Method of bonituvannya ґruntu. BoniTuvannya Oruntiv and Yakisna Land Assessment
Understand about bonіtuvannya ґruntіv. Bonituvannya (in Latin Bonitos - goodness) is a preliminary assessment of soils in terms of their productivity (efficiency). Vaughn is held in one-of-a-kind indicators - balls. Behind him will rise, as one soil is more beautiful or better than the one in terms of productivity. The head of the bonituvannya is the development of the rules in the singing system: from the smallest to the greatest.
Whether the soil is volodya singular bonitet, to be an indicator of quality, productivity, good quality.
Bonituvannya ґruntiv maє iznobichny virobniche value. Vaughn to serve as a guide for the rational distribution of agricultural crops, allowing you to establish the structure of the basis according to the quality ground coverі vimogam of agricultural crops, additional assistance to soil conditions, development of a complex of agrotechnical calls for the development of soil conditions. Bonding the connection of the procurement and procurement, planning, special analysis and organization of the agricultural production, control and analysis of the public donations. In the end bag of the won to serve for the establishment of the level of productivity of pratsi in the Silskohospodarskiy virobnistvі.
The theoretical basis for bonding soils is to serve the establishment of V.V. warehouse parts soil (the law of correlation in soil knowledge) і between soils and virostu on them. The level of fertility to the soil is not only due to the authorities, but to the value of the yield of the cultivated culture. Not all the power of the soil is in the correlation with the yield (bagatore) of the agricultural crops, the correct vibration is the basis of the bonding of the soil.
The power of soils, steadily correlates with the average high yield of agricultural crops, they called out the name of diagnostic signs or estimates of indicators. Naybіlsh correlates with the richness of the onset of the power of the runts: the tightness of the humus ball, instead of the humus, the safety of the main elements of the liveness, the amount of chase, the change in the acidity, the storage
In the projects of time-based applications for the implementation of the bonification of the runts in the collective and radio hospitals of the Ukrainian RSR, divided by the Soil Institute for the Mention of V.V. Dokuchaev and the Republican Design Institute for
in taiga-forest and brown soil-forest zones, de agricultural farming has been preserved by the vologo: 1) instead of humus in the ornoy ball, 2) pH of salt, 3) hydrolytic acidity, 4) sum of debris, 5) stages of storage, soil, 7) crumbling phosphorus;
in the forest-steppe, steppe, dry-steppe zones, in the front and in the mountain areas of rainfed agriculture, lack of protection for the vologo: 1) instead of humus in the water ball and stocks of it in all comrades of the humus horizon, 2) the amount of destruction 4) reaction of the primordial razchinu, 5) mechanical warehouse;
in the zones of agricultural farming in the ancient regions of the country: 1) mechanical warehouse, 2) stages of drainage, salinity, soil cultivation.
A number of diagnostics signs are specified to be more specific to the specific features of the soil.
So, when assessing soddy-pidzolic soils in the Smolensk and Kalinin regions, it was found that the estimated indicators are: instead of humus, the amount of soil accumulated in the soil, the volume of acidity
Development of bonituvannya ґruntiv. Robotics from bonituvannya ґruntіv in Russia bully rozpochatі long ago, still in the XV century. Science Basics assessments of runts (bonituvannya) of destruction in the end of the last century V.V.Dokuchaevim and N.M. Robots have been updated in the SRSR since 1955 in connection with the land cadastre and the great significance of the assessment of soil in the process of increasing the intensification of the agricultural sector.
In order to assess the quality and power, as the soil is like bio-inert soil, in the process of natural-historical and socially-economical development of the suspension, carry out bonding and cadastre of soil, as the audit is carried out.
Bonituvannya ґruntiv (in Latin Bonitas - good quality) - yakisna assessment soil in terms of productivity, is based on the field of active signs and powers of the runts, which are most important for the growth and development of agricultural cultures, so that the cloud of the quality of runts for the same kind of relationship, all of them Depending on the bonitet, it is possible to reduce the quality of the soil according to its efficiency, with a similar level of agricultural technology.
Naybіlsh widened є 100-point scale, with rough ground it is estimated at 90-100 points ( X-th class bonitet), and the soil will be torn with them, otmayuchi is a higher low class bonitet. The basis of bonding is the value of diagnostic signs of abnormal indicators of soil, which can be related to the average high yield of crops. In the capacity of such powers, there are: the pressure of the humus horizon, instead of humus and the main living elements, pH, a mechanical warehouse, which can then be brought up to a single bonding scale.
In the Danish hour, the decal has gone up to the choice of principles, criteria, and the quickest bonding of the rules.
One of the main methods, which is the base for the system and institutes of "Roszemproekt" It is necessary to get information on the skin state, including the average for the last 5-10 years indicators about the power of the rules, the productivity of feed reasons, the data about the cultivars soils, etc.).
