Transferred priyomi with butts in English mov. Transferred transformations in the re-arranging of the novel by Aldous Huxley "about the miraculous noviy svit". Lexical priyomy and translation

SEE conversion transformations

4.1. Understanding "re-alignment of transformation"

Reconstruction, for the help of which it is possible to move from one to one original to one, is called a reversal (intermediate) transformations. Oscillations of transformed transformations come together with new ones, but the plan is different and the plan is rotated, then it smells of a formal semantic character, transforming both the form, and the meaning of the other ones.

The transformed transformations are looked at in the transposition as in the transposition, as it is possible to vikorist the transpositions in the transposition of the young texts, in quiet vidpads, if the vocabulary is visible in the context of the day, or it is impossible to think of the victorious

Due to the nature of the young ones, as they look like they are in the operation of re-implementation, the transformation can be changed on lexical, grammatical and lexico

grammatical (in them, recreating lexical and grammatical odds of the original in one hour, or even intermediate ones, so that there is a transition from lexical odds to grammatical ones).

Before lexical transformations, Naybilsh is often implanted in the process of transferring: transfer of transcription and translation; calculating and lexico-semantic substitutions: concretization, generalization, modulation and in.

grammatical transformations(Morphological, syntactic) include: syntactically similar (literal translation); member of the proposition; ob'єdnannya proposition; grammatical substitutions (substitute for word forms, parts of the word, members of the speech) and ін.

Lexico-grammatical transformations є:

antonymic shift; conversion transformation; adequate replacement; metaphorization / demetaphorization; eksplіkatsіya - description transfer / іmplіkatsіya; compensation; іdeomatization / deіdeomatization and ін.

4.2. Basic types of transformation

Visible guesses of transformed transformations.

Transcription and translation - tse priyomi re-translation of lexical units of the original by means of a translation of the form for additional letters, move the re-translation. When transcribing, the sound form of the word is created, and when transliterating it, the form is grammatical

(Letters warehouse). for example: Klaus - Klaus; Barbara - Barbara; Lübek -

We will take you to the occasional translation practice є transcription for the sake of saving the actions of transliteration elements. Oscillations of phonetic and grammatical systems are meaningfully rendered one kind of one, the transfer of the form of the word outward moving on the translation is always clever and approximate. For dermal bets, the rules for transmitting the sound structure of the word vikhidnoy movi are developed, the rules for saving the elements of transliteration and tradition are considered in accordance with the rules adopted in the given hour. for example: Fridrich Dürrenmatt - Fridrich Dürrenmatt; Erich Maria Remarque - Erich Maria Remarque; Innsbruck - Іnsbruck; Loire - Loire; Friedrichstrasse -

Fridrikhstrasse; Alexanderplatz - Alexanderplatz; Der Spiegel - Spigel; "Die Welt" - "Welt"; Weltgewerkschaft - Usesvіtnіy professionalspіlkovy rukh.

Kalkuvannya - tse priyom re-translation of lexical units of the original warehouse parts- morpheme abo sliv (at vipadku quick words) - їх lexical explanations in the translation translation. The meaning of the calculation of the polarity is at the origin of the new word, which has become a common translation in the translation, which is a copy of the structure of the original unit.

In a number of vipadkіv, the registration of the calculation is supervised in a different order of passage of the calculated elements. It is not often in the process of translating the transcription and calculation to take one hour. for example: transnational (English) - transnational; petrodollar - naftodolari.

Lexico-semantic Replace - with the transfer of the lexical units of the vikhіdnaya movi with the path of the vikorystannya in the rung of the unit of the movi with the trajectory, meaning that they do not go beyond the meanings of the vikhіdnyi singers, but maybe the first one that was introduced by them for the additional singing. The main types of additional changes are є concretization, generalization and modulation - the meaning of development of the meaning of a specific unit.

Concretization is a lexico-semantic transformation, when you do it, you will replace the word, or the word is obtained from the wicked move, with wider subject-logical meanings into the word, or the word is obtained, the meanings are changed. As a result of stagnation of the transformation process, there is a certainty and vocabulary, one of which appears in logical indications of inclusion - one of a verbal movement, one of a verse of an understanding, and a change of a species of language. For example: the team of the plant - robots and services. When concretizing the primary structure, an additional differentiation seme is introduced: "A student is a student."

