russia pershu chergu - European. V. in. Buv generation, from one side, by the crisis of the Ottoman Empire, one by the manifestation of a long, nationally-visceral. rukh of the balkans and ін. non-Turkish peoples of the Empire, from the side - to the power of the Bl. Descend colonial expansions in Europe. state-in in conjunction with the development of capitalism in them. The term "V. v." for the first time living at the Verona Congress (1822) of the Holy Union before the hour of negotiating the position, as a result of the walnut national revolt of 1821-29 against Turechchini in the Balkans. The first period of the century hunt in an hour from the book. 18th century before Krimskoyi vіyni 1853-56. Він is characterized very differently. to the important roll of Russia on Bl. Come on. We will change the winners from Turechchino 1768-74, 1787-91 (92), 1806-12, 1828-29 Ukraine, Krim, Bessarabia and the Caucasus and mintically established itself on the banks of the Chornyi m. Todi and Russia volunteered for bargaining. the fleet has the right to pass through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelli (div. Kyuchuk-Kainardzhiysky world, one thousand seven hundred and seventy chotiri), as well as for their warriors. ships (Div. Russian-Turkish Union Treaty 1799 and 1805). The autonomy of Serbia (1829), the interchange of the sultan's power over Moldova and the Wallachia (1829), the independence of Greece (1830), as well as the closure of the Dardanelles channel for the military. judging inosis. state-in (Crimea Russia; see Unkyar-Iskelesiyskiy treaty of 1833) means. the world showed the results of the successes of the Russian. zbroi. They are not preoccupied with aggressive goals, which have passed the tsarism over the centuries of Osman's empire and go out of the territory, becoming on the Balkan Peninsula of the independent states in the bullohistorically progressive Armenian heritage Expansionist interests of Russia hit the Bl. Go to the clinic. Europe. powers. At the turn of the 18-19 centuries. ch. the role here was redolent of the post-revolutionist. France. I mark the conquest cx. rinkiv and destroy the colonial revojeniya Great Britain Director, and then Napoleon I achieved ter. drowning for the rakhunok of the Ottoman Empire and the banging of land steps to India. In the wake of the zagrozi (і, zokrem, the invasions of the French. Vіysk to Egypt (div. Gipetska expedition 1798-1801)), explain the changes of the Turechchina union with Russia in 1799 and 1805 in the United Kingdom in 1799 and 1805. rubbing in Europe and zokrem, in the Eastern century. led in 1807-08 to the failure of negotiations between Napoleon I and Oleksandr I about the rise of the Ottoman Empire. New zagostrennya V. century bulo viclicano to the revolts of the Greeks in 1821 against the tour. panuvannya to the growth of the distribution of Russia from the UK, as well as to the conflict in the middle of the Holy Union. Tour.-egypt. Conflicts 1831-33, 1839-40, as they blocked the protection of the Sultan's power over the Ottoman Empire, supervised by the great powers (Egypt pidtrimuval France). Unkyar-Iskelesiyskiy treaty of 1833 about the union between Russia and Turechchinoyu buv the apogee of political and diplomatic. Success to tsarism in the Eastern century. However, the grip on the side of Great Britain and Austria, as they were trying to achieve the liquidation of the overflowing of Russia in the Ottoman Empire, and especially the pragmatic Mikoli I to political life. Isolation of France and Mali, the heritage of Russia and Great Britain on the soil of the East century. and the London conventions of 1840 and 1841 actually meant diplomatic. overpower Great Britain. Tsarske Prospect went to the Unkar-Iskelesiyskiy Treaty of 1833 and at the same time. The powers later "supported the adoption of the integrity and independence of the Ottoman Empire", and also voted the principle of closing the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles for inosis. war. judges, including Russian. Another period of the century. see Krimskoy vіynoy 1853-56 and end in the book. 19th century At all times, the interest of Great Britain, France and Austria to the Ottoman Empire, as before the dzherel of the colonial siervini and the market of zbut prom. goods Expansionist policy of Western Europe. state-in, under the circumstances, they saw from Turechchina and the outskirts of the territory (the capture of Great Britain in 1878 Cyprus and Egypt in 1882, the occupation of the Austro-Ugric region in 1878 by Bosnia and Herzegovina in 18 May) the integrity of the Ottoman Empire and the Equal Strength in Europe. Tsya policy is small on the basis of English. і French the capital of the monopoly panuvannya over Turechchina, the inflow of Russia into the Balkan Peninsula and the close of the Chornomorsk channels for the Russian. war. ships. At the same hour of the conduct of the Western Europe. The powers of the course overshadowed the liquidation of history, having lived a panuvannya tour. feudal lords over the old peoples. Krimska Vіyna 1853-56 and Paris Peace Treaty of 1856 і French capital in the Ottoman Empire and the re-creation of the Ottoman Empire to the Kin. 19th century in napivkolonialnuyu land. At the same time, the weakness of Russia was revealed in some way from capitalism. state you Zap. Evropi signed the fall for the tsarist government in the ministry. on the right, including in V. century. The tse of yaskravo manifested itself in the decisions of the Berlinsky congress of 1878, if the tsarist prospect was lost from Turechchino, the tsarist prospect was brought to the view of the San Stefansky peace treaty of 1878. the staff of Russia was reached, and the health of Bulgaria. to the people of the tour. oppression (1878) was the result of the transition of Russia from the war from Turechchino in 1877-73. Pragnennya Austro-Ugorshchina to ekonomich. and political life. hegemony in the Balkan Peninsula, de crossed paths of the Habsburg monarchy Tsarist Russia, Viklikalo from the 70s. 19th century zrostannya austro-rus. antagonism in V. century. The attack in the book. 19th century The era of imperialism in the third period of the century. In connection with the completed distribution of the light, new large markets have appeared for the vivosis of capital and goods, the new jerel of the colonial system and the new mid-season of the world conflicts - on D. Skhodi, in Lat. America, in the Center. і Sіvshi. Afritsi i in in. R-nah earthly coo , Scho summoned to the change of the pitomous vagi of the V.V. in the protirich Europe system. powers. In the protest of the power of imperialism, the inconsistency and streakiness of the development of the department. capitalistic. The land and the struggle for the redistribution of the already poured light was led to the sharpness of the supernatural among them in the new colonies, including in Turechchina, which manifested itself in the Eastern century. Especially boisterous expansion was promoted by Nimechchina, zoomed in the Ottoman Empire of Great Britain, Russia, France and Austria-Ugorsk. Equipping the Baghdad hall and ordering the tour. tops of the choli with Sultan Abdul-Hamid II, and the trochs of the Young Turks of military-political life. injected germ. Imperialists have taken care of the Kaiser Nimechchini revered in the Ottoman Empire. Germ. expansion took the power of the Russian-nim. and especially English-nim. antagonism. In addition, the activization of the aggressive policy of the Austro-Ugorsk region in the Balkan region (before the annexation of the Territory, the inhabitants of the South Slavic peoples, and before the rejection of the exit in the Yegeisk m.), ), led to extreme tension in the Austro-Russian. in noses. However, the royal pr-in, brought to the cinema. 