adsby.ru → create

Accept differentiation (change of opinion), concretization and generalization. Specification and generalization in the transfer of Russian realities of architecture to English language Specification and generalization in the buttstock

Shifting from one move to one who is sickly without grammatical transformations. Grammatical transformations - in the first place, overbudov propositions (the change of its structure) and all the changes - both syntactic and morphological order. Grammatical transformations are summed up by different reasons - both purely grammatical and lexical in nature, I want the main role to play grammatical factors, i.e.

With the introduction of grammatical categories and forms of English and Russian mov, the following phenomena appear: 1) the presence of this category in one z mo; 2) partial zbig; 3) new zbіg. The need for grammatical transformations is natural in the first and second types. In the Russian language, in the English language, in the daytime there are grammatical categories, such as the article or the gerund, as well as the information and accolades and absolute nominal design. Partly zbіg and the difference in meaning and living in different forms and constructions and in the form of grammatical transformations. People can include such phenomena, as part of the distribution of the category of number, partial distribution in the forms of passive design, incomprehensible forms of information and participation, actions of intelligence in relation to the prevailing modalities.

In the first place, we are synonymous with an article, but an article (yak singular, so it has no meanings), unimportant in its abstract meaning, is not easily vimaga of a meaningful twist in the crossbar. Yak vidomo, offending the article may be a pronominal proclamation: the meanings of the article resemble a vkazivny bunny, and non-meanings - like an unassigned bunny, like descend to the number one. The number of cobbles of the articles is one of the first to appear in their happy life. In such vypadki їх lexical meaning is not guilty but transferred to the crossbar, inaksha Russian proposition boolean is incomprehensible and inaccurate, fragments of denotative meaning of the articles are semantically є not a lot of all the meaning of the proposition (3). Even on purpose, the historical ring with the number one in the offensive butt sounds:

Yet H. G. (Wells) had not an enemy on earth. (G. B. Shaw)

However, Herbert did not have a single enemy in the light.

The meaning of the aforementioned article can also be difficult to convey in the crossbar, especially if it is in front of the numeral.

Only in the fields where talent can not be hidden have the young conquered - the theater, music, football, computers, physics, fashion. ("Daily Mail")

Juveniles hang only in quiet vapors, if it is not possible to take advantage of the natural beauty (theater, music, football, electronics, physics, fashion).

With the successive shifts, it will appear that the ignorance of the lexical, and even the grammatical meaning of the article during the shift would lead to a completely different or inaccurate transmission to the wolf.

The Russian movement has a wide range of informational complexes, which are so widened in the English language. It will be clear that the transfer of the information complex with the receiver for.

On its return journey the spacecraft must be accelerated to some 25,000 m.p.h. for it to enter the earth's orbit. ("The Times")

When the spacecraft is turned, the speed of the spacecraft has been brought to approximately 25,000 miles per year, so that we can go into low-earth orbit.

The infinitive complex is translated into the whole range of words of meti.

However, even more often grammatical transformations are necessary when transferring general forms and constructions through actions of development in their meaning and living. Such distributions are promoted, for example, in the living category of the number.

United Nations Secretary General U Thant has strongly criticized South Africa, Rhodesia and Portugal for their policies in Africa. ("Morning Star")

UN Secretary-General U Tanto has given sharp criticism of Pivden Africa, Rhodesia and Portugal for the policy pursued by them Afritsa.

The imenik "politics" is not a lot, but the word "politics" є in the form of many forms of the name "politician" is a political action.

If there are uncountable men who are especially quiet, as they twist abstract understandings, then there are a few more differences. For example: ink - chornilo, money - pennies, watch - godinnik, news - novini, i navpaki: to keep the minutes - keep the minutes, to live in the suburbs - life in front, on the outskirts - on the outskirts, grapes - grapes, shrimp - shrimp, etc.

The growth rate is in some cases in the implantation of information. Russian іnfіnіtive is not perfect, nor is it trivial.

In such a rank, all appearances are perceived - the appearance of a kind of form, a small part of the form, a view of the nature and of the living form - the need for grammatical transformations when shifting. Grammatical transformations can be divided into two types: permutations and replacements.

Here in the English text it is semantically superfluous є left the bar; zvidsi dropping into the Russian crossbar (supervodzhuvane about the same proposition from the front).

Winter rains in the Jordan are violent, while they last. (K. Kenyon. Digging up Jerico)

The charge in the Jordan Valley rages terrible anger.

In this application, the English proposition is superfluous from the point of view of the Russian language.

Usunennya semantically superfluous elements of the outgoing text gives the possibility of shifting the possibility of being called "compressed text", that is.

Do not wait for the despondency to wink only to the pragmatic before the despondency of the moving overworld. There are many other reasons; zokrema, characteristic of the English language tendency to the maximum concreteness, is to rotate among the living numbers, as well as the name of the world and there, at all not motivated by semantic officials, it is not motivated by semantic officials, but it is not motivated by semantic officials. for example:

About a gallon of water was dripping down my neck, getting all over my collar and tie ... (J. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, 20)

Water flowed from the head behind the collar, the whole tie was wet, the whole com_r ...