Generalization is a lexico-semantic transformation, when one is victorious, one is replaced by a single one

meaning, in one move, translate with more wide meanings. The price of the revision is by the revolting concretization. The reception of the generalization is brought to the coristuvatisya, as in the translation it is impossible to understand the concrete ones, analogous to the understandings of the viral movement. Tsey priyom additional help transferring vihoditi from the rolling camp, if they do not know the meaning of the species witness on the movable transfer. For example: bananas, oranges, pineapples - fruits. During generalization, the semantic structure is changed for a rakhunok in the middle of the differential seven: "Style - furniture, style - furniture".

Modulation (meaning, logical development) is a lexico-semantic transformation, when a word is being replaced, or a word is derived from a single move, the meaning of which is logically meaningful is the same. Naybilsh is often the meaning of spіdnіsіnіh in the origіnіlі and the shifting appears to be knitted causally inherited wіth names.

With modulation - logical development - the semantic structure is known for the greatest changes, and it is possible to remove all or even more important components: "new article - the last success" (replacement of all basic semantic components), "new ones. The logical development is the most folding method, which is a changeover. Its essence is in the understanding of the understanding, not only, as the understanding is tied one to one as a reason and inheritance, but as a part and a whole, meaning and activity, etc. for example:

"New payment for the spivak ..." - "the last success of the spivak ..."; “Kolishniy vidpovidalny ...” - “kolishniy kerivnik ...”; "Domestic vikhovannya ..." - "family vikhovannya ..." etc.

A lot of similar explanations are recorded in special vocabularies. Most often, such transitions between the interconnected understandings, the transfers are brought to know and again in the process of the transfer, which is one of the sides of creativity.

syntactically not similar(Pre-translation) - a grammatical transformation when the original's syntactic structure is transformed into a similar structure to the translation. Tsia "zero" transformation will be stagnant in quiet vapors, if a parallel translation of the same translation has a parallel syntactic structure. Syntactically, it is possible to make up to the rest of the variations of the same number of the same ones in the order of their expansion in the originals.

member of the proposition- grammatical transformation, when the syntactic structure of the speech in the originals is transformed into two or more predicative structures, move the translation. The transformation of the member is to bring up to the re-enactment of a simple proposition of the out-of-the-box move in a foldable way, or to the re-enactment of a simple one. folding proposition outward movement in two or more independent propositions in the translation.

grammatical replacement- grammatical transformation, with a grammatical one in the originals, it will be transformed into one move with the same grammatical meanings. Replace can be a grammatical one of the singing type of singing type. In the process of transferring, it is necessary to replace the forms of the transfer move on the form of transfer. It’s a grammatical change, like transformation, I’m not just implanting in the transfer of forms to transfer the transfer, but to change the transfer of forms to transfer, similar to those of the others, since the stench does not allow an adequate transfer. Replacing the forms of wicked movement with іnshi, so that we see them as a wicked (grammatical meaning) - in the whole essence of the whole transformation. Achieve with an expanded view of grammatical transformation in pairs of nimetska / english and russian / bilorussky є replacing a part of movi.

antonymic shift- the whole lexico-grammatical transformation, when you do, replace the positive form in the originals with the negative in the cross-section, or navpaki, the negative on the back. The cost of supervising the change of the lexical unit of the outgoing move to the unit of the transfer of the opposite meanings.

Win all the memory. - I haven't forgotten anything.

We are guilty of moving. - Do not blame me. Berlina has grown up. - Berlina does not have a nudguvav.

But not every antonim from the list can serve as an example in the crossbar. for example:

I have not closed the door. - I opened the door. Win rosmіyavsya. - Vin didn't cry.

Within the framework of antonymic translation, one of a kind of movement can be substituted not only by the one directly opposed to one by one move, but with the words and results obtained, which can be used to rotate the opposite idea.

Der Kaplan spielte mit den weißen Fingern von Winnitous Schwester, die zart errötend ihm die Hand überließ. (Frank L. Die Räuberbande.) -

Vіkarіy grab with the biting fingers of sister Vinetu, yaka, groping, didn’t pick up her hands. (Frank L. Zgraya rozbіynikіv.)

V directed butt-wordüberlassen translations yak do not take away.

V In some cases, the introduction of a compensatory balance, which is necessary in antonymic relocation, has a greater folding character. Corresponding utterances from the Nimetsky text and the second translation:

Es wäre falsch anzunehmen, numerische Unterlegenheit könne durch eine bewegliche Kampfführung ausgeglichen werden. - We'll have a pardon for Bulo, so the enemy's numerical gain can be compensated for by maneuvering and fighting.