The type of soil is combined into an assessment group according to a number of indicators: -
belonging to the same soil-climatic provinces; -
genetic closeness of soils, similarity of mechanical, physical and chemical, agrochemical authorities; -
similarity to relєfu; -
the need for meliorative visits with the presence of salinity, rockiness, stonyness, etc.; -
specific ideas, tied to the crops or drains.
For the skin group of soils, it is necessary to use the local bonding bali, as well as the yield of agricultural cultures, the dose of organic and mineral goodness, vitality and practical indicators. On the basis of the data of multiple correlation-regressive analysis of information indicators, the most important factor in the form of a crop will emerge. Bonus assessment of the land and the value of the normative yield of the crop for the economical assessment of the agricultural sector. Estimated indicators є: -
yield and parity of gross product of the Russian Federation; -
recoup vitrate; -
differential income; -
economy of guiding vitrates.
The results of the assessment can be used in case of obruntuvanny planned crop yields; for the purpose of making a planned obsyagu purchase of silskogospodarskoy products; when characterizing the viral activity of the state administration and enterprises. Methodology for regional specialization of land use.
Soil-ecological assessment and bonding of runts on a single basis. The methodology has been broken down in the Soil Institute. V.V. Dokuchava and allows for the initiation of soil-ecological indicators and bali for the bonitet of soil in the old rural population, on whatever scale, so that it is possible to adjust the porous results on the basis of the same
The assessment is done in three stages: -
zbir and processing of soil-agrochemical and agroclimatic tributes for state gifts; -
soil-ecological assessment, which includes the size of the soil-ecological index; -
bonituvannya ґruntіv with urahuvannya distributed on them silskogospodarskikh ugіd.
At the presentation of this methodology, it is possible to increase the resource potential of the Silk-and-Podsk branch, as well as the efficiency of financial nutrition assessments of the runts.
In light practice in the assessment of indicators natural center For soil-meliorative robots, the method of rating assessment, recommendations of the FAO (food and agricultural organization of the United Nations) is used for soil-meliorative robots.
It is worth noting that the following parameters are taken into account with the common methodology in the quality of the criteria for assessing the attachment of lands for the singing type of vicoriannya: -
assessment of the level of land availability in the scores (ratings) - it is established experimentally or expertly on the basis of an analytical analysis of the list of indicators, as well as taking into account the possibility of anthropogenic vicarious land distribution; -
analysis of the most significant indicators for assessing the attachment of the earth for a specific reason (synokis, pasovishche, rillya, etc.). A number of such indicators include information about the relief, water regime, age, granulometric storage, soil salinity, etc.; -
yakіsna and kіlkіsna characteristic of indicators, how to get on top of the rated scores (ratings). So, for example, the particularity of the profile is open through the steepness of the grab, the timing of the dilyanka to the shape of the profile; water regime begins through the nature and periodicity of the disturbance; Gender is characterized by the type and the degree of turn, etc.
In such a rank, the skin indicator will deny the singular score (rating), which allows the land unit index.
LUI to be the basis for the assessment of the attachment of land to land for 4 categories (Table 7.1):
The computer program of the whole methodology (for a specific contour) is called "LAND"; for the territory, which includes free circuits - "LESSA" and "ADAPTER".
Table 7.1
Assessment of the property of the territory on the basis of index
Assessments of land Kate-Riya Assessment of property LUI, Bali Obmezhennya Recommended Victory I Velmi Pridatny
LUI 75 Diversified no more than 1/4 of the territory of Rilla II In the same place
74-50 The middle area is not more than 2/3 of the territory of the Sinoosi III.
50-26 Average interconnection for 2/3 of the territory and not more than one indicator with important intercourse Passengers IV
unauthorized
25 Possibility of vicarystannya vimag of pre-donatkovyh economics obruntuvan - IV-a
Practically unreliable and important for 2/3 of the territory For usunenia, the third means the Paternalism of material-nі vitrati IV-b Negative important interconnection. Adaptive-landscape farming
In the present hour, the current nutrition is based on the process of forming agronomic solutions on the basis of ecologically balanced farming systems with a wide range of possibilities of modern technology, including computer technology. In the minds of a shortage of resources of special significance nabuv їх rational vikorystannya from the results of scientific technologies.
Especially Location in suchasnіy agrarnіy nautsі Got rozvitok adaptive-landscape systems zemlerobstva (ALSZ) - tse "system vikoristannya zemlі pevnoї agroekologіchnoї groupies, orієntovana on virobnitstvo produktsії, ekonomіchno i ekologіchno obumovlenoї kіlkostі i yakostі vіdpovіdno to suspіlnih (rinkovimi) require natural i virobnichimi resources to ensure the stiffness of the agricultural landscape and the development of rusticity. " This rank is the system of vrahovuє: -
suspilny consumption in the products of the Silskoy government; -
agroecological parameters of lands (natural resource power); -
agroecological vimogi of silgosculture, їх adaptive potential, environment-forming infusion і ін.