19th century the implementation of their capture. having conceived in the Eastern century, taking the course to the pre-coastal and protective course. The price was explained by the strengths and respect for Russia in D. Skhid, and because of the weakening of tsarism, due to the defeat in Japan and especially by the leaders of the Pershian Rus. revolutions 1905-07. Zrostannyu protirich in V. century in the era of imperialism and expansion of yogo ter. framework with the present process of the development of the Ottoman Empire, which is supervised, from one side, given the development and expansion of the nationally-visually. To the ruk of the peoples subordinate to the sultan - the virmen, the Macedonians, the Albanians, the population of Crete, the Arabs and, from the side, in the hands of Europe. powers at int. check with Tureccini. Balkan Vines 1912-1913 o-viv Yegeyskogo m. vid tour. oppression, at the same hour they were told about the extreme aggravated V.V. The fate of Turechchini in the 1st World War on Boots German-Austr. the bloc was about to be critical. Phasie V. in. As a result of strikes on the fronts, the Ottoman Empire wasted b. h. its territory. At the same hour in the turn of the germ. The imperialists have re-created the Ottoman Empire "... in its own financial and vital vasal" (Lenin V. I., Op., vol. 23, p. 172). Secrets please, put in the rock of vіyni mіzh participants Antanti (English-Russian-French for the sake of 1915 Sykes-Piko contract 1916 і ін. ), We transferred the crossing of Constantinople and the Chornomorsk ducts to Russia and the Aziatsky. parts of Turechchini mіzh allies. Plans and development of imperialists in the Eastern century zruynuvala peremoga in Russia led. Oct socialist. revolution. Sov. the pr-in rishuche broke from the politics of tsarism and made the agreements signed by the tsar and the hour. pr-you, including the agreement and please, that we were satisfied with the Ottoman Empire. Oct the revolution gave a national impulse. fighting people Going and among them - fighting tour. to the people. Peremoga nationally-visvolny. ruh in Turechchyna in 1919-22 and the collapse of the anti-Turkish. imperialistic. Interventions of Antanti Buli reached their moral and political life. and material support from the side I am glad. Russia. There are multitudes of people on the streets of Kolishnya. The Ottoman Empire was established as a national bourgeois. tour. state. So, new ist. epoch, vidkrit zhovt. revolution, ever known V. century. from the arena of light politics. Lit.ra about V. in. is very large. There are a lot of built robots in the history of diplomacy and international. in the new hour, especially from the history of Turechchina, Russia and the Balkan powers, in which in the great men of the world there will not be a bustle of the century. Besides, the scientific is great. and published liter, assigned different aspects and periods of V. in. for yak visvitlyuє ti chi іnshі podії, tied from the V. in. (It is important. About the problem of the channel and about the Russian-Turkish. Viynakh 18-19 centuries). Protest of the commonplace news about V. in. In the smallest part, the singing world explains the foldable and spaciousness of the food itself, the interpretation of the dogmatic vimag of the great number of documents and the great literature. Glibok's characteristic V. century. given by K. Marx and F. Engels in articles and sheets, publ. beforehand that in the period of the Crimean War and the Bosnian (Skhidny) crisis of 1875-78, which was assigned to the camp of the Ottoman Empire, and the struggle for Europe became aggravated. powers on Bl. Descend (Div. Works, 2 views., Vol. 9, 10, 11; 1 view., Vol. 15, 24). Marx and Engels played in them since the last international. positions, dictated by the interests of development in Europe and zokrem, in Russia, revolutionary-democratic. and the proletarian ruch. The stench was viciously vicious about the conquest. meti, perelіduvanі in V. century. tsarism. Marx and Engels were especially vigorous in introducing policy in the Eastern century. English bourgeois aristocratic. oligarchs at choli with G.J.T. Come on. To the best of the V.V. Marx and Engels respected the action and the whole life of the Balkan peoples for the third tour. yoke. Ale, on yykhnyu dumka, such a radical liquidation of V.V. could have failed as a result of the overhaul of Europe. revolution (Div. Works, 2 forms., v. 9, p. 33, 35, 219). Marxistske rosuminnya V.V. 100% of the period of imperialism V.I. Leninim. In early childhood (for example, "Imperialism, as a stage of capitalism") and in bagatochis. articles ("Combustible material in political politics", "Go to the Balkans and in Persia", "New chapter all-round history "," Social significance Serbian-Bulgarian. peremog "," Bulk. vіyna i bourgeois. shovіnіzm "," Awakening Asia "," Go to a foreign warrant "," About the right of nations to self-designation "and іn.) the efforts of the peoples of the Ottoman Empire, including the Turkish people, do not have the right to live in imperialistic bondage and feudalism on an independent basis. Doslidzhennyakh M. H. Pokrovsky about the call of politics of Russia and international articles in the new hour ("Imperialistic. Skidny nutrition ", Vіkіpedіya, 1 type., V.13). the politician of tsarism in the Great Century before the introduction of Russian aid kiv in the and the bourgeoisie willing to volodinnya bargaining. by way through the Chornomorski ducts. At the same time, he went over the value of the V. century. at the call. Russian policy and diplomacy. Among a number of his robots, Pokrovsky characterizes Russian-nim. antagonism in V. century. yak osn. the cause of the 1st Holy War of 1914-18, and the Tsar's Prospect of Vvazhaє was the head of the blame for the development. Zvidsi vipliva pomilkovo pomilkovo Pokrovsky's tverdzhennya, scho in serpnі-zhovtnі. 1914 Russia nibito paused to draw the Ottoman Empire into the Holy War at the Boats Center-Europe. powers. Present scientific. value based on unpublished robotic docs E. A. Adamova "Meals about the ducts and Constantinople in international politics in 1908-1917 rr." (In Sat Dok-tov: "Constantinople and ducts on secret documents b. MinnVa inoz. Sprav", (v.) 1, 1925, pp. 7 - 151); Ya.M. Zakhera ("Before the history of Russian. Politics about the ducts in the period between Russian-Japanese. ; "Constantinople and ducts", "KA", v. 6, p. 48-76, v. 7, p. 32-54; "Russian policy about Constantinople and ducts for the hour of the Trypolitansky vіyni", "Izvestia Leningr . teacher. ped. іn-tu іm. A. I. Herzen ", 1928, p. 1, p. 41-53); M. A. Petrova "Preparation of Russia before the Holy Sea" (1926) and V. M. Khvostov "Problems of the Bosporus in the 90s of the XIX century." ("The Historian-Marxist", 1930, vol. 20, p. 100-129), assigned to Ch. arr. rozrobtsі in uryadіv. Russian business projects for the work of the Bosphorus and the preparation of the Navy before the start of the operation, as well as the policy of Europe. powers in V. century. in advance and in the period of the 1st week of war. Stisliy about the history of V.V., Notes on the document. dzherelakh, take revenge in the articles of E. A. Adamov ("Before the nourishment about the historical perspectives of the development of the scheme. Nutrition", in the book: "Colonial Skhid", ed. A. Sultan-Zade, 1924, pp. 15-37; " razdil Aziatsky. Turechchini ", in the collection of documents:" razdil Aziatsky. Turechchini. Behind the secret documents b. MinnVa inoz. reference ", ed. E. A. Adamova, 1924, pp. 5-101). Gliboky analysis of fighting imperialistic. powers in V. century. in the book. 19th century take revenge in the statti of V. M. Khvostov "Near-declining crisis of 1895-1897 rr." ("Historian-Marxist", 1929, v. 13), in the monographs of A. S. Urusalimsky "Ext. Politics and diplomacy of germ. Imperialism in Kiev. XIX century "(2 view., 1951) і GL Bondarevsky" Baghdad road and penetration of the German. Imperialism on Bl. Skid. 1888-1903 "(1955). Politics of capitalist state in the 19th century and in the early 20th century until the age of A.D. 1937; "Economics of Turechchini in the period of holy war", 1935). , characterized by the enslavement of Turechchini by the German-Austrian imperialists from the 1st hour of the Holy Revolution. Russia and Cx. crisis of the 20s, pp. XIX century "(1958), statti І. G. Gutkina" Grech. Food and diplomatic. Vidnosini Evrop. Powers in 1821-1822 rr. "(" Uch. Zap. LDU ", ser. Іst. Nauk, 1951, p. 18, No 130): N.S. Proceed in advance and before the hour of the Russian-Turkish war 1828-29 rr. "(" Uch. Zap. MGU ", tr. Department of History of the USSR, 1952, p. 156); O. Shpara" Ext. Policy of Canning and Greek Nutrition 1822-1827 "(" ВІ ", 1947, No. 12) and" The role of Russia