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Periodization and chronology of the history of medicine. Periodization and chronology of the all-important history

History of Medicine- a whole science, which is the development and development of medical theory and practice in the industrial suspension-economic formations in a tight connection with the culture of the people behind the scenes.

1. The history of medicine is a part of culture and history of people. It is essential to understand "lіkuvannya" and "medicine". Periodization and chronology all-round history medicine.

The history of medicine is an independent subject, which can be found in vyshchikh medical principal mortgages... Її vikladannya allows the spiritual society of students to bagatiti, to know їkh from history maybutnoy profession, Razkrivaє development of lykuvannya, vyavlyaє progress in medicine, vikhovuє feeling about professional lykarskoy ethics.

It is essential to understand "lіkuvannya" and "medicine".

Process by value word.: likuvati. To heal 1) Take care of lykuvannyam (invoke folk medicine). 2). zcyluvati, polegshuwati sincere citizens, bring zvіlnennya from smth. inappropriate, important, etc.

Medicine (lat. "Medico" - I treat, I heal) is a system of scientific knowledge and practical efficiency, aimed at saving and improving people's health, improving and treating ailments.

Periodization and chronology of the all-important history of medicine.

In the absence of medicine, it is created on the basis of facts, dzherel. All historical dzherela divided into 7 main groups: letters, speeches (material), ethnographic, usny (folklore), linguistic, film and photo documents, phonodocuments.

Dzherela letters - a whole lot of manuscripts or documents, vikoniy on papyrus, ceramics, papers, stones, clay, wood, bark and in. The stench can be just copies.

Speech (material) dzherela, the main part of which are stored archaeological monuments, include anthropological material (wikopny remains of people

Ethnographic dzherela characterize the manifestations of cultural and suspicious life, seduced by people in the past epochs. Before them, saboboni, rituals, viruvannya, zvichayi, viruvannya, etc. are introduced.

Usni (folklore) dzherela is a set of people and is characterized by a sleepy form of transmission of images of real action.

Linguistic dzherela - representation in the modern form of real and historical action.

Phonodocuments represent the sound side of the historical fact and the phonogram, broken at the moment of coming.

2. Hippocrates. Zbirnik Hippocrates. The system of theoretical expressions of Hippocrates. Principles of the Lykarsky Mistress of Hippocrates.

Hippocrates- famous ancient Greek clerk and likar. Uvіyshov in history yak "father of medicine".

Zbirnik Hippocrates.

The first collection of creations of ancient Greek likars, "Hippocrates zbirnik", having been folded through a lot of rock after the death of Hippocrates, in the III century BC Similarly, it’s unbelievable that the scholars of Hippocrates should have a part of the tsikh, but for the tradition of that hour, the doctors did not write their creations. Pratsi, in which images of the medical manifestation of the Greeks, are explained by the names of Hippocrates. For the testimonies of ancient historians, "the books written by Hippocrates, everyone is stuck with the knowledge of science and appreciated as the voice of God, and not as the voice of the people."

Most of the precursors vvazhayut, how many robots "Hippocrates's collection" belong to Hippocrates himself. Let's name the acts of them:

1. "Aphorisms" (in Greek. "Aphorismos" - the thought is over). They pick up ailments from the disease. To obey the "Aphorisms" in the following words: "Life is short, the path is short, the way is very short, the sound of the fleeting, adolescent of manlivy, judgment is important. It is not only that the doctor himself is guilty of living in the right everything that is necessary, for ale and ailments, and for ailments, and for all conditions of responsibility. "

2. "Prognostics" (in Greek. "Prognosis" - transmission, prophecy). In a whole work of reports, descriptions of elements, warehouses, prognosis of ill health (caution, looking at the sick person), victories of the basis of caution and treatment of the sick person.

3. "Epidemii" (from the Greek. "Epidemia" - common ailment). Under the word "epіdemii" in ancient Greece, the reason is not infectious, infectious disease, but such, as bullets are widely expanded and especially often developed in this kind of disease.

4. "About the good times, the driving and the funniest things." Tse persche went down to us the medical tvir of the Greeks, in which the reasons for the diagnosis of ailments in the fallowness of the specific powers of nature are visible. Respected, how the place of life of the people (pivden, skid, visokogir'i, rodyucha valley, swampy masses, etc.), this is the beginning of its character and stature, as well as schism to singing ailments.

The system of theoretical expressions of Hippocrates. (Inserted by a picture, volume 2 of the first words zayvі)

Principles of the Lykarsky Mistress of Hippocrates.

3 hours of Hippocrates in the medical field Edin ethical principle... The axis of the head from them:

· All the children who are guilty of being guilty are directed only for the good of the sick person, and not for the Skoda (as the car can be transferred from early on).

· Slіd unicati dіy, zdatnyh zapodіyati countrymen to sick and і th relatives.

· Diy, scho get used to a likarem, do not blame them for making shkodi to some people, including we are sick.

· Rishennya lykar runtuyutsya on the provisions of modern science.

· Likar has no right to marvel at a sick yak on a dzherelo zbagachennya.

· Likar zobov'yazaniya zberigati in the taunnitsi vіdomosti, so that the health of the patient and the furnishings of his life, as they became in the course of the trip.

The system of theoretical expressions of Hippocrates.

The unity of the organism and the natural sphere, the regular connection of life with the natural, the view of the body in the world of Russia and the changes in the basic ideas of the Hippocrates in the motivation of the system. All the intelligence and materiality, and the versatility of visibility, begins with a collapse and the growing knowledge of the basic primordial matter. Otzhe, і all life to the body, what ailments should be explained not by manifestations of divine will or an evil spirit, but by natural reasons - injected natural diseases... Life to organism, after Hippocrates, is based on 4 juices (or ridines), in the basis of which lie the growth of the primordial soils of nature (heat, cold, moisture and dryness). In all things, everything is in the old Russia. Otzhe, and ailment is changing, in a healthy body, the reason for being guilty is that it is in the correct proportion, which is destroyed due to the inflow of natural factors and means the onset of ailment. the sound of the great ideas of Hippocrates, we have passed the era, - the victory in the power of nature and the establishment of a victorious person of natural powers for the body, in order to help keep people healthy and ill і as bi new boules from the position of modern medicine, the theoretical position of Hippocrates, the links of his humoral theory with the outgoing materialistic principles of ancient Greek philosophy is insane.

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Method of preparation to take (3 years).

