At that hour, Yak Vasco da Gama, Odino, was keen on the opportunity to know the paths from Africa to India, our Tveritian was already a merchant on the birch of Malabar and raised with the inhabitants about the dogma of the Viri.

N.M. Karamzin

Comrade merchant Afanasy Nikitin(? - 1475) in 1468-1475 rr. Having traveled to the edge of the country On the way and having lost a description of the road, seemingly called "Walking across the three seas".

The merchant Nikitin has been rewired to more than once in distant lands - Vizantiya, Moldavia, Lithuania, Krim - and having safely turned over to home with overseas goods. Afanasy, having rendered the letter of the Grand Duke of Tver Mikhail Borisovich, started wide trade in the region of the modern Astrakhan. The deyakim historians were given the chance to give the shopkeeper in Tver a merchant of a local diplomat, an infiltrator of the Tver prince, against the documentary support of that one.

The cost of the canopy has risen in 1468 r z Tver. A caravan of power plants from Kalyazin, Uglich, Kostromi, Ples. In Nizhny Novgorod, for the sake of safety, the comrade's caravan was guilty of having come to the caravan of the Moscow ambassador to Shemakha Vasil Batkov, who also went on holiday.

Having crossed over from Moscow to the Tatar ambassador Shirvan Khasan-bek, Nikitin with him and with the other merchants went on a journey two times more important. From the very Astrakhan, the caravan was robbed by the migrant workers - the Astrakhan Tatars, who didn’t mind, but one of the ships fired “sviy” and before that the ambassador. The stench took all the merchants' goods, purchases on credit: turning to Russia without goods and penniless rattled the boorga pit. Comrade Athanasia and Vin himself, behind him, with the words, “crying, that rose up against the kudi: who has it in Russia, and that journey to Russia; and which one is guilty, but that one whoever has suffered from his eyes ”.

Bazhannya fix it and ask for help in the middle of the trade. Through Derbent and Baku, I went to Persia, having flown from Chapakur on the ancient Uzbek coast of the Caspian Sea to Hormuz on the birch of the Persian inlet and on Indian Ocean up to 1471 r additional payment up to Іndії. There were three rockets, including Bidar, Dzhunkar, Chaul, Dabhol, traveling to the diamond mines, Raichur, Kulura, Golkonda and Parvat - one of the holy Indus. In India, the winners did not just lay down all the previous trade pleas, but write down the information about the occasion and feel it, as well as approaching the Indus, with some super-speeches about life and war.

On the ring road in 1474, Nikitin brought him to the Uzbek coast of Western Africa, in the "land of the Ethiopia", in all cases of robberies and allegations. The merchant started to break into the evening and after the hunted іranu іranu until Zhovtnia arriving to Trebizond, on the pіvedenny coast of the Black Sea. Here Nikitin will be rescued by the Turkish authorities, since they came from the enemy Іranu (Persia), and the surplus of lane was added. Forcing Afanasy Chorne overflowing the sea and the shores of the Krimu Bilya Balaklavi, and 5 leaf fall hanging in the Cafe-Feodosia, the genoese colony of Russian merchants. Winter 1474-1475 rr. Нікітін Provіv in the Cafe, completing notes about their rise in price, and sheds with the Moscow merchants heading the Dniprovsky way to Tverі, ale, not dіyshovshi Smolenska, died. Survive the death of the wrong person.

At the same time, Nikitin's supporters brought the merchant's "zoshiti" to Moscow and handed them over to the Grand Duke V. Mamirev, the most important warden of Ivan III. Voni bouli is included in the Literary Star of the 80s. XV Art. Afanasiy Nikitin in "Wandering ..." wriggling respect in the stately manner, management, relіgіyu, reports about diamond mines, trade, ozbroonnі, zgadav exotichtvarin - the serpent and mavp, tamnichnich Yogo notes to convey about the breadth of the author's outlook, amicably placed before other peoples and sounds of quiet lands, de vin pobuvav. V cob XIX v. in the archives of the Troitsk-Sergiy Monastery in the warehouse of the Troitskoy Lituscripts notes of Nikitina viyaviv Mykola Mikhailovich Karamzin. Win and published for the first time in 1817 under the author's title "Walking Beyond Three Seas".

Until the present hour, seven lists of "Circumstances" of the XV-XVII centuries have been known. The text of the "Walking" was seen ten times, and many times it was transferred to the earthy movi.

The memory of the important merchant is ready to go to the yogo fatherland. The Central Bank of Russia issued two commemorative coins in circulation, assigned 525 rubles, a price of 2 rubles and a circulation of coins of skin type 7, 5 yew. Things. In 1984, the director V. Maslov staged a performance about Nikitin in the Kalininsky (Nini Tversky) theater of lyalok. Since 1978, a regatta with academic rowing - "Afanasy Nikitin" is held in Tver. U 1997 r In the center of the city (on the crossroads of the streets of Tryokhsvyatskaya and Zhelyabov), on one of the administrative windows, a mosaic in memory of the sailor is adorned. The author of the mosaic of merits is the artist of Russia A. Golubtsov.

literature:

Afanasy Nikitin // Tver region: encyclopedic assistant / Ch. ed. M.A. Ilyin - Tver: TPK, 1994 .-- S. 172-173.

Semenov L.S. Chronology of the rise of Afanasy Nikitin // Khozhin for three seas Afanasy Nikitin. - L., 1986 .-- S. 88-107.