The essence of the adaptive-landscape system and field in the effective state vicarious lands with the agrarian differences in agroecological groups, as far as the situation in the world is concerned, in the apparent nature and wilderness of the land
The steps to encourage the real ALSZ include the agroecological mapping of lands on the basis of the same conceptual basis, the development of the land management project, the establishment and implementation of the bank of funds, the maximum characterization of the management process - agrobiocenosis, in the whole
Here, for illustration, a model of such a system, implemented on the basis of the Volodymyr Research Institute of Agriculture (m Suzdal), roztasovany on the lands of Volodymyr Opilja for informational support, broken down by Volodymyr sovereign university... The main respect is given to the storage of GIS-technologies, to the last hour the storage of information systems in the farming industry is minimal, I want the stench to allow the organization of the most efficient and effective way. Ydetsya about the inducement of іmіtatsіynyh computer models of farming systems.
The project for the implementation of the automated system and the planning of the green areas for the transfer and for the purpose of the automated information-analytical system, for the storage of the upcoming functional blocks: -
electronic soil-landscape map of the entire territory, which includes information on agroecological resources of the territory, as well as information on transport routes, sporuds and other; -
The electronic database of data is linked to the objects of the electronic picture, which includes all the necessary attributive information, as well as revenge statistical data on the yield for the remains of the rock; -
an expert module for analyzing productivity indicators for growing crops over the past period; -
an expert module, which will ensure that the decision is taken according to a short-line plan of land management of agroecological resources (in terms of one to three rockets); -
an expert module, which will ensure that the decision is taken during the pre-construction planning of agricultural management of agroecological resources in pre-urban development (the term is three rockets and more); -
An interface module of the information-analytical system, which will take care of the interaction with the Kintsev's system (agronomist, expert) without the need to secure the technical-informational complex of the information-analytical system.
In the process of development and implementation of the skin block, a detailed analysis of the adequacy of the real minds with the help of securing the best parameters of the robustness of the whole system.
Electronic agroecological map of the territory
The agroecological map is based on the agroecological classification, which includes, for everything, the assignment of land groups for the main environmental and environmental factors and food groups - according to their intensity.
The main factors of differentiation here are the steps of hydromorphism and the type of land. It also means that there can be a great deal of difference between the two groups, but there is a need for the development of new farming systems.
Dalі agroecologіchnіchnі pіdgruppi are added to the class by character soil-forming species; potim on oklasy according to the granulometric warehouse. Classification of the transfer of the subsurfaces of the land for the peculiarities of the mesorelief, steepness and exposure of grains, which allows the identification of contours with analogous microclimatic minds.
A comprehensive detailed map of the previous file is stored for the urakhuvannya of all perekhovannyh indicators in the fahivtsi.
The electronic map will be based on the pictures of soil and green areas, which have been folded by the faunas, to provide information about the elementary areas of the agroecological landscape (AEL). From such a skin area, there is a one-sided soil contour, a distance on the mesorelief element, which is characterized by the same geological, lithological and microclimatic minds.
From the elementary areas of the agricultural landscape, agroecological types of lands are formed, such as on the vidminu from the vast fixed areas along the natural minds it is a system for storing up the adaptive capacities of cultures, minds and intensification of production. At its own currents, all areas are classified with the urahuvannya of the possibilities of podolannyy sіlskogospodarskoy culture lіmіtuyut factors in the middle.
Formation of ground-geographic spheres of the picture
When prompted by the electronic GIS-picture, the bullets will see these independent spheres: -
Ґrunty - for obtaining information about the elementary areas of the agroecological landscape (EAL); -
Ґrunty 1 - for the collection of information about the EAL, the information for the names has not yet been edited out, but it is not very accurate (auxiliary-hotel ball); -
Roads - for obtaining information about road transport routes, which is necessary when planning new territories; -
Settled - for obtaining information about the populated territories; -
Richki - for obtaining information about Richkovy channels; -
Інші - for collecting information about the types of categories; -
Vodymi - for obtaining information about water basins.
The implementation of the electronic version of the picture was carried out using the ArcView GIS version 3.1 software (Fig. 7.3).
Naturally, it is not only the elements of the natural landscape (rivers, yari, waters), but also the development of settlements, transport routes, etc.
Small. 7.3. Map with elementary soil areas
Formation of information balls in the picture
Let's step є step of the formulation of information balls of the picture. For identification of the skin condition taken by the EAL on the electronic card of the GIS, to the skin object “Urunti” ball, the boules are tied with the hair numbers and rows, so that the code for a close elementary window is placed. Skin EAL has been assigned a unique number on the whole territory of the picture (_ID) and a row of parameters (EALCODE).
The EALCODE row includes detailed information about the agroecological parameters of the elementary range. The decoding of a row of EAL parameters is carried out according to the hover diagram below.