Meta busy: formulate a statement about the particularities and laws of development of medicine.

zavdannya:

Date of registration of the history of medicine, as a science and subject of the Victory;

Describe the main stages of development of medicine in conjunction with development and change of suspension-economical formations;

Describe dzherela vivchennya history of medicine;

Familiarize yourself with the methodology for preparing additional information and writing an abstract.

Assign the basic understanding of the historical-medical character, acquaintance with the information minimum (facts, dates, personnel, messages and information),

To the minds of the minds of the history and analysis, historical method when assessing the development of medicine in the development of the era, vicoristovuvati knowledge of the history of medicine for professional insight and self-motivation, becoming familiar with the technique of pre-modern robotics;

Pratsyuvati z previdkova literature, Delivering bibliography on topics, analyzing pershoderel, referencing, analyzing and using scientific literature, formulating the problem, meta and visnovki of the message, presenting in front of the audience, conducting a discussion;

Learn these kinds of robots: synopsis and analysis of dzherel, preparation of the course for the seminar; povіdomlen (additional reasons), writing abstracts.

The history of medicine is a science, which is the development of medical theory and practice, is tied in a simple rank to the development of suspension, change of suspension-economical formations, history of culture of the people.

The history of medicine is composed of two distributions: home and private history of medicine. Zagalna history medicine vivchaє vuzlov_ nutrition development of medicine in general, її characteristic features and іnіdminіnnі rice, navazhіvіshі vіdkrittya and accessory. Privatna - vivchaє vyniknennya and development of specialties (therapy, surgery, pediatrics, etc.) and the activity of prominent leaders in these areas of knowledge.

Vivchayuchi passed medicine, we can assess the progress of current medicine and prospect for development. The knowledge of the history of medicine is of great importance for the formulation of a glance of the maybutny likar, for the sake of theoretical knowledge, for the minds of analyzing the subject, for being aware of the feeling of humanism and patriotism.

Medicine - the same age as the first people on Earth. The history is to be repaired at once from the people’s warnings. At the link with the cym in the basis of the innovation of the history of medicine, it was taken in the current history of the periodization of the all but it’s so lucky) history (tab. 1).

Table 1.

Dzherela letters- a whole lot of manuscripts and documents, vikoniy on papyrus, ceramic, papier, stone, clay, wood, bark and in. The stench can be just copies.

Speech (material) dzherela The main part of which are stored archaeological monuments, include anthropological material (wykopny remains of people). Science, how to take care of the ailments of ancient people on the basis of cyst remains, is called paleopathology.

ethnographic dzherela characterize the manifestations of cultural and suspicious life, seduced by people in the past epochs. Prior to them, zaboboni, rituals, viruvannya, zvicha, viruvannya, etc. are introduced.

Usni (folklore) dzherela - the whole people and are characterized by asleep transmission of images of real action.

linguistic dzherela - representation in the modern form of real historical action.

Кі-, photo documents- dzherela, how to fix podії, which can be re-created.

phonodocuments visualize the sound side of the historical fact and the phonogram, broken at the moment of coming.

Robot with djerels for preparing an essay and additional information.

Dzherel's outline plan:

1. The student reads the document.

2. I will write down the name of the dzherela, the hour of the author's date and time.

3. vidіlyaє the main idea, as vikladaєtsya in 1-2 propositions.

4. I will write down the main provisions of the dzherel point by point.

5. I will conclude the synopsis with a short note in 1-3 propositions.

Dzherel analysis plan:

1. hour and month of the beginning of the dzherel (characteristic of the era and medicine).

3.genre of dzherela (memoirs, publichne movement, naukova pratsya, pidruchnik, in.)

4. History of the origin of the text.

5. analysis, problematics, new methods, concept, novelty dzherela.

Preparing usny for the meal of the seminar:

1.to get acquainted with the obvious material on set topics.

2.Viocremitism with other epochs and powers.

3. Viokremiti is especially special for the given era of power.

4. Prepare short (1-2 words) on the dotted line to decipher the main nutrition of the seminar.

Preparatory plan for the occasion (additional information):

An hour of seeing is innocent of 5 - 7 hilin.

1.Add literature on the given topics (not less than 2-3 dzherel)

2. clearly formulate the topic of the visit (additional information).

3. declare the date of the date, about how it will be announced.

4. visually new terms and understanding, as there will be figuruvati in the future.

5. Briefly viklasty material, having made an emphasis on innovations and innovations.

6. The development of visnovoks, describing how the very infusion of vicladenia podії nadali on the development of medicine.

Abstract - the form of the beginning robotic students,

it allows nabuti the tips of the previous robotics, by the number of steps of the problem, the view of the higher education institutions, the development of the programs by those. Tse uzagalnoe and systematized by those on the basis of vivchennya dzherel and literary, as well as thoughts and writings of the author.

Robot order:

a) bibliography according to those,

b) think over the plan of the robot,

c) formulate the problem, meta robots, relevance by those

d) pidgotuvati vipiski s dzherel i literatury,

e) speed up the plan and meta robots,

f) write a text, formulate visnovki.

Robot structure:

1.the title page (the name of the university, the department, the name of those, the name of the student's group number, ric and place of origin of the robot)

2. a plan for changing the conditions.

3. introduction (statement of the problem, relevance of those, meta and development of the robot, looking around the dzherel and literary) - a list of 1-2 sides.

4. the main part (to take revenge from two to chotiry chapters, which can be distributed in paragraphs, and the skin chapter of the general rule ends with a visnov) - obsyag 10 - 15 sides.

5. Visnovok (zagalnuyu visnovki in chapters, based on deliveries from the introduced item) - up to 1 side.

6. list of vicarious dzherel and literaturi.

put on:

1. Giyev N.A. On the guard of health. - Ordzh., 1960 .-- 202 p.

2. Danylyshina Є.І. The main stages and directly to the development of vital obstetrics (XVIII - XX centuries). Abstract of thesis. thesis ... d.m.s., M., 1998 .-- 48 p.

3. Mirsky MB Praslov'yanskaya medicine // Clinical medicine, 1999,

No. 2, p.65-67.

4. Pratsi I z'yzdu lykariv Terskoy region. Vladikavkaz, 1912 .-- 355 p.

Control food.

1. Give the value of the history of medicine as a science, name it the cycle and the name.

2. Name the main methods and principle of the introduction of the history of medicine.

3. Yaka periodization will be stagnant in the introduction of the history of medicine.

4. Guide the chronology of historical periods.

4. Name dzherela, scho allow vivchiti in the absence of medicine.

Literature before busy:

1... Sorokina T.S. History of medicine. Pidruchnik for medical students universities - M .: Academy. - 2004.

