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James Maxwell is good for science. Science of the 19th century. Molecular kinetic theory of Maxwell gases

Maxwell, James Clerk(Maxwell, James Clerk) (1831-1879), English physicist. The 13th worm of 1831 Edinburz was born in the family of the Scottish nobleman from the noble family of Clerks. Found a collection in Edinburzky (1847-1850), sometimes in Cambridge (1850-1854) universities. In 1855 he became a member for the sake of the Triniti College, in 1856-1860 he became a professor at the Marshal College of Aberdeen University, in 1860 he became a member of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the King's College of London University. In 1865, near a serious illness, Maxwell was seen from the pulpit and settled in his ancestral mattress Glenler near Edinburgh. Having continued my interest in science, writing a book of works from physics and mathematics. In 1871 he took up the chair of experimental physics at the Cambridge University. Having organized a scientific laboratory, the 16 worms in 1874 were seen and the bullet was named Cavendishskaya - in honor of G. Kavendish.

my perchu science robot Maxwell visited school, having come up with a simple way of picking up oval figurines. The robot's Bula was posted on the posts of the Royal Partnership and published in the “Pratsyah”. For an hour, I spent an hour as a member for the sake of the Triniti College, engaged in experiments on the theory of colors, in the form of Jung's prodigious theory and the theory of the three main colors of Helmholtz. In experiments on changing colors, Maxwell found a special dziga, a disk of such distributions on a sector, barreled in a variety of colors (Maxwell's disk). At the swift wrapping, the dzigi kolor were angry: as the disc buv was farmed so, as the roztashovani kolori spectrum, vіn zdavsya bіlim; how one half of them were fished with a worm, and іnshu - zhovtim, we wіn hаvavasya we orange; The change of the blue and the young was set off by the enemy of the green. In 1860, Maxwell was awarded the Rumford Medal for robots in color and optics.

In 1857, the University of Cambridge voted a competition for a robot to make a robot about the style of Saturn. Tsi affirmation of boules brought to Galileum on the cob 17 tbsp. They represented a divine mystery of nature: the planet was created with three succinct concentric rings, which was formed from the speech of unhomed nature. Laplace dovіv, how the stench can not be solid. have done mathematical analysis, Maxwell crossed over, but the stench cannot be ragged, and come to visnovka, but the structure can be as simple as it may be, as if the swarm of meteorites did not ring around. The stiffness of the child will be taken care of by the hardships to Saturn and by the collapse of the planet and meteorites. For qiu robot Maxwell otrima J. Adams Prize.

One of Maxwell's first robots was the kinetic theory of gases. In 1859, the teachings were presented at the late British Association for additional reasons, in which there was a rise in molecules for liquids (Maxwellian growth). Maxwell having opened the statement of his successor in rozrobtsі kinetic theory R. Clausius' gasp, who was the witness of the "average dozen of a good try". Maxwell vikhodiv about gas yak about an ensemble of powerless ideally spring bags, chaotically rumbling in an enclosed space. Kulki (molecules) can be divided into groups for liquids, while in the stationary station the number of molecules in the skin group becomes permanent, if the stench may come from the groups and are included in them. From such a view, it was followed that "small parts are distributed for news according to the same law, for which there is a good deal of caution in the theory of the method of the least squares, so that it is based on Gauss statistics." Within the framework of his theory, Maxwell explained Avogadro's law, diffusion, heat conductivity, internal grating (transfer theory). In 1867, he showed the statistical nature of another ear of thermodynamics ("Maxwell's demon").

In 1831, in Maxwell's populace, M. Faraday conducted classical experiments, which brought him to the state of the electro-magnetic induction. Maxwell, having started to develop electricity and magnetism for about 20 years, after two glances at the nature of electrical and magnetic effects. Such vchens, like AM Amper and F. Neiman, took on the concept of long-distance, they looked at electromagnetics, or like an analogue of gravitational heavy work between two masses. Faraday used to be a financier of the idea of power lines, which can generate positive and negative electric charges or a new and new pole of the magnet. Power lines to cover the entire space (field, according to Faraday's terminology) and to summarize electrical and magnetic interactions. I love Faraday, Maxwell has broken down the hydrodynamic model of power lines and functions in the form of methods of communication of electrodynamics on mathematical mov, based on Faraday's mechanical models. The main results of the complete pre-imaging in the robot Faraday's power lines (Faraday "s Lines of Force, 1857). In 1860-1865 Maxwell expanded the theory of electro magnetic field Having formulated the systems of the Rivnyan (Maxwell's Rivnyannya) in the viglyad, I will describe the basic laws of the electromagnetic phenomena: The 1st Rivnya rotated the Electromagnetic Induction of Faraday; 2nd - magnetoelectric induction, as shown by Maxwell and based on the detection of exchange flows; 3rd - the law of saving the number of electricity; 4th - the vortex nature of the magnetic field.

We continue to develop ideas, Maxwell will come to the end of the day, if there’s any change in the electric and magnetic fields, we will be guilty of changes in the power lines, as to penetrate the mid-range space, so that there will be The fluidity of the broadening of cich khvil (electro-magnetic drilling) is deposited from the dielectric and magnetic penetration of the middle and the road from the electro-magnetic unit to electrostatic. For the tribute of Maxwell and the last pre-eminent persons, the price of the time should be 3h 10 10 cm / s, which is close to the shimmering light, which was changed by the French physicist A. Fizo. In 1861, Maxwell talked to Faraday about his vision: light is the whole of electromagnetism, which expands in a non-conductive middle, so that it differs from electromagnetism. Tsei final stage of the victory in Maxwell's robots Dynamical theory of electro-magnetic field (Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 1864), and the bag is robotic from the electrodynamics of Treatise on electricity and magnetism (1873).

Remaining fateful life Maxwell engaged in preparatory work before handwriting the handwritten decline of Cavendish. Two great toms came in 1879. Maxwell died in Cambridge 5 fall leaves 1879.

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-79) - English physicist, creator of classical electrodynamics, One of the founders of statistical physics, organizer and first director (since 1871) of the Cavendish laboratory, having conveyed the idea of electromagnetics, having presented the idea of the electromagnet nature of light, having established the first molecular laws - laws

Developing the ideas of Michael Faraday, expanding the theory of the electro-magnetic field (Maxwell's family); having learned about the strum of wince, having conveyed the idea of electromagnetism, having hung up the idea of the electromagnetism of the nature of light. Having established a statistical rise, we name it. Doslidzhuvav viscosity, diffusion and heat conductivity of gas. Maxwell showed that the circle of Saturn is built up from the outside. Pratsi in color space and colorimetry (Maxwell's disk), optics (Maxwell's effect), spring theory (Maxwell's theorem, Maxwell-Cremoni diagrams), thermodynamics, history of physics and іn.