Hodinnya over three seas Afanasy Nikitin / ed. E.S. Smirnov. - M .: Radianska Rosiya, 1980 .-- 208 p., Іl.

Housekeeping for three seas Afanasy Nikitin / ed. I'M WITH. Lur'є. - L .: Nauka, 1986 .-- 213 p., Іl.

Housekeeping for three seas Afanasy Nikitin / ed. V.P. Kozlov, L.M. Sorina. - Tver.: Tver. region type., 2003 .-- 165 p.

Afanasy Nikitin, merchant from Tver. By right, it is not only the first Russian merchant who was visited in India (a quarter of a century before the Portuguese Vasco da Gami), but also the first Russian mandrel. Іm'ya Afanasyya Nikіtіna has shown a list of the fastest and most popular marine and land Russian pre-ages and persuasive ones, the names of which are inscribed by golden letters svitovu history geographic views.
The name of Afanasy Nikitina became a sight to the fellows and the owners of the plant because they spent the whole hour of their journey at the Descent and in the India of the children, or, more precisely, the road musicians. In the cich notes of the wines with the details and details describing the places and the land with them, they are beaten, the names and traditions of the peoples and the rulers ... The author himself called his manuscript "Walking across the three seas." Three seas - Central Derbent (Caspian) Arabian (Indian Ocean) and Chorne.

Calling Trochi is not going to the ring road A. Nikitin to native Tver. The manuscript "Voyage across the Three Seas" of his comrade was handed over to his uncle Vasil Mamirev. I saw her in the literature of 1488 rock. Obviously, the participants appreciated the importance of the manuscript, if they circulated to include its text in the historical chronicles.

Brief views about the road of Afanasy Nikitina

Nikitin Afanasy Mikitovich

Comrade merchant. Rik people of nevidomy. Misce narodzhennya - also. Died 1475 before Smolensk. Exact date the ear for the price may not be home. On the thought of a number of authoritative historians, the price was higher for all 1468 rik.

Meta rise:

There is a special commercial expedition along the Volza in the warehouse of a caravan of river vessels from Tver to Astrakhan, and the provision of economic links with Asian merchants who trade on the Great Shovkovy Way, which will pass through the famous.

Incidentally, the fact that the Russian merchants went down the Volza in the superconductor Asan-beka, Ambassador Volodar Shamakhi, Shirvan Shah Forus-Asar. Shemakhan Ambassador Asan-Bek Buv visited Tver and Moscow at the Grand Duke Ivan III, and even followed the Russian Ambassador Vasil Tativ.

A. Nikitin and his comrades salvaged 2 ships, navaluvshi їkh goods for trade. The goods of Afanasy Nikitin, as can be seen from his records, are bully motloh, tobto hutro. Obviously, in the caravan they poured the court of those merchants. Slid say, how Afanasy Nikitin is a merchant of advices, smilivy and quick. Until more than once I have visited distant lands - Vizantia, Moldova, Lithuania, the Crimea - and I have safely turned around for overseas goods, which are indirectly approved by my friend.

Shemakha

one of the most important points in the stretch of the Great suture way... Distribution on the territory of the last one in Azerbaijan. Overwhelmed on the crossings of the caravan paths, Shemakha was one of the great trade and industrial centers on Blizkiy Skhod, which is a very important place in the trade. Even in the XVI century the trade links of the Shemakhin and Venetian merchants will be envisioned. In Shemakha, trade was conducted by Azerbaijani, Iranian, Arabian, middle Asian, Russian, Indian and Western European merchants. Shemakha is guessed by A. Pushkin in "Kaztsi about the golden pivnik" ("Give me a gift to me, Shemakhanska queen").

A. Nikitin's caravan enlisting proїzhіy gramotoyu from the Grand Duke Mikhail Borisovich for the relocation of the territory of the Tver principality and grand-princely proїzhdzhoi gram for the cordon, s and popliv in Nizhniy Novgorod. Here they planned to go with the Ambassador of the Moscow Tatyvs, even if they went to Shemakha, but didn’t get up to him.

Come from the Savior of the Holy Golden-Domed and this grace, see his sovereign from the Grand Duke Mikhail Borisovich of Tver ...

Tsikavo, a small collection of Afanasy Nikitin from the perspective of Persia and India is not planned!

Podoroz A. Nikitina can be cleverly divided into 4 parts:

1) the road from Tver to the northern shores of the Caspian Sea;

2) Persha is more expensive in Persia;

3) rise in price on the Іndії і

4) zvorotnu go through Persia to Russia.

The whole of this way can be seen on the map.

Otzhe, the first step is to go up the Volza. It went well, right up to Astrakhan. Bilya Astrakhan, the expedition of the Bula was attacked by the brigands of the Muscovite Tatars, the ships were sunk and plundered

The bandits took all the goods from the merchants, purchases, obviously, on credit. Turning to Russia without goods and penniless rattled the boar pit. Comrade Athanasia and Vin himself, behind him, “ crying, that rose up against kudi: who has it є in Russia, and that pishov to Russia; and which one is guilty, but that one whoever has suffered from his eyes ”.