in the struggle of Greece for independence "(" ВІ ", 1949, No. 8). The author ("Russia and the Caucasus in the first third of the XIX century.", 1960) v. on poch. 19th century і mіzhnar. the camp of the Ottoman Empire in the whole period of the hour of the visit in the monograph by A. F. Miller "Mustafa Pasha Bayraktar. Ottoman Empire in the beginning of the XIX century" (1947). Systematic. Viklad diplomatic. Boku V. in. You can know according to Rozdilakh "History of diplomacy", v. 1, 2 form., 1959, v. 2, 1945. State service and political life. The sparseness of V. in the mіzhnar. at the end of the new hour, they put a strong video beat on the last bourgeois. vcheny. in their pratsyah clearly show the interests of the ruling classes of this land, until the beginning of that chi іnshiy historian. Specialist. The last version of the "Skh. Nutrition" was written by S. M. Solovyov (zibr. cit., St. Petersburg, 1901, pp. 903-48). Vazhayuly the most important factor is. development of geographic. middle, Solovyov formulaє V. in. as a manifestation of the contentious struggle of Europe, before the end of the war, it is also possible to bring Russia to Azerbaijan, sea ​​coast and fox with step. Recognition and justification of the aggressive policy of the Tsarat in the Eastern century, The process of colonization of the South-Russian is the basis of the process, on the basis of which. р-нів, "struggle with the Asian", "offensive movement to Asia". At the apologist. Dusi illuminated the policy of tsarism in the Eastern century. in the monograph by S. M. Goryainov "Bosphorus and Dardanelli" (1907) 18th century to 1878 and zberig its scientific. the value of the manager to a wide collection of archival documents. An unfinished publication by R. P. Martens "Collection of Treatises and Conventions, laid down by Russia with the powers." please, as you should not lie down to the east century. Scientific interest is also represented by іst. introduced by submitting a large number of published documents. Nek-rє z tsikh introduction, scho spiraling on archivnі dzherela, revealing valuable material from the history of the V.V. in the book. 18th century i in the 1st half. 19th century Aggressive і antіrus. course in V. in. Brit. diplomacy eng. Historians (J. Marriott, A. Toynbee, W. Miller) justify the demands of protecting Great Britain from their bargaining. shlakhiv (especially the commune, how to ring from the Indian, and the land steps to the whole colony) and the importance from the central point of view of the Chornomorsky channels, Istanbul, Egypt and Mesopotamia. This is how you look V. in. J. A. R. Marriot (The Eastern question, 4th ed., 1940), intent on introducing the policy of Great Britain to defend without fail. і pro-Turkish. For the French. bourgeois. The history of history is characterized by the priming of the "civilization" and "cultural" missions of France on Bl. Come, to-ry won pragne to close the expansionist society, persecuted in the Eastern century. French capital. Nadayuchi great significance to the French law protectorate over the Catholic. piddanimi of the sultan, fr. Historians (E. Drio. J. Ansel. G. Anoto, L. Lamush) greatly exalt the power of Catholic Christians in the Ottoman Empire, which is important. in Syria and Palestine. This tendency is remembered in abundant development of the robots of E. Driault (E. Driault, "La Question d'Orient depuis ses origines jusgu'a nos jours", 8? D., 1926) and in the book. J. Ansel (J. Ancel, "Manuel historique de la question d'Orient. 1792-1923", 1923). Austr. Historians (G. Ibersberger, E. Verteimer, T. Sosnoskiy, A. Prshibram) who exceeded the significance of the aggressive policy of the tsarist district in the Eastern century. And pictures and works of nibitos panned in Russia pan-Slavs, at the same hour there will be an abundance of anecdotal events and captures. think about the Balkan Monarchy of the Habsburgs. In general, the characteristic of robots b. Rector Vidensky University G. Yubersberger. Wide range of studies in Russian. lit-ri and dzherel, including owls. published documents, vikorystovuyutsya him for one-sided visibility of the policy of Russia in the Eastern century. and in the fourth vypravdannya antislav. і antіrus. Politics of Austria (in the recent period of the Austro-Ugorsk region) (N. Uebersberger, "Russlands Orientpolitik in den letzten zwei Jahrhunderten", 1913; ", 1958). A similar point of view is taken into account by the greater number of German. bourgeois. honored (G. Franz, G. Hertzfeld, H. Holborn, O. Brandenburg), as well as the policy of Russia in the Eastern century. wikikala 1-svitovu vіynu. So, G. Franz vvazhaє, scho goal. the cause of the tsієї vіynya was the pragmatic tsarism to the Volodinnya Chornomorsk ducts. Win ignore value of the message nim. The imperialism of the Balkan politics of the Austro-Ugorsk region, keeping the Kaiser Nicholas out of sight independently. capture tsіley in V. century. (G. Frantz, "Die Meerengenfrage in der Vorkriegspolitik Russlands", "Deutsche Rundschau", 1927, Bd 210, Februar, S. 142-60). Typ. bourgeois. History of V.V. viklyuchit. pіd kutom zoru external-political life. the provision of Turecchini 18-20 st. Cheruyuchis your own edge shovіnіstіch. conceptual history process, tour. History of History oppression. Fight Neturei. people for their independence stench explain to the inspiration of Europe. powers. Falsifіkuuchi іstorich. fact, tour. Historians (Yu. Kh. Bayur, I. Kh. Uzuncharshili, E. Urash, A.B. Kuran and I. socially and economically. and cultural development of the Balkan peoples. Primed on ts_y falsification, tour. office іstorіografiya to rob the grave, antіііstorіch. Visnovok about those who are guilty, which were led by the Sultanska Turechchina in the 18-20th century, were worn to defend purely. character for the Ottoman Empire and aggressive for Europe. Powers. Publ.: Yuzefovich T., Agreements with Russia with a Gathering, St. Petersburg Bi, 1869; Zb. agreements in Russia with in. powers (1856-1917), M., 1952; Constantinople and streams. For secret documents bi. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ed. E. A. Adamova, t. 1-2, M., 1925-26; Rozdil Asian Turechchini. For secret documents bi. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ed. E. A. Adamova, M., 1924; Three naradis, foreword. M. Pokrovsky, "Visnyk NKZS", 1919, No 1, p. 12-44; Archivist's notebook. Note by A.I. Nelidov in 1882 about the busy channel, foreword. V. Khvostova, "KA", 1931, v. 3 (46), p. 179-87; The project of the dumping of the Bosphorus in 1896, foreword. V. M. Khvostova, "KA", 1931, v. 4-5 (47-48), p. 50-70; The project of the dumping of the Bosphorus in 1897 roci, "KA", 1922, v. 1, p. 152-62; Tsarsky district about the problem of the channel in 1898-1911 pp., Preface. V. Khvostova, "KA", 1933, vol. 6 (61), p. 135-40; Noradounghian G., Recueil d'actes internationaux de l'Empire Ottoman, v. 1-3, P., 1897-1903; Strupp K., Ausgew? Hlte diplomatische Aktenst? Cke zur orientalischen Frage, (Gotha, 1916); A documentary record, 1535-1914, ed. by J. C. Hurewitz, N. Y. - L. - Toronto. 1956. Lit. (Criminated in the statute): A.A. Girs, Russia and Bl. Skhid, St. Petersburg, 1906; Dranov B.A., Chornomorski ducts, M., 1948; Miller A. P., short history Turecchini, M., 1948; Druzhinina E. I., Kuchuk-Kaynardzhiyskiy world of 1774 rock (yogo training and visnovok), M., 1955; Ulyanitskiy V.A., Dardanelli, Bosphorus and Chorne m. In the XVIII century. Narisi is diplomatic. іstorії skh. nutrition, M., 1883; Cahuet A., La question d'Orient dans l'histoire contemporaine (1821-1905), P., 1905; Choublier M., La question d'Orient depuis le Trait? de Berlin, P., 1897; Djuvara T. G., Cent projets de partage de la Turquie (1281-1913), P., 1914; Martens F., Etude historique sur la politique russe dans la question d'Orient. Gand-B.-P., 1877; Sorel A., La Question d'Orient au XVIII si? Cle (Les origines de la triple alliance), P., 1878; Roepell R., Die orientalische Frage in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwickelung 1774-1830, Breslau, 1854; Wurm C. F., Diplomatische Ceschichte der Orientalischen Frage, Lpz., 1858; Bayur Y. H., T? Rk inkil? Bi tarihi, cilt 1-3, Ist., 1940-55. (Div. Takozh literature at the station Chornomorski ducts). A.S. Silin. Leningrad.