Sіm'ya. rocky navchannya

James Maxwell was born on the 13th worm 1831, in Edinburz. Win boo the only blue of the Scottish nobleman and lawyer John Clerk, who, in the decline of the wrists of the family of his relative, the ugly Maxwell, has given the name to his nickname. For the folk, the Sina family moved to Pivdenna Scotland, in the power of Glenler ("A little bitch in the valley"), de and passed the dignity of a boy.

In 1841, Batko took James to school, and was called the "Edinburzka Academy". Here in 15 years Maxwell wrote his first science article "About armchair ovals". In 1847, he entered the University of Edinburz, and went through three fates, and in 1850 he transferred to the Cambridge University, which ended in 1854. Until the next hour, James Maxwell became a first-class mathematician with a wonderfully rosy invention.

The work of the Cavendish laboratory. vikladatska robot

Letter of completion to James Maxwell University in Cambridge for pedagogical robotics... In 1856, he recognized the misce of Professor Marshal College at Aberdeen University (Scotland). In 1860 he became a member of the London Royal Society. At the same time, having traveled to London, accepting the proposition of taking the post of curriculum vitae of the Department of Physics at the King College of London University, deceased until 1865 until 1865.

Turning in 1871 to Cambridge University, Maxwell organized and made a special laboratory for physical experiments in Great Britain, like the Cavendish Laboratory. The establishment of the laboratory, yak at the turn of the 19-20 centuries. changed into one z the biggest centers Holy science, Maxwell assigning the rest of the rock your life.

Considering the facts of Maxwell's life, it’s not a lot. Soromy, humble, guilty of prying life of its own accord and not being schooled. In 1858, James Maxwell became friends, ale simeine life, mabut, went down not far, made him unsociable, far away from his friends. It’s hard to start, but a lot of important materials about Maxwell’s life were lost for an hour in 1929 in his Glenler booth, 50 years later after his death. Win died from cancer at 48 years of age.

Science activity

The sphere of scientific interests of Maxwell was superbly wide; he hunted the theory of electromagnetism, kinetic theory of gases, optics, theory of springiness and richness. Some of the first ones to work out the picture of the physiology and physics of the color color and colorimetry, published in 1852. In 1861, James Maxwell, for the first time, having removed the color of the image, projected on the screen one hour a copy of the blue and greens. Tsim Bula was brought to justice of the three-component theory of the world and the meaning of the direction of the history of color photography. In robots 1857-59, Maxwell theoretically realized the strength of Saturn's children and showed that the Saturn's circle could be stylish in the same way, as if it were not tied with particles (til).

In 1855, D. Maxwell embarked on a cycle of his main robots with electrodynamics. Bully published the statty "About Faraday's power lines" (1855-56), "About physical power lines" (1861-62), "Dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field" (1869). The prelude to the boule ended with a revival of the two-volume monograph "A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism" (1873).

Development of the theory of the electromagnetic field

If James Maxwell in 1855 saw the release of electric and magnetic manifestations, many of them already boiled good vivcheni: spawn, the laws of interaction of unruly electric charges (Coulomb's law) and amperages (law of Coulomb) and amperages were established; it has been brought, that the magnetic interconnection and the interconnection of the rudimentary electric charges. The majority of those in that hour respected that the interaction would be transmitted mittuvo, without preference through emptying (the theory of action at a distance).

A ludicrous twist to the theory of short-range effects by Michael Faraday in the 30th pp. 19th century Faraday's ideas, the electric charge is sent to the open space of the electric field. The field is one charge per іnshiy, і navpaki. Vzamodiya strumіv zdіysnyuєtsya behind the aid of the magnetic field. Rose of electric and magnetic fields in the vastness of Faraday, describing, for the rest of the power lines, as for his submission, he can create extraordinary spring lines in the hypothetical middle - the light epiphany.

Maxwell will revisit Faraday's ideas about the sensation of an electro-magnetic field, so that about the reality of processes in the vastness of charges and strings. Vіn vvazav, that tilo can not work there, de yogo dumb.

Perche, who killed D.K. Maxwell - giving Faraday's ideas strict mathematical form, This is necessary in physics. Z'yasuvalosya, since the introduced by the field analyst, the laws of Coulomb and Ampere began to rotate most often, very much and vitoneno. In the field of electro-magnetic induction Maxwell has a new power of fields: a small magnetic field is generated in the empty space of an electric field with closed power lines (the so-called vortex electric field).

The offensive, and the last, croc at the appearance of the main powers of the electromagnet field of explosions by Maxwell without any support for the experiment. Їm bula was caught by the general advice about those, that a smaller electric field is associated with a magnetic field, such as an extraordinary electric strum (hypothesis about strum zsuvu). In 1869, all the basic laws of behavior of the electro-magnetic field of the boule were established and formed in the viglyad systems and chotiroh rivnyans, which were called Maxwell rivnyans.

Rivnyannya Maxwell - the main pivotal classical macroscopic electrodynamics, which describe the electro-magnetic phenomena in the middles and in the vacuum. Rivnyannya Maxwell otrimanі J.K. Maxwell in the 60s pp. 19th century as a result of the knowledge of the knowledge of the laws of electrical and magnetic phenomena.

From Rivnyan Maxwell followed the fundamental concept: the improvement of the technology of the expansion of electro-magnetic interactions. Tse smut, which is based on the theory of short-range action from the theory of long-range action. The speed of light has been shown to be equal to the speed of light in the vacuum: 300,000 km / s. Zvidsey Maxwell zrobiv viznovok, so light is the form of electromagnet hvil.

Robots based on the molecular kinetic theory of gases

The role of James Maxwell in the development and formation of molecular-kinetic theory (the modern name is statistical mechanics) is superbly great. Maxwell was the first to look at the firmness about the statistical nature of the laws of nature. In 1866, he introduced the first statistical law - the law of the distribution of molecules by liquids (Maxwell's growth). In addition, due to the increase in the viscosity of gases in the presence of liquids and in the increase in the probing of molecules, in a number of different ways of thermodynamics.

Rozpodil Maxwell - rozpodil for the fluidity of the molecules of the system in the camp of thermodynamic equilibrium (for the reason that the progressive movement of molecules is described by the laws of classical mechanics). Installed by J.C. Maxwell in 1859.

Maxwell Bove is an avid popularizer of science. Vin wrote a number of articles for the British Encyclopedia and popular books: "Theory of heat" (1870), "Materia and rukh" (1873), "Electricity in the elementary vicladi" (1881), like bully translated into Russian; after reading lectures and additional information on physical topics for a wide audience. Maxwell is also of great interest in the history of science. In 1879, he published the work of G. Kavendish from the electricians, who provided them with great comments.

Estimated by Robit Maxwell

Robots didn’t get badly judged by their partners. Ideas about the idea of an electromagnet field turned out to be quite and unproductive. Only because of that, like Henry Hertz in 1886-89 experimentally brought to light the electromagnetics passed on by Maxwell, this theory rejected the world’s knowledge. It was ten years later after Maxwell's death.