Traveler Mimovol

With such a rank, Afanasy Nikitin became a mandarin of mimovola. Go to the house of the fences. Torguvati is nichim. Losing one - to go to the investigation in a foreign land in the hope of a share and a strong acceptance. Beginning with the treasures of India, the guides of his feet are the same. Through Persia. Pretending to be a mandarin dervish, Nikitin pidlyagu zupinyaetsya in the skin, and share his enemies and guards with the paper, describing in the young man beaten the heroes of the population and their rulers in a quiet place.

And the yaz went 'to Derbent, and from Derbent to Baku, de fire nevgasimiy; and from 'Bucky went' across the sea to Chebokar. So now you are alive in Chebokar for 6 months, that in Sari is alive for a month, in the Mazdran land. And go to Amila, and here you are alive for a month. And go to Dimovant, and from Dimovant to Rey.

And from Dre to Kashen, and here I am a month, and from Kashen to Naina, and from Naina to Ezdei, and here I am alive for a month. And from Dies 'Ky Sirchanu, and iz' Sirchan Ky Taromu .... And iz 'torom to Lara, and iz' Lara to Bender, and here є the inlet of Gurmizskoe. І here є the sea Іndіyske, and in the Parsian language і Hondustanskaa Doria; and go by sea 'to Gurmiz 4 miles.

The first journey of Afanasy Nikitin across the Persian lands, from the ancient shores of the Caspian Sea (Chebukar) to the shores of the Persian inlet (Bandar-Abas and Ormuz), was trivial for more rock, in the winter of a thousand + sixty-six to 69

From Persia, from the Port of Hormuz (Gurmiz) Afanasy Nikitin went to India. The rise of Afanasy Nikitin in India was about three rocky: from the spring of a thousand chotirests, sixty-nine to the ear of a thousand chotires, seventy two (for the first tribute - 1473). The very description of the transfer to the India of the loan is a large part of the pupil A. Nikitin.

And Gurmiz 'є on the islands, and every day eat the sea for two days a day. I here I took the first great day, and I came to Gurmiz for chotiri tizhnі until the Great days. Otherwise, you have not written all the cities, rich in places of the greats. And in Gurmiz є the sun is barno, people can be burned. And in Gurmiz, I’m a month, and from Gurmiz, I’m going across the sea, Indiyke.

I went by sea to Moshkat 10 days; and from Moshkat to Degu 4 days; and see Degas Kuzryat; and from Kuzryat Konbaatu. And then I will give birth to color and lek '. And we went from Konbat to Chyuvilya, and from Chyuvilya we went for the 7th day on a great day, and we went in tava for 6 days by sea to Chivil.

Arriving before the end of the day, you can take pictures of the "previous hike" in the place of the island, in detail until the last part of the trip.

And here is the Indian land, and people are all naked, and their heads are not covered, but their breasts are bare, and Vlas is braided in one braid, and all go round, and children are born for every risk, and they have a lot of children. And the men and Zhonka are all naked, and all are black. Yaz kudi hoju, but there are a lot of people behind me, this is how bily people go on. And the prince їхні - a photo on the head, and іnsha on the back; and their boyars have a photo on the pool, and a friend on the backside, princes walk a photo on the pool, and a friend on the backside. And the servants of the princess and the boyars - a photo on Guznov bend, that shield, that sword in their hands, and those with promises, and those with knives, and those with shables, and those with bows and arrows; and all naked, that barefoot, that bulky, and the hairs are NOT to be cut. And Zhonka doesn’t shave his head, but his breasts are bare; and a couple of girls and girls walk around until seven rocky, rubbish nakrittya.

The sounds and way of life of the Indus are conveyed in "Walking the Three Seas" in detail, with numerical details and nuances, as well as the author's addictive glance. A detailed description of the bagaty of the Benketi, of the visit and of the times of the Indian princes. The life of the common people is well imagined, as well as nature, creature and roslinny light... A lot of people from the poor A. Nikitin giving his assessment, then, to finish the objective and unprecedented.

So about everything about them crucified, and they seem to be: Adam is true, and the dance, it seems, is to be Adam 'and all of them. And ver 'V'indeI all 80 and 4 viri, and all viruet in the bottle. And vira z vroyu ni Pieta, ni yast ', ni befriend. And iniya z boraninu, that chicken, that riba, eat that egg, and the oxen DO NOT eat any kind of food.

Saltan, on the other hand, sees the mother and woman, but with him a man 'hangs on horseback 10, and there are fifty of them, and there are two elephants, taken into armor, gilded, and before them there are a hundred pipe makers', one hundred people ', that horses are just 300 in golden tackle, so the mavp is behind him a hundred, and all the gauroks.

What specifically did Afanasy Nikitin do, what kind of hunger, what rank of getting a penny for a living - you can only get better. In any case, the author himself will not elaborate on anything. It is possible to let it go, as a commercial streak has begun in new, and I will be able to trade, otherwise I have hired to serve the merchants. He said to Opanas Nikitin, that in India at the great price of pedigree horses. For them, nibito, you can earn a penny. Our hero brought a stallion with him to India. And what happened was:

The first person brought the stallion to the Indian land, and God gave me the health of all, and became me in a hundred karbovants. Winter has become for them in a cure day. And I spent the winter in Chyunerya, lived for two months. Every day and at least 4 months there is water and brood everywhere. At the same time, they shout that syut wheat, that tuturgan, so Noguti, that everything is delicious. Their wine is lagodat at Velikiy nut - kozi gundustan; and the mash is lined with tatna. Horses are good with nofoot, that boil kichiris' with tsukrom, so good with horses, that with butter, I will hurt you and give them sheshni. They do not have horses in the Indian land, in this land the will of the buffalo will be born, to drive quietly, to carry goods, to carry everything, to shrug off everything.