Acceptance of meaningful development of the field in the substitution of vocabulary explanation when shifting contextual ones, lexically linked to it. So it is itself as a metaphor and metonymy.

Iakshu vrahuvati, all the sign parts can be divided into three categories: objects, processes and signs, then for the transfer of one and the same to the wizard by means of the same move, the subject can be substituted by the other, the process by the subject, by the process by the process and by the process. rely on uvazi diyu abo stan. You can see the number of offensive options:

reason process inheritance

replacing the process with the cause,

replace the process with a legacy,

replacement cause by the process,

replacement of the cause with inheritance,

substitution for the cause,

replacement of the process.

for example:

Many South African sanctuaries are readily reached from Johannesburg. (Land of Safaries. The New York Times.)

Until the Bagatyokh of the Pivdenno African reserves by the hand of taxes from Iohannensburg.

At the crossroads of processes (easy to reach - in a straightforward way) of replacing its cause - the proximity of the country.

"I do not think she's living here at the moment. Her bed was not slept in." (A. Christie. Third Girl)

I don't think you live here at this hour. It’s not easy.

The one who said vrants went into the room and kicked it, but she did it, she cleaned it up herself, she wasn’t wrinkled. Replace the direct shift: won’t sleep in her own way of determining the result. The process of replacing the legacy.

He's dead now. (J. Selinger)

Vin is dead. (Vin died, it became a bootie, vin is dead at once.)

In this application, the inheritance is replaced by the reason

The antonomic shift is a substitute for the be-a-kind of the understander, who was twisted in the originals, opposed to understand in the cross-section from the general over-sleep of all the time to save the invariable plan for the change. for example:

Stradlater didn "t say anything.

The stradlater has sped.

I "m not kidding.

I seriously show you.

At the first, the English speaking negatively constructs the Russian positive, and the word say say to replace it with the Russian antonim of promoting. The other person also sees the substitution of a negative construct for a true one, and a substitute for a turn to be kidding, and speak seriously with an antonim. Such a submission is replaced in the bag with the same meaning of the proposition as a whole.

Typically storing antonymic translation when transferring to Russian language of English constructions from not ... (un) til ...; when (un) til substitute for the leash of todi, tilki (todi), if that іn., which can be in the singing sense of the antonyms.

They gave me the wrong book, and I didn "t notice it till I got back to my room.

And I remembered, but they gave me the wrong book.

I didn "t think of it till we went half-way through the park.

Having guessed about it, if we have already gone through the whole park.

It is necessary for mothers on respect, which are listed in the English language, and also turn for the help of the receiver without:

Chi never met him afterwards without asking him ... (S. Maugham, A Creative Impulse)

Pislya tsyogo vin shhorazu with a start-up power up yogo ... (translated by M. Lorie)

With a special kind of antonymic transfer є replacing a primer, or a henchman, in an appropriate one, or a primer, or a primer, in a positive step, or navpaki, a supervisor, a substitute for a positive design.

I'm the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life.

I’m a zhakhlivy liar - they didn’t bach such a wine in my life.

It wasn "t as cold as it was the day before,

It became warmer, less uchora.

Cіlіsne re-implementation є a type of message development. With the help of a complete transformation, you can briefly refer to the transformation of the surrounding word, and by the hour - to the whole proposition. Moreover, the revision is not looking for elements, but in general.

As a result of the recent adoption of lexical transformations, the tradition of modern contacts in vikorists, a number of common conversions of the frequency lexical odds were made and consolidated the results of the vocabulary of the persistence. Especially there are a lot of such types of words in the middle of the word-receiving of a lively rosy move. for example:

How do you do? Good afternoon.

Never mind. Nichogo, do not be vain, do not kill your respect.

Forget it. Don't talk about it.

Shut up! Shut up.

Well done! Bravo! Well done!

All aiming butts show, so that the change in appearance does not conceal the semantic components, it is in a different internal form, and at the same hour to transmit one or the other changes by means of different motions. The specifics of the rocking movement are the most frequent in the process of introducing the whole process when shifting.

Forget it! In the induced change, there is a change of ruptures behind the additional reception of communication development: Russian response, vividly, by the replacement of the child (forget about it) because of the reason (do not talk about it). More precisely, I will replace it with the help of an antonymic translation. However, the visibility of the home components in the mij English words and yo rosіyskim vіdpovіdnіstyu give the right to respect, so vіn whirring by the gentry of a complete re-creation.

I will explain the said vishche in the abundance of the world, for which it is worthwhile to serve universally transfer of phraseological odinits. for example:

Bird of a feather flock together. Ribalka Ribalku to roll nearby.

In for a penny in for a pound. Called a mushroom lіz in cats.

Figuratively replacing imaginative virazs for the additional help of a complete transformation, madly, umova is important dosyagnennya adequate transfer.