The essence of "skidny food"

On the cob XVII century. The Ottoman Empire entered the period of a protracted crisis. Volodyucha majestic territory in Europe, in Africa and Asia, the Ottoman Empire was a conglomerate of the old lands, tribes and peoples. The Black Sea was built by an internal pool of empire. Tsia Bula is a majestic power, in which the Turks, who encroached on the whole camp, and the population was not too small. We entered the warehouse of the Central Empire of the People and the Nationalities, and they spent time on the small scale of economic, political, cultural development. Before the Turkish reluctance, the stench lived with hatred, and the inner feudal fragmentation in the region softened their spiritual struggle.

Internal rosette of the Ottoman Empire to the end of the 18th century. Having put the problem of the division of the Turkish Volodymyr among the provincial European powers at the mercy, the skin of those who hung their dominance on the "Ottoman decline". Zhodna did not try to admit them to political or economic dominance in the Ottoman Empire.

Naybilsh hospitality wikipedia about European Volodinnyas of Turechchini. Tsarska Rossiya pushed to opanuvati Constantinople and channels and to protect the way from the Black Sea. Against Russia, England and France entered Pershu, as they themselves were Mali Zagarbnytskyi planners, who would like to have fun with them. The interests of Russia and the Western European powers were also stuck in the food about the Balkan provinces of Turechchini. Russia pidtrimuvala praznennya words and walnuts populations to the level of Turkish panuvannya. England and France, the Navpaks, fought the Sultan's order in their struggle against the nationally-vis-à-vis-à-vis the Balkans. Criminality of its anti-Russian directness, the whole policy of England and France is small as well as economic reasons.

Turetske panuvannya Balkans stink vvazhali naykraschoyu zaporukoyu neobmezhenoї torgovoї ekspluatatsії mіstsevogo Population: kapіtulyatsіynimi mode i nizkі Mita zakrіplenі in contracts of Turechchinoyu, zabezpechuvali єvropeyskomu kapіtalu naybіlsh vigіdnі minds todі yak stvorennya Balkan Square Powers abo perehіd Tsikh provіntsіy to Russie sprichiniv bi behind him Skasuvannya Tsikh Privіleiv. Zvіdsi i vіdbuvavsya visunuty Anglієyu i Frantsієyu faded "tsіlіsnostі i nedotorkannostі Osmanskoї іmperії" yaky on dіlі vіdbivav pragnennya Tsikh powers postaviti Turechchinu in Povny ekonomіchnu i polіtichnu zalezhnіst od єvropeyskogo kapіtalu, zberegti in nіy vіdstaly feudal way, pereshkoditi zvіlnennyu balkanskih narodіv i time of tim Transition from Russia to Constantinople. Russian tsarism has also carried out zagarbnitsa policy. Vikoristovuchi vzvolnyi mob of the people of the Balkan pivostrov against the Turkish oppression, the Russian uryad will transfer its interests.

The provincial powers of Europe, in the Kintsevo rakhunka, have seized in their hands a solution along Turechchina and along the Balkan Volodya. So Vinnik "skidne nourishment". In such a rank, "eat food" - mentally accept in the diplomacy and historical literature of the great international struggle against the end of the 18th century - the ear of the XX century Turkish volodin.

Russian-Turkish wines in the end of the XVIII - the cob of the XIX century.

In the other half of the XVIII century. the sultan's vlada in the Ottoman Empire paid for the feudal status of the land and the transfer of the old peoples. The insurgency in the Balkans and Asia was more powerful than the insurgency, and the Sultan's uryad shukov more easily led to the vicious confinement in Russia, and the victorious struggle of the people of the Balkan Peninsula and the Caucasus. Pislya Semirichnoy vіyny The European powers more and more easily prodovzhuvjuvuyu Turechchina in anti-Russian policy. In the minds of the chicks, it was not very good to provoke the lock of Turechchina from Russia, which in her own room drove to the Chornomorsk ports.

Russian-Turkish wine 1768-1774 rr., Rozpochata from the initiative of Porti, again demonstrated the weakness of Turechchini. Until the end of the day, the breakdown of the economy, finance and organization has inoculated the Ottoman Empire on the brink of disaster. The great visir Mukhsin-zade Mehmed Pasha, who requested an armistice, at the end of the hour, Russia itself demanded that the war be finished. U 1774 r mіzh Rosієyu and Ottoman Empire buv of signatures Kuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace treaty.

Nayvazhlivsi decree the whole peace treaty bully such: the recognition of Crimea and the sumy Tatar regions "vilny and absolutely independent from any third party" and the admission to Russia of Azov, Kerch, Ukraine by other regions; the opening of the Black Sea and a channel for the Russian merchant seafaring, as well as providing Russia with the best hospitality in the food trade, mit, capital regime and consular service; the establishment of a Russian protectorate over Moldavian and Valakhin; giving Russia the right to stay in the Orthodox Church in Constantinople, and also to protect Porti from the law of Christians; The payment to the Port of 7.5 million pies (4 million rubles) of Russia's contribution to Russia.

Our statisticians gave amnesty to the old people, in exchange for the representatives of the diplomats and the migrants, the annulment of the number of agreements, the recognition for the Russian empress of the title of the “old people” Nadal Kuchuk-Kaynardzhiyskiy peace treaty 80 years ago, right up to the Parisian treatise in 1856, serving the Russian diplomacy as the main leaders in the Port.

In 1783 r Krim and Kuban boules were brought to Russia. Turechchin had his own devil, depriving Timchasov of reconciling with the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhiysky treaty and the second Crimea, he was getting ready to fight against Russia. The Turechchina Bula now has no power to cross Russia and turn the Cream to the warehouse of the Russian Volodya. The Austrian Emperor, after the fact that Russia has given the right to the Krimskiy Pivostriv. In 1781 the Russian-Austrian agreement between Katerina II and Yosip II was built. Austria was the guarantor of Russia for all treaties that it laid down with Turechchina. At the time of Turechchina's attack on Russia, Austria, the crop was tied to the openness of Turechchina in vіynu and news її tіnіu zіlkіstya vіysk, і і ї ally. The agreement was laid down in a line on the whole rock. The Russian-Austrian Union Treaty of 1781 r was the result of a spilny appearance of both powers in the roster in 1787 r in Turechchino.

Rozrakhoyuchi on the occasion of England and Prussia, the Turkish uryad 16 serpnya 1787 rock in the form of an ultimatum squeezed from Russia the turn of the Crimea. If the Russian ambassador Bulgakov issued an ultimatum, Turechchina voiced Russia to the point. Austria, in a fight, is Russia alone to speed up the fruits of the peremogy, and the union of crops under the Austro-Russian treaty entered into force against Turechchini in 1788, as Russia fought against the Turechchina in 1787, as Russia fought against the Red Army in 1787. The successes of the Russian victories, especially the quick success of Suvorov, allowed Austria to continue to live and take over the people of the Ottoman territories, including Bucharest, Belgrade and Craiova. Protest, Austria was nudguvala in Turechchina, so she respected all the forces of the European monarchies for the need for the protection of the European monarchies, and she resisted in the whole hour of the French revolution. In addition, England actively protested Russia and Austria, looking at their plans to threaten English interests at the Close Gathering and in India.