2. Lisitsin Yu.P. History of medicine. Pidruchnik. - M .: Vidavnichy dim "GEOTAR-MED", 2004.

3. Zabludovskiy P.Є., Gachok G.R., Kuzmin M.K, Levit T.M. History of medicine. Pidruchnik. - M .: "Medicine", 1981.

BUSY # 2.

Topic: Medicine in the era of primordial communion.

Medicine of ancient spiritual civilizations. The practice of breeding and keeping an eye on the new mongrels.(3:00)

Meta busy: learn about the history of medicine of the primary suspension, students and traditional folk medicine of the Old World.

Zavdannya busy:

1. Visvitliti the process of development of medicine in the primary suspension, the formation of a phenomenon about the cause of the ailment.

2. Learn about the history of medicine and elements of birth and look at the new people of Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient India, ancient China that in.

1. The history of medicine is a part of culture and history of people. It is essential to understand "lіkuvannya" and "medicine". Periodization and chronology of the all-important history of medicine.

The history of medicine is an independent subject, which can be found in vishnyh medical navalnyh mortgages. Ї vikladannya permits the development of the spiritual life of students, learning about the history of the future profession, opening the development of the lіkuvannya, evolving in medicine, wishing to feel the professional life.

It is essential to understand "lіkuvannya" and "medicine".

Process by value word.: likuvati. To heal 1) Take care of lykuvannyam (invoke folk medicine). 2).zcyluvati, polegshuwatisincere citizens, bringzvіlnennyafrom smth. inappropriate, important, etc.

Medicine (lat. "Medico" - I treat, I heal) is a system of scientific knowledge and practical efficiency, aimed at saving and improving people's health, improving and treating ailments.

Periodization and chronology of the all-important history of medicine.

Dzherela letters - a whole lot of manuscripts or documents, vikoniy on papyrus, ceramics, papers, stones, clay, wood, bark and in. The stench can be just copies.

Speech (material) dzherela, the main part of which are stored archaeological monuments, include anthropological material (wikopny remains of people

Usni (folklore) dzherela is a set of people and is characterized by a sleepy form of transmission of images of real action.

Linguistic dzherela - representation in the modern form of real and historical action.

Phonodocuments represent the sound side of the historical fact and the phonogram, broken at the moment of coming.

period of history

chronological frames

triviality of the period

First suspension

Ancient.mir

Serednov_chchyya

New hour

News of history

Nearly 2 million years are called the 4th millennium. BC

5th thousand. BC mid. 1st thousand. not.

476 RUB - mid. 17th century

Sered.17-ear 20 th century

1918 ear of 21 stolittya

Close to 2 million liters.

Close to 4 yew. Rockiv

Close to 1200 rock

Closely 300 rockiv

Close to 100 rock_v

2. Hippocrates. Zbirnik Hippocrates. The system of theoretical expressions of Hippocrates. Principles of the Lykarsky Mistress of Hippocrates.

Hippocrates - famous ancient Greek clerk and likar. Uvіyshov in history yak "father of medicine".

Zbirnik Hippocrates.

Most of the precursors vvazhayut, how many robots "Hippocrates's collection" belong to Hippocrates himself. Let's name the acts of them:

The system of theoretical expressions of Hippocrates. (Inserted by a picture, volume 2 of the first words zayvі)

Principles of the Lykarsky Mistress of Hippocrates.

During Hippocrates' hours in medicine, there was one ethical principle. The axis of the head from them:

· All the children who are guilty of being guilty are directed only for the good of the sick person, and not for the Skoda (as the car can be transferred from early on).

· Slіd unicati dіy, zdatnyh zapodіyati countrymen to sick and і th relatives.

· Diy, scho get used to a likarem, do not blame them for making shkodi to some people, including we are sick.

· Rishennya lykar runtuyutsya on the provisions of modern science.

· Likar has no right to marvel at a sick yak on a dzherelo zbagachennya.

· Likar zobov'yazaniya zberigati in the taunnitsi vіdomosti, so that the health of the patient and the furnishings of his life, as they became in the course of the trip.

The system of theoretical expressions of Hippocrates.

The unity of the organism and the natural sphere, the regular connection of life with the natural, the view of the body in the world of Russia and the changes in the basic ideas of the Hippocrates in the motivation of the system. All the intelligence and materiality, and the versatility of visibility, begins with a collapse and the growing knowledge of the basic primordial matter. Otzhe, and all life to the body, you should explain your ailments not by manifestations of divine will or an evil spirit, but by natural reasons - in the flow of natural manifestations. The life of organism, for Hippocrates, is based on 4 juices (or ridines), in the basis of which lie the growth of the primordial soils of nature (heat, cold, moisture and dryness). All things are found in the old Russian. Otzhe, and ailment is changing, in a healthy body, the reason for being guilty is that it is in the correct proportion, which is destroyed due to the inflow of natural factors and means the onset of ailment. the stars passed through the rich ideas of Hippocrates, we must have surpassed the era, - vira in the sense of the power of nature and the establishment of Victory as a likarem natural powers organism, vimoga sposterіgati bіlya lіzhka sick and good health about the infusion of the minds of the life of people on health and so on. і as bi new boules from the position of contemporary medicine, the theoretical position of Hippocrates, the links of his humoral theory with the outgoing materialistic principles of ancient Greek philosophy is insane.

3. Galen is the great lykar of the ancient world. Galenism.

Galen - roman ( walnutswalking)medic, Khirurg and Philosopher. Galen vn_s wagomii contribution to the development of bagatochscientificdisciplines, includinganatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, іneurology, As well as philosophy іlogic.

Galen's natural-scientific positions were manifested in his great lykarsk practice and pre-studies in the field of anatomy and physiology (Greek Physiologia - a study about living processes, as a Greek. Physis - nature and logos). At that hour, when Galen arrived to Oleksandriya, there already ceased to circulate the sections of human corpses (infused with Christianity), and Galen anatomized the maws, pigs, dogs, hoarders, and only once the levs and elephants; often robust vіvіsektsії. Danі, otrimanі at the number of rosters of twins, transferring wines into the anatomy of people. So, in the treatise "About the anatomy of the muses" about 300 words are described. Among them є such, as they are in the daytime among the people and deprived of the children of the creatures. At the same hour, Galen could not describe the characteristic of a human hand, m'yaz, protruding a thumb. With the help of the great anatomist of the Renaissance era Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), he corrected Galen's rich graces.

Galen has detailed the anatomy of all systems to the body. Vin describing the keys, muses, sounds, internal organisms, and especially great services in the pre-existing nervous system. Galen, describing all the details of the head and spinal cord, Sem (twelve) pairs of cranial nerves, 58 spinal nerves and nerves of internal organs. Winning widely in the lateral and late reversal of the spinal cord with the help of the lingering sensitive and ruffled relocation in the lower part of the body, peretin.