For the experimental confirmation of the reality of the electromagnet field, the fundamentals of science have been broken down: to perceive the vision of matter, and to the skin of them, its own laws, not to be created to the laws of mechanics. However, Maxwell himself is unlikely to clearly grasp the first hour of magical future mechanical models of electromagnetism.

About the role of Maxwell in the development of science, the American physicist Richard Feynman miraculously said: “In the history of people (as if to marvel at it, say, ten thousand years later), the most significant end of the 19th century, it’s insane, as long as it’s an eminent law. On the smallest important scientific view Hromadyanska vіyna in America, in the same ten years will be watched by the provinces ".

James Maxwell is dead 5 falling leaves 1879, Cambridge. The blame is not in the vault of the great people of England - the Westminster Abbey - but in the modest grave of the order of the Kohan church in the Scottish village, not far from the ancestral mother.

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Maxwell (Maxwell) James Clerk ( Clerk) (1831-79), English physicist, creator of classical electrodynamics, one of the founders of statistical physics, organizer and first director (from 1871) of the Cavendish laboratory. Developing M. Faraday's ideas, expanding the theory of the electro-magnetic field (Maxwell's family); having learned about the strum of wickedness, having conveyed the idea of electromagnetism, having hung up the idea of the electromagnetical nature of light. Having established a statistical rise, we name it. Doslidzhuvav viscosity, diffusion and heat conductivity of gas. Having shown that the circle of Saturn is built up with an edge. Pratsi by color space and colorimetry (Maxwell's disk), optics (Maxwell's effect), spring theory (Maxwell's theorem, Maxwell-Cremoni diagrams), thermodynamics, history of physics and іn.

Maxwell (Maxwell) James Clerk (13 worm 1831, Edinburg, - 5 leaf fall 1879, Cambridge), English physicist, creator of classical electrodynamics, one of the founders of statistical physics, the forerunner of one of the greatest light science centers of 19 soils. 20 Art. - Cavendish laboratory; Having solved the theory of the electromagnet field, transferring the electromagnetism of the energy, hanging the idea of the electromagnetic nature of light, having established the first statistical law - the law of the distribution of molecules behind the drugs, the names of their names.

Sіm'ya. rocky navchannya

Maxwell Boove is the only blue of the Scottish nobleman and lawyer John Clerk, who, in the fall of the wanks of the family of his relative, the ugly Maxwell, has given the name to his nickname. Sina's folklore migrated to Pivdenna Scotland, to the power of Glenler ("Pritulok in the Valley"), de and passed the dignity of a lad. In 1841, Batko took James to school and was called "Edinburzka Academy". Here in 15 years Maxwell wrote his first science article "About armchair ovals". In 1847, he entered the University of Edinburz, and went through three fates, and in 1850 he transferred to the Cambridge University, which he graduated from in 1854. Until the end of the hour Maxwell became a first-class mathematician with a wonderfully rosy introduction.

The work of the Cavendish laboratory. vikladatska robot

Writing to Maxwell University in Cambridge for teaching robotics. In 1856, he recognized the misce of Professor Marshal College at Aberdeen University (Scotland). In 1860 he became a member of the London Royal Society. At the same time, having traveled to London, accepting the proposition of taking the post of curriculum vitae of the Department of Physics at the King's College of London University, deactivated until 1865.

Turning in 1871 to Cambridge University, Maxwell organized and introduced a laboratory for physical experiments in Great Britain, like the Cavendish Laboratory (by the name of the English G. Cavend). The formation of the laboratory, yak at the turn of the 19-20 centuries. Reimagined into one of the largest centers of light science, Maxwell appropriating the remains of his life.

The facts from the life of Maxwell are not very rich. Sorom is sarcastic, modest, blasting life of his own accord; schodennikiv not viv. In 1858, Maxwell became friends, ale simeine life, mabut, went down not far, made him unsociable, to the side of his friends. It’s hard to start, but a lot of important material about Maxwell’s life was lost for an hour after 1929 in his Glenler booth, 50 years later after his death. Win died from cancer in 48 years.

Science activity

The sphere of scientific interests of Maxwell was superbly wide; he hunted the theory of electromagnetism, kinetic theory of gases, optics, theory of springiness and a lot of it. Some of the first robots were able to see the physiology and physics of the colorado zoru and colorimetry, printed in 1852. In 1861, Maxwell, for the first time, took the color of the image, projecting on the screen one hour to deposit the worms, greens and greens. Tsim Bula has been brought to justice of the three-component theory of the world and the meaning of the direction of the history of color photography. In robots 1857-59, Maxwell theoretically realized the strength of Saturn's children and showed that the Saturn's circle could be stylish in the same way, as if it were not tied with particles (til).

In 1855 Maxwell began to cycle his main robots with electrodynamics. Bully published the statty "About the Faraday power lines" (1855-56), "About the physical power lines" (1861-62), "The dynamic theory of the electromagnetic field" (1869). Before the end of the boule it was completed with a visit to the two-volume monograph "Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism" (1873).

Development of the theory of the electromagnetic field

If Maxwell in 1855 saw the release of electric and magnetic manifestations, many of them already boiled good vivches: the spring, the laws of interaction between unruly electric charges (Coulomb's law) and structs (Ampere's law) were established; it has been brought about the magnetic interconnection and the interconnection of the rukhomodnye electric charges. Most of those in that hour respected that the interaction would be transmitted mittuvo, without preference through emptying (the theory of action at a distance).

A quick turn to the theory of short-range action of M. Faradeєm in 30-s pp. 19th century Faraday's ideas, the electric charge is sent to the open space of the electric field. The field is one charge per іnshy, і navpaki. Vzamodiya strumіv zdіysnyuєtsya behind the aid of the magnetic field. Rose of electric and magnetic fields in the vastness of Faraday, describing, for the rest of the power lines, as for his submissions, he can create extraordinary spring lines in the hypothetical middle - the light epiphany.

Perche, having broken Maxwell - giving Faraday's ideas a strict mathematical form, so necessary in physics. Z'yasuvalosya, since the introduced by the field analyst, the laws of Coulomb and Ampere began to rotate most frequently, gliboko and vitoneno. In the field of electro-magnetic induction Maxwell has a new power of fields: a small magnetic field is generated in the empty space of an electric field with closed power lines (the so-called vortex electric field).

Robots based on the molecular kinetic theory of gases

The role of Maxwell in the development and development of molecular kinetic theory is superbly great (the modern name is statistical mechanics). Maxwell was the first to look at the firmness about the statistical nature of the laws of nature. In 1866, the first statistical law was discovered - the law of the distribution of molecules by liquids (Maxwell's distribution). In addition, due to the increase in the viscosity of gases in the presence of liquids and in the increase in the probing of molecules, in a number of different ways of thermodynamics.

Maxwell Bove is an avid popularizer of science. Vin wrote a number of articles for the British Encyclopedia and popular books: "Theory of Heat" (1870), "Materia and Ruh" (1873), "Electricity in the Elementary Vicladi" (1881), which were translated into Russian; after reading lectures and additional information on physical topics for a wide audience. Maxwell is also of great interest in the history of science. In 1879, he published the work of G. Kavendish from the electricians, who provided them with great comments.