EALCODE's row structure Zagalom viglyadі may be presented in viglyadi 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 (1-2L.3.4.5.6), de skin with digital positions, meaning the next: -
1, 2 - zonality, -
3 - type ґruntu, -
4 – granulometric warehouse soil, -
5 - uchil schilu, -
6 - exposition of the schilu, -
7 - plaminess of the soil cover, -
8 - contrast of the soil cover, -
9 - folding of the soil cover, -
1-2L (in bows) - type ґruntu, -
3 (in the temples) - mastery, -
4 (in the bows) - granulometric warehouse, -
5 (in the arms) - instead of humus, -
6 (in the bows) - acidity of the soil.
The values of the set of characteristics of the skin elementary areal of the GIS picture allow a different type of analysis of the similarity of the given territory for the current social culture.
Analysis of the land profile of silgospugid from the land use ArcView GIS 3.1
Relief analysis is carried out in 3 stages: -
digitization of contours in relfu and points from heights from a hypsometric picture; -
pobudova TIN-ball on the relief from the plotted balls of land characteristics in GIS ArcView 3.1; -
pobudova GRID-surface relfu from the storage of the 3D Analyst module in ArcView 3.1 (Fig. 7.4);
Small. 7.4. Map of the distribution of stocks along the profile (shari: lines of stocks, TIN-ball of the relay, populated points, roads)
Writing in ArcView 3.1 by points at points from the connections of the additional 3D-Analyst module by the method of interpolation, the GRID-surface of the profile is interpolated, until the boule is tied to all the main verifications (roads, fish pools, lands, water) (butt readings in Fig. 7.5).
Small. 7.5. Trivimirna map z EAL (shari: GRID-surface, populated points, roads, river basins, EAL)
Expert module of the information-analytical system
The information-analytical complex includes a number of analytical modules, which are intended for the analysis of the analysis of the current territories, as well as for the development of a solution for the planned growth of the length of crops according to the growing scale: -
Taraz State University IM. M. Kh.Dulatov
Department of "Land Order and Cadastre"
Test zavdannya
from the discipline "Bonituvannya runtiv"
for 2nd year students of specialties 5В090300- Earth order, 5В090700- Cadastre
/ Code, name /
1. Does it mean "Bonding soil"?
A) kindness
B) Productivity
C) Retail
D) Harvest
E) Products
2. How do you think about the term "Bonding soil"?
A) Productivity
D) Porіvnyannya
3. Give the value of the "Economic assessment of the land"
A) The value of the earth
B) The lightness of the earth
C) Land roztsіnka
D) Classification of land
E) Earth Assessment
4.Speciality of the earth
A) Bagatoplanovy character її vikoristannya
B) Business organization, enterprises
C) Silskogospodarske vikoristannya
D) Piece of water
E) Victory from the list
5. Why is the land registry kept?
A) Rational management of land resources
B) Intensive technology processing of s / g crops
C) Good land reclamation
D) hydromelioration of lands
Increasing the yield of the s / g cult
A) C / r value
B) Settlements
C) Chi is not a s / r sign
D) Lіs fund
E) Water Fund
8. What is the main element of the land registry?
C) Water resources
D) Earth nadra
E) Lіsovі nadzhennya
9. Seeing in the current classifications with / g ugiddya
A) Rillya, load, shepherds
B) Swamps, snow marshes, forest areas
C) Інші land, streets, courtyards
D) Baggage attachments, awake
E) Pokladi, swamps
10. Do you borrow a position in a warehouse for a land fund?
silskogospodarski
B) Lisogospodarsky
C) Promislovі
D) Lordship
E) The Government of the Robots
11. Number of main categories of the land fund:
12. Yake meaning maє zasosuvannya sіvozmіn?
A) Economy
B) Political
C) Gospodarske
D) organizing
E) Gospodarsko organization
13. How do you think about the land?
A) Part of the land plot
B) S / g culture
C) Area of 1 hectare
D) Part of the territory
E) All PC ground
14. What is poured into the mold of the vicious earth?
A) The power of the earth, natural factors
B) Nizini, depression
C) Relief of the world
D) Ground Mill
E) Physical power of soils
15. What was your reason to stay up to date with the land cadastre?
A) Zroshuvanі
B) Saline
C) Wetlands
D) Shepherds
E) Sіnokosi
16. What are the guilty ones who are recognized as valid land register?
A) Get active
B) Sub'єactive
C) Approximate
D) Timchasovimi
E) ЄDinimi
17. When you look at the land cadastre, do you collect additional information for entering into the land cadastral documentation?
A) Basic
B) Stream
C) Offensive
D) Secondary
E) Silskogospodarsky
18. For the help of what kind of rigidity do you start the grass stand of natural forage, what is the quality of life and productivity?