Here, the introduction of a compensatory reservation has been made by the way, replace the enemy's word on respect: (Unsere) Unterlegenheit - enemy overvag... In addition, the price can be seen as follows: the understanding of Unterlegenheit is replaced by the Russian antonim perevagu, ale and sub'єkt - nosy signs - replies to the understandings with the opposite sign: (mi) -

enemy.

Before the changeover, named by the antonymic shift, for its wicked close welcome, the names conversion transformation... The bottom line is that, in the translation, the same position is described between the sub and the object, and in the originals, only from the side:

Dieses Problem tritt immer an jeden angehenden Lehrer heran. -

Kozhen pochatkіvets vchitel stuck to the tsієyu problem. Merkwürdig war, dass sie trotz ihrer geräuschvollen Ankunft in den

Straßen völlig allein blieben. (Mann Th. Buddenbrooks) - However, we are wondrous bulo those who do not bother to go to the corral, the streets are deserted. (Mann T. Buddenbrooks)

We will expand є a reversal approach - adequate replacement... Naybilsh is often guilty of knowing when changing idioms, traditional metaphors, etc.:

Wenn das meine Freunde sehen, fallen ihnen die Augen aus dem Kopf. (Wurzberger K. Alarm am Morgen) - My friends open roti,

if you shake it. (Wurzberger K. Trivoga on a svitanka.)

Dieser Breuer hatte mir zu Frau Zalewskis Unkenrufen noch gefehlt. (Remar-que E. M. Drei Kameraden) - Pishlya croaking pani Zalevska justki Broyer's me and wasted. (Remarque E.M.Three comrades.)

The essence of the whole accepted polarity is in the replacement of all, either part of the response to my original; Ale is far from expecting an idiom to be transformed into an idiom, but a metaphor - a metaphor:

Gustav erzählte mir, dass er bald heiraten wolle. Es sei etwas Kleines unterwegs, da helfe alles nichts. (Remarque E. M. Drei Kameraden.) -

Gustav said, “We’ll get to be friends soon.” Yogo is called cheka ditin, and here, moving, there is already nothing porobish. (Remarque E.M.Three comrades.)

Stagnation by shifting the way of the field in that which is said "Not just plain", but behind the help of narration, metaphors, etc. Such a priyom is called demetaphorization.

Protylezhniy behind zm_stom priyom - metaphorization:

Aller Anfang ist schwer. - The first mlynets is always lumpy.

Eksplіkatsіya abo description translation - tse lexico

grammatical transformation, with a lexical unit of vychіdnogo mov and substitute words, explicate the meaning, so that it gives more-mensh more explanation of any meaning of re-assignment to the mov.

For example, in the German language there are not such lexical words as a homeless person, a ticket, a cover, a stop's road, etc. When shifting the words, it is necessary to turn to the description and understand them: tabir - tsigan camp.

For additional exploration, you can also transfer the meaning of any

non-equivalent word.

Not enough descriptive transfer є th volume and richness. To that, the most successful, with the transition, will be stuck in quiet vipadkas, perhaps with short explanations. Eksplіkatsіya nadaє zmіstu more specific from the original form of rotation.

Was Diedrich stark machte, war der Beifall ringsum, die Menge, aus der heraus Arme ihm halfen, die überwältigende Mehrheit drinnen und draußen. (Mann H. Der Untertan.) - Qiu strength was given to you by the grappling, NATO, for which you stretched out your hands for help, the majority in schools and beyond. (Mann. G. Virnopiddaniy.)

"Wissen Sie etwas über das Fahrzeug?" "Es war das Brotauto." "Wieso?" "Wer kennt hier nicht den Lieferwagen mit der Anschrift der

Großbäckerei. "(Wurzberger K. Alarm am Morgen.) -" Can you tell me about the car? " "Why did you see it so!" (Wurzberger K. Trivoga on the svitanka.)

Priyom, prototype exploration - demonstration:

Aus dem offenen Fenster gegenüber quakte ein Grammophon den Hohenfriedberger Marsch. (Remarque E. M. Drei Kameraden.) - From the wink, the sounds rang out along the way, croaking the march. (Remarque E.M.Three comrades.)

Exploration / performance is derived from demetaphorization / metaphorization, but does not include the transition from allegoricality to a direct way of turning the snake. Zagalnaya for tsikh priyomіv - nadannya vislovlenu more clearly abo, navpaki, mensh clearly form.