I will compensate for the transfer of time, I will replace the non-transmitted element of the IM, be it the same information, and it is not necessary in the same message text, as well as in the originals. Axle butt compensation when shifting from English to Russian:

"Why don" t you write a good thrilling detective story? "she asked." Me? "exclaimed Mrs Albert Forrester ... (S. Maugham, The Creative Impulse)

Why don't you write a detective novel like that, how would you gurgle in the spirit? - What? - Misis Forrester wiggled ...

Here, in the originals, Misis Forrester is alive in the elegant form of the so-called objectified form of the bunny, I replace I, which is rich in grammatical indifference (before the speech, it seems, mov). Oskilki in the Russian movement in the system of special bunnies of a certain kind of person, the changeover of M. Lorie visna for the need to go to compensation, having lived in a vernacularly familiar form of whom the special form of the literary scholar, that is. and in the original, I want them to do it.

You could tell he was very ashamed of his parents and all, because they said "he don" t "and" she don "t" and stuff like that ... (J. Selinger "Above the Path in Life", 18)

Immediately it’s obvious that it’s for our fathers to be angry, they said “want” and “want”, and everything like that ...

It can be seen from the attachments, compensation is often found there, it is necessary to convey purely intra-linguistic meanings, which characterize those particular features of the original - dialectal storage, irregularities individual specialties Movies, puns, grooves and іn., and also if you don’t always know it directly and without a priori appearance of this unit of VM in the movi system.

Accept a complete re-creation and compensation clearly and accurately, so that the equivalence of the translation will be forgotten in terms not of the elements in the text (winter of words), but of the entire text, as a whole. It seems to me, to feel the immovable zokrema, ale dumb non-reversible texts.

All lexical transformations can be transformed into a translation of the world and a thorough knowledge of the text, so that it is transformed into the situation associated with it.

Thus, the manifestation of the great number of layers of a wide, abstract meaning in the English language, in the sense of the words, the style of rotation, can be introduced in the English language, the introduction of the appearance of the graceful forms of the basic structure However, deyakі vіdminnostі in zvichivnі vzhivannі (uzusі) vyklikayut the omission of some elements of the English speech when shifting to Russian language. All the tses will explain a wide range of lexical transformations when shifting.

day generalization and specification Polyagus at the power of the mov, it is well-known for describing this very substantive situation, it is possible to describe both types and types of signs. It is always from the minds of the conversion act that there is no word in the move, which can be conveyed by a word, which means a wider understanding

Reincarnation, in opposition to generalization, to be called concretizing

Expansion (generalization) When the world of informational ordering of individual units comes into order, the ordering of specific units behind the change of units in the changeover of treatment

Zvuzhennya abo kokretіzatsіі(of the type of research) if the world of informational ordering of the type of unit is lower than the order of the type of unit behind the change of the unit in the change of the order of the level of information and research)

The problem is the transfer of terms.

term(Scientific-technical and torganizatsionno-ordering documentation) - the unit of any specific natural or piecemeal (word, word, abbreviation, symbol, combining the word and letters-symbols, by the same number-symbol in the word) the result of spontaneously formed and especially kind of collective housekeeping to special thermological meanings, as it can be used either in the verbal form, in addition to the fact that one formalized view of the picture,

Term is a word that is related to the singular unit of the general logical and understandable system in the plan of the zmistu.

Subsidiaries t... : 1) by the system to understand the given of science, 2) by the system of movi. Term, at least within the framework of the singing conceptual system, is guilty of buty monosemantic(Unambiguous) systems.

Linguistic classifications of terms:

By formal structures - words and words

By semantic structures, unambiguous terms (Diod, soldering, processor) and various terms, (Memory - 1. pristriy (microcircuit) for obtaining information; 2. a set of elementary resources (area) for information collection;).

According to the idiomatic structure of the term - vilny words and styles (including phraseological) words (Hard disk, memory swap)

According to the ethymology of the term spokonvichni (Sensor), suspected (Display - shal, cross - nim.), hybrid (Metal knowledge, anti-icing).

· For the sphere of victoriousness: universal (for the sportive regions), unique (for one region) and conceptual and author's terms; for example, linguistic terms can mean manifestations that are characteristic of all mov (Phonetics), for one abo decilkokh mov (Ergativnaya) or only for one pass (Glossematics - term L. Elmslev).

Gradually there are terms of specific formal structure for registration of elements of piece items; symbol-words (x- part), model words (t - connector , (tobto a connector with a pin, similar to the letter t). Classification based on motivation / non-motivation showing, well, terms, meaning which may or may not be explained by their structure.

1. Transcription and transliteration. Inspired by this method of terms, there is little information on its own, so when you need additional explanations (at least when the term is introduced into the text). Dali in the text of the statements of the term vistupaє yak self-styled odinitsya. Driver- driver; Chipset- chipset; Stack- stack; Byte- byte; Modem - modem; Jumper- jumper.