A) Geobotanical
B) Ground
C) Meliorative
D) Gospodarskogo
E) Promising
19 In the process of improving the characterization of the land in terms of being secured with lively talk, the level of acidity and age?
A) Grunt
B) Geobotanic
C) Agricultural
D) Meliorativne
E) biotech
20. What is the name of the vivchennya zemlelekoristuvannya for the signs of the land and the way to look around the skin contour in nature?
A) Agro-economic management
B) Polish classification
C) Dodatkovy oglyad
D) Vishukuvannya land
E) Carrying out the land cadastral ugrupovannya
21. What to enter into the work of the Polish soil conditions?
A) Collecting information about soils and folding soil pictures
B) Cameral processing of the soil tribute
C) Folding the classification of girskih breeds
D) Soil priming in the vicinity of s / g centers
E) Folding water supply circuit
22. What land cadastral document in s / g enterprises is the main one?
A) Land cadastre book
B) contour view
C) Land exploitation
D) Description of blends
E) Sound about the camp of the lands
23. At which distribution of the land cadastral book is the characteristic of the quality of land cadastral books induced?
A) Until s / y ugiddyam
B) Up to the ruined lands
C) To the Hanging Lands
D) Up to land stock
E) Before the day of the field
25. Yak call the earth, grasping to vivitryuvannya or the slap of the dear upper ball?
A) Eroded earth
B) Lands of non-agricultural
C) Land of intensive melioration
D) Weakly taut earth
E) Gravel-pebbles
26. What is the main earth assessment?
A) For the convenience and the mice of rosetting
B) For a number
C) By geographic location
D) Tilki for pity
E) According to the schism of erosia
27. Do you know how much land you see?
A) Private and private
B) Straight and reverse
C) No way
D) Required and required
E) Nerivnomirne
28. How to conduct a private land assessment?
A) For the efficient processing of the surrounding cultures
B) Behind the benchmarks
C) Behind the nature of vicarious lands
D) Beyond the groundwater level
E) For a number of fallen
29. Does it include an assessment of the earth?
A) Bonding soil and economic assessment
B) Planning the distribution of s / g uid
C) Calculation of correction factors
D) Characteristics of climatic minds
E) Characteristics of water supply
30. What is the name of the area with a single scale of land assessment?
A) Land-assessment area
B) Klimatichny district
C) Ground area
D) Meliorative area
E) Geobotanic region
31. What is the weather for the cordon of land-assessment districts?
A) Between administrative districts
B) Between the climatic belts
C) Three roads
D) Between the edges of the primordial species
E) Dzherel zroshennya
32. How vikoristovuєtsya bonіtuvannya soils when assessing lands?
A) Vidіlya agro-production group
B) Vidіlyaє economical districts
C) Viroblyaє klimatic district
D) Vidіlyaє s / r ugіddya
E) Extend the land beyond the level of age
33. How do you prepare robots for land assessment?
A) On behalf of the office
B) Practical and scientific
C) Theoretical and practical
D) On home and private
E) In the quarter and in the
34. For certain groups, is the value of basic vices and vitrates carried out for the folding of estimation scales?
A) Behind agro-grain groups of soils
B) Behind the climate zones
C) By districts of melіoratsії
D) By groups of participants
E) By population groups
35. What is the meaning of the growth and vitrat to be used as a base for the assessment of lands?
A) Average
B) Minimum value
C) mutual value
D) Reason and case significance
E) Yakisnі value
36. Would you stock up on the basis of the evaluation of the estimated indicators for apparently growing agro-grain groups of soils?
A) Estimated scales
B) Correction factors
C) Coefficients of correlation
D) Standard scales
37. What scale is also estimated?
A) A number of numerical values
B) Scale of fertility
C) Type sign
D) Graphical interconnection
E) Performance scale
38. What indicators can have an estimate scale?
A) For absolute and general
B) Dozens of them
C) Regulatory and authoritative
D) Negative and positive
E) In integral and differential
39. What units have common rating scales?
A) Have balls
B) In indices
C) At kofіtsієntah
D) Absolute values
E) In tenge
40. Which ones can have an absolute rating scale?
A) In tenge
B) Have balls
C) Meters
D) Hilin
E) In the year
41. What kinds of assessments are there on the scale?
A) Closed and closed
B) See and Close
C) Tabular and graphical
D) Private and private
E) Accurate and approximate
42. What is the name of the estimated scale, in which 100 points are given for agro-farm groups of soils, what is the best estimate indicator?