Sponukuvan and subsidies to England, the Swedish king Gustav III naked in 1788 r in Russia. Do not be surrounded by cim, the English uryad uklav allied agreements with Prussia and Holland, having established the Trinity Alliance, recruiting against Russia and Austria. Prussia, who was the leader of the English policy in Europe, in the threatened form of vimagal from Austria, was placed in peace with Turechchina, helping to ease Russia. At the time of the Anglo-Austro-Prussian conference in Reichenbach, the Austrian goiter was bound to establish a separate world from Turechchino and no more help Russia.

In 1790 r, Austria pinned down the Vijski actions against Turechchina and in the face of the incessant thunderstorms of Prussia and England, in 1791 r the Sistovsky Peace Treaty. At the heart of yogo is the concept of status quo ante bellum. Austria turned to the Turks all the lands it had conquered, except for the fortress of Khotin in the district, as it did so to turn the story of the Russian-Turkish society. One hour, a convention was laid between the sides of the bule, according to which Stara Orsova passed by the Volodya of Austria and a small territory along the upper course of the river. Unni, the protest took on the goiters, but not to grow hardened in the near-Bani lands.

Russia prodovzhuvala vіynu alone і completed її in 1791 with the Yass peace treaty, which approved the Kuchuk-Kainardzhiysky treaty of 1774 r act 1783 about the transfer of Crimea and Kuban to Russia and all other agreements. The Russian-Turkish cordon was established along the river. Dnister. The Turkish uryad was in charge of its claims against Georgia, and the crops were not tied to any kind of beggars against the Georgian lands. The Yassky Peace Treaty has secured Russia’s Volodinnya to all the Chornomorsk Uzbeks from Dniester to Kuban, including the Crimea, and having made the political position in the Caucasus and the Balkans.

Colonial policy of Napoleonic France has infused the growth of Russian-Turkish change. The tendency to the closeness of Russia and England in the Turechchina was born in the Campoform light of 1797, since the French, having gone to Italy, came close to the Balkan Peninsula and began to feel the Greek island Bezposrednim same delivery to the union between Turechchinoy, from one side, and from Russia and England, from the other, was the landing under the command of General Napoleon Bonaparte in Egypt 1 linden 1798 r

Turechchina received additional help, proponated by Russia. On the 9th spring of 1798, the Turkish district saw a manifesto about war against the French Republic. At the same time, the Russian-Turkish fleet of the Russian-Turkish fleet was led by the head rank on the island of the French. With such a rank, Turechchina actually entered into an alliance with Russia before the union treaty was put into place. The Russian-Turkish union treaty of 1799, having formalized the order of the Anglo-Turkish treaty on the 5th of the same day, entered Turechchini into another anti-French coalition.

In 1804, the Port, fighting the French aggression, came to Russia with a new treaty as a new treaty. in all food, they are free of light and safe. Whenever I attacked one of the sides, the side of the goiters would get help from an ally; in the event of the unhappiness of the donation, the donor was given a substitute for a generous subsidy. The parties agreed that the Yassky Peace Agreement, the agreement of 1800 about the republics of the Seven Ionian Islands, and all those who please, laid down among them, will lose their power, because the smell of this agreement cannot be overwhelmed.

However, the Russian-Turkish union appeared to be unconvincing. After the victory of Napoleon under Austerlitz, Turechchina was more likely to be closer to France. Pribuliy to Constantinople in 1806, the French ambassador, General Sebastiani, zumiv to the Porto at the omnipotence of Napoleon, who seized France on the side of France, provoking the Russo-Turkish conflict, which ended in victory. Tsya vіyna demonstrated the hopelessness and weakness of Turechchina. Sheds and flies in 1807 Russian times in the Balkans and in the Caucasus gave the Turks a lot. Inspiration of a non-trivial truce, the attachments of 1809 new events were renewed, and a great deal of change, thanks to M.I. Kutuzov in 1811, the Turks were forced to ask for light. Negotiations ended in 1812 with the Bukharest Peace Treaty Visnovk

According to the agreement, before Russia came the interire of Prut and Dnistra (Bessarabia) with the fortresses Khotin, Bendery, Akerman, Kilia and Izmail. The Russian-Turkish cordon was established along the river. Prut to the end of the Danube river, and then along the Kilisky channel of the Danube to the Black Sea. Russia was guilty of turning Turechchina all the lands and fortresses conquered by her in Asia. Russia took care of itself, as they voluntarily came to it, all the regions of the Transcaucasian region up to Arpachai, Adjarian mountains and the Black Sea. Turechchina turned sobi to Anapa. Russia denied the right of merchant shipping along the entire course of the Danube, and the right of Vyskoy - to the tip of the Prut. Moldova and Valachia turned Turechchina. The agreement was secured in the privileges of the Danube principalities, such as the bully and the nadan in accordance with the Yass peace treaty 1791 r

Viniknennya of "walnut pitannya"

The policy of tsarism from the Ottoman Empire was twofold. On one side, on the empire of the Sultan Bul, the doctrine of the Holy Union about the protection of the legitimate rights of monarchs from revolutionaries has been expanded. On the other hand, the real interests of Russia were dominated by the representatives of the nationalist rukhs in the Ottoman Empire, with the aim of strengthening the Russian positions in the Balkans against the ever-growing state of the early autumn of winter.

In 1821, a walnut insurrection fell out. Having hunted the Sea and the islands of the Aegean Sea, it won over the nation for independence. With the help of the ruling forces of the community, the walnut peasantry and the small trade bourgeoisie were fought. In 1822, a boule was approved for a walnut national district. The nationally-visually insurrection of the Greek people against the Sultan Turechchini called for the fire of international protests in the areas of Balkansky Pivostrov, Blizky Skhod and Midland Sea... Food about those regimes that will arise in Greece, which have been rooted on the most important trade routes from Europe to the regions of Pivnichnoy Africa, Close Descent and Middle Descent, becoming one of the central meals of European diplomacy and needing such ten times.

Russia, recruited into the change of its inflow into the whole region, pushed to the extent that the Turkish peoples of the Balkans and Greece were brought in by the friendly and independent states. For a long time, the Greeks fought against the Zahist; I gave him material and diplomatic advice, and if it became clear that there was a shortage, I helped him with the power of zeal.

On the edge of the Greeks, the position was rich in Austrian empire, as it was feared that this butt could give a revolutionizing inflow on the peoples of the ancient Ugrian, Italian and Slovyan lands. In addition, the governors of the Austrian stake were afraid of the change of economic and political positions of Russia in the Balkans to the Skoda of the Great. Austria unknowingly stood up for the preservation of one and the other in the Ottoman Empire. Anglia and France were scolded to the fore, as they claimed a critical role in the weak and in the old town of Turechchina. To that the ci powers stood up for the safety of the status quo in the whole region.

The first two rockies sent the ear of the walnut rebellion, the English diplomacy pidtrimuval the Sultan district. However, the development of the insurrection in the world, if it became clear that the Greeks did not lay their heads until the end of the day, and Russia, at any moment, could look at Turechchina in its own right, the Minister of Foreign Languages ​​of England, J. Kannying, the course of my life. England denounced itself as a "patronizing power" of Greece, rorakhovyuchi in the mighty enslave the land in the financial and political relations and development and its own strategic base on the Middle Earth Sea.

Russia, for a number of years, at the social stage of European diplomacy in front of Turechchia's national government, grants autonomy, and other states dragged out the negotiations with their food. At the birch of 1826, the turn in the right of Russia in Constantinople was handed over to Porti an ultimatum with vimogs: to bring Turkish news to Moldova and Wallachia; update the order there; it is inaccurate to call the Serbian deputies who were caught in Constantinople; turn Serbia all rights, as won for the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812; new Russian-Turkish negotiations, to no avail, took place from 1816 to 1821 pp. On a vikonannya tsikh vimog was given 6 tizhn_v.