Vin having described the anatomical Budova heart in a lecture, Vintsev Sudini up to the arterial (botal) duct. Moreover, the septum of the heart of Galen pomilkovo vvazav penetrating for blood (yak tse maє mice in the fetus). On the yogo thought, the roof could pass without pereshkodno from the right heart in liva, passing peripheral judges and see us a blood circulation (Galen did not know the circular bloodstream). Tsya Pomilkova point to the point of reaching out to the capital, respected in Europe absolutely vіrnoy and did not receive criticism as much, until the 16th century. p. 185). Mathematical and experimental priming of a circular crumble of blood was given to Leech in 1628, by the English test of W. Harvey.

Galen was widely engaged in drug practice. Yogo vchenya about ailments was of a humoral nature and was primed on reports about choter's head juices to the body: blood, slime, zhovtoy and black zhovchy. We will be advised by the surgeon and introducing the anatomy into the foundation of the surgery. “I was often told,” wrote Vin, “to drive with the hand of surgeons who are little vitality in anatomy, and by themselves ryatuvati from public hanbi”.

Galen made a great contribution to the development of pharmacology. row lykarsky zasobiv, Obsessed with a path of mechanical and physical and chemical processing of natural syruvin (yak proponuv tse Galen), until now I will wear the name "galenic preparations" (term, introduction by Paracelsus, 1493-1541).

Galen is alive in the period of the slave mode, since idealistic tendencies have evolved in philosophy. The great influx into the form of Galen's vision was given as the philosophy of Plato, as the order of cosmological dualism (ideas and motherhood) was known as anthropological dualism (body and soul), as well as the view of Aristotelian teleology about the doctrine

Vyhodyachi from Plato's opinion about pneuma, Galen vvvazvv, scho in organism "pneuma" sack in young forms: in the brain - "soul pneuma" (spiritus animalis), in the heart - "life pneuma" (spiritus vitalis), - in the heart - " natural pneuma ”(spiritus naturalis). Trying to live the processes of wine, explaining to the nonmaterial "forces", which are set up when the pneumonia is spread: the nerves carry the "mental strength" (vis animalis), the liver gives the blood "natural strength" (vis natu-ralis), the pulse of the wine ... (Vis pulsitiva) і т, п. Podіbnі interpretations were given in an ideal way to the selected experimental material of Galen. Vin having correctly described those who bachiv, ale rejected the results and interpreted them ideally. In the whole and in the polarity, the dualism of Galen.

Galenism.

In the middle capital of the Catholic Church and Scholasticism, the idealistic sides of the Church of Galen were taken over and called to the theologians. So Vinnik Galenism - sportively, one-sided rose Galen's vchenya.

Medicine of the era of the Renaissance (In zagalny, don't write about skin nutrition)

The period of Revival, which dates back to the 14th century. and three times as many as 200 rockets, being one of the most revolutionary and old in the history of people. The winners of friendship and gunpowder, the inspiration of America, the new cosmology of Copernicus, the Reform, the great geographic insights - all of the new ideas have been brought in by the sound of science and medicine from the dogmatic shackles of middle scholasticism. The fall of Constantinople in 1453 distributed the walnuts from the priceless manuscripts throughout Europe. Now Aristotle and Hippocrates can be booted in the originals, and not in Latin translations from the Hebrew translations of the Arabic translations of the Syrian translations from the walnuts.

However, it did not follow, however, that the old medical theory and methods of treatment were immediately taken over by the science of medicine. Dogmatic podhody bully zanadto gliboko vkorneni; in the medical era, the revival of the original walnut texts simply replaced inaccurate and inaccurate crossbeams. Ale in the native disciplines, physiology and anatomy, which form the basis of scientific medicine, have become truly grandiose changes.

  Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was the first modern anatomist; viroblyav rostina and vіdkriv to the maxillary sinus, the conductive bundle in the heart, the slurry to the brain. Yogo meysterno viconani anatomical babies are even more accurate; unfortunately, the stench did not get published until very recently. The anatomical robots of the mighty master, however, were published in 1543 together with the miraculous babies. Population in Brussels Andreas Vezaliy (1514-1564), professor of surgery and anatomy in Padua, published a treatise On the Budova of the human body (De humani corpore fabrica, 1543), based on warnings and rosters. This epic book prompted Galen's expression and became the basis of the morbid anatomy. Legendary blood circulation butodkrito squarely and even one hour Reald Colombo (1510-1559) and Migel Servet (1511-1553). Gabriele Fallopiy (1523-1562), the decline of Vesalius and Colombo in Padua, having described the backward number of anatomical structures, the spine of the peri-circular canal, wedge-shaped sinus, tripartite, auditory nerve and canal pharyngeal ... In Rima Bartolomeo Evstakhiy (Bld. 1520-1574), formally Galen's post-henchman, having broken down important anatomical indications, describing the thoracic duct, nirkas, larynx and hearing (Evstakhiv) tube for the first time. The creativity of Paracelsus (bld. 1493-1541), one of the most prominent features of the Renaissance, was often ruined by the power of that hour. In a number of aspects, it is superbly progressive: teaching on the side of the land in medicine and surgery; in the vengeance of wounds in purity, not knowing ideas about the need for their suppuration; by simplifying the form of recipes. On the other side, there is a lot of knowledge in alchemy and pretty magic. Even in the middle of the century the plague was cruel, the Renaissance became a victim of the scary ailments... Food about those, de і if syphilis appeared for the first time, to become uninvolved, ale rapid expansion of the hostile and shvidkoplinnoy form in Naples in 1495 - is a historical fact. The French called syphilis "Neapolitan ailment", and Spanish called "French". The name "syphilis" appeared in the poetry of Girolamo Fracastoro (1483-1553), which can be honored by the first epidemiologist. In yogo main pratsi About the contagione ... (De contagione ...) The announcement about the specificity of the disease has replaced the old humoral theory. Winning the first sign of typhoid, describing different ways infected, indicating the infectious nature of tuberculosis. The microscope was still only needed to win, and Fracastoro was already hanging on to the idea of the invisible "infestation", which multiplied and penetrated into the body. In the era of Renaissance, surgery was still in the hands of barbers, and as a kind of busyness stood below medicine. As soon as anesthesia was unheard of, and suppuration was necessary for the healing of wounds, it is not possible to ochikuvati the normal progress. However, the deyakіy operatsії bouly in that hour of the Victory for the first time: P'єr Franko zdіisnіv suprapubic cystotomy (roztin of the chaff), and Fabrytsiy Gіldan provided amputation of stegna. Gasparo Tagliakozzi, unaffected by the clerical keys, robust plastic surgery, changing the shape of the nose in syphilis ailments. Celebrities with their numerical indications in the field of anatomy and embryology of Fabrice Aquapendent (1537-1619) from 1562 in the Padua Anatomy and Surgery and Publication of Surgical Chirurgical knowledge of the same hour in the same hour (In 1617). Ambroise Paré (bl. 1510-1590), let us forgive and rationalize the way to surgery. Vin buv vіyskovym surgeon, not vchenim. At that hour for the wounds, the boiling oleu has been stuck. Once at a Vyskovy campaign, if a supply of oil was added to vitrachenium, A couple of simple dressings had been stuck, yielded miraculous results. Pislya ts'go win is seen from the barbaric practice of pripikan. Yogo belief in the power of nature is twisted in the famous hang: "I have bandaged him, and God have bound him." A couple of them have also revived the ancient, albeit overlapping, method of applying ligatures.