A) Closed
B) Open
D) Private
E) Detailed
43. What kind of specific assessment scales are stagnant most often?
A) Closed
B) Rose
D) Privacy
E) Graphic
45. What is the basis for the classification of soils?
A) Walking and development
B) Mechanical warehouse
C) Step of birth
D) Climate mind
E) Relief of mission
46. What are the categories of lands for which classes are included?
47. What is the bonitet of the soil?
A) Indicator of soil wellness
B) Assessment of the hygroscopicity of the root
C) The level of the necessary amount of humus
D) Ground type
E) Type of economic assessment
48. What is the role of a random assessment of the quality of the runts?
A) Bonding soil
B) Technology of soil processing
C) Exploitation of soils
D) Osyag vikoristov
E) Classification of soils
49. What kind of indicators, besides the natural power of runts, can they be victorious for bonituvannya?
A) Economy (productivity, arrival)
B) Geological
C) Hydrogeological
D) Technological
E) Historical
50. Yaky viglyad has the formula for the average bonitetu ball?
A) Blvd.vz. = R * B / Rob.
B) Bsr.vz. = R / Rob. * B
C) Bsr.vz. = B / R
D) Dav.vz. = Rob. * B / R
E) Dav.vz. = R / B
51. What are the names of indicators that rotate types of development?
A) Average values
C) Boundary indicators
D) Maximum values
E) Acceptable values
52. Discipline, as the principle and methods of the ratios assessment of the quality of the soil
A) Bonding soil
B) Land monitoring
C) Land Inventory
D) Land-based design
53. Is it necessary to assess the quality of the runts on the basis of some indicators?
A) Genetic-virobniches
B) Virobnichi
C) Genetic
D) Applied
E) Methodical
54. Naybіlsh ob'ktivnі and nadіynі (science) indicators, correlate with the productivity of agricultural crops
A) Natural signs
C) Harvest
D) Mechanical warehouse
E) Physical authority
55. Registry, describe that assessment of lands by their productivity, pidrozdil on the category of any class:
A) Land Registry
B) Bonding soils
C) Soil monitoring
D) Cloud and assessment
E) Inventory of soil
56. On-site warehouses of the land registry:
A) Bonuses i economical assessment earth
B) Oblik and land assessment
C) Cloud and soil inventory
D) Monitoring
E) Planning and forecasting
57. Ratio assessment of the quality of soils, of the efficiency of the production
A) Bonding soil
B) Soil monitoring
C) Land Registry
D) Projecting
E) Inventory
58. Specialized genetics-virobnich classification of runts, the popularity of which to play in balls
A) Bonding soil
B) Land monitoring
C) Clouds of land
D) Land Registry
E) Land inventory
59. Indicator of quality of runts, of productivity, of good quality
A) Bonding soil
B) Mechanical warehouse of soil
D) physical authority
E) Cheerful authorities of the runts
60. The head office of the bonification of the most effective and high indicators of natural legal creation of soils is to serve:
A) Natural signs and powers
C) Mechanical warehouse
E) Viscosity
61. The value of the relative value of the land for the purpose of the distribution in the village, for the relative income of the gained from the land of the good quality
A) Economic assessment of land
B) Bonding soils
C) Land Registry
D) Land monitoring
E) Inventory of soil
62. Criteria for economic assessment of land to serve
A) Economic indicators
B) Gross product
C) Clean dohіd
D) Term of payback
E) Harvest
63. Economic assessment of land transfer to assessment of land for efficiency and
A) mice roztashuvannya
C) Mechanical warehouse
D) Physical authorities
E) view from the place
64. If the law of the RFRFSR "On the protection of nature in the RFRFSR" has been developed?
B) 10/27/1979
C) 10/27/1984
E) 10/27/1934
65. The initiator of the new land reform in the Indian Buv
A) agar Vinoba Bhave
B) Mahatma Gandi
C) Raipur Bilaspur
D) Nashik Bijapur
E) Rajiv Gandi
66. The type of income, which is not vimaga from the yogo winning - the ruler of the priesthood
B) The gain
C) Loan
D) VidStock
E) Deposit
67. Additional income, set by workers
A) Differential rent
B) Differential input
C) Differential library
D) Differential display
E) Differential deposit
68.Additional clean income, how to get rid of kolgospas, as they criminate with more dear, shrinking lands or those who are close to them up to the point of production
69.Additional clean income, which occurs in collective farms, which provide their statehood more intensively, lower than the majority of collectives
70. What was the name of the first soil-geographic practice of the 15-17th century?
A) Scriptbook
B) Cadastral books
C) Registry books
D) Books for the field
E) Book inventory
71. When, after completing the process of the patrimonial landholding and replacing the land (sowing) lining, the tax rate was introduced?
A) 03/23/1714
B) 03/23/1516
C) 03/23/1418
D) 03/23/1915
E) 03/23/1819
72.One of the types of feudal land power in the Russian state 12-17 capital, which was transmitted during the recessions or was alienated from the will of the master
A) Fiefdom
B) Governorate
C) Scope
73. In what way will the rent be made?
74 In what kind of a bust of buildings is the Moscow University?
75. In Yaku rotsi M.I. Afonin having heard from the additional comment "A word about the crustiness of the earth, picked up and roasted black earth, especially in the grain industry"?