Estimated by Robit Maxwell

Robots didn’t get badly judged by their partners. Ideas about the idea of an electromagnet field turned out to be quite and unproductive. Only after that, as G. Hertz in 1886-89 experimentally brought about the electromagnetism passed on by Maxwell, his theory rejected the world’s knowledge. It was ten years later after Maxwell's death.

About the role of Maxwell in the development of science, the American physicist R. Feynman miraculously said: huge vіyna in America in the same ten years will be watched by the provinces ".

Maxwell is not buried in the burial vault of the great people of England - the Westminster Abbey - but in the modest grave of the order of the Kohan church in the Scottish village, not far from the ancestral mother.

James-Clerk Maxwell

(13.6.1831, Edinburg, - 5.11.1879, Cambridge)

James-Clerk Maxwell is an English physicist, the creator of classical electrodynamics, one of the masters of statistical physics, who was born in Edinburz in 1831.
Maxwell is a Sin Scottish nobleman from the noble family of Clerks. Visited Edinburzky (1847-50) and Cambridge (1850-54) universities. Member of the London Royal Partnership (1860). Professor of the Marshal College in Aberdin (1856-60), after the University of London (1860-65). In 1871, Maxwell was a professor at Cambridge University. There, after falling asleep in Great Britain, I had a special physical laboratory - the Cavendish laboratory, the director of one of the leading schools in 1871.
Maxwell's Science in Science problems of electromagnetism, kinetic theory of gases, optics, theory of springiness and a lot of it. My first robot "About armchair ovals and about ovals with magic tricks" Maxwell viconau, since it has not yet had 15 years (1846, published in 1851). Some of the first years of roboticism in the physiology and physics of coloration and colorimetry (1852-72). In 1861, Maxwell first demonstrated the color of the image, renounced it as a one-hour project on the screen of a red, green and blue display, bringing the truth of the three-component theory of the color image to the picture. Winning one of the first attachments for the colorado vimir, giving the name of the Maxwell disc.
U 1857-59 rr. Maxwell provided theoretical insight into the stiffness of Saturn's chickens and showed that Saturn's chicks can be stubborn in the same way that the stench is built up without the ringing of solid particles.
Among the presenters of electricity and magnetism (statty "About Faraday power lines", 1855-56 pp.; "About physical power lines", 1861-62 pp.; "Dynamical theory of the fundamental electromagnetic field", 1864 Electricity and Magnetism ", 1873) Maxwell mathematically opened Michael Faraday's views on the role of the industrial middle ground in electric and magnetic interactions. Win tried (following Faradeєm) vitlumachit tse middle-class yak all-pervading light efir, however, they didn’t be successful.
Submitted development of physics showed that the use of electro-magnetic interactions electromagnet field, The theory of yakogo (in classical physics) Maxwell and opened. At the same time, Maxwell's theory is all about the fact of macroscopic electrodynamics at that hour and the first time it was revealed about the structure of a suction, which creates a magnetic field as a kind of current (current of conduction), when the electric power changes. Maxwell vislovvvvviv the laws of the electro-magnetic field in the viglyad system and 4 differential equations in private old ( Rivnyannya Maxwell).
The zealous and vicious character of the cich priests manifested itself in the fact that the analysis allowed the transfer of something very unfortunate before the manifestation and regularity.
So, from them the sound of electromagnetics was heard, which was experimentally shown by G. Hertz. Before the end of the day, Maxwell went to work on the electromagnet nature of light (1865) and showed that the flexibility of any kind of electromagnetism in the vacuum of expensive light was shown.
Win vimiryav (with greater accuracy, not V. Weber and F. Kohlrausch in 1856) brought an electrostatic single charge to an electromagnet and confirming the efficiency of light performance. The theory of Maxwell whirled, how the electromagnetics twisted the vice.
The svitla vise was experimentally installed in 1899 by P.N. Lebedevim.
The theory of electromagnetism Maxwell neglected more and more until recently, and became the classical basis of modern physics. A. Einstein described the role of the central theory in a clear way: "... here a great turning point took place, as if there were bandages with the names of Faraday, Maxwell, Hertz. The left part in the whole revolution should be right for Maxwell ... Maxwell's message is that the physical reality was missed by the viewers without interruption, but a mechanical explanation of the fields does not exist ...".
In the preliminaries on the molecular-kinetic theory of gases (the article "Explained to the dynamic theory of gases", 1860 and "The dynamic theory of gases", 1866) rospodil Maxwell). Maxwell exploded the viscosity of the gas from the fluidity and due to the test of molecules (1860), absolute value the rest, in a number of important aspects of thermodynamics (1860). Experimentally changing the viscosity of dry powders (1866). U 1873-74 rr. Maxwell is a manifestation of a sub-promenade in a sweat ( Maxwell's effect).
Maxwell Bove was a great popularizer of science. Vin wrote a number of articles for the British Encyclopedia, popular books - such as "Theory of Heat" (1870), "Materia and Ruh" (1873), "Electricity in the Elementary Vicladi" (1881), translated into Russian translation. It is important to introduce into the history of physics є Maxwell's publication of manuscripts by G. Cavendish from electricians (1879) with many comments.

International University of Nature, Suspensions and People "Dubna"
Department of sustainable innovation development
SCIENTIFIC-DOSLIDNA ROBOT

on the topic:

"An Introduction to Science by James Clerk Maxwell"

Vikonala: Pleshkova A.V., gr. 5103

Revision: Bolshakov B.E.

Dubna, 2007

Formulas, before which we come, are guilty of such, but a representative of any people, presenting the symbols of the numerical values of the values, changed in their national units, having made a bi-virtual result.

J.C. Maxwell

biography 5

J.C. Maxwell's View 8

Edinburg. 1831-1850 8

dignity i school rock 8

First screen 9

Edinburz University 9

Optical and mechanical dosage 9

1850-1856 Cambridge 10

Electricity Busy 10

Aberdeen 1856-1860 12

Treatise on the circle of Saturn 12

London - Glenlair 1860-1871 13

Persha Kolorova photo 13

Theory of Imovities 14

Mechanical Maxwell Model 14

Electromagnetics and electromagnet theory of light 15

Cambridge 1871-1879 16

Cavendish laboratory 16

Svitove vizannya 17

size 18

Efforts Conservation Act 22

List of Victory Literature 23

Entry

Significant interest of the past year, look at J.K. Maxwell, one of the greatest physics of the past, from which the fundamental sciences have been tied up, to enter the gold fund modern science... Maxwell tsikaviy to us is a distinguished methodologist and a historian of science, who is very clever about all the complexity and superlativeness of the process of scientific advancement. Analyzing the interconnections between the theory and action, Maxwell is feuded in viguknuv: “If I have introduced a foggy region to a greater extent, de Dumka will admit to the fact that de mi bachimo rozumov to the robot of a mathematician Hiba road to them does not pass through the very metaphysicians, littered with the remains of the previous pre-ages and the instilling dermal people of science? .. Our posed robots need to eat the same kind of metaphysics, even if they don’t depend on the penetration of our mind, we need to prepare them for our way of thinking. (James Clerk Maxwell. Statutes and Movies. M., "Science", 1968. P.5).