And in addition, in Chyuner, the khan took a stallion from me, and in'yanuv, scho yaz NOT bezermenyanin - rusin '. First of all: 'Stallion of women and a thousand golden ladies, and become in our vera - in Mahmet Deni; but not in our time, in Makhmata day, I will take a stallion and a thousand gold coins on your head '... I lord God took pleasure in this fair holiday', without mercy in his sight, he didn’t tell me to go to Chyuner the wicked. First of all Spasov's days came to the hostess Mahmet Khorosanets', and when I am a cholom, I want to grieve about me. I went to the khan in the place and asked me, but they didn’t put it in, the same stallion took my stallion. Take the opportunity to present a chyudo on Spasov 'day.

It can be seen from the records, A. Nikitin did not flinch, without prompting Batkov's verse on the objections and pogroms of the Muslim ruler. And the horse is in, vreshti-resht, to sell to the mayzhe without any broth.

Along with the descriptions of small things, such as Afanasy Nikitin published, he wrote in his notes and respect about the nature of the country and about the people, about the people, their victories, about the people, about the people, about the people's government.

Indians do not eat any meat, not yalovich, ni boranini, ni chicken, ni ribi, ni pork, and they have a lot of pigs. They eat twice a day, but they do not eat at night, and the provinces are not Piyut, nor cities. And from the ferment they don't drink ', they don't eat. And the people of the bastard. And one with one і not beer, nі іst, nі squad. And eat Brinets, so kichiri with butter, they eat herbs, and boil with butter and milk, and eat everything with your right hand, and with your left you will NOT take them for that. And they don’t jerk a knife, and I don’t know a liar. And on the road hto cook sob porridge, and everyone's for miners. And they shriek from the desermen, not wondering at the bitterness, not at the food. And only to wonder, but that is not to die. And dyat, obkrivayutsya board ', but none of them did not see' yo.

And the Shabbat lane of the Indian Sea velmi is great .... So to be born on Shabbat is sholk ', so sandal', so pearl ', that is all cheap.

And in Pegu there is a chimalo bed. So everyone in the new derbish live indian, so to be born in the new stone Draga, manik ', so yahut, so kirpuk78; and sell the same stone der'bisha.

And the Chinsky well, so Machinsky's lane is velmi great, that one should be in a new rank, that one sells for a repair in a vagu, but it is cheap. And you sleep with your husbands in the day, and at night your friends go to sleep until the Garips, and sleep from the Garips, that give him alaf, that bring food with him to the tsukrov, that tsukrov wine, that gush that drink the guests, love the good, but love guests of the people are bilikh, the other people are black, velmi. And for each of the guards, a child is conceived as a guest, and men give alaf; but a child will be born, only 300 shadows for a guest of Mita ', and a black one will be born, but not a single one, whoever ate it', then it was halal '.

Yak you want, so and a paragraph. Garipov is an alien, an alien. To go out, so that the white foreigner of the Indians was allowed to sleep with his squad, and if a little child was born, they also paid 300 grosz. And how black is it - then just for grub! This is the axis of the sound.

And the land is crowded velmi, and the rural people are velmi, and the boyars are stronger than the good and the food velmi. And to carry all the people on their skirts on silver coins, that in front of them drive horses in gold gear up to 20: and on horseback there are 300 people ', and there are five hundred people, so there are 10 people who pipe workers', that nagarnikov '10 people' , that svirelnikov 10 people '.

There are seven gates at Saltanovo's courtyard, and at the gates there are seven gates, and at the gates there are a guardian and a hundred of copied cafes. Something go, іnі write, and hto see, іні write down. And Garipov will not let Vh grad. And the doors are chyuden velmi, everything on virizi is on the gold, and the remains of the stone are on the golden descriptions velmy is clear. So at the yard of a new judge of growth.

Having instilled the indian action in the middle, Afanasy Nikitin pryishov to the notice of the lack of prospects of those who have given "to the market", because from the merchant's point of view the foreign business interests of Russia.

I didn’t have a lot of psi, but they seemed to be rich in our goods, but they didn’t belong to our land: all the goods were sold to the non-German land, pepper and color, sometimes it was cheap. But take them by sea ', but don't give them. And the people іnshi us' will not let us hold the meeting. A mit is rich, but at sea there is a lot of rozbіynikіv.

To that in kіntsі +1471 - an ear of a thousand chotirests seventy-two Afanasy Nikitin took the decision to leave India and turn back to Russia.

I that accursed as the slave of Athanasius of the All-Lord God, the creator of heaven and earth, was lifted by the times, according to Christianity, and according to the baptized Christ and according to the holy saints of the fathers who ruled, and according to the commandments of the apostles, and rushed rosum napuvaє to Russia.

Misto Dabul became an ostracized speck Indian road A. Nikitin. In 1473 Mykytin sil in Dabul on a ship, yak sailing three thousandth sailing with a call to Somaliy and Arabian Pivostrova delivered the yogo to Hormuz. They trade in spices, Nikitin prowled through the Іranske nagir'ya to Tebriz, overturning the Virmenske nagir'ya and voshen 1474 to the reach of the Turkish Trebizond. The "Mitnytsya" of the Chornomorsk port of the Black Sea has won all the good from our mandrіvnik; They didn’t have a schooner at all!