A book on the topic of busyness: introduction to the history of dentistry

Entry

The history of people to obey for the appearance of people on Earth. lucky historical science viznachaє in the development of the people of the door: non-descript (first or foremost) and letters (from the 4th millennium BC). The history of the primordial era was hunted for the period from the appearance of people (about 2 million years ago) before the formation of the first class suspensions and powers (4 thousand years BC). unimportant to the appearance of letters (and letters of history), the Danish period is not a part of the historical-historical process of the development of people, and it is impossible to start as "prehistory", "prehistory" Tsya era hunt 99% of the history of the people.

At the nadra, the development of the people was formed by turns nd of the onset of spiritual and material achievements: purpose and quality, harmony (or labor) efficiency, mov, mov, farming, animal welfare, sustainable development of morality, mysticism, love and ethics, love and hygiene tips. An analysis of the path from the revolutions themselves - the lanka of an active assessment of the historical development of medicine as a whole is important in the region.

According to the stages of the primary history, start 3 periods in the development of the primary history:

1.Likuvannya of the era of the ancestral community (the most important period), if the first accumulated and empirical knowledge about the priyomy and the use of and natural distillation (dewy, grassland and pine forest) has been accumulated;

2.Likuvannya of the era of the primordial community, since the development and development of a long-term focus is on the development of empirical awareness in social practice;

3.Likuvannya of the era of classroom, since the development of the cult practice of likuvannya (which originated in the period of the late primitive community), continued accumulating and sharing the empirical knowledge of

The history of dentistry in our land did not neglect such development, as in Zakhod. To navigate in the Danish hour of materials from the whole food is not so abundant, as I would like b. Unimportant for those great number of "dental specialties", ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ at once to be discouraged, dentistry over the course of a whole thousand years was robbed of superficially weak successes, as well as called to such inheritance. At the same time, doctors and surgeons for the last hour gave them a medical galuzzi without any cosmetic value. Varto say that for them there was only one bagatokh of medical disciplines, the one that didn’t find one. Non-diplomacy and representatives of these professions through the availability of the necessary knowledge did not build up to develop and develop the skills. Ale, mіzh tim, knowledge of this subject is an unrepeatable interest in bagatioh vіdnoshennyakh.

In the first place, naturally bazhanya of knowledge of history, manifest and development of this galusi of human knowledge, which has appropriated to itself, attached skinny people. The knowledge of the fact that croc after croc as a result of rich robots and vivid witnesses and practices for empirical methods to provide a scientific foundation, additional help complete picture happy dentistry. Ale knowledge is important not only to the fact that we are satisfied with our supplementation. The knowledge of history allows us not to allow past pardons, and also on the basis of the laws of forming the whole medical hall of intelligence directly and forwards development.

The history of medicine, and the history of the dentistry of the germ, which directly depicts the destruction and the root of change, and is brought into it in conjunction with the changes in the life of the suspension. Skin suspension-economical formation is characterized by singing rice of medical theory and practice.

Medicine of ancient peoples The descent, behind a vignette of the Indus, did not become a primitive empirism. Vona took care of only a few sick symptoms. Success in being the head rank to the region of lykarsk labor and private surgery. Praznennya to recognize the whole body of people as a whole, because of the sickness of ailments and calls them by one zaholnaya system, it is a stranger to conventional medicine. From the period VI-V to our age, politics may take the land of descent. Οʜᴎ new powers are set up to see the new powers on the shores Midland Sea- Greece and Rome. One hour, with a political inflow, before many people go over and over to the fields of science, culture, and also medicine, as ND often wear the signet of the foreign sight and the cultural level of the era on their own. The Winning of Rational Medicine is historically tied to the era itself.

Dentistry in Greece

The era of Greco-Roman medicine є the majestic croc forward in the context of the medicine of the common peoples, who wanted the rest, madly, a singing infusion on the development. In Greece, especially in the longer period, first there are some kind of philosophers - politicians, who are not satisfied with rough simptomatization. Οʜᴎ vivchayut anatomy and physiology of people, development theory You should explain the cause of the ailment, and the smut - the methods of treatment and prevention. Unimportant to those who are from a modern point of view, look at the protest, the stench has put an ear to that method, on the basis of which all scientific medicine was developed throughout the year.

On the thought of M.O. Kovarskaya, the reason for the altogether low level of development of secondary medicine, was followed by shukati in the religion. All the manifestations of nature were looked at as a manifestation of the will of a good and an evil deity. Tsereligiyne svitobachennya appointed the common people for a rosy meeting and gave them to the government of the young and living peoples in the Sunset.

Religion of the Greeks, which were attributed to the gods of human rice, the bullet was relieved of the quiet fearful and to drive the human rosum of the elements, as they bachelor the Egyptians or the Babylonians. Powering the Hellenic spirit, along with the life, the supplementation, the pragmatism to penetrate into the essence of the speeches, they knew their rotation in the Greek mystery and philosophy. Famous philosophers and philosophers of ancient Greece - Pythagoras, Aristotle, Plato and Heraclius - have taken away all available light with one social idea and will be new ideas of new ideas for the future Until the number of cich manifestations entering i human organism, Yogo budova and activity in a healthy and sickly camp. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ, walnut medicine is closely linked to philosophy and in its methods of vikhodil, from this philosophy of philosophy and intelligence. In the Greek medicine of the 5th century, we know all those elements, on the basis of which scientific medicine developed during the year: the development of the anatomy and physiology of the people, looking at the ailment like at the manifestation of the organ of failure of the struggle ill, diagnosis. The great walnut likar Hippokratus, who is called “the father of medicine”, has reached a special development of the position.