2. Calculation - the design of the term, according to the internal form and storage parts of the original. User applications- supplements of koristuvach; Multitasking- problem solving; I / O manager- dispatcher input-output; Registry- register;

Load- zavanazhuvati (program); Hard disk- hard drive. Perevaga: the style and simplicity of the equivalent of this one, which is unambiguous in terms of performance in a word, as it reached a new rate of performance.

3. Description - the introduction of a descriptive turnover, with any invariable meaning of an insignificant unit, it is irrelevant to the nature of its sound from the name structure of the word: 2 type of descriptive translation:

clarified; Speculative Execution- vikonannya commanders advancing behind the transfer; Double Data Rate (DDR)- the background to the speed of transmission of tributes, along the front and on the decline;
substitution (like equal vikoristovu to be the same word, or word reception, which is enough skill with a good word). Main board- motherboard;

Shift very fast... 2 ways:

Transfer to equivalent quicks on the movable transfer. CAD (Computer-Aided Design)- CAD (automated design system); VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)- НВІС (super-large integrated circuit).

2. Posting English speed: DDR, PCI, ISA, CD-ROM, ATA-66.

3. transliteration or transcription. FORTRAN (Formula Translation)- procedural algorithm "Fortran"

4. Descriptive translation of the English speed.

5. Development of the new Russian fast.

Yak stands for T.A. Kazakova, "the transfer is the process of re-adaptation of the occasional move in the event of the new translation". Naturally, the exact transfer of the uncomfortable due to the fact that they are different characteristics and special features that appear in all modern rivnya: phonetic, morphological, syntactic, stylistic, cultural, pragmatic sound, not even at all non-equivalent vocabulary.

Glossaries of mobility are shifting, as a rule, they are wide. Transferring not new words when transferring from English language to Russian, but vikoristyє words, which can be seen in Russian language and synonymy series for the joke of that original, necessary word. When transferring the meaning of a word in the post, the vibir of the decilcom is presented as a possible re-shift. Here you see three of the most characteristic types:

in the translation of the German vocabulary equivalent to the original word (vzagal abo in the given meaning);

;

We will change the meanings of the meaningful word to the original. small words in the translation, in this chi in the world, accurately convey їkh.

For the English language, as it seems, it is characterized by polyfamily, for the reason that there is more than one meaning in the young one for thinking of the semantic link between them, or the transfer of foreign, or the confusion, of the same function. The problem of valuelessness during the transfer of value English word the virtual context, linguistic or situational, which is the origin of the vibration of that particular appearance when shifting or changing the view of the display of various types of information and the need to hear the different ways.

Because of the linguistic context, one should think more about how to get used to that kind of one thing in the text. The context of the word є sukupnіst of words, grammatical forms and constructions, in іt іs іt іs vikorystano given the word. Distinguish high context (microcontext) і wide context (macrocontext).

For a vuz'k context, rely on respect for the context of the word-obtaining of the speech, to be more specific, the storage of the given unit in the boundaries of the proposition.

For a broad context, relying on respect for the modernization of this one, go beyond the framework of the proposition; tse is a textual context, so that the identity of the old ones in the summons of the propositions. The exact framework of a wide context cannot be given - it can only be the context of a group of propositions, a paragraph, a chapter, or to tell the whole creation (for example, a novel or a novel) as a whole. The vuzky context, in its own right, can be divided into syntactic and lexical contexts.

The syntactic context is a syntactic construction, in which a word is given to get used, additionally.

The lexical context is the value of lexical units, words and words, in the selected vikoristovuyutsya given unit.

The situational (extra-linguistic) context includes the situation, the hour and the moment, before what to lay down, as well as whether the facts of real action, knowledge of some additional help, and then I get the text, correctly interpret the meaning.

In fact, as practice shows, the transfer from English language to Russian is not surrounded by a vibration from the number of quiet elements, which is fixed in the vocabulary as indicative of the original word. Practical converting robots develop a lot of vipadk, if words can be easily conveyed without a vocabulary, since the vocabulary is not in the context of conveying all the concrete results, in the way of using the word and the most urbane.

Prior to the basic lexical methods, which are stagnant in the process of transferring with the participation of new VM and PM, transcription, transliteration, calculation and lexical-semantic transformation (concretization and generalization, neutralization)

Transcription and transliteration (povna or chastkov) are the main possible methods of translating words, which mean the nationally-specific realities of material pobut, spiritual life, suspicious performance, flora and fauna, and In terms of transcription and transliteration, there are a lot of innovations in terms of special areas.