Dali across the Black Sea A. Nikitin get to Kafi (Feodosia). Let's go through the Crimea and the Lithuanian lands - to Russia. At the Cafe Afanasy Nikitin, Mabut, having learned and closely connected with the rich Moscow "guests" (merchants) Stepan Vasil'evim and Grigorim Zhuk. If the caravan was destroyed on the road (it was better for everything, in the birch forest there are a thousand chotirests fifty five), it was warm in the Crimea, but in the world it became colder and colder. Mabut, having caught a bad cold, for some reason, Athanasius Nikitin evil and giving God his soul here in the Smolensk region, which is cleverly involved in the rest of the world.

Results of "Hodinnya over three seas" Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin

They didn’t plan to go far beyond the three seas, Afanasy Nikitin emerged as the first European, who gave a valuable description of the middle-aged India, which was simple and true. Yogo recordings of the merged racial approach and appears to be more tolerant for that hour. By his feat A.Nikitin didviv, that in the end of the fifteenth century, a quarter of a century before the Portuguese "vidkrittya" of India, the journey to the end of the country was not filled with bugs, ale of people.

As it is said, A. Nikitin does not know anything in the Indies of any kind and vigorous from the point of view of trade for a Russian merchant. Tsikavo, to such a result came the Portuguese Sea Expedition Vasco da Gami, who was the first from Europeans to go to the quiet of the ancient Indian shores, only by the sea way around Africa in 1498.

And some of the strength was laid by the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs, as well as by the seafarers to bring the sea route to the Kazakh Indian! Yaki names: Bartolomeo Diash, Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Fernando Magellan ... Ex, read all the good luck gentlemen the notes of the Russian merchant Afanasy Nikitin ... Wonderful, I didn’t write off rich land"Let's call it Indiya!

Singing to you tsіkavo bulo dіznatisya, scho Afanasy Nikіtіn. After reading the article, you see that you have shown Rocky the life of Athanasius Nikitin - 1442-1474 (75). Vin was born in Tver, in the homeland of Mikity, a peasant, and Nikitin is like a father, and not the name of a mandarin. The majority of the villagers did not have any problems at that hour.

It is only possible to see the historians of their biography in private. There is no reliable information about the youth and dignity of this deprivation, but having become a merchant in reaching the young visitor and going to the Crimea, Vizantiya, Lithuania and the other powers on the criminal right. Deliver successful boules of the commercial enterprises of Afanasy: I turned around safely with the overseas goods to Batkivshchyna.

The bottom of the show is in Tver.

In 1468 Athanasius went to the expedition, in the course of which he spent time in the lands of Descent, in Africa, in India and Persia. described in the book under the title "Hodinnya over three seas" by Afanasy Nikitin.

Hormuz

Nikitin went through Baku to Persia, for what reason, having crossed the mountains, drove away for a day. Win without time, having zapped his price, zupinyayuchis podovgu in villages and vivchayuchi mіstsevі movi, as well as engaged in trade. Afanasy arriving in 1449 rock in Hormuz - a great place, roztasovaniye on the crossings of small trade routes: from India, China, Little Asia and Egypt.

Russia has already seen Comrade Ormuz. Especially famous for Ormuzka Perly. Afanasy Nikitin, having learned about those who are exporting horses in the place of the world, have shown the development of the zoids. Win having bought an Arabian stallion and siv for a ship in the hope of reselling it for sale in India. Afanasy went to the place of Chaul. So it was a trivial Russian display of the Indian. Afanasy Nikitin getting here by sea route.

First feud about India

A lot of people were swimming. Most of the hostility to the merchant took place in India. Mandrіvnik, do not forget about the trade, having gotten over to the same ethnographic doslіdzhennym. Vin wrote down the report in his schodenniki poachene. In his records, India is a wonderful land, in which everything is not so, as in Russia. Afanasy wrote that all the people here are going to go bad and black. Yogi was envious to wear embellishments from gold. Nikitin himself, to the word, is also opposed to the Indians. Ridko brought earlier to the local inhabitants of the Bachiti people. Nikitinu did not want to sell his stallion in Chaul. Having straightened up to the edge of the land, having spent time in a small place, he will be at the top of Siny, and then in Dzhunnar.

About what Opanas Nikitin wrote about?

Afanasy Nikitin, in his roadside notes, signifying details, describing memorials and monuments. Tse bulo chi is not the first to describe the pobut of Іndії not only for Russia, ale і for Europe. Afanasy wrote about those people who live in the world, do not smell thin, trade in what kind of goods, and wear clothes. You can find a description of the process of making alcoholic drinks, and also call the gentlemen a booth in India for a vacation in one trip with the guests.

History, which became in the Dzhunnar fortress

Fortetsi Dzhunnar mandrivnik not squeezed out of power. Mistseviy khan picked up a stallion from Opanas, if he knew that he was from Russia, and not basurmanin, and having called to mind the innovators: for it’s won’t accept Islam, for it’s not just the slave of a horse, selling. The chotiri days were given at the moment. Lyshe vryadok vryatuvav Russian mandrivnik. Youmu zustrіvsya Muhammad, old znayomiy, who vouched for a stranger before the khan.