Hippocrates

Hippocrates was born on the cob of the 5th century before ours on the island of Kos and after walking from the family of likars, who were respected by the sites of Esculap (Asklepids). In the words of K. Marx, vin is alive in the period of “the highest internal development of Greece”. Stretching out to his capital life, he, being a doctor-periodeut, sat etyl bagato krain Shodu, the place of Greece, the land of Little Asia, Skifia, Shidne uzberezhzhya Black Sea, Libya, Egypt. Tse buv lykar-philosopher, having combined with itself the great lykarsky dosvid with the great minds of people and defied nature. Winning his medical practice in the small towns of Greece and having lost his number of works by himself, which stretching over two thousand rocky served as a dogma and basis medical science... It’s crazy, so rich in the writings attributed to him, to lay on the very right to the scholars and to the epiphany, but I’ll admit all the stench by name"Hippocratic Corpus".

see aphorisms The Hippocrates in which the day of his medical glances was caught, to convey the style of his penetration into the senses of the politician's involvement and the role of the doctor, the words about the invisible power of thought and prudence.

- “In medicine, - even Hippocrates, - there are three speeches: ailment, ailment and a lycar; a lykar, a servant of his science and ailment, is guilty of a sickness, mentally with him. "

- "Lykar is guilty of mother on uvazi two moments: pragnuti help the sick person and not shkoditi."

- “In organism nd e one harmony of the whole; all parts of the Uzgozheni are one by one and everything is directed to one special project. "

For the victory of the Hippocrates, human organism is constructed from 4 basic juices (humoral theory): blood, slime, black and zhovtoy zhovchi. It is healthier for the body to lie down in the form of regular juices. Yogo destructiveness veda to grow up sick. It’s the ruin to lie in the basis of dental ailments, the descriptions of which are based on the books of Hippocrates and the last of them.

Vinik's tooth mark is because the mucus penetrates to the roots of the teeth. Psuvannya teeth accumulate either with mucus, or with slime, as a tooth for nature is weak and disgusting fortification. Ailments of teeth and it is clear that they are also susceptible to diseases of other organs: stoves, silvers, shlunks, females. According to his theory, Hipocrates and the dentition were like the head of the bastard: bloodletting, carrying, vomiting, strict behavior. Drugs freeze, gargle with beaver streams, infused pepper, lenticular poultices, astringent salads (galun), etc. Until the teeth are visible, Hippocrates is thrown in only, in quiet drops, if the tooth is loose. “If there are pains in the teeth, then the next step will be seen, as soon as there are strokes and ruffles. If you don't have any skins and sit idly, then you will sit and hang; I can also help you to wick the sleepover. " Mabut, here vіn vikoristovuvav salivanogon (pyrethrum), which in a long time was attributed to the health of viklicati vypadannya a bad tooth.

Those who saw Hippocrates only weakly sit their teeth, easily succumb to the teeth, it is also evident from the fact that having taken into account the extracts of mystery, which does not need to read, it is possible for the skin to be able to get teeth: them, that is why it is possible to vikoristannya їkh simple and obvious ". The furnishings that Hippocrates and his fellows were uniquely seeing to sit their teeth, you can explain only the lack of extraordinary forceps, like the stench of krystuvalis. They stayed afraid, mabut, from such a soft material, like a lead, which did not give the opportunity to develop the power necessary for an important extractiveness. The sight of such lead tongs of the Oleksandr Epoch, Hierophil, was collected in the Temple of Apollo in Delphi.

To replace the vision of sitting teeth, the teeth went into the early stages, like, nybito, blame bully viclikati mimovilne rozchituvannya and vypadannya a bad tooth. In Hippocrates, the first acute history of ailments and a description of the clinically intermittent disease of the genus ailment of teeth - from the pulp to alveolar abscess and cyst necrosis:

“The squad Aspaziya showed strong pains in the teeth and pidboriddi; rinsing with beaver streams and pepper brought the best relaxation. At Sin Metrodor, a hot twist on the cracks rose up as a result of a toothache; the growths on the clear saw a lot of pus, his teeth and brush were protruding. Deadly, even to severe toothaches and dead teeth, a hot dog and madder will come down (sepsis); as soon as ailments are present, then there are sick people and they come in the worms of the brush. "

Hippocrates is aware of the fact that the first molar is more likely to be pounded, lower teeth, and as a result of this є “thick vision from the nose and pain, which will widen in the area of sinus” (sinusitis); Often for those who run up, they are also the teeth of wisdom. I will also describe the following: “At the quiet, from whom to enter the cist from the sky, the west nis (lues); from whom to enter the brush, to revenge the teeth, to squeeze the tip of the nose. Gostheads, for those with a high sky and teeth to stand incorrectly, so one is seen in the middle, suffering from headaches and flowing from vuh. "

In the book "Epidemiya", Hippocrates to induce the toothless vipadk, so that the importance of the happy teeth cheating: "At Cardio, Metrodor's sin, because of a toothache, the gangrene of the lip was badly cracked."

It is known from Hippocrates that the description of the young ills is clear and the company is empty: The report also describes how to suprazuvannya teeth, child ailments: feverish woman, carry, sudomi, cough. Ale pomilkovo vvaziv, that milk teeth are established from mother's milk. Hippocrates established surgical methods of treatment of vivikh and the fracture of the gap to testify about the great art in the whole region and few people are aware of the modern methods.

“If there are teeth (in case of fracture of a crack) on the side of the bend and rozchitany, then, as the brush is installed on the bridge, the teeth are ringing, not only two, but more, more beautifully for the extra , until quiet feast, leave the kistka change. "

In the works of Hippocrates, there is little evidence of the anatomy and physiology of people; It should be explained that the laws of that hour were protected by the anatomical figures of suvoro, and the structure of the human body was judged for the analogy of the creature's light.

Aristotle

The great Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) is alive to the side of Hippocrates in greater detail in the budding and function of the body, including the dental system. Vin poklav the basics of natural science and Porіvnyal'noi Anatomy (including Dental Anatomy). In one of the th books, "On Different Parts of Animals", є chapter, assigned to the last teeth. Have their own books, "History of Animals", winn the teeth of the system of children. In the list of functions of different classes teeth vin buv are even more accurate. At the same time, it’s wonderful to be built, but the short-lived walnuts-philosophers didn’t use them in the conducted retail experiments, as well as in some analysis and analysis of their own admonishments before them, as the work of the residuals. As a result, pardon, at the insistence of Aristotle, that the people may have more teeth, not the women, they will be taken away and confirmed by stretching out eighteen tables. Likewise, Aristotle graciously vvazhiv, how teeth grow all life, which explains the lengthening of the day when the antagonist is present.