Compensation is a whole type of relocation transformation, in case of any element of the senses, in case of relocation of one

originals, transferred in the text to the translation, be it a third way, moreover, it is not necessary in the same text as in the originals. Tim himself will memorize, "compensate" for the intrusions of the senses, and, in general, the original is created with a greater reign. At the same time, it is not very grammatical for the original to be replaced by lexical and navpaki.

irregular, vinyatkovy priyom transfer of odinitsі to the original, appendage to the given context.

lexicon- Victory in the list of additional lexical units for the transfer of empirical elements to the original.

bunny repeat- re-insertion in the text of the translation on the same hyphenation of the object because of the change in the name of the change of the bunny.

The omission is a representation of the transmission in the transposition of semantically over-surplus words, meaning that they are irrelevant or easily introduced into the context.

Table 4.1. See the transformational transformations.

lexical	grammatical	Lexico-grammatical
(Lexical,	transformation:	transformation:
semantic)
transformation:
shifting	morphological	antonymic shift;
transcribe	transformation;	conversion transformation;
	syntactic	adequate replacement;
transliteration;	transformation;	contextual replacement;
calculating;	syntactically	metaphorization / demaphorization;
concretization -	likening -	exploration - description
	literally	transfer / іmplіkatsіya;
semantic		compensation;
	member	іdeomatіzatsіya /
	propositions;	іdeomatіzatsіya /
generalization -	propositions;	deіdeomatіzatsіya;
	ob'єdnannya	lexical supplementation;
semantic	propositions;	lexical supplementation;
semantic	propositions;	bunny repeat that ін.
	grammatical	bunny repeat that ін.
	grammatical
modulation -	replace i n.

semantic
replacement i n.

At the heart of all conversion transformations lie one or two speech-processing operations: rephrasing i / abo substitution... Alle the step of radical transformation of transformations will continue to grow

Throughout the transformation, there is obviously little difference in the difference between the transitional loss of life, before the kind of the so-called paradoxical change, since the call for the dissimilarity of the out-of-the-box and incorrect product of the same If, in the course of the analysis, it becomes clear that the translation is also optimal, and it allows you to translate closer to the text.

Volodinnya іnstrumentarієm of reclaiming transformations, allowing for reclaiming for an hour and sowing on the latest non-standard factories. Madly, corystyuyuchis deprive perekladatsky transformations, successfully translate unhappily. So, as any shift in the translation is a shift in creative approach and specific transition solutions.

4.3. movnі рівні

The view of the classification of transformed transformations has been discerned, allowing to carry out between the transformations from the point of view of rіvnіv movi, Tobto allows showing - most of the odds of what kind of rivnіv know zmіn.

* Мовні рівні - tse pіdsystem backbone systems Movies, skin types are characterized by the supremacy of unmistakably single units and categories of Movies, as well as the rules for regulating their victories. You can see such rivni movi: phonetic; grammatical: morphological і / abo syntactic; lexical: lexical, semantic і ін.

The phonetically re-incarnation of the wicked lingering cannot be taken into account by the transformation, the fragments are obovy, constant elements in the process of shifting. About transformations, it is legitimate to talk about it in quiet vipadk, if the transusic rephrasing of the most important words: morphological, syntactic, lexical, semantic

Above all, there are more glimpses of the structure of the breeding movement.

Vikoristannya vnevyh transformations lead to the asymmetry of vyhіdnogo і reversible vylovyvannya on that chi іnshіy іvnі movi, in the fallowness because of that, as the transformation is small. for example:

Pierre berichtete, er sei es gewesen, der den Ankauf des Schiffes vermittelt habe. (Feuchtwanger L. Die Füchse im Weinberg) - P'єr povidomiv, scho vin

being a middleman when buying a vessel. (Feuchtwanger L. Lisitsi at the vineyard)

Lenormant ... sehnte sich manchmal nach Kraft und Einfachheit. (Ebenda)

- Lenormand ... was often drawn to the strong and simple. (Ibid.)

V the first drop of the denotative meaning of the word vermitteln shifting

passing the іmennik in between, that is, with a part of intelligence it is possible to say that the word will be transformed into the іmennik.

In another, there is a kind of transformation: the men of Kraft and Einfachheit will be transformed into prikmetniks, if they want to substitute them, they are stronger and simpler. Central morphological transformation. It’s special in that, in the smallest stage, one is able to be seen on the transmission of wickedness - it is not burdensome for oneself to be overwhelmed by the hundreds of wicked losses.