Нікітін vivchav in a stretch of two months, as in the provinces at Dzhunnara, the village's rural community. Winning respect for the fact that in the Indian season it is used to feed wheat, peas and rice in the season of boards. Win also describes the winemaking of the miscellany. Coconuts are vicorized in a new way in the quality of syruvins.

Yak Afanasy selling a horse

Afanasiy seen from Junnar's story to Alland. There are many fairs here. The merchant wanted to sell the red color without knowing it. And without a new one, there were a lot of good horses to the fair.

In 1471, Nikitin was afraid to sell it, either without a vigodi, or else with a whitewash. Became the price in the place of Bidar, kudi having arrived a mandrіvnik, overriding the season of boards in the new settlements. Vin nadovgo zupinivya here, befriending the local population. Afanasy told the residents about his faith and land. Indusi also raised a lot about their family way of life, prayers, sounds. The free entries of Nikitin are assigned to the food of the religious community.

Parvat in the records of Nikitin

Step on, scho vidkriv Afanasy Nikitin, buv the sacred place of Parvati. After arriving here, on the bank of Krishnya, in 1472 rotsi. From the tsih place there have gone from the efforts of the Indies to the choric saints, as the blessing of the boules Nikitin is unique in their pupils, but the meaning of this is important for the Indian, for the Brahis.

Podalša podorozhen Afanasia Nikitina

After the second time the merchant has risen in price according to the Indian, he is hoping to conduct trade and in vivchayuchi miceviches. Ale komertsіynі enterprises (then, most likely Afanasy Nikіtin went across three seas) are aware of the collapse. There is a good reason for being transported to Russia from the Іndії goods, so I don’t know.

Afanasy Nikitin led the way to Africa ( Shidne uzberezhzhya). Near the Ethiopian lands, zgіdno schodennikih records, yom wondered how uniqueness plundered. Mandryvnyk bought bread and rice

Zvorotniy shlyakh

Afanasia Nikitin went on to live, so he turned to Hormuz and went to іvnіch through Іran, and at that hour there were wars. Afanasiy past Kashan, Shiraz, Erzinzhan and appeared in Trabzon, a Turkish place, which is located on the ancient Uzbek coast of the Black Sea. Turning out to be close to loved ones, ale luck returned again from Nikitin. Turetska Vlad was taken yogo pid aresht, so they took yak for an Iranian spigun. So Afanasy Nikitin, the Russian merchant and mandarin, appeared in the addition of all his lane. Everything that a new one has become deprived of is a newcomer.

Afanasiy pozichiv pennies on the road pіd honest word. Winning the way to Feodosiya, de planning in the establishment of Russian merchants and seeing the Borgs with their help. At Kafu (Feodosia), there was a change in time for a loss in 1474 rotsi, in the fall. Nikitin spent the winter here, having completed the notes about the rise. The hinges are sent back to Russia along the Dnipro River, to Tver. The road to the end of the Indian Afanasy Nikitin has ended.

Death of Afanasy Nikitin

Aleh turned around without being judged by mandrіvnikov: Vin died at Smolensk with unjustified circumstances. Ymovіrno, the rocky faint and faint fueled the health of Afanasy. Yogo's companions, Moscow merchants, delivered his manuscripts to Moscow and handed them over to Mamirev, a dyak, Radnik Ivan III. Records of the last included boules in the list of 1480 rock.

The stinks of boules appeared in the 19th century by Karamzin and published under the author's name in 1817. Zgaduvani in the name of the community of pratsi three seas - Caspian, Chorne and Indian Ocean.

What is Afanasy Nikitin?

Zadovgo before the arrival of Europeans in India, a Russian merchant appeared in the country. Morskiy Shlyakh Here is the opinion of Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese merchant, for ten years because.

If the commercial meta was not reached, the result of the rise in price was the first description of India. V Old Russia until the end of the day I saw only the legends and deyakim of literary dzherel. Lyudin of the 15th century has been able to help the country in the power of the eyes and talentedly respond to the spyvitchiznikov. Win writing about state devices, religiyah, trade, exotic creatures (elephants, snakes, mavp), monarchs, as well as fixing some legends.

Likewise Nikitin, describing the masses and places, in which he didn’t show himself, but about which he didn’t know. Win zgadu, zokrema, islands of Ceylon, Calcutta, Indochina, yaki bully in that hour is not Russian. To that, those who have witnessed Afanasy Nikitin are of little value. Referentially select the houses of the current year to allow us to judge the geopolitical and vital feudalities of the rulers of India at that hour, about their armies.

"Hodinnya over the Three Seas" by Afanasy Nikitin is the first text of this kind in the history of Russian literature. The unrepeatable sounding of the creation doesn’t give those who have risen in price without describing the holy month, like pilgrims before. It’s not because they’re not happy about the Christian religion to practice in the field, but people with the wrong way of life. Notes released by internal censorship and officiality, not particularly valuable.

Afanasy Nikitin - mandarin and first traveler from Tver Afanasy Nikitin - Russian mandrivnik, merchant and writer, born in 1442 Rik (date not documented confirmed), but in 1475 and 1474. Having been born in the family of the peasant Mikity, so Nikitin tse, strictly it seems, is not an accusation of a mandrel, but of his father: at that hour, most of the villagers did not have accusations.