Ale Aristotel went on to be more perceptive for the deeds, even more penetrating with caution and visnovka. I know that in the teeth of the blood-bearing judgment, that the molars do not shrink and burst out from the lower teeth. In his book "Problems", he wondered about food, for whom іnzhir, unaffected by its malty relish and pulp, pozhkozhu teeth. Win up to the moment, as you can find particles of fat to penetrate into the tooth and cause the process of decay. Alee didn’t readily accept it, and in a long time we couldn’t eat any of it, except that they didn’t make any connections between the licorice fruits and the caries.

Therapy and prevention of dental ailments

The practice of oral hygiene is available in Greece every day. The scholar of Aristotle Theophrastus (372-287 BC) wrote that he honored the mother of her teeth and often cleaned them. At his famous "Natural History of Roslin" Theophrastus also described the great powers of the Lykarsky Roslin (marshmallow, hairy mountain, calendula, oblast, scum and in.),

From the last years of the epoch I have merit for the riddle of Diocles from Karist (IV century before our era); attributed to you for a toothache by stretching out the bagatokh stolit koristuvalosya great extensions. It is important to store up with gum resin, opium, pepper, which is replaced with wax and put in the hollow of the tooth. Diocles also ordered the importance of emptying the company; vіn recommends vrance, at once from the mitty of exposing that eyes, wipe the teeth and the call is clear in the middle with one finger only, or with the juice of rubbed Pale (heart mint), you see the surplus of yzhі.

But all the same, regular prophylaxis was not widely expanded, as long as Greece did not become provincial Rome. By the Roman infusion, the Greeks came up with vicoristovuvati for cleaning teeth such materials, such as talc, pumice, gypsum, coral and corundum powder, iron іrzhu. Seemingly, in a larger period in Greece, there was a great implantation of a toothpick from a mastic tree (Greek Schinos). Inhabitants of Afin for their little bitch, they always called it “chewing toothpicks” (Greek Schinotroges). Hippocrates to produce a deprivation of a foul smell from the mouth for usunennya is obviously cosmetic in nature, since K. Vono is meant for women. The recipe for tsiy koshti is as follows:

“If a woman has a nasty smell from her mouth, and the screams of the viglyad are clear, then burn the head of a hare and three misha - the skin is okay, and two mischiefs have the inside out in front of them; then rub it at once with the marmura in the hub, sift it through a sieve and clean it with powder; the teeth are clear; when you wipe your teeth and mouth with nourished sheep, covered with honey; for rinsing to freeze: ANIS, CRIP, MYRRH, ROSCHINENI in white wines.

Seeing a recipe for tooth powder, mabut, Hippocrates's predictions of folk medicine at that hour, so that he should not wear a great lіkarya vіdbitok zaboboni. For older authors, stretching even for a long time, even up to the newest hours, the modernization in the field of dentistry, as it is, more or less far away, has become wider; small mystical objects and, often, organisms, hares and toads є they will fall in love with dental therapy and hygiene.

In the 3rd century before our era, the vineyard has a new branch of walnut culture in Oleksandriya, founded by Oleksandr the Great in the Nila delta. The founders of the patron saint of sciences and arts from the side of the Government of Egypt from the family of the Ptolemies are taken from the family of the Ptolemies in this age, the famous Oleksandriyska Library, which was relocated to the table for 500,000 suv Along with the other sciences, medicine, especially anatomy, is developing here, because the rulers of Oleksandriya did not only fenced off the dissemination of corpses, but they protected the whole. From the Oleksandr Therapies and Clinics of Erizistrat and Gierophil, they also took up dentistry, not having given, in the whole region, nothing new in the context of Hippocrates.

Surgical tools of ancient Greece

In one of his robots, Aristotle, describing the desires of the tongs (Greek Sideros - zhel EZO), was prompted by the same principle, but also the extraordinary extractions, ᴛ.ᴇ. it is stored in two important places, the fulcrum of which is to be in the one castle. Infections are taken at the National Museum in Athens. Vidomy Nimetsky historian of medicine Karl Zudgof in his "Geschichte der Medizin" in detail doslidzhuvav. The forceps, obscene to the anatomical shape of the alveoli, were even more primitive and were not suitable for the use of teeth. Zudgof vimіryаv іх dimensions at the closed and closed eyes, standing up, so that the pincers of the 3 mm bullet were extremely "buried", and the last one didn’t overtake 64 mm.

The forceps in ancient Greece were not used only for seeing teeth, but for the sake of visualization, the arrowheads, shards of the brush, could sit in order to be seen. Behind the size of the forceps, the boules were small and were folded into 3 parts: large handles, a lock and rounded pins for locking the crown. The handles are small button-shaped or platform-shaped. The tongs of the forceps could be barrel-shaped, wide and high, the protean did not reflect the anatomical shape of the tooth. Such forceps did not give the power of the vicoristovuvati great force, with a strong pressure on the tooth, the crown could malfunction. Їх it is possible to fix the tooth only after the anterior opening of the tooth. The rest of the furnishings were shown before the extractions of teeth and the development of extractive technology. Let me explain the fear of extracts, as an unbeatable operation, not only among ancient authors, but also in the period of Arabic medicine and to find the middle.

Dentistry in Rome

For the first time in the capital of our country, the people of Rome were occupied with a group of walnuts and women, and by the end of the year, they volunteered to live in Rome, like Soran and Galen, who received the cult center of the glory of antiquity. Bagato hto from them reached a prominent position and glory, boosted the number of scholars, and the deyaki, like Antonii Musa, Caesar Augustus' likar, will bring the insured to the noble camp.

At the same time, in the mass of walnuts, they were criminals with glory, and the great Roman man, having entrusted his lower life with medicine, as a professional. The satirists of that hour repeatedly bored likars for their charlatanism, lust for love, the pursuit of rich clients. An inappropriate characteristic is given to his fellow-drug and Pliniy: “I don’t think,” say guilt, “I’m all the stink of trading our lives, so that the new ones become glorified. There are sticks of super-perechki at the sick, so as they are not interested in looking at them. " Zvidsy is unhappy written on the tombstone: "Vin died from the change of likars." Znameniy Galen stverdzhu, "who are both rogues and likars only and who are not alone in fixing their troubles in the mountains, and in Rome".