Realism, which is a kind of linguistic phenomenon, numerical within the skin environment taken by the culture, and that deliver singing difficulties when shifting from one culture to another, from one culture to another. EAT. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov formulated the onset of the value of the whole vocabulary “Words that serve for the rotation to understand what is happening in both so are the words, how not to obscure the transfer to іnshu mova in one word, do not obscure equivalents beyond the boundaries of movi, until there is a stench. "

The essence of the transcription of the polyagus in the formal phonemic of the original English lexical unit behind the additional phonemes of the Russian language. Acceptance of transliteration of the polyagus in the literal version of the English lexical unit for the additional alphabet of the Russian language. It is important to pay attention to the fact that, in case of various transmissions of English words, one should be attached to the pronunciation system of the Russian language. In the minds of a wide multicultural community of men and women, to become a significant group and to pass in the most important way of my life, the last path of the maximum "Innozemna" inclusion of such odinits in the basic vocabulary of the Russian language.

Acceptance of calculating polyagaє at the advanced combinatorial warehouse of the word, a word, if the warehouse parts of the English word, or phrases are translated by the elements of the Russian language. In bagatokh vypadkakh calculus vimagaє additional morphological transformations of morphological power. For example, the word "maltreatment" is interchangeable with two words "non-qualifying likuvannya".

It is more readily visible in a whole paragraph of priyomy, called lexico-semantic modifications, or transformations, which are stagnant in the fall, if, in the first place, it appears that the English lexeme is not unambiguous. є not the word itself, but that meaning, as it is nabuvaє in the context of the given vislovuvannya.

With the concretization of the polyagus in the sound of the wide meaning of the word in the skin given vypadku, for example, the polysemanticity of the word men in the word for all the king "s men, the translation of" all the king's men. " tsієї transformatsії scho polyagaє in zamіnі word abo slovospoluchennya ІЄ of bіlsh broad subject-logіchnim meaning of the word i slovospoluchennyam PYA of bіlsh vuzkim value stvoryuvane vіdpovіdnіst i vihіdna leksichna odinitsya viyavlyayutsya in logіchnih vіdnosinah Included: odinitsya ІЄ vislovlyuє childbirth ponyattya and odinitsya IL - enter in some kind of understand:

Dinny waited in a corridor which smelled of disinfectant. - Dіnnі checked in the corridor, which smells like carbolic acid.

In a number of vipadks, the definition of concretization is tied to that, but in the PYa the word has such broad meanings. So, the English name of a thing is even more abstract meaning ("an entity of any kind"), and on the Russian language it is necessary to change the way of concretization: ric, object, ric, fact, vipadok, іstota, etc. In one genus, the name on the movable transfer cannot be victoriously through the distribution of connotative components of meaning. English meal is widely used in different styles Move, but Russian priyom, not living behind the boundaries of special vocabulary. That is, as a rule, when transferring a meal, there are more specific meals, meals, supper, etc.:

At seven o "clock an excellent meal was served in the dining-room."

Zrozumіlo, how vibіr more specific nomenuvannya as a whole is based on context.

The concretization is often stagnant and Todi, since in PYa є the word with such wide meanings and general connotation, some of these words can be mothers of different steps of living in VM and PM. The food was already considered to be great in the English language with wide meanings. With the transfer of such words, the concretization of the є will be expanded by the method of transfer. In the novel by C. Dickens "Devid Copperfield", the next rank describes the behavior of the hero's mother, the reddened rapid appearance of the wicked misery of Betsy:

My mother had left her chair in her agitation, and gone behind it in the corner.

English translations from foreign meanings to leave and to go can not be translated here for the other reason of the current Russian affairs to leave and drink. Unacceptability of the transfer Matinka has overflowed her bank and went for a new one in the circle of not vicliks of summaries, the Russian language does not describe such a specific emotional situation with a higher rank. we shorten the way to ensure the equivalence of the Russian translation є concretization of the meanings:

The mother of the mother was buried in her own crystal and hid in the codend behind the new one.

Specification is widely expanded English dyesliv"Speaking" to say and to tell, as can be translated into Russian language, not only as say, but say, ale and more specific, promote, repeat, mention, overdue, seemingly, ask, forget, say, etc.:

"So what?" I said. - Well, what? - having powered me.

He told me I should always obey my father. - Win, having delighted me, will hear my daddy.

The boss told me to come at once. - The Lord has called me to come at once.

Acceptance of the emphatic and neutralization of the emotive-evaluative component should become stagnant in the fall, if the emphatic potential of the English and Russian words does not get lost. The viral role in the victorious cich is taken in the context.

Even when shifting from English to Russian, from the explanations propounded by the vocabulary, not to go to the given context, to go to the functional substitution, suitable for the given context.

The descriptive shift, or commentary, is stagnant in the context of the national and cultural specifics of the outgoing English word, or the word, if in the cross-section of culture, every day, those who are in the middle of a phenomenon, or an understand, how to be recognized by them. For the additional descriptive translation, it is possible to transfer the meaning of whether it is without an equivalent word in the originals: conservationist - guardian dovkilla; whistle-stop speech - play the candidate during the travel campaign. Not enough descriptive transfer є th volume and richness.

reception of generalization

Generalization is called the replacement of one ІЄ, which is more vuzke meaning, one PYa with more broad meanings, so that it’s a re-creation, more concretizing. Formation of the distinction of the family of the understand, which includes the specific species.