In 1468 he made an expedition in the country and went to Persia, India and Africa. Having described his journey in the book "Hodinnya over three seas".

Afanasy Nikitin - Biography... Afanasy Nikitin, a biography of a house from the historians who lived in the city of Tver. Adequate information about his dignity and youth is not insane. Seemingly, in order to bring wine to a young visitor by becoming a merchant and seeing on the criminal right of Vizantiya, Krim, Lithuania and other countries. Yogo commercial enterprises will be able to achieve success: they have safely turned to Batkivshchyna with overseas goods.

Winning a letter from the Grand Duke of Tver Mikhail Borisovich, she allowed him to open up great trade in the region of Ninish Astrakhan. The fact is that the deyakim historians are allowed to respect the Tver merchant as a secret diplomat and assistant of the Grand Duke, albeit documentary testimonials are not present.

Afanasy Nikitin after his rise in price of the canopy in 1468 to the rock, having taken the water route from the Russian towns of Klyazmi, Uglich and Kostroma. For the plan, reaching Nizhniy Novgorod, the caravan of the first protester was guilty of the buv from the mirkuvan securitylessly arriving to the first caravan, like Vasil Papin, the Moscow ambassador. Ale caravan missed - Batkiv had already gone on pivday, if Afanasy arrived to Nizhny Novgorod.

Todi is a daughter of the Tatar ambassador Khasanbek, who arrived from Moscow, along with him and the other merchants who travel to Astrakhan for 2 years, it is not planned. Virushati in a single caravan Afanasy Nikitin entered into a safe place - at that hour the Tatar bandies were present on the banks of the Volga. The caravan of ships successfully passed Kazan and several Tatar settlements.

Just before arriving in Astrakhan, a caravan of robbers by martyrs - tse buli of Astrakhan Tatars with the wire of Khan Kasim, who didn’t want to see the presence of Khasanbek’s spouse. The retailers took all the goods from the merchants, purchases, before speaking, on credit. Trade expedition of Bula Zirvana, two vessels from chotirokh Afanasy Nikitin vrativ. Dal, everything has taken shape, it can not be reduced by rank. Two ships lost their lives in the Caspian Sea in a storm, and they wandered ashore. Turning to batkivshchina penniless і goods thundered merchants with borgue pit і hanboy.

Todi the merchant has gone to correct his information, having gone to the middle of the trade. So a little later, famous for the rise of Afanasy Nikitin, described in his literary pratsi "Hodinnya over three seas".

Vidomosti about the path of Afanasy Nikitin.

Persia and India... Through Baku, Nikitin violated Persia, to the region called Mazanderan, then moved across the mountains and rushiv dal for the day. Having raised the price of wine without time, I started to buy it near the villages, not only doing trade, but rather vivchayuchi mistsi movi. Sheds 1469 wines arriving in Hormuz - a great port on the crossroads of trade routes from Egypt, Little Asia (Turechchini), China and India.

Comrades from Ormuz bouly are also seen in Russia, especially famous for Ormuzka perly. Knowing that he was exporting horses from Ormuz to the place of India, which one should not breed there, Afanasy Nikitin took charge of the development of the commercial enterprise. I smoked an Arabian stallion and in the hope of resold it in India on a ship to go to the Indian place Chaul.

Swimming trivalo 6 times. Іndіya celebrated a stronger enmity against the merchant. Do not forget about the trade, please, for some wines, vasne, where and when you arrive, the mandarin is buried in ethnographic dos and don'ts, they write down in detail not with their friends. India is posting in its records as a miraculous land, everything is not so, like in Russia, "and people walk around all the black and white." Afanasia was hostile to those who are even more common among the inhabitants of the Indies, to visit non-money, to wear gold embellishments. To the word, Nikitin himself can be opposed to the Indians - to the local residents, who brought the bachiti here to more people before.

However, it is obvious to sell the stallion in Chaul without going into the distance; Winning a walk in a small place at the top of the river Siny, and then heading to Junnar.

In his roadside notes Afanasy Nikitin did not miss out on the details, as well as describing the memorable memories. Tse bulo ice persha is true to describe the country not only for Russia, but for all Europe. Mandryvnik having overflowed records about those who are here to get ready, how to wear homemade things, how to dress up and trade in what kind of goods. It is described how to prepare the process of making alcoholic drinks and inviting Indian gentlemen to sleep with guests in one ski trip.

At Fortress Junnar, it was not of his own free will that he got overturned. "Dzhunnarskiy khan", having taken from a new stallion, if he knows, that the merchant is NOT a basurman, but a stranger from far-off Russia, and having given his mind to the newcomer: why not go to the Islamic work of the horse, but not from the time. Han gave you 4 days to think about it. Russian mandrivnik vryatuvav vypadok - the old man Muhammad, who vouched before the khan for a stranger.

In a stretch of 2 months, held by a Tver merchant in Dzhunnar, Nikitin vivchas in the village of Minsk residents. Winning, wines and wheat in India, rice and peas in the season of boards. I describe wine and winemaking, in which coconuts are used in the quality of the wine.

Pislya Junnar has seen the place of Alland, deyyala great fairs. Merchant mav namir sell here his Arabian horse, that didn’t know. There were no good horses for sale at the fair and without a horse stallion.