The ear in Oleksandriya was taken out of the house for specialties until the great development of Rome: midwives, full-time doctors, teeth, women’s doctors, children, who were drinking from dropsy, from our children. The ways of doing this have also changed a lot. The deyaki sipped only with gymnastics, іnshi - with wine, the third - with water, etc. They practiced drug addicts at home, ale deyaks started their own doctors or outpatients - tabernae medicinae - furnished with a special blish, yaka spent the feud in ailments. Often times, the tabernae did not appear from the barbers' shops and served as the martyr of the barber.

Inquiries for booths until they are ill, see if they’re a bully, turn up in the supervisors of your numerical scholars, as spillover from the teachers, they heard the illnesses and heard at the end of their explanation. socially think Imperator Rome will have bully in Bagatio in their lives similar to those, as they are in the capitalist lands in Denmark: the same evil in the lower classes, and along with the gods of Marnotraty, the immorality and the libertinism of the Romans The similarity of the social situation led to an analogous decline in the organism and the seedling of the juvenile apparatus. The pounding of the teeth of the middle of the baggage of Rome may be so widened itself, as in our hour. Lenhossek, which virobrew the skulls from Roman sarcophagi, know about 80% of them with carious teeth. Unhealthy life and in the history of the history of the feverishness of the Roman patriots led to beckoning and to the first ailment - to the so-called alveolar Pioro and every possible ailment is clear. Most of the medical authors of this era will also describe the development and presentation of teeth.

Readings about dentistry in the early period of the Roman history of the past. From the era of Imperial Rome, the medical works of two authors were spared, so that they can be kept up to the first century of our era: Cornelia Celsus and Plinia the Elder. The first one was seen from the noble Roman homelands, and they were not used as practical drugs. Wanting the profession of a doctor and a bully at that hour, a non-Roman citizen, Celsus and Pliniy, as well as the patricians of that hour, gave their approval to the development of various sciences, including natural science.

Cornelius Celsus

Cornelius Celsus, having overshadowed the literary decline, the middle Silskoy government, Vіyskovіy spravі, rhetoric; There are seven books of yogo, assigned to medicine and be called "De re medica", to take the place of great views on dentistry, but Celsus, not without the help of one of the best known dentists of the past. Participants called it "Roman Hippocrates" and "Cicero of medicine."

In his medical gazes Celsus, as and all the Roman author, is completely found under the inflow of Hippocrates and the Greek likars of the Oleksandr era. At the same time, it’s not like a certain school, but є an eclectic, ᴛ.ᴇ. take care of the skin school and that which is the most critical to build the most correct. A purely empirical method is vidkidє, so on your mind, only knowledge of the day of the ailment and an accurate diagnosis can be the correct therapy.

Dentistry in the medical writings of Celsus, the assignment of okremia razdili. Yogo anatomical views about teeth more thoroughly, no Hippocrates want and no mercy. In humans - 32 teeth, not cracking teeth of wisdom: 4 teeth - primores, 2 іkla - canini, 10 root teeth - maxi-lares. Primores grow one root at a time, maxilares: 2-4 roots. Short teeth are in the middle of the root, straight - straight roots, curved teeth - curved roots. Permanent and milk teeth resemble one and the same root. I don’t know about the dentist's camera, and I don’t know about the dentition, and the tooth is important to many of the statements.

Therapy for a toothache, like Celsus to bring to the number of the greatest citizens, to wear, like all the authors in that hour, the head rank of a zalny character: Suvora deiєta - do not drink wine, є a little bit of a hogwash, carried, watery heads, in warm, steam baths, free-for-all (warm-up on the shoulders). Mousse-warm poultices, rinsing with herbal infusions, a toothpick, bristled with wool, zanuriti in the olyu and zastiti close to the tooth is clear; It also becomes stagnant and narcotic: there are white and poppy heads.

The inadequate effect of cichus is evidently seen in Celsus, since it is one of the few words to talk about those who get sick of a toothache because of a tooth ailment. In case of a large amount of extractions, it is imperative that the operation is not safe, and it is recommended that you do not keep up with the removal of the tooth. In extreme cases, if it is impossible to uniquely, then the tooth is seen with small warehouses, and not with forceps. "Put on pepper or ivy (Epheu), put it in the hollow of the tooth to open it and lead it to the end."

Celsus will describe the appearance of a tooth by an offensive rank: before the extracritical slide, it is clear about the first tooth until it is quiet, if it does not come out superficially It’s not safe to sit a tooth on the power of the eye and the eye, or to wriggle the crack. If you can see the tooth with your fingers; only in extreme vipadku slid go in to help the forceps. If there is a large hollow in the teeth, then in front of it you can see it with lead, burnt into the canvas, until the crown breaks off. The tooth should be knocked down with forceps (without luxury), so that the brush breaks off when the roots are crooked. If there is a lot of bleeding after the extracts, then we can make a difference in the fact that the brush is placed on the side of the brush; in such a case, when the probe comes out with a probe, it is seen. When the crown is bored, the root is seen with special forceps.

The eyes of the extraordinary forceps of that hour of knowledge in the boulders of the Roman camps in the Ninth of Nimechchin and Austria. Οʜᴎ Visitors to finish neatly from bronze for the desire і, I want more detail in the form, not the tongs of the Oleksandr era, and it’s not enough to sit the teeth for a better fit.

Burned to the tooth, like Celsus is called parulis, to be greeted with rubbing in clear cam'yanoy salt, polovy m'yat, rinsing with common salt, or gritty grease, poultices on wool or hot sponges. If you start to pretend to be, then you need to quickly open up the abscess, so that the cyst is not dead; If it is genetically trivial and if a fistula is established, then a tooth is seen and a sequestration and a viscoblit wound.

Vyrazki on the muck to be glittered with pomegranate kirkoy; v childish the stench is not safe and is called afti (Greek aphtai). The twists and turns can be pummeled with the gusty edges of the teeth, yak, it is important to cut off the edges of the ring.

Tie the teeth with a golden dart and knit with knitting rinses from a pomegranate pick or chornilnye pots. Against retraction is clear (alveolar atrophy, pyorrhea) corianne juvenile nesting apples and pears, weak oset.

I will describe in more detail Celsus the fracture of the crack, as in that hour, the hour of the post-war, they represented, to the invisible, often a phenomenon: the snares of the ulamka stand on the point, and the teeth clink with the Chinese hair. To the ailing person, apply a subordinate compress with bush, incense, wood (olive) olive oil and wine, and all at once change with a wrapped bandage from a soft belt over his head; the infusion of infusion to the fracture in 2-3 times.