If I specifically name any subject, I will not say anything, I will get a re-order, so that the addressee is not relevant in the minds of the given context:

Jane used to drive to market with her mother in their La Sane convertible. - Jane took her mother to the market in those cars.

We can shorten the larger area for stylistic reasons. V artists Russian language is not taken for punctual accuracy.

With an hour of shifting, there is the possibility of choosing between more specific and more general options to re-transfer and on the other hand:

Then this girl gets killed, because she "s always speeding. - And then this girl gets killed, because she" s always speeding.

"Who won the game?" I said. "It" s only the half. "- And who has played?"

By the method of generalization, there can be changes and regular changes to the units of the VM: foot - leg; wrist watch - wrist watches, etc. English big meaning word estate in the Russian language is most often transferred by one tin from the local values of the mine. For the reception of the generalization, the fact that the shift cannot be interrupted by the selection of the number of quiet elements that are recorded in the lecture vocabularies themselves as indicative of the original word is even more relevant. Practical translating robots develop a lot of vipadk, if words cannot be transcribed without the help of a vocabulary, since the vocabulary is not in the context of conveying all the specific results, in the way of using the word and the urge to try.

Rіznі lіngvіsti - to understand the rіznі clasifіkііy of recapitulatory transformations.

So V.N. Comic classifications of transformation into lexical and grammatical transformations. The main types of lexical transformations include transfer priyomi: Transfer of transcription and translation:

Kleptocracy-kleptocracy (evil elita;

Dorset (`do: sit) - Dorset;

boss - boss;

calculus- tse ways of transferring the lexical unit of the original by means of a change warehouse parts- morpheme abo with lexical explanations in the translation. (Green revolution is a green revolution, mass culture yak "mass culture". V.N. concretization, generalization and meaning of development the meaning of a specific unit.

He was at the ceremony - Він був presence at the ceremony. He always made you say everything twice. - acceptance of message flow.

Prior to the most widespread grammatical transformations, there should be: member of the proposition, sharing the proposition, grammatical substitution(Form words, parts of the word or parts of the speech.)

We got under way with a mere breath of wind, and for many days stood along the eastern cost of Java, without any other incident to beguile the monotony of our course than the occasional meeting with some of the small grabs of the Archipelago to which we We left the port during the last winter and after the last few days we left the port on the western coast of Java. One of the manners of our sailing was ruined by the development of small coastal vessels from the quiet islands, where we trimmed our way. Tse butt member of the proposition.

That was a long time ago. It seemed like fifty years ago. Tse butt ob'єdnannya propositions.

grammatical substitution- there is a way to transfer, when there is a grammatical unit in the originals, it will be transformed into one transfer with the same grammatical meanings.

He left the room with his head held high. - Vin viyshov from the room with his head up high.

Іnshy butt It is our hope, that an agreement will be reached by Friday.

V.N. Komisar is also seen as the third type of conversion transformations - the type of change is also called "complex lexico-grammatical transformations." It is obvious to them: antonymic shift, explorationі compensation.

The people are not slow in learning the truth. antonymic shift.

Explication or descriptive translation - the whole lexico-grammatical transformation, when the lexicon is used, the translation of the original is replaced by words, the explication of the meaning, so that the visualization of the meaning is increased. For additional explorations, you can transfer the meaning of any non-equivalent word in the originals:

"Conservationist" - a hedgehog to protect the midst of the midst.

Such a classification of transformed transformations, proponated by V.N. Komissarova.

The classification of conversion transformations is approaching, - the whole classification, proponated by L.S. Barkhudarov. Vіn rozrіznya such vid and transformations:

permutations;

supplement;

Omission.

Let us bring this kind of rospelling into a meaningful world. The number of types of elementary changeover transformations on the practice “in a pure viglyad” is very easy to develop - catch the stench to come together one by one, taking on the nature of folding, complex transformations.

Otzhe, the rearrangement is like a kind of rearrangement transformation, like a vvazhaє L.S. Barkhudarov, - the price of the change of modern elements in the text, the translation in accordance with the text of the original. Elements that can be rearranged, є words, words, parts folding proposition and self-contained propositions in the context of the text. Seemingly, the word "order" in English and Russian is not the same.

for example: / A suburban train / was derailed / near London / last night /.

1 submission 2 awards 3 furnishings a month 4 furnishings an hour

The order of passing through the components of the Russian proposition is "directly opposed" to the order of passing through the components of the outgoing English proposition.

Vchora in the evening / near London / ziyeshov from the rail / primiskiy poizd.

4 3 2 1

The phenomenon can be done more often when shifting. In the English text, there is a front of the head clause, in the Russian text, there is a front of the subordinate clause.

The silver saucer clattered when he replaced the pitcher. - Vin shvidko putting the glechik on, the window was dirty.