76. In what kind of organization in St. Petersburg will there be a “Vilne ekonomichne suspilstvo”?
77. In what role has the Ministry of the Sovereign Main been organized?
78. How many bulo was stained with yew. Krb. On the conduct of cadastral robots from 1838 to 1856?
79. In what way will the cadastral commissions be opened at the festival?
80 In what kind of rotsi the bulo is skewed right?
81. When V.V. Dokuchaev after spending the preliminaries of the black earth smog of Russia?
A) Z 187 to 1881
B) Z 1788 to 1791 rubles.
C) Z 1791 to 1877
D) Z 1881 to 1900 rub.
84. At the time of the polish and laboratory prediagnosis of soils, there were some diagrams: according to the pressure of soils and instead of humus
A) Diagram is geological
B) Diagram is cheery
C) Diagram is physical
D) Diagram is morphological
E) Diagram of soil
85.At the time of the polish and laboratory preliminaries of soils, there were several diagrams: for a sum of lively speeches according to Mendeleev and in. Indicators
A) Diagram is cheery
B) Diagram is physical
C) Geological Diagram
D) Diagram is morphological
E) Diagram of soil
86. In what role has the Ministry of the Silskiy Gosudarstvo SRCP approved the "Program and methodology for bonding soil in SRCP"?
87. At Yaku rotsі in the Soil Institute ім. V.V. Dokuchaєva seen All the best for bonding agrochemical characteristics of the CPSR?
88. When was the resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and for the sake of the Ministries of the USSR adopted "About the change in the practice of planning the Silskoy government"?
89.Diagnostic signs of bonituvannya runtiv can be:
A) Morphogenetic
B) Genetic
C) Morphological
D) Chemistry
E) Physical
90.Work from bonding of runts is similar to that, as in the case of ground and agrochemical preliminaries, is subdivided into three periods: 1) preparatory-cameral; 2) poloviy i
A) Cameral and analytical
B) Cameral
C) Analytical
D) Land
E) Graphic
91. What period of time are the regions (regions) and republican bonding scales based on objectival signs or the power of soils?
A) Preparatory office
B) Polovius
C) Cameral and analytical
D) Preparer
E) Analytical
92. The basis for bonding soils is necessary to select from the numerical signs of only those signs, such as:
A) the core of the yield
B) characterize the area
C) Chi does not waver in an hour
D) necessary
E) Nybilsh wagomi
93.Bonіtіrovochnye Bali is calculated according to the formula:
A) B = W f / Zm * 100
B) B = Zm / Zf * 100
C) B = W f / 100 * Zm
D) B = Zm / 100 * ZF
E) ZF * Zm * 100
94. The bulk of the reserves of humus, phosphorus and calories are based on the formula:
A) G = M * 10000 * B * P / 100
B) G = M * 100 / B * P * 10000
C) G = M * (B + P) / 10000
E) G = (M + P) * 10000/100 * P
95. Stock up rukhomyshnyh forms of lively speeches and start for the formula:
A) H = M * 10000 * B * A
C) H = (M + B) * 10000 * A
D) H = 10000 * A * B
E) H = M * 100 * B * A
96. Collection of daily materials and bonding of low-spread soils and soils, which can be developed in single complexes and complexes with upland soils for the main facilities:
A) Polish Period
B) Preparation period
C) cameral period
D) Preparatory office period
E) Cameral and analytical period
97. Compilation of the foreground bonding scales of soils and cartograms of the bonitet of lands
A) Preparatory office period
B) Polish Period
C) Cameral-analytical period
D) Preparation period
E) cameral period
98. What period of time can I conclude a systematization, an assessment of polovye and laboratory measurements of soil, and then a study of regional scales in zonal, etc.?
A) Cameral and analytical
B) Preparatory office
C) Polovius
D) Cameral
E) Analytical
99.Graphic image of the average ball rating of the singing territory
A) Bonitete cartogram
B) Bonitetu scale
C) bonding scale
D) Ratio scales
E) Manual cartographers
100. The weighted average score for the bonitet of lands is based on the formula:
A) B = (P1 * B1 + P2 * B2 + ... + Pn * Bn) / (P1 + P2 + ... + Pn)
B) B = M * 10000 * B * A
C) B = W f / Zm * 100
D) B = M * 10000 * B * R / 100
101. All current and medium-grade bonitets of land permits
A) At the explanatory note
B) In cartographers
C) At the beginning
D) At cadastral books
E) In bonіtіrovochny scale
102. Among the methods mathematical statistics, Abo "biometrics", which are widely stagnant when bonding runts, especially important methods
A) correlation
B) regression
C) Analysis
D) Progress
E) Diagram
103. The arithmetic mean is calculated by the formula:
B) M = (a1 + a2 + an) / n
D) M = (a1 + a2 + ... + an) / Sv * Ne.