In 1471, the fate of Opanas Nikitin was prompted to sell his horse, either without a special vigod for himself, or else with a whip. Tse became in the place Bidar, kudi mandrіvnik arriving, overriding the season of boards in the new settlements. Winning in Bidar nadovgo, Having made friends with the inhabitants of the city.

The Russian mandrivnik told about their faith and their land, the Indusi also told them about their names, prayers, family way of life. There are no entries in Nikitin's schoolchildren to eat the religion of the Indies.

In 1472 rotsi wines arrived in the place of Parvat, a sacred place on the birch of the rivers of Krishny, kudi from all the Indies went to the shorny saint, dedicated to the god Shivi. Afanasy Nikitin is unique in schoolchildren, which is a great idea for Indian brahmins, as well as for Christians Rusalim.

The comrade merchant, having risen in price by the end of the second century, vivchayuchi mіstsevі zvychaї and namagayuchis to conduct trade inquiries. However, the business of repairing the mandate has become aware of the collapse: the goods, which are suitable for the return from India to Russia, do not know so well.

Africa, Іran, Turechchina і Krim... On the ring road from the Indian Afanasy Nikitin virishiv to the west of the Uzbek coast of Africa. For the most part, from the records in schoolchildren, in the Ethiopian lands, one could see the uniqueness of robbery, having bought in rice and bread.

Then we turned to the place of Hormuz and pulled down through Іran, in which there were only vіyskovі dії, in pіvnіch. After passing the places of Shiraz, Kashan, Erzinzhan and arriving in Trabzon (Trebizond), a Turkish place on the birch trees of the Black Sea. Building, turning close, but here luck has again come from the mandarin: the Turkish authorities have been asked to be taken care of by the Turkish authorities as an Iranian spigun, and all the lane has been depleted.

Behind the words of the man himself, who came to us at the sight of the records, everything that was lost from him at that moment - not the schooler himself, that bazhannya will turn to Batkivshchyna.

You had a chance to take a penny for the road to Feodosia, de vin mav namir creation of merchants-spivvitchizniks and from the other way out of the Borg. At Feodosia (Kafu), there was a time for the journey until 1474. Nikitin spent the winter in a whole place, having completed notes about his own way, and hinged along the Dnipro back to Russia, in the native town of Tver.

However, if you didn’t judge it, he died at the place of Smolensk in unavoidable circumstances. Shvidshe for everything, the fate of the lost and transferred by the mandrivnik did not feel good, they were so healthy. The companions of Afanasy Nikitin, the Moscow merchants, brought his manuscripts to Moscow and handed them over to Dyak Mamirev, the Radnik of Tsar Ivan III. More records of boule are included in the list of 1480 rock.

In the 19th century, the records of the boule were revealed by the Russian historian Karamzin, which was published in 1817 by the author's name. Three seas, which can be called pratsi - the Caspian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Black Sea.

Announcement of Afanasy Nikitin... The merchant from Tver appeared in the Indian back before the arrival of the representatives European powers... Morskiy Shlyakh to the Central Land was opened by the Portuguese merchant Vasco da Gama for a few dozen rockies in the past, now and then the Russian merchant guest Afanasy Nikitin. What kind of recordings are there for sites of such value?

If I want a commercial meta, I sponded the first person on the pavement, I would not be able to get more expensive, it was not reached, as a result of the mandated, talented and energetic people, it became the first to describe an unprecedented far country. Until the end of Old Russia, the Kazkova Land of India was seen only by the legends and literary dzherels of that hour.

Ludin's XV century, having beaten the legendary land with his eyes and minds talentedly tell about his spouses. In his notes, the mandateurs write about the state devices of the Indies, the religions of the population of the world (the zokrem about "winds in dances" - so Afanasy Nikitin felt and wrote down the name of Buddha, sacred for the great life of that hour.

Win describing the trade of India, the revival of the army of the community of the land, reports about exotic creatures (maws, snakes, elephants), monsters and evangelism about morality. Recordings of іm and deyakі indіyski legends.

The Russian mandarin also described the places and the arts, in some wines he didn’t know himself, but rather about some chuv іnіdіytsіv. So, in the zgadu Calcutta, the islands of Ceylon and Indochina, mіstsya, as in that hour there are still many Russian people. From the houses, retally selected by the Persian protester, they allow us to judge the world and geopolitical aspirations of the Indian rulers at that hour, the camp of the armies (up to the number of fighting elephants and the number of fighting elephants).

Yogo "Hodinnya over three seas" was the first text similar to the genus in Russian literary literature. Those who didn’t describe only the holy month, as the pilgrims used to preserve, gave the creation a unique sound. In the field of your respectable dawn, they do not practice Christianity, but people with their own religion and their way of life. Yogo notes were added, be it official or internal censorship, and it was especially valuable. Report about Opanas Nikitin and yogo view - video Road map of Afanasy Nikitin

Afanasy Nikitin went up the road in Tver, the route went along the river Volz through Nizhniy Novgorod and Kazan to Astrakhan. Let's take a first trip to Derbent, in Baku, in Sari, sending it down by land through Persia. Having reached the place of Hormuz, I knew about the ship and arrived at the new port of Chaul in India.

In the Іndії vіn see in pіshi mandrіvki beslіch mіst, middle Bidar, Junnar and Parvat. Far across the Indian Ocean, the tide is going to Africa, for a few days, and then, again, by the waterway, turning to Hormuz. We went on foot through Іran winners to Trebizond, going to Krim (Feodosia).