Another type of re-shaping transformations, such as the vision of Barkhudarov, - replace. Price of the most extensions and versatile type of conversion transformations. In the process of transferring changes, the form of words, parts of the movement, and parts of the speech can be changed. To understand grammatical and lexical changes. Replacement of parts of movi - the most widespread butt of reversal transformations.

- At first the bird hung in my grandfather`s room, but soonhe outlawed it to our attic, because in began to imitate him.

I also replace the verbal name with a word in a special form, replace the administrator with a special form, etc.

When replacing the members of the words and groups of words in the text, the translations get used to them in the syntactic functions, but not in the original text, - if not, it seems that it is necessary to think about the syntactic scheme. The simplest butt of this kind of syntactic overdrive is the replacement of the English passive design of the Russian active, while the English proposes in the Russian proposition of additional development; pіdlyagє in the Russian vernacular word, in the form of English supplementation from by; the form of the passive camp of the English word will be replaced by the form of the action form of the Russian word.

He was met by his sister / - Yogo sister.

L.S. Barkhudarov also vidіlyaє lexical changes (concretization, generalization). concretization - tse substitute words for words, for words, move the original with more wide referential meanings, for words, for words, move the translations of the meanings:

He told me to come right over, if I felt like it. - Zveliv would like to come at once, as a need.

generalization- a manifestation, zvorotne concretization - replacing one move to the original, which is more meaningful, one move from more broad meanings. Axle of the cleat butt of the generalization:

He comes over and visits me practically everyweekend .- Win often before me travel, may be too fast. This newspaper makesa feature of sports. - At the tsіy gazetі sport is introduced chіlne mіsce.

There are also complex lexico - grammatical changes. An antonymic shift, the essence of a yak pole in the transformation of a design into a negative navpaki, a negative one, a super-juvenile substitution of one of the words of the reversible proposition of moving the original onto the yogo antony in the translation of the translation.

I`m not kidding. - I seriously show you. She wasn`t looking too happy. -With her, you will finish the unhappy one.

The offensive view of the shifting transformations - supplement... The reason for the need for additional translation in the text is those that can be called "formally unaffected" of the semantic components of the word in the original:

So what? I said. Cold as hell. - Well then? - I will drink in a crooked voice.

An offensive view of the transitional transformations, such as the view of L.S. Barkhudarov - omission... It’s a phenomenon, it’s just the opposite. When the omission is omitted, the most frequent words are given, є semantically overworldly, so that they rotate the meaning, which can be used from the text without any help:

So I paid my check and all. I left the bar and went out where the telephone were.

Such a classification of transformed transformations, proponated by L.S. Barkhudarov.

Have your own chergu, Ya.I. Retsker has developed the conversion transformations into lexical and grammatical transformations. I am I. Retsker vidіlyaє sіm types of lexical transformations:

1.differentiation value;
2. concretization of the meaning;
3. generalization meaning;
4. the meaning of the development;
5. antonymic shift;
6. complete re-implementation;
7. compensation for the input in the transfer process.

He ordered adrink ... - Win replacingviskі. - differentiation of meaning "Drink".

Have you had yourmeal ? - See vzhehave had ? - tse butt concretization meaning.

The treatment turned to be successful and she recovered completely. -lykuvannya I was successful and won me over again - generalization meaning.

welcome communication polyagaє in the substitution of vocabulary versatility when shifting contextual, logically related to it. There are various metaphorical and metonymic substitutions:

He gave the horse his head. - Vіn letting go. Here you will see a read of the metonimic sound: the head of the horse and the lead - replace the other with the cause.

I am I. Retsker vidіlya also antonymic shift- I will replace whether - what kind of an understanding, twisted in the originals, to the prototypical understandings in the cross-section from the general overdrive of all obsession in order to preserve the unknowing plan of the snake.

The windows of the workshop were closed to keep the cool air. - The windows of the mains are closed, but the baking did not penetrate there.

welcome perfect re-implementation also a singing type of message development. Reimagine the inner form of whatever is like a moving lantyug - from an approximate word to a whole proposition. Moreover, it does not change according to the elements, but in general.

Never mind. - Nichogo, do not be apologetic, do not kill your respect.

wholeheartedly- extensions of lexical transformation with the transfer of public material.

The other tasks of the revolution in the South could be left to work themselves out. - Victory of the last buildings of the revolution at Pivdny can be used for self-fuel.

Naturally, it’s the widest way to know the widest sense of phraseology in the broad sense of the word, ie, the rosters, to represent the specifics of the living conjunction with English language. zvychayne vitannya How do you do, Rethinking, we translate Hello.

Help yourself -- Oh, be weasel abo Take advantage of.

Shtovhnuvshis susіda or throwing the bottle over from care, English say: I meant no harm, І, mabut, more beautiful for all the prices given to Russian Vibachte, I'm hateful... Having got accustomed pomilkovo with not knowing, the English can say ceremoniously: It "s a case of mistaken identity, Ale tse can not be viraziti inakshe yak Vibachte, I have mercy abo I take you for the one.

compensation(To compensate for the waste) in the shift to replace the non-transferable element with an element of the same order, all the way up to an out-of-the-box idea - artistic character Persuasion and there, de tse nadanim zruchimy behind the minds of the Russian movi. In English:

I`ve brought a Christmas present for Dad - in the Russian speech: Tse tatov new gift.