E) M = n / (a1 + a2 + ... + an)
104. Is the average result calculated for the formula?
105. The coefficient of inferiority is calculated according to the formula:
106. The average mark of the mean arithmetic is calculated by the formula:
107. Is the accuracy index calculated for the formula?
108. The degree of hopefulness of an average value is given by the formula:
109.Volіchіnoy, scho bends the straightness of the fallowness between two indicators, є
A) Coefficient correlation
B) Medium quadratic grave
C) The mean is arithmetic
D) Step of Hope
E) Indicator of accuracy
110. The coefficient of correlation is calculated for the formula:
A) r = ax * ay / (ax + ay)
C) r = (ax + ay) / ax * ay
D) r = (ax + ay) / (ax-ay)
E) r = (x + y) * (ax + ay)
111. The error of the coefficient of correlation is calculated according to the formula:
B) Mr = Sax * ay / (1-r)
112. In the breast of what fate will the law about the land be broken, what will be the fight against the fifth session of the Supreme For the sake of the SRSR?
113. Study, field and assessment of lands for their quality, efficiency of production, production of lands in groups, categories or classes on the basis of their natural and economic efficiency:
A) Land Registry
B) Bonding soils
C) Land order
D) Monitoring
114. Accounting and evaluation land resources the country, which permits virishity of richly important food for the development of the Silk-and-Vyrobniztva tse
A) Land Registry
B) Bonding soils
C) Land order
D) Monitoring
E) Land-based design
115. State restoration of land ownership, a small area of land, bonification of soil, economic assessment of land, cadastral land maps є warehouse parts:
A) Land Registry
B) Land monitoring
C) Land cover
D) Land order
E) land row design
116. The first and fundamental stage of the robotics of the land cadastre є:
A) Bonding soil
B) Economic assessment
C) Clouds of land
D) Monitoring
E) Land order
117. Imposition on the ground map of the collective state enterprise, or the area of the main taxes for the bonitet of grounds and economic assessment of lands, which are rotated in the relative indicators of the price:
A) Cadastral land map
B) Cadastre Land Cord Book
C) Land plot map
D) Land management plan
E) Cadastre book
118. When the scores are applied, the scale is 100-point closed, and the soil is taken for 100 points. It has a 100-point scale divided into ... class boniteta
119. What does “bonituvannya kruntiv” mean?
A) kindness
B) Productivity
C) Retail
D) Harvest
E) Products
120. What do you think about the term "bonituvannya runtiv"?
A) Productivity
D) Porіvnyannya
121. Give the value of the "economic assessment of the land"
A) The value of the earth
B) The lightness of the earth
C) Land marketing
D) Classification of land
E) Earth Assessment
122. In the pre-revolutionary period in the history of bonding soils, it is possible to see the coming period:
A) Dodokuchaevskiy, Dokuchaevskiy
B) domoskovskiy, moskovskiy
C) Dosobolevsky, Sobolevsky
D) Dolomonosovskiy, Lomonosovskiy
E) Doviliamsovskiy, Vilyamsovskiy
123. What is the main official of the Silk-Gospodar organization?
A) Ground cover
B) Mother breed
C) Girska breed
D) Water resources
E) Climate mind
124. The criteria for assessing the durability of soils are taken:
A) Natural power
B) Get in the middle
C) Ground filth
D) Baggage attachments
E) Morphology ґruntu
125. In the "closed" rating scale, the new rating (etalon) accepted the figure
C) CO3, HCO3, SO4
127. What is the main indicator of the soil efficiency?
B) Nitrity
C) Nitrati
D) Phosphate
E) Ashes of speech
128. Which of the lower perekhovannyh elements bezposeredno vikoristovuyutsya roslin?
A) Rukhoma phosphorus
B) Gross phosphorus
C) Gross nitrogen
E) Ashes of speech
129. In what boundaries are the thermal resources of the RK in the viglyad sumy active temperatures> 10?
130. Indicate the number of land assessment regions in the Republic of Kazakhstan
131. To which land-assessment region should there be a zone of industrial (commodity) gardening and viticulture?
B) Skidny
C) Lagging
D) Північний
E) Pivnichno-last
132. Which land-assessment region is the zone of industrial and prosperous gardening?
A) Lagging
B) Північний
C) Pivdenno-skidny
E) Skidny
133.Specify the land-assessment region of the zone and the living garden
A) Північний
B) Skidny
C) Pivdenno-late
E) Lagging
134. What kind of soil is there on the plain of the Zhambil region?
A) Gray Earth
B) Kashtanovo
C) Dark chestnut
D) Syro-burі
E) Brown
135. What kind of soil is developed in the low-mountain, non-rooted part of the Zhambil region?
A) Kashtanovo
B) earthen
C) Meadows
E) Brown
136. Indicate the correlation between soil and agricultural products.
A) Humus / yield
B) Soil / humus
C) Tipi / Vidi
D) Area / yield
E) Ball bonitetu / type ґruntu