In the minds of J. Canning, he was convinced to compromise and on April 4, 1826, he signed the Petersburg Protocol on Russian-English social activities in the regulation of walnut food. Vazhayuchi, that the Russian-Turkish will lead to a sharp weakening of the Ottoman Empire, to accelerate the emotional force of the people of the Balkan region, the English diplomacy of the Russian Federation, gladdened the Port of acceptance. Austria gave the sultans an analogous council. Turechchina accepted the ultimatum, and in the course of the meeting in 1826 in Akerman Russian-Turkish negotiations, the Russian text of the convention was accepted without changes.

The Akkerman Convention approved the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812. The cities of Ancaria, Sukhum and Redut-Kale were closed behind Russia; The prikordonna of rice on the Danube was also promoted by Russia. Russia has denied the right to trade in the Ottoman Empire and to trade in the sea. The right of merchant ships of the non-Black Sea powers was discussed, as they straight to the Russian port or from them, without crossing the Chornomorsk channels.

Sheds 1827 to London, talks were held between Russia, England and France about the arrangement on the basis of the Petersburg Protocol and on the 6th of 1827 the London convention between Russia, England and France was signed. Russia, England and France zobov'is tied to proponate the Ottoman Porti in the middle of reconciling with the Greeks on the basis of advancing minds: the Greeks will be known to be left behind as the Sultan and to pay him tribute; the stench will be ruled by the dominion of the Lord, who are aloofly signifying the fate of the brother of Porta; Because of the identification of the Greek nationality from the Turkish and the loss of confinement among them, the Greeks will regain the right to vikupit all Turkish power, as it has passed on its territory. The convention also led to the fact that the three treaty powers would not have any kind of increase in their powers, making their own power more powerful, or trade passages, as they could not have rejected two of the other powers.

The idea of ​​the London convention, the hope of the three powers, took an hour every hour to look at and take decisions about social projects in the development of the convention. Before the start of the Russian-Turkish war, the Russian district, in the hope of its allies, who feared one-sided action from the side of Russia, Greece, overturned the letters in the chest of 1827 when the "Protocol on without convention" The protocol is conciliatory, so that in the event of a failure from the Turechchian state, they will be bound by the "trimming of the London convention" expansion.

In 1828, the Russian-Turkish viyna made the most of Russia's allies in 1828. With the aim of pushing back against the Russian inflow in Greece, the French detachment solicited the allies for the effort of the occupation corps in Morey. London has taken the decision to send a corps of French troops, such as, from one of the three powers, to block the Turks, and Great Britain to support its fleet at the Middle-Earth Sea in order to transport flights. At the hour of the arrival of the French corps in Morey, the Greek insurgent army behind the aid of the Russian army, which rejected the victory over the Turks in the Balkans, actually occupied the main part of the Pyvostrov, so the presence of the French corps in the Peloponnese was not practical for the Greek people.

During the trivial negotiations of the allied powers, they took the protocol of 22 March 1829, starting the Maybut devices of Greece. England and France pushed as much as possible to the border of the new Greek state, and Russia insisted that all the Greek lands and islands, including the islands of Crete, were included in the warehouse of the Greek Buli. According to the protocol, the Greek state was to blame for the inclusion of the Morea, the Cyclades Islands and a part of continental Greece, so that they lie on the first day of the line, from the Voloska and the Artistic inflows. Greece is guilty of becoming a constitutional monarch, for the reason, that the leader of the state, who was converted to the Greek throne, is guilty of the Christian revolution and not being in the homeland with the Russian czars, the French in England. Gretzia is guilty of the Bula viplachuvati to the Sultan of the Sultan, a tribute in the size of 1.5 million.

Turechchina had a chance to see the independence of Greece only as a result of the defeat in Russia. Consider the protocol of the London conference formed the basis for the introduction of the 10th Adrianople Peace Treaty of 1829 to Greece, after completing the Russian-Turkish war. A diplomatic struggle is active with the overwhelming treaty. Yogo mind turned out to be porous for Turecchini. The Tsar's Uryad, vazhayuyu that the Ottoman Empire was unimaginable for itself, respected for more beautifully the sultan's protection for a larger part of his Volodya, but instead of taking care of the overflowing of the Port's policy. According to the agreement of the river Danube with the islands, all Caucasian Uzbeks up to the wine cordon of Adjara, the fortresses of Akhalkalaki and Akhaltsikh with adjacent areas passed to Russia. Turechchina viznannya to Russia Georgia, Іmeretiya, Mingrelia and Guriya, as well as the khanates of Yerevan and Nakhichevansky, which went to Iran according to the Turkmenchaysky peace treaty of 1828 r

On the basis of the policy of the contract. The port of goiter was assigned to the autonomy of Serbia and Greece. The autonomy of Serbia was formalized by the Sultan's decree of 1830 r Gretziya, according to the London Protocol of 1830 r was declared by the independent kingship. Agreeing to secure the autonomy of the Danube princes (Moldavia and Valachia) and saving for Russia the right to take part in the violated statute of the cich princes. The legalization of the persuasion of the Russian law of trade in all regions of the Ottoman Empire was adopted. The Turechchina led the way through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelli to the Earth and Russian merchant ships. An indemnity was imposed on the Turechchina Bula, until the payment was made for the return of the Danube princes by the Russian Vies.

By such a rank, which was the result of the development of "skidny food" on the whole stage, Russia strengthened its position on the Black Sea and in the Balkans; Serbia rejected autonomy; The Danube princes made the crock on the way to their own zeal, and Greciya was unhappy.

Egyptian crisis.

By the uncomfortable idea of ​​ending the war from Russia, Turechchina lost its suzerainty over Basal Algeria, as it was re-created into the colony of France. Like a cim against the Turkish Sultan, I saw the pasha of Egypt Muhammad-Ali. Behind the back of Muhammad-Ali, Franzia dialed, pushed behind her in the middle to solidify her inlet at Blizkiy Skhodi. So, at the call of the Egyptian Pasha Mohammed-Ali against his overlord, the Turkish Sultan Mahmud II The two powers proponated the Sultan and Pasha in the middle of the conflict, as a result of which on May 9, 1833, in Kutah, it was announced that the government was transferred to Muhammad-Ali Palestine, Syria and Kilik. The nature of the wine has made itself known as a Vasal of the Sultan and has shown itself in its own way from Anatolia.

Pid hour of the Egyptian krizis 1831-1833 rr. Mykola I actively supported Sultan Mahmud II against the Egyptian Pasha, and fight to overcome the rest of the project before the establishment of the overwhelming influx of France at all Close Gates. At the same time, the tsar's uryad rozrahovuvav, scho, seize the sultan, vono celebrate their political inflow into Turechchina. At their own devil, the rulers of the Turechchini stake, through the attendants of Muhammad-Ali France and the passiveness of England and Austria, respected the Russian help, and the only way through the Egyptians was to see them.

In 1833, Russian airborne units hung on the Asian birch of the Bosphorus, in the city, called Unkiyar-Iskeles, and blocked the Egyptian way to Constantinople. Immediately after arriving in Constantinople, the extraordinary ambassador Mikoli I A. Orlov. Nastilya is more obvious than the strength of the Russian in the flow wicked a little against the side of France and England. Pragmatic knowledge led to the transfer of Russian wars to Turechchina, England and France were desirous of Mahmud II as a reconciliation with Muhammad-Ali. Under the grip of two powers, the Sultan pishov on the serious deeds of his wasal.