biography

Born into the family of a Scottish nobleman from the noble family of Clerks. Found a collection in Edinburzky (1847-1850), sometimes in Cambridge (1850-1854) universities. In 1855 he became a member for the sake of the Trinit College, in 1856-1860 he was born. he became a professor at the Marshal College of Aberdeen University, since 1860 he made a name for himself at the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the King's College of London University. In 1865, in conjunction with a serious illness, Maxwell was seen from the department and settled in his family mother Glenler close to Edinburgh. Having continued my interest in science, writing a book of works from physics and mathematics. In 1871 he took up the Department of Experimental Physics at the Cambridge University. After organizing a scientific laboratory, the 16th worm in 1874 was discovered and named Kavendishskaya - in honor of G. Kavendish.

Maxwell visited his first science robot in schools, having come up with a simple way of picking up oval figures. The robot's Bula was posted on the posts of the Royal Partnership and published in the “Pratsyah”. For an hour, I spent an hour as a member for the sake of the Triniti College, engaged in experiments on the theory of colors, in the form of Jung's prodigious theory and the theory of the three main colors of Helmholtz. In experiments on changing colors, Maxwell found a special dziga, a disk of such distributions on a sector, barreled in a variety of colors (Maxwell's disk). At the swift wrapping, the dzigi kolor were angry: as the disc buv was farmed so, as the roztashovani kolori spectrum, vіn zdavsya bіlim; how one half of them were fished with a worm, and іnshu - zhovtim, we wіn hаvavasya we orange; The change of the blue and the young was set off by the enemy of the green. In 1860, Maxwell received the Rumford Medal for robots in color and optics.

In 1857, the University of Cambridge voted a competition for a robot about the style of Saturn. Tsi approval of boules brought to Galileum on the ear of the 17th century. They represented a divine mystery of nature: the planet was created with three succinct concentric rings, which was formed from the speech of unhomed nature. Laplace dovіv, how the stench can not be solid. Having carried out the mathematical analysis, Maxwell overcame, but the stench couldn’t be small, and it’s come to the point, but the structure could be simple in that case, as if it was a swarm of meteorites that didn’t ring with itself. The stiffness of the child will be taken care of by the hardships to Saturn and by the collapse of the planet and meteorites. For tsyu robot Maxwell otrimat J. Adams Prize.

One of Maxwell's first robots was the kinetic theory of gases. In 1859, the studies were made at the previous British Association for additional reasons, in the course of the distribution of molecules for liquids (Maxwell's rose). Maxwell, having developed the manifestation of his successor in the development of the kinetic theory of gasses by R. Clausius, as an initiator of the "middle age of a good test." Maxwell vikhodiv about gas yak about an ensemble of powerless ideally spring bags, chaotically rumbling in an enclosed space. Kulki (molecules) can be divided into groups for liquids, while in the stationary station the number of molecules in the skin group becomes permanent, if the stench may come from the groups and are included in them. From such a view, it was followed that “small parts are distributed for goods according to the same law; E. Approximately up to Gauss statistics ”. Within the framework of his theory, Maxwell explained Avogadro's law, diffusion, heat conductivity, internal grating (transfer theory). In 1867 he showed the statistical nature of another ear of thermodynamics ("Maxwell's demon").

In 1831, in the history of Maxwell's people, M. Faraday carried out classical experiments, which led him to the opening of the electro-magnetic induction. Maxwell, having started to develop electricity and magnetism for about 20 years, after two glances at the nature of electrical and magnetic effects. Such persons, like A. M. Amper and F. Neiman, adopted the concept of long-distance, looking at electromagnetics, or like an analogue of gravitational heavy between two masses. Faraday used to be a financier of the idea of power lines, which can generate positive and negative electric charges or a new and new pole of the magnet. Power lines to cover the entire space (field, according to Faraday's terminology) and to summarize electrical and magnetic interactions. I love Faraday, Maxwell has broken down the hydrodynamic model of power lines and functions in the form of methods of communication of electrodynamics on mathematical mov, based on Faraday's mechanical models. The main results of the whole pre-imaging in the robot "Faraday's Lines of Force" (Faraday's Lines of Force, 1857). U 1860-1865 rr. Maxwell solved the theory of the electro-magnetic field, as he formulated the systems of equations (Maxwell's equals), describing the basic laws of electro-magnetic phenomena: 2nd - magnetoelectric induction, as shown by Maxwell and based on the detection of exchange flows; 3rd - the law of saving the number of electricity; 4th - the vortex nature of the magnetic field.

Continuing the development of ideas, Maxwell came to the end of the day, what if the changes of the electric and magnetic fields were guilty of the changes in the power lines, as they penetrate the middle of the expanse, that is, E. The fluidity of the broadening of cich khvil (electro-magnetic drilling) is deposited from the dielectric and magnetic penetration of the middle and the road from the electro-magnetic unit to electrostatic. For the tribute of Maxwell and the last pre-eminent persons, the price of performance is to become 3X1010 cm / s, which is close to the high quality of light, which was changed by the French physicist A. Fizo. At Zhovtni 1861 r Maxwell told Faraday about his vision: light is the whole electromagnet, which expands in a non-conductive middle, i.e. The final stage of the process was completed in Maxwell's robot "The dynamical theory of the electromagnetism field" (Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 1864), and the bag was taken from the electrodynamics of the celebrities "Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism". (1873)

Remaining fateful life Maxwell engaged in preparatory work before handwriting the handwritten decline of Cavendish. Two great volumes came to the rock in 1879.

Vidkrittya J.C. Maxwell

Edinburg. 1831-1850

Dignity and school rock

13 worm 1831 in Edinburz in booth number 14 on the street of Indiya Francaise Key, daughter of Edinburz court, when she was deprived - Misis Clerk Maxwell, gave birth to the son of James. The whole day in all the world did not see any meaningful words, not yet the head story of 1831 rock. Ale vzhe odinadtsyat rokіv genіalny Faraday namagaєtsya osyagnuti taєmnitsі elektromagnetizmu, i Lachey at a time, vlіtku 1831 roku, vіn attacking slіd vislizaє elektromagnіtnoї іnduktsії, i bude James vsogo lishe Vier mіsyatsі, if Faraday pіdіb'є pіdsumok svoєmu eksperimentu 's otrimannya elektriki of magnetism " ... In the first place, we will see the era of the electricians themselves. Epoch, for how to create life and create for little James, the site of the glorious families of Scottish Clerks and Maxwell.