Achieve neutral and syntactic transformations. In the case of a guided application, it is possible to promote asymmetry in syntactic equivalents as well: the Lenormant submission in the process of transferring to Lenormand's supplement, and the special proposition in the bezosobov. The repertoire of the "re-creation" of the members of the propositions in the process of transferring to complete the wide:

Hoheitsvoll sah der Wirt den Glasermeister an. (Frank L. Die Räuberbande.) - Gentlemen glancing over him with great glance. (Frank L. Zgraya rozbіynikіv)

In the process of transferring the meaning of the henchmen, it passed to the value.

Syntactic transformation can be done instead of one type of syntactic construction:

Als das Fahrzeug getestet wurde, war der Chefkonstrukteur auf dem Versuchsgelände anwesend. - At the polygon, the car was tested, with the presence of the head designer.

At the pointed butt, in the middle of the clock, the proposition was transformed into a preadatkova.

The essence of the lexical transformations of the field is in the fact that in the process of translating the actions of the lexemes (words, styling words) of the verbal misconception, the non-systemic (vocabulary) lexical equivalents of the translation are substituted by the specific contextual ones. one on one lexical systems of the verbal move and the translation does not change. Zokrema, tse know your image in

Moreover, contextual equivalents are not equivalent within the two-word vocabulary:

Er setzte sich hin, nahm die Feder, rückte aber das Gesicht tief auf den Tisch. (Zweig St.) - Win siv, taking a feather and bending his head low over the table. (Zweig St.)

Nimetske imennik das Gesicht is not a systemic (vocabulary) equivalent of the Russian imenik's head, but nimetskiy word rücken - Russian word for bending.

Lexical transformations in the big world, not morphological or syntactic, can help the process of transferring the outward change. However, it doesn’t smell like the greatest, the most radical transnational re-incarnations. Similar to syntactic and morphological transformations, the stench of the surface of the ball of the speech-amplifying process is smelled - it’s like a syncronymous rotation, as if by an explicit scheme to induce thoughts. Apparently, within the framework of the named transformations, changes are made without the principle of picking, if you don’t take more than a glimpse - the very scheme of the thought.

4.4. glybinny transformations

V transfer processes, however, may be a little bit more radical

transformations, scho to invade the clay ball of speech-and-multiplication. As a result, the very scheme of the thought is changed. Such transformations are glibinnims.

It is understandable on the basis of one-dimensional paraphrasing by the difference between the "surface" and the glybin transformations. Check:

1. a) Petrov breaking the road with his tractor.

1. b) Petrov's tractor breaking the road.

2. a) Raptom vіn vihopiv nіzh.

2.b) Raptom in the yogo rutsi z'avivsya nіzh.

2. c) Everybody beat me down with a rapt in the yogo rutsi.

2.d) In the first place, blinking below.

At times 1. change the more (syntactically) design of the thought: if in the first place, the active sub'єct of representations in the form of a syntactic sub'єkt (submeta), and the instrument of

/ Komisariv V.N. "Theory of translation (linguistic aspects)"

208. Reconstruction, with the help of which it is possible to go from one original to one change in the designated sense, are called re-converting (intermediate) transformations. Oscillations of transformed transformations come together in the same way as the plan is swung, so the plan is rotated, the stinks are of a formal semantic nature, re-transforming both the form, and the meaning of the other ones.

209. As part of the inventory Process perekladu perekladatskі transformatsії rozglyadayutsya not static planі yak zasіb analіzu vіdnosin mіzh odinitsyami іnozemnih mov i їh slovnikovimi vіdpovіdnikami, and planі dinamіchnomu yak way to perekladu, SSMSC Mauger vikoristovuvati Perekladach at perekladі rіznih origіnalіv in quiet vipadkah, if slovnikove vіdpovіdnіst vidsutnya anyway, you can’t be viciously beyond the minds of the context. It is essential to the character of a single VM, which is seen as the way it is in the operation of re-implementation, the conversion of transformations into lexical and grammatical ones. In addition, there are also complex lexico-grammatical transformations, de-redevelopment, or one hour at once lexical and grammatical odds of the original, and for the inter-level, invisible, so that the previous ones are transformed into the same

The main types of lexical transformations, which become stagnant in the process of transferring with the participation of young VMs and PMs, include the beginning of transferring priyomy: transfer of transcriptions and transliteration, calculating and lexico-Seme-technical changes Prior to the broadest grammatical transformations, there should be: syntactic comparison (pre-translation), member of the proposition, definition of the proposition, grammatical substitution (form of the word, parts of the speech and of the member of the speech). Prior to complex lexical and grammatical transformations, there should be an antonymic shift, an exploration (descriptive shift) and compensation.