Yak vvazhaє Ya.I. Retsker, grammatical transformations appear at the reimagined structure of the speech in the process of transferring according to the norms of transferring. Transformation can be more or less private. Call me if the head members of the list fail to undergo transformation, if the other row members of the list fail to fail, a part of the transformation occurs. If you change the members of the list, you can change and parts of the move.

Guidedly a little butt in grammatical transformations

Long habit has made it more comfortable for me to speak through the creatures of my invention.

The scribes in the crossbar are most often used to talk. The grammatical transformation of the curse is tied to the extensions in the English artistic prose, the transfer of the epithets:

He stretched a careless hand. - Vin stretched out his hand. Chi was not given money. - Youmu was given a pittance.

abo She was offered another post. Such transformations ("passive" - "active") occur more often.

Such special features of the classification of transformed transformations, proponated by Ya.I. Recker.

From the same time, we looked at three classifications of transformed transformations, proponated by L.S. Barhudarov, V.N. Komissarov and Ya.I. Retsker.

Pidvodyachki pidshki theoretical part of the given robot, we came to the offensive time: the head meta transfer - reaching the adequacy. Basically, the transfer of translations in case of adequate adequacy - in the least amount of necessary conversion transformations, in order for the text to be translated as it is possible to more accurately transfer all the information that is laid down in the text of the original in the case of new standards.

On the basis of the spirit of guiding them into the classifications of conversion transformations, we have established that the transformation can be divided into lexical and grammatical.

The lexical transformations are represented by the following rank:

1. concretization of the meaning;
2. generalization meaning;
3.message of development;
4. antonymic shift;
5. metonimichno transfer;
6. compensation;
7. lexical changes.

Grammatical transformations:

1.addition;
2. omission;
3. replacement;
4. permutation;
5. Membership and formation of propositions.

In the process of transferring the activity of transformation, most often of a different type, Tobto carry foldable, COMPLEX CHARACTER.

reclaimed transformation grammatical Wilde

Concretization is called a replacement for a word, or a word for a word with more broad subject-logical meanings and a word for a PYa with a big high meaning. As a result of the stagnation of the process of transformation, there is a certainty and vikhidnaya lexical.

Dinny waited in a corridor which smelled of disinfectant. Dіnnі checked in the corridor, which smelled like carbolic acid. Chi was not at the ceremony. Win buv attending the ceremony.

In one genus, the name on the movable transfer cannot be victorious through the distribution of the Connotational components of the meaning. English meal is widely used in the Russian style of movi, and Russian "priyom yzhi" does not follow the boundaries of special vocabulary.

At seven o "clock an excellent meal was served in the dining-room.

About this year in the public domain It’s obvious that the vibration of more specific naming is based on context and in their minds about this year (evening), when they are giving and supper.

The concretization is often stagnant and Todi, since in PYa є the word with such wide meanings and general connotation, some of these words can be mothers of different steps of living in VM and PM. Vishche (div. P. 138) was also considered to be great in the English language in wide meanings. With the transfer of such words, the concretization of the є will be expanded by the method of transfer. In the novel by C. Dickens "David Copperfield", the next rank describes the behavior of the hero's mother, the reddened rapturous appearance of the wicked misery of Betsy:

My mother had left her chair in her agitation, and gone behind it in the corner.

English translations from foreign meanings to leave and to go can not be translated here for the additional reason of all Russian acts "to leave" and "to drink". Unacceptability of the translation "Matinka has overflowed her bank and went for a new one in the kut" did not viklikє sumnіvіv, the Russian language doesn’t describe such a specific emotional situation with a higher rank. We use a method to ensure that the equivalence of the Russian translation є specifying the meanings of the meaning is:

The mother of the mother was buried in her own crystal and hid in the codend behind the new one.

In an analogous way, it is necessary to translate the sentence from the same novel:

My old dear bedroom was changed, and I was to lie a long way off.

Having arrived before the house of the day before the day, the boy is banging, that everything in the house has changed and has become a stranger to everyone. Vikoristannya straight lines of reasoning was shattered by the translation of the tsy English proposition poorly intelligent. What is the fault of "lying far from the bedroom"?

The context shows that "to lie" here means "spati", and "far away" will deprive me of the booth. It’s just like that and it’s said in Russian: My dear old bedroom hasn’t gotten out of it anymore, and I’m guilty of having a bed in this little room.

The concretization of the English words "talk" to say and to tell has been widely expanded, as you can translate into Russian language not only like "say" or "say", but more specific "promote, repeat, remember, read, talk Veliti "and the like:

"So what?" I said.

Well, what? - having powered me.

mova translation linguistic verbal