For the land laid by the representatives of the Sultan and Ibrahim Pashey in the country 1833 r Muhammad-Ali took in his government not only Egypt, but also Syria from Palestine and the region of Adani. For the price of vіn goiters, we are obliged to recognize the suzerainty of the Sultan and to bring our own news of Anatolia. Tim himself saw the need for moving Russian flights to Turechchyna. In addition, as Ibrahim Pasha drove his way beyond the Taurus, the Russian airborne part of the Buli landed on a ship to turn to Russia. However, even before їх going from Turechchini A. Orlov otrimav as the sultan of the year on the basis of the Unkiyar-Iskelesiyskiy treaty.

The Unkiyar-Iskelesiyskiy agreement in the voices of the articles has established, that “peace, friendship and union will be right and wrong” as well as Russia and Turechchina and that offended parties will be I will also help and help the process itself. " The agreement was made in the Adrianople agreement of 1829 and the Russian-Turkish agreement and please.

Russia needs a lot of healthy forces "in the event that the situation presented itself, so that we can again sponce a Blisky Port in order to see the Russian new secret and maritime additional help The Turechka region was given the help given to Russia, given in the article 1 of the treaty, but the natomy imposed a crop on the Port of Russia for the Dardanelli channel. Written by Turechchina and Russia of the Unkiyar-Iskelesiyskiy treaty of 1833, the Russian bully vivedeni from Turechchina.

The Unkiyar-Iskelesiyskiy contract of protest in protest of England and France, which was super-justified, as diplomatic notes, as well as the European-naval demonstration of the Turkish coastline. At the notice of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation K.V. Nesselrode, having declared the English and French orders, that Russia man is exactly viconuvati Unkiyar-Iskelesiyskiy agreement. However, it’s not a bargaining to write the signing of the treaty of Mikol I, weakening its significance for Russia, having adopted the Munich Convention from Austria in 1833, which sent in the time of the repeated crisis the social life of Russia and Austria for the wintering

At the secret part of the convention, it is also necessary to take into account the need to take special steps in order to be able to do so in Turechchina. Russian diplomacy roztsinuvala Munich convention as its victory. Austria has backed up the possibility of giving "vinyatkov Russian participation in the Turkish law", transferred to the Unkiyar-Iskelesiysky treaty, and putting the policy of Russia in "common nutrition" in the availability of

The participation of the powers in the Turkish right up to the minds of the Munich Convention was canceled before the hour of the Egyptian crisis of 1839-1841, and not only Austria and Russia, but also the English and Prussia. Kriza vinykla in connection with new Turkish-Egyptian zitknennyam. At the heart of 1839, the Turkish army was attacked, they attacked the Egyptian army in Syria, and they were destroyed in the first battle. Slide for Tim, the Turkish fleet crossed over to the side of Muhammad-Ali. The port of Bula is ready to house the Egyptian pasha, the protest of England, France, Russia, Austria and Prussia in a collective note from 27 April 1839 proponent that they did not take the residual hand without taking over the crisis.

If there is a new conflict between the Sultan and Egyptian Pasha Mykola I, having vowed for the brighter call of the vision of the Unkiyar-Iskelesiysk treaty, they should be able to settle for the sake of England, they would be right against France. As a result of this policy, the European powers were collectively involved in the conflict between the Sultan and the Egyptian Pasha, formalized by the London Convention 1840 r

London conventions about channels 1840-1841 rr.

At the link with the Egyptian crisis in London, the 1840s were attached to the rock of the bule of the conference of the European Great Powers and Turechchini. Try to ease the pressure of France at the close meeting and politically and politically isolate, but at the same time do not allow separate actions of Russia on the basis of the Unkiyar-Iskelesiysk treaty, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of England, G. Palmerston, received such a good luck. b Russia. The main reason for success is that the London convention of the ball was signed without France, and the ball itself was straightened against it. At the same time, the convention passed the collective power of the powers against Muhammad-Ali, which included the separate acts of Russia, and was introduced into the convention of a guard about the flow regime, and formally canceled the resolution of the Unkiyar-Iskelesi treaty.

19 sickle 1840 r powers, which signed the London convention, coveted from Muhammad-Ali to accept the minds - turning to the Sultan of all his will, with the blame of Egypt and Palestine. Win vidhiliv tsyu vimogu, declaring that he verse “to stand up to the template, that which buto the template to do”. France, pidburyuvani Egyptian plow to support, didn’t bother on the active day and didn’t have it, in fact, without any help. 10 spring 1840 England and Austria spilly from Turechchino were shown to vіyskovі dії against Egypt, so they called to the capitulation of Muhammad-Ali. From the Syrian, Palestinian, Arabian and Crete islands. By the decrees of the Sultan from 13 fierce and 1 linny 1841, the new status of Egypt was established: Egypt and Sudan were stripped of the declining volodinny of the Egyptian Pasha, who made himself a Vasal of the Sultan; on the territory of Egypt, all treaties of Turechchini with the other powers were extended.

For the sake of being the state participating in the convention of 1840, the first for everything, England, by the way of the anti-terrorist interventions, Egypt pays homage to the minds of the France.

The London convention of 1841 is a persistent convention, assigned by special international regulations to the regime of the Chornomorsk ducts, and signed by Russia, England, Austria, Prussia and Turechchina. In the main, the so-called "long-standing rule of the Ottoman Empire", behind the channel of the Bosphorus and Dardanelli, were naked in peacetime, closed for the passage of ships of all powers. Tsya convention confirmed the rule about the closure of the channel, having stricken the Turechchina in peacetime, not to admit it to the channels of the foreign earthly vessel. I did not say anything about the mode of the duct for an hour. For the sultan, the right to see permission for the passage of light ships of the day, as they pass through the authorized embassies of friendly powers, was secured.

According to the London convention, Russia has spent enough time over the encampment in the channels, and England has actually left its long-standing practice, straightened out before, behind the hanging of G. Palmerston, zalny agreement so kind. " After the hour of the arrangement of the convention of Mykola I, I started to grasp it, vazhayuy her establishment of the regime of the duct is visible for Russia. For the sake of it, he was a rude prorahunok of tsarist diplomacy.

Prior to the London Convention, the Black Sea was in fact respected by the deep sea of ​​the coastal powers of Russia and Turechchina, and food about the passage of ships through the channels of the Russian-Turkish pleasures. The convention of 1841 set a precedent for engaging in the food supply from the side of the non-coastal to the Black Sea powers, which gave the juridical submission of the claim, under the drive "to save the world in the world," to re-establish its defense against the zyazuє Chorne sea with open seas.

Krimska vіyna 1853-1856 rr.

European revolution 1848-1849 rr. wikipedia vidguki in the Balkans at the viglyadi of the nationally viscous ruch in Moldavia and Wallachia. Vono was strangled by the tsar's and sultan's vіyski. Revolutionary events in Europe have given a new submission of the nationally-viscous movement in Bulgaria. Vinikli seryoznі hvilyuvannya in Bosnia. The Albanians rose up. Serbia actually went to Turechchini. Chornogoria, nikoli did not fall for the Turkish feudal lords, prodovzhuvala to maintain their independence. In the Tsikh minds, the tsar's order viznav the moment that comes in order to discard their part of the "Ottoman decline". The Russian tsar was able to settle down to please with England about the rise of the Ottoman Empire. It’s not wise, but England, so it’s like France itself, claiming to panu over the efforts of Turechchina, especially over Constantinople and the canals, and Austria, who didn’t care about the help of the Balkan tsarism to suppress the unwillingness of the revolution Tsey prorahunok Mikoli I dearly owed Russia. In 1853, the Porta issued an ultimatum, a presentation to Russia about the recognition of the Russian tsar of the right to protect all Orthodox Christians in Turechchini. Eight of that fate, the Russian-Turkish wine was rescued.