The head meta to the transfer - the achievement of adequacy. Basically, the transfer of translations with the achieved adequacy is a little bit of different conversions in order for the text to be translated as it is possible to more accurately transfer all the information, put into the text of the original when the standards are adopted.

Reconstruction, for the help of which one can go from one original to one relocation, is called re-shifting transformations. However, the term “reimagining” is not possible literally: the out-of-the-box text “Do not reimagine” in the sense that it’s not possible to change itself on its own. The whole text, obviously, itself seems to be invisible, but along with it and on the basis of it, the text is based on the first move.

Transferred transformations are a special kind of intermediate paraphrasing, as it can be seen as a suttuvі vision of transformations within the framework of one movement. “If we are talking about one-level transformations, then we can use phrases that appear one form of one grammatical structure, lexical reminding, but (practically) one and the same concept and create one function in a given context. Change the text to the original and translate it to the translation, and to transfer it to the original, but the actions are translated “word for word” to the text, and the actions are translated into meaningful indications of the literal images. Especially zvertayut on itself tі mіstіya, de the text move translate with their own way, absolutely not similar to the text move original. Apparently, in our modern information, there is a sense of the difference in appearance, of the appearance of a variety of transformations. It is essential to the character of a single move to the original, which looks like the original operations, the conversion transformations are based on:

stylistic transformation

morphological transformations

syntactic transformations

semantic transformations

grammatical transformations

lexical transformations

In the process of reclaiming the power of transformation, most often there is a change in type. As a rule, it’s a kind of transformation, it’s going to get there in one hour, so that one with one thing is permutation of the supernatural, the grammatical reincarnation of the superfluous vocabulary.

Through those grammatical and lexical transformations, the most beautifully broken up by the linguists and transpositions, then the robot's emphasis will be on the grammatical and lexical transformations.

There is a great number of classifications of transformed transformations. Ale nibilsh, through the successful systematicity, persistence and elasticity, the classification of transformed transformations by V.N. Komissarova.

V.N. Comic-Classification of Conversion to:

1) Lexical transformations

Lexical transformations include the following:

transcription

transliteration

calculus

Transcription and transliteration are ways of translating the lexical unit of the original by means of a translation of the form behind the help of letters, move the translation. When transcribing the sound form of the word is created, and when transliterating it, the graphical form (letters warehouse) is created. Oscillations of phonetic and graphic systems are meaningfully rendered one from one, the transfer of the word form to my original to my translation is always clever and approximate.

Calculation is a way of transferring the lexical units of the original by means of replacing the warehouse parts - morphemes or words (in a variety of simple words) with lexical indications in the moving transfer. The sense of calculating polyagaє is at the end of the new word abo stadnannya, V.N. Komisar_vid_lya also lexical and semantic changes.

2) Lexical and semantic changes:

The main types of additional substitutions are:

concretization

generalization

Modulation abo the meaning of development

Concretization - replacing a word or a word with my original with more wide subject-logical meanings of words and word-received words on the move with different meanings.

Generalization - the replacement of one single move, which is more significant, but one move is translated into wider meanings, so that it is reincarnated, more concrete.

A modulation, or a meaningful development, is called a replacement for a word, or a word for a single move, meaning that it is logical to be derived from the meaning of a different one. With the victorious method of modulation of causal-inherited links, they often have a wider character, the aloe logical link between two different names can be obtained.

3) Grammatical transformations

Prior to grammatical transformations, there should be:

Syntactically similar (forward translation)

a) Membership of the proposition

b) Disclosure of propositions

c) Grammatical changes:

form words

Chastini movi

member of the

type of proposition

V.N. Komisariv also sees the third type of conversion transformations - tse change type for yak vin is called “complex lexico-grammatical transformations:

Lexico-grammatical

d) Antonіmіchny shift

e) Explication (description transfer)

f) Compensation

Antonichny transfer - the whole lexico-grammatical transformation, when you change the positive form in the originals to the negative form in the transfer, or, navpaki, negative on the backward supervise is replaced by the lexical unit of the opposite movement on the same page.

Eksplіkatsіya - the goal of lexico-grammatical transformation, when there is a lexical unit of the verbal movement, it is substituted for words, explication of the meaning, so that there is a greater reduction in the explanation of the value. For additional exploration, it is possible to transfer the meaning of any non-equivalent word in the originals.

Reception of compensation will be stagnant in quiet vapors, if there are elements in the text of my original for this reason, not to think of equal values in the translation and not to be transferred by means of it; in cich vipadkah, I will memorize ("compensate") the semantic waste, I will wicked, but that chi іnsha odinitsa vіdії movi lost untranslated, for I don’t need to translate (not in the form of a case, if I change the meaning of the front) , moreover, it is not necessary in the same text as in the original.