Father James, John Clerk Maxwell, a lawyer for the profession, hating jurisprudence and disliking dislike, as he himself said, to "please do not speak for a lawyer." As soon as possible, John, having pinched the endless chovgannya through the marmur lobbies of the Edinburz court, and appropriated to himself scientific experiments, which were like a miokhid, took up amateurishly. Win a dilettante, having understood the price and worried very importantly. John Buv zakokhayas in science, in students, in people of practicality, in his grandfather George. Just try to construct the repeated flies, which were carried out in spirits with brother Française Kay, they called him with the mighty squad; Vesіllya vіdbulasya 4 October 1826 to rock. On the other hand, they didn’t use the flames, but on the other hand, Sin James showed up.

If James got up, she died, and she lost her life for her father. His dignity is remembered by nature, spilkuvannya s daddy, books, messages about native people, "science games", first "messages". Old James was not bothered by those who wouldn’t reject systematic coverage: reading all that, in the booth, astronomy lessons on gank and in the booth, de James at once having spent the “heavenly globe” with his father. After some time trying to get started with a private weekend, as James often went to the big busy busy people, he was sent to Edinburg.

Unimportant to home education, James was pleased with the high officials of the Edinburz Academy and with the insurance of those in the fall of leaves in 1841. Your successes in the boule class are far from short. Vін easily mіg bi vikonuvati zavdannya more beautiful, ale the spirit of zmagannya in unacceptable busyness buv for a new, much stranger. For the first school day, I didn’t stay with my classmates, and that is the most on the way of James’s love for being alone and looking at objects. With one of the most beautiful podias, it’s crazy, to brighten up the vague school days, to see at once from the father of the Edinburgh royal partnership, to deduce the first “electromagnet cars”.

The Edinburgh royal partnership changed the life of James: it’s the same there, having recognized the first understanding about the piracy, cuba, іnshikh regular polyhedra... The thoroughness of symmetry, the regularity of the reincarnation of geometric bodies changed the understanding of James about the idea of winning a grain of beauty and perfection. If the hour of sleep came, the scientific academy bully hostile - "foolish", as the stench called Maxwell, becoming one of the first.

first vidkrittya

Even earlier, the father of the bravs of James at his love for a start - the lingering of the Edinburgh royal partnership, now the announcement of the royal suspension, and also the Edinburgh suspension of the arts, together with James, became a regular regular for a new regular. At the patronage of the Partnership of the Mistresses of the Nayvidomish, the selection of NATO people as a lecturer, Bouv Mister D.R. Hey, decorator. The very lectures nailed James on the first serious display - a simple tool for painting ovals. James knows the original, and at the same hour, the simplest way, and the smut, absolutely new. Having described the principle of his own method in a short "statute", it was read in the Edinburz Royal Society - an honor that was offered richly, and was awarded a chotiirteen schoolboy.

Edinburz University

Optical and mechanical dosage

In 1847, the work of the Edinburz Academy will end, James is one of the first, forgotten images and the experience of the first rocks.

After the end of the academy, James goes to Edinburz University. At the same time, he seriously repairs the optic messages. The firm Brewster nudged James on a thought, so that the way of exchanges can be victorious for the spring of the middle in different strains, for the spring of the middle in the clear-cut materials. With such a rank, the dosage of mechanical stress can be brought to the optical dosage. Two exchanges, which were separated in a strained insightful material, will be interconnected, people are characteristic barvy paintings... James showed that color paintings have a completely regular character and can be used for applications, for revision of previous formulas, for new ones. It turned out that the deyaki formulas are inaccurate, or inaccurate, or require amendments.

Fig. 1 is a picture of the work in Stelyana tricutnik, photographed by James for the addition of a polarized light.

Moreover, James was able to understand the laws in a quiet way, before he had not gone into any development through mathematical difficulties. The foresight and the imposition of the tricycle from the unreleased slope (Fig. 1), giving James the opportunity to feel the spur and in the whole, gave him a fall.

Nineteen James Clerk Maxwell for the first time came to the rostrum of the Edinburz royal partnership. It’s not a matter of fact that we don’t know it: there’s a lot of new and original ideas.

1850-1856 Cambridge

busy with electricity

Now, I haven’t even put forward the gift of James’s gift. Win is clearly overrun already Edinburz University and by that time in 1850, having entered Cambridge. In 1854, James ended up at the familiar university with a bachelor's degree. Win virishu went to Cambridge for training to a professorship. Now, if you don’t need to go to sleep, I’ll take away the possibility of vitrahati for the whole hour to experiment, to promote my advances in the field of optics. Especially the food about the main colors. The first article by Maxwell was titled "Theory of Quotes at a Link with Colored Sludge" and it was necessary to navigate not by an article, but by a sheet. Maxwell corrected yo to Dr. Wilson, and he added a sheet of tsikavim to that sheet, adding about yo publication: by adding it in a whole to his book, assigned a number of slips. And all of James is unaware of being pulled to himself by the minds of glibs, the speeches of the kudi are more unobvious, no change in the quotes. The electricity itself, due to its intriguing lack of intelligence, inevitably, early on, it is too little to get the energy of this young rose. James can do it easily by taking into account the fundamental principles of stressed electrical engineering. Having instilled the theory of Ampere's long-range action, vin, unaffected by the visible lack of a list, allowing their own in them to become confused. The theory of action at a distance seemed insanely fair, because it was supported by the formal similarity of laws, mathematical variations for, for example, different manifestations - gravitational and electrical interaction. Ale tsya theory, more mathematical, less physical, which did not overshadow James, I’m getting more and more fiddled with Faraday’s sprynatyu going behind the middle of the magnetic forces lines, so that I keep the space close, before the theory.

On the way to find out the theory, Maxwell violated the theory for further development of the method of physical analogies. First for everything, it was necessary to know the correct analogy. Maxwell is eager to use the same analogue as well as the power supply of heavy electricity and power supply of tired heat transfer. Tse, as well as the Faraday idea of short-range action, the Ampere magnet for the closed guides, James step by step vibrated into a new theory, unfit and smiliva.

At Cambridge James, I would like to assign important heads of hydrostatics and optics courses to the best students. In addition, from the electrical theories of the robot over a book from optics. Maxwell will soon be arriving before the weekend, as the optics will no longer tinker with it, as before, but if the optics are out of electromagnetism.

Continuing the shukati analogy, James correlates the strength of the line with the Plin of his unstable age. The theory of pipes from hydrodynamics made it possible to replace power lines with power tubes, which were easily explained by Faraday's advice. Within the framework of Maxwell's theory, it was easy and simple to put in an understanding about the opi, the manifestations of electrostatics, magnetostatics and electric strum. Aleksei did not contribute to the theory of electromagnetism in Faraday's theory.

James had a chance to cast his theory for a dozen o'clock in the link with the destruction, I’ll become a dad, as if I could see it. If daddy James is dead, turning to Cambridge, it’s not a bad thing to do through the message high step master. Tom, in June 1856, James Maxwell took over the pulpit in Aberdin.

Aberdeen 1856-1860

Treatise on the circle of Saturn

Itself in Aberdin Bula was written by the Persha of the robot from the electrics - the article "About the Faraday lines of power", which led to the exchange of thoughts about the electromagnetism with the Farads themselves.