In order to get the ear of Russia from Turechchino, the European powers took a fortune telling about their relationship to Russia. In 1854, Great Britain, France and Turechchina, with the end of the war of the foreign powers, the Constantinople Treaty of Constantinople against Russia was laid down. A whole lot of agreements became one of the most important diplomatic acts, as they started the alignment of forces in the Crimean War. For the reason of the offense of the foreign powers, the Turkish Sultan had a little while to give the Turkish Sultan "that help, as I asked for it," and for the need to preserve the "independence" of the Throne and the number of countries between Turechchina. From Turechchina it is inaccurate to put the peace treaty into place. From his side, the Sultan gave a request to England not to lay down a separate peace. 1854 augmenting and expanding the Constantinople Treaty of Constantinople. і they didn’t allow їy to go out from vіyni, I want vplivovі turkish and the cola went from the path of the Russian military to the Danube principalities, went to see Russia.

Austria and Prussia were introduced to Russia, and after the nudity of England and France, Russia wrote in Berlin allied treaties, reconciling against Russia. Notabarom, Austria signed an agreement on an alliance with France and England against Russia. The Austrian Dvir signed an act in the hope of revoking the defeat of Russia in the Crimean Vіynі control over Moldova and Valakhіya. Austria took on the zahist of Moldova and the Wallachia from the Russian wars. It was announced that the All-Union Committee of the Three Powers and Turechchina was trusted to regulate food, so that it was carried out until the princes were put in place, so before passing through the territories of the allied armies. The sides laid down between themselves a defensive and offensive alliance and goiter, and did not sign a separate peace. Prussia came to the agreement. After signing the treaty, Austria made its diplomatic grip on Russia in the interests of France and Great Britain. Russia found itself in the land of Turechchino, England and France, and from 1855 in Sardinia, when it was outside, there was something from the side of Prussia, and clearly more than the staged of Austria.

As early as 1854, the allies made the so-called "chotiri think" of the possible peace treaty with Russia: the replacement of the Russian protectorate over the principality of Moldavia and Wallachia with a foreign protectorate of the great powers; freedom of navigation on the Danube; the transfer of the patronage of the Christian children of Turechchini into the hands of all the great powers; pereview of the London Conference of 1841 to the rock about the canals. They formed the basis of the negotiations at the Videnskiy conference 1855 r

Diplomatic representatives of Russia, Austria, France, Great Britain and Turechchini took out attachments of one thousand, fifty fifty five, in order to clarify the minds of the world. England and France have learned that Russia has taken a few points in front of the minds of the world.

The fall of Sevastopol near the spring of 1855, since the defeat of Russia was enough, the new Emperor Oleksandr II had to wait a little while on the basis of the peace talks on the basis of "some minds" with the inclusion in them of the clause about the neutralization of the sea. At the same time, Russian diplomacy pounced on the victoriously by the way of supernosity and opportunities, the twisted camp at the link with the great losses from Sevastopol.

A world of peaceful negotiations for the proposition of allies in Bouvier Paris. In the fierce 1856 he gave his work to the Parisian Congress. Until the earliest congress, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, as well as Napoleon III himself, gave a vision that the French side would stream English and Austrian vimogs. Inspired by such a rank, and in the formerly growing closeness between Russia and France, it became the initial moment of the work of the Paris Congress and the waving of the minds of the world. The first real viraz of tsiy zelezhennya buv vіdmov Napoleon III pіdtrimuvati English vimogi about giving independence to the Caucasian Volodya of Russia. In the same way, Napoleon III didn’t get away with schooning to avert Austria, as he did the deeds of Bessarabia Turechchini in Russia.

The Russian hope was very much the same for the message of Russia from the change of the Aland Islands, so the English hope itself did not overlap with the message of Russia from the Caucasus. Without attending, the participants of the Parisian congress domovili about the naked freedom of sailing along the Danube under the control of two international committees, in conjunction with which Russia transferred the Moldavian principality to the Danube and the primacy to a new part of the Bessarabdennoy. Food about the transfer of the intercession over the Christian children of Turechchina into the hands of all European powers with the permission of the Sultan's rescript from the 18th fierce 1856, in which the freedom of all Christian traditions was rampant. Representatives of Russia waited a long time without a reservation for the Russian protectorate over the Danube princes, established by the Kuchuk-Kaynardzhiysky peace treaty of 1774. All powers spilorably guaranteed the autonomy of the princes within the framework of the Ottoman Empire. The Parisian Congress of Goiters, having joined Austria, recouped the Danube princes in 1854, and brought its own way from the territory of the country. For the residual value of the position and rights of the Danube principalities, a special conference was announced.

From the food about Serbia, a decree was adopted about those who, on the basis of the contractual parties, will socially guarantee internal autonomy under the protection of the supreme power of the Sultan. Russia will be pro-proponated to turn the Turks into occupation for the hour of Kars. The Russian hopes were coveted, so that the contract stipulated that the Turks of Kars would turn to Sevastopol and the first place in Krima.

We will give Russia a thought for the neutralization of the Black Sea. Vіyskova smash zmushuvalo Russian uryad podzhuvatsya on tsyu vimoga, squeeze the state sovereignty of Russia. The Parisian Congress grasped that the Chorne Sea would become naked and neutral, the passage of the European courts of the European powers through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelli would be fenced off. Russia could not trim in the Black Sea more than 6 ships of 800 tons each and 4 ships of 200 tons. It’s not small, so it’s Turechchina itself, mothers on the Black Sea are the sea and sea arsenals. Signs as a result of the Parisian congress The Parisian peace treaty finished the Krymska vіynu.

Paris Peace Agreement on the Cob to the New Course of Russian Zovnishnyo Policy. At the note, folded for the orders of Oleksandr II by Chancellor K.V. Nesselrode and sent on April 17, 1856 r Orlov to Paris, saying that the Holy Alliance, as shown by the way, especially more astonishing in terms of the relationship to Russia, the behavior of Austria, having ceased to be true; Russia lost its way out of Turechchina and was sent to the world by straining. Vorozhnecha to Russia from the side of England, which was not satisfied with the Parisian world, did not change. The record says that for usunenny, the new coalition against Russia should be contaminated by means of ways to preserve the courtesy to Russia France. The whole new course of the Russian call of politics was taken up by the extension of the decree of rockets sent to the Paris Congress.

Parizka konferentsiya 1858 rub

Due to the will of the people of Moldova and Valachia, who fought for the unification of the principalities into one state, the Parisian congress was determined to conduct the study of the population with the help of the nobility of the shouting of the special clan sofas. The rest of the sovereign will arrange a congress of the principalities for a special conference of the powers in Paris, which took place from May 22 to 19 September 1858 and the results of the elections held in Moldova and Valachia, the greater number in sofas were taken by the hospitals.

The conference, having discussed the results of the debates in the sofas, didn’t fuck up, however, they didn’t have anything to do with it. The opponents of the unification of the principalities were Turechchina, Austria and England. For the reunification of the principalities and the universal application of the Turkish rule over them, Russia stood up. Sardinia, as a potential ally in the principalities in the struggle against Austria, welcomed Russia. Prussian diplomacy was attached now to one, now to the іnshiy camp.

A compromise decision was taken to name the principality As a result of the principality of Moldavia and Valachia. The conference of the virgin, as the results of the principality of Moldavia and of Valachia, will be transferred under the suzerainty of the Turkish sultan and under the rule of two princes (gospodariv), who will be robbed of princes predominantly from the number of the great citizens of the country. The decision of the conference transferred the stem of the Central Committee to the revision of one laws from the residence in Fokshani and to one Supreme Court.

Uninvolved in the anti-Turechchini, as well as the English and Austrian, unified in 1859, since the vibrant zbori of both principalities formed one overseas ruler - A. Kuzu. Having defended A. Kuzi by the ruler of Moldova and Wallachia, he was a great croc on the way to the end of the day, and laid the foundation of a single national Romanian state. In 1961, the new power took the name Rumunia and became known as Turechchino, as it saved its suzerainty in relation to the introduction of the common principalities. The new administrative organization of the bulo is formalized on 24 September 1862 r