In such a rank, in the course of the last week, 3 problems were revealed about the translation of slang in Internet texts:

1. Ways to educate slang in hemlock chats and the problem of shifting.

2. The problem of the translation of slang on marketing portals and the transfer of information from the classification of conversion transformations. Vyavlennya movi "cat" s pidgin "yak okremoi movi internet-texts.

3. The problem of shifting slang in information resources and fancy newspapers and talking about the classification of converting transformations.

Drawings for Chapter I

Given chapter diploma robot The bull was assigned to the vivchennyu of the understanding "slang" and to the analysis to understand the other authors, such as V.A. Khomyakov, O.S. Akhmanova, I.R. Galperin and R. Spiers. Having analyzed it, it is possible to put it in the background for the term "slang":

Slang is a special phenomenon in the movement, a set of special words for the new meaning of already existing words, to get used to the singing human societies, expressively and emotionally, the vocabulary of the normal movement is getting used to

So the very idea of a special kind of slang - Internet slang, which appeared quite recently, with the development of the sphere of web-communications. Bully revealed grammatical and lexical features of living in Internet slang:

Only a few parts of the Simple group get used to it, but it is grammatically unreasonable to navigate:

I met him today - I am starting this year

(I have met him today)

Pidlyaga is often overlooked:

Want to practice my english - want to practice my english

(I want to practice my English)

Service words are omitted, since they do not obscure the powerful lexical meaning, such as additional words (signs of power supply and negative propositions) and articles.

There is a direct order of words in the feeding speech to replace the laid down voice.

Share your happiness with me? - Would you add joy to me?

(Do you share happiness with me?)

Includes in itself rozmovna mov, mov sp_vzuch, pictogram and abbreviation, for example, name the numbers and letters sp_vsuchny words, and write shvidshch: "to" - 2, "for" - 4, "..ate .." - 8, "than .. "- ten.

So the bulo itself was analyzed and the sprinkle of the English slang was added to the Russian web-communication.

The understanding of the translation and presentation of the understanding between himself was also displayed. new authors, Such yak A.V. Fedorova, V.S. Vinogradov and R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev. As a result, the bulo vivedeno was published by the public witness:

Transfer - the whole transfer of letters to the text of usn_y movi by means of іnshoi movi. The whole process of "rewinding" the original in the material of the original move. The central lank of the community of commune is the transposition, or the transposition of the powerful, intelligent word, which is one of the folding types of the modern activity.

Bullets are displayed and the main views are displayed:

Professional transfer

adequate shift

equivalent transfer

precise transfer

literal shift

vilny transfer

Vivcheno and analyzed the main conversion transformations for the classification of V.M. Komіsarova, yaky vidіlyaє 4 tipi: leksichnі transformatsії (transkribuvannya, translіteratsіyu, kalkuvannya) lexico-semantichnі transformatsії (konkretizatsіyu, generalіzatsіyu, modulyatsіyu abo smislovy rozvitok) gramatichnі transformatsії (sintaksichne upodіbnennya, gramatichnі zamіni) lexico-gramatichnі (antonіmіchny pereklad, eksplіkatsіya, compensation).

Letter transfer

well

semester

Ukladach O.V. Murduskina

A table of conversion transformations has been made

I am I. Retsker	L.S. Barkhudarov	V.N. komisariv	R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev	J.-P. Vini, K. Darbelne
	I. Permutations	I. Lexical transformations:	Take the transfer:	Straight to the transfer:
1.Differentiation	P. Zamini:	a) Formal:	descriptive transfer	Straight (literal) shift:
2. Specification	a) Grammatical substitutions:	1. Transcription / transliteration	concretization to understand	a) Suspicion: - transcription - transliteration
3. Generalization	1. Replacement of word forms	2. Calculation	generalization to understand	b) calculating;
4. Smyslove development	2. Replace movi parts	b) Lexical-semantic-s'kі replace:	Logic development to understand	c) prior translation
5. Antonimichny transfer	3. Replace the members of the list	1.Concrete	antonymic shift	Indirect transfer:
6.Colisne re-implementation	4. Syntactic changes in folding speech	2. Generalization		modulation: semantic substitution
7. Compensation for expenses in the transfer process	b) Lexical changes	3. Modulation (meaning development)		1. More abstract / more concrete; home / private (generalization / specification)
	1.Concrete	II. Grammatical transformations:		2. From the reason to the next
1.Outside	2. Generalization	a) Previous shift (zero transformation)		3. Thank you for the result