If James had started to take up in Aberdeen, a new task had already ripened in his head, as it was not for a moment of virility, a new phenomenon, as I will explain. Tse Buli Saturnova Kiltsya. Visually, physical nature, visually for millions of kilometers, without such bi, it wouldn’t be good, but only with paper and feather, - the price would be good for anyone. The hypothesis of a hard, hard circle came in immediately. Rіdke kіltsa spilled out in a flood of gigantic hvils - and as a result, on the thought of James Clerk Maxwell, near Saturn, shvidshe for everything, a host of other supporters - the "wicked ulamkіvry." For the treatise, assignments to the rings of Saturn, in 1857 James was awarded the Adams Prize, and he himself was awarded one of the most authoritative English physics theorists.

Fig. 2 Saturn. Photo taken behind the aid of a 36-inch refractor at the Lik Observatory.

Fig. 3 Mechanical models, which illustrate the fall of the yellow of Saturn. Malinki with Maxwell's eu "About the stability of Saturn's wraparound"

London - Glenlair 1860-1871

Persha Kolorova photography

In 1860, a new stage in the life of Maxwell was repaired. Win nominations for the position of the professor of the Department of Natural Philosophy in King's College in London. The King's College, according to the equipment of its physical laboratories, is in front of the university universities. Here Maxwell is not just in the 1864-1865 rr. after reading the course of applied physics, here is the master of the organization initial process in a new way. The students got to grips with the process of experiments. At London's James Clerk Maxwell for the first time has eaten the fruits of his insight in the role of a great clerk. For the advancement of color and optics, the Royal Partnership awarded Maxwell the Rumford Medal. May 17, 1861 Maxwell's rock was propounded with the honor - to read a lecture in front of the Royal Institute. The topic of the lecture is “About the theory of the three main colors”. At the lecture, as a proof of the theory, the first time the Color's photo was demonstrated!

Theory of imovirnosti

In the end of the Aberdeen period and on the cob of London, Maxwell had an order of optics and electricity, a new approach - the theory of gases. Pratsuyuchi over the whole theory, Maxwell introduced into physics such an understanding as "imovirno", "tsya podіya can be seen with a greater degree of imovirnostі".

The physics of the revolution, but a lot of rumors of Maxwell's predictions at the events of the British Association did not remember. From the side, Maxwell went to the cordons of the mechanical intelligence of the matter. І stepping over їх. Maxwell's drawing about a glimpse of the laws of the theory of imaging in the light of molecules of the most fundamental basis of light. Claiming about those in the light of molecules "panun vipadok", booted by their boldness one of the greatest feats in science.

Mechanical Maxwell Model

Robot in King's College of Vimagala even more than an hour, now in Aberdin, - a lecture course in nine months in Rots. Protest, at thirty o'clock James Clerk Maxwell threw up a plan for his maybutnye book from electricians. Tse the germ of the Maybut "Treatise". I will assign the first heads of yogo to my successors: Ersted, Ampere, Faraday. If we explain the Faraday theory of power lines, the induction of electric structures and the Ersted theory of the vortex-like nature of magnetic manifestations, Maxwell opens up his mechanical model (Fig. 5).

The model consisted of a series of molecular vortexes, which are wrapped in one straight line, between the rooms, a ball of other curly particles, which are built up to the point of being wrapped. Unimportant to its bulkiness, the model explained richly electro-magnetic phenomena, including electro-magnetic induction. The sensation of the boolean model is that she explained the theory of the magnetic field from a straight cut along the length to a straight strum, formulated by Maxwell ("the rule of gwent").

Fig. 4 Maxwell assimilates the interplay of wrapped in one direction the suspended vortexes A and B, introducing between them "idle gears"

Fig. 5 Maxwell's mechanical model for explaining electromagnetic phenomena.

Electromagnetics and electromagnet theory of light

Continuing to follow the electromagnets, Maxwell came close to the theory about those, whether it be electrical or magnetic forces to power the sick, to expand in space.

A series of articles "About physical lines" by Maxwell will already, by the way, have all the material to induce a new theory of electromagnetism. Now for the theory of the electro-magnetic field. The gears, the whirlwinds, were completely there. Rivnyannya boule field for Maxwell nіtrochi is not less real and seen, not less than the results of laboratory reports. Now, the electromagnetics of Faraday's induction, and Maxwell's minds were not driven by additional mechanical models, but by additional mathematical operations.

For Faraday to produce the wake of the magnetic field before the appearance of the electric field. The splash of the magnetic field of wiklikє the splash of the electric field.

The splash of the electric power of the people, the splash of the power of the magnetic. So, for the first time, the s-p of the pen of the thirty-three-trinity prophet appeared in 1864, the electromagnetism was sick, but still in the wrong view, in any reason at once. Maxwell, speaking in the 1864 article of rock only about magnets. Electromagnetism in the general sense of the word, which includes an instant electric and magnetic shock, appeared in Maxwell's note, in the yogh article in 1868.

In the last statti of Maxwell - "Dynamical theory of the electro-magnetic field" - there are plenty of clear sketches and proof of the electro-magnetic theory of light. On the basis of the most powerful news and the knowledge of those who were in charge (and the best world of Faraday), Maxwell was able to rob the visitor, so that the optical power of the middle class was tied to the power of the electromagnet, which was not a bright

In 1865, rotsi Maxwell virіshu zalishiti Kings College. Win settling in his ancestral mattress Glenmeyr, doing the main things of life - "Theory of warmth" and "Treatise on electricity and magnetism." We will devote the whole hour. Tse buli rocky vidludnitstva, rocky general view of the essence, the service of one tilka nautsi, rocky most plidni, light, creative. Protest, Maxwell is known to be less prone to practice at the university, and in the acceptance of the proposition, broken down by the Cambridge University.

Cambridge 1871-1879

Cavendish laboratory

In 1870, the Duke of Devonshire declared to the Senate of the University of his freedom to equip a physical laboratory. І ocholiti її is guilty of the teachings of the saints. Tsim will be awarded by becoming James Clerk Maxwell. In 1871, the work was done to repair the robot with the equipment of the famous Cavendish laboratory. The tsі roki nareshty see yogo "Treatise on electricity and magnetism". More than a thousand sides, de Maxwell gives a description of the scientific preliminaries, looking at all, to the quiet theories of electricity and magnetism, as well as "Basic Equivalence of the Electromagnetic Field." In general, in England they did not accept the main ideas of the "Treatise"; Maxwell's Ideas were adopted by the young. great feud Maxwell's theory was held at the Russian winners. All in all, the role of Umov, Stolotov, Lebedev in the development and development of Maxwell's theory.

The 16th worm 1874 is the day of the clean test of the Cavendish laboratory. The onset of rock was marked by all the growing insights.

svitove viznannya

In 1870, Maxwell received an honorary Doctor of Literature at Edinburz University, in 1874 he was an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Boston, in 1875 he was a member of the American Philosophical Society at the Philadelphia University, New York ... The next five years Maxwell will be busy editing and preparing until twenty packages of manuscripts by Henry Cavendish are seen.

In 1877, Maxwell saw the first signs of ailments, and in 1879 he read a lecture to his students.

size

In his famous treatise on electricity and magnetism (Div. Moscow, "Nauka", 1989) Maxwell turned to the problem of the lack of physical quantities and laid down the foundations of his kinetic system. The peculiarity of the whole system is the presence of two parameters in one only: pre-dinner L and hour T. All kinds (and not at present!) the change of that logical sense, in the given systems of the day.

Approved by J. Maxwell, A. Poincaré, N. Bohr, A. Einstein, V. I. Vernadsky, R. Bartini physical value є universal mode and only todі, if there is a noise of її connections with spaciousness andimen... I, Tim not less, until the treatise of J. Maxwell "Proelectrics and Magnetism" (1873) did not establish the links of the dimensionality of the masi in every hour.

Oscillations for the mass were introduced by Maxwell (at the same time as indicated by the square arches), then it is permissible for you to direct the curves from Maxwell's own robots: “Be sure to turn for a size to be composed of two officials or components. One of these is the naming of an action of a kind of the same type as that of a magnitude, which is free of charge. Vaughn is taken in yakosti etalona vidliku... The second component is the number, which shows how much it is required for the standard to deny the required value. The reference standard value is called e day, And every number - h words to meanings of a given magnitude. "

"PRO VIMIRYUVANI VELICHIN"

1. Be-like a turn for a be-such size to be composed of two officials or components. One of these is the naming of a kind of kind of value of the same type as that of a value, as if it were free. Vaughn is taken in yakosti etalona vidliku... The second component is the number, which shows how much it is required for the standard to deny the required value. The reference standard value is called in technical alone, And every number - Numeric Significant given value.

2. When the mathematical systems are prompted, the main ones are important, the hour and the masi are given, and all the old ones are due to the addition of the simplest acceptable values.

Already, in all scientific advances, it is even more important to vikoristovuvati odnitsi, so that the system should be the proper order of singing, so the very nobility and the nobility are connected with the main odds, however, it is possible at once to overhaul the results in one system.

The knowledge of the difference is that we will be transformed by a method of transformation, which we will be able to get rid of as a result of triviality.

The size of the skin from the members is equal to that of the skin from the three main ones. If it’s not so, then rivnyannya bezgluzdo, then take revenge on the pardon, some of this interpretation appears to be good and lie in this new system and one, which is acceptable.

Three main ones:

(1) and coating. The etalon of dozhini, victorious in our land for scientific purposes, is to serve as a foot, which becomes the third part of a standard yard, which is available in the Treasury Chamber.

From France and the first lands, they took the metric system, the standard of a meter. Theoretically, as little as one ten-million part of the earth's meridian, from the pole to the eqvor; But in fact, the price of a meal is taken in Paris of the etalon, prepared by the Borda with such a position, which at the temperature of the ice will show the value of the meridian, which D'Alembert has cut off. In order to visualize new and more accurate images of the Earth, not to be included in a meter, navpaki, - the meridian arc itself is counted in cob meters.

In astronomy, one of the most common is one of the middle years from the Earth to Sontsya.

at modern camp science is the most universal standard for a quiet period, as it can be proponential; Such an etalon is not stuck in any kind of changes in the Earth's dimensions, and this next step will be accepted by us, who will help, so that his writing will appear more religious, but not heavenly.

For robots with dimensions equal to one, we will mean one to dojini yak [ L]. If the numerical value is only one l, then it will be the same as the value, bends through the singing unit [ L[ L].

(2) HOUR. In all civilized lands, it is standard to take one hour to wrap the Earth around its axis. Zoryana, for the true period of the Earth's wrapping, can be set up with great accuracy with the astonishing astronomical precautions, and the middle sleepyhead can also be counted from the zoryany, add to our knowledge of the triviality of fate.

The second of the middle sleepy hour is taken at the same hour for all physical prescripts.

In astronomy, one hour is taken by rik. More universally one hour, you can get up, taking the period of the same light, more or less the most expensive one.

We will name a specific one hour yak [ T], And to the numerical world the hour is indicated through t.

(3) MACA. In our country, the standard unit of mass is the standard commercial pound (avoirdupois pound), which can be purchased in the Treasury Chamber. Often pickling in the quality of one grain (grain) becomes one 7000th part of a whole pound.

In metric systems, one gram is a single mass; theoretically, the price of a cubic centimeter of distilled water at standard temperature values and a vice, but practically one thousandth part of a standard kilogram, which can be purchased in Paris *.

If only, as the French system prefers, singing the speech, and the water itself, takes on the eye of the scholarship, then one masi ceases to be an independent one, but changes like a single one, so that [ L 3]. Well, as in the astronomical system, one mass is rotated through the force of heavy, then the size [ M] Appear like this [ L 3 T2] ".

Maxwell will show Masu can be selected from the number of basic size values... Tse reach for help two ways of understanding "power":

1) i 2).

When we have two virazi and vazayuyu gravitatsіynu postіyu without a sizeless size, Maxwell will deny:

, [M] = [L 3 T 2 ].

Masa appeared in a spacious hour-size. Її size: obsyag with kutovim korotnyam(For the schilnistu, scho maє the same size).

The size of the mass has become satisfied vimogu universality... There was a possibility of seeing all the physical dimensions in the spacious-hour units of the world.

In 1965, in the journal "Dopovidi AN SRSR" (No. 4) published the article by R. Bartin "The kinetic system of physical quantities." Results and May vinyatkov for the discussed problem.

The Law of Sparing Suffering

Lagrange, one thousand seven hundred and ninety nine; Maxwell, 1855.

V Zagalom viglyadі the law of sparing the painfulness is recorded as the invariance of the magnitude of the painfulness:

For more painfulnessN = P + G vipliv, which is corny toughness and toughness at the expense of projectively inverted, and be it a change of energy compensated for the sinuous exertion at the expense before the control of urgency .

Otrimanie visnovok yes, let us admit the law of sparing the need for a scalar ryvnyannya viglyadi:

De.

The change in the active flow is compensated for by the difference between the inputs and the necessary inputs into the system.

In such a rank, mechanizm open system the knowledge of the interlocking isolation, and by ourselves we need the power of the system that is on the way. However, the whole mechanism does not show the young directly in the direction of the evolution of systems. This is to blame for the addition of the mechanisms of evolution and non-evolutionary systems, either unimportant or equally important.

List of Victory Literature

Vl. Kartsev “Life of Wonderful People. Maxwell ". - M., "Young Guard", 1974.
James Clerk Maxwell. Statti y movi. M., "Science", 1968.
http://physicsbooks.narod.ru/
http://revolution.allbest.ru/
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
http://www.situation.ru/
http://www.uni-dubna.ru/
http://www.uran.ru/