2. Chastkovі	3. Substitution of the cause	b) Membership of propositions	4. Part and whole
	c) Antonimichny transfer	c) Establishment of propositions	5. One part replaces the one
	d) compensation	d) Grammatical substitutions:	6. Prostylezhny look at the situation
	III. supplement	1. Grammatical categories	7. Riznitsa razmerzhuvan i intervalov
	IV. omission	2. Chastini movi	8. Riznitsya in a sensitive spriyatty
		3. Member of the proposition	9. Riznitsya formi, vidi vikoristannya
		4. Propositions of the singing type	10. Riznitsa viznachennya through geographic name
		III. Lexical and grammatical transformations:	11. Riznitsya way
		a) Antonimichny transfer	transposition
		B) Descriptive translation	Chasse Croise
		c) Compensation	adaptation
			Equivalency
			compensation

SEE conversion transformations

Rizny mode mov є the reason for the implantation of transformations during the rebar. Transformational transfer - transferring to the victorious one from the transferring transformations. The simple and ineffective classification of transformations, which will not continue until the end of the day, will be spiraling into the classification of V.M. Komissarov. Vіn vіdіlya nashodni vidі transformatsіy:

1.Transcriptionі transliteration – tse ways of transferring the lexical odds of the original by means of adding the form behind the help of the letters ПЯ. When transcribing, the sound form of the word is created, and when transliterating it, the graphical form (letters warehouse). When transcribing, the sound form of the word is created, and when transliterating it, the graphical form (letters warehouse). In a timely manner, in a timely translation practice є transcription for the sake of saving deeds of transliteration elements. Oscillations of phonetic and graphic systems are meaningfully rendered one from one, the transfer of the form of the word from earth mov to the translation of the first word is clever and approximate:

2.Calculation – tse ways of transferring the lexical units of the original by means of replacing the warehouse parts - morphemes or words (in the range of stable words) with lexical indications in the PYa. The meaning of the calculation of the polyaga is at the origin of the new word, which became the same in the PYa, a copy of the structure of the verbatim lexical unit.

for example: superpower - superpower, mass culture - mass culture, green revolution - green revolution

3. Lexical and semantic changes – There is a way to transfer the lexical units to the originals with the help of a vikorystannya when transferring units to the PYa, meaning that they do not belong to the significant ones, or maybe they were introduced from them for the help of the singing type of logical conversions. The main types of additional changes are є concretization, generalization and modulation (meaning of development) of the meaning of a single unit.

a) Specification to be called a substitute for a word or words for words ІЄ with more broad subject-logical meanings and words and words for PYa with more high-level meanings. As a result of the establishment of the transformation process, there is no specificity and the specific lexical unit appears in logical indications of inclusion: the unit of the understanding is the same, and the unit of the PYa is to understand a species of understanding.

for example: Chi was not at the ceremony. - Win buv attending the ceremony.

The concretization is often stagnant, since in PYa є the word with such wide meanings and general connotation, some of these words can be mothers of new stages of living in VM and PM

b) generalization to be called a substitute for one ІЄ, which is more vuzke meaning, one PYa with more broad meanings, so that it is reincarnated with a revolving concretization. Formation of the distinction of the family of the understand, which includes the specific species.

for example: Chi doesn't visit me practically every week-end. - Vіn drive up to less skin tension.

c) Modulation with a meaningful development to be called a substitute for a word, or a word for a single unit PYa, meaning which is logically derived from the meaning of a single unit.

for example: I don "t blame them. - I'm crazy.

With the victorious method of modulation of causal-inherited links, they often have a wider character;

Manson slung his bag up and climbed into the battered gig behind a tall, angular black horse. - Manson putting his suitcase and clamoring in a two-wheeled cart harnessed by a great black horse

4. Differentiation meaning. The wider acceptance of differentiation when shifting from English language to Russian language is explained by the great number in English Because of the broad semantics, which is not directly visible in the Russian language. For example: ... and ordered a drink

Acceptance of lexical additions. For some people, in order to more correctly and intelligently convey the difference to the visual material, you may need to enter a few additional words. A yak can be swallowed when shifting from English to Russian, as well as navpaks. There are reasons to be scoffed at the syntax, grammar, appearance of clear lexical and semantic equivalents in the translation, as well as some in purely stylistic worlds. English propositions make it more short, and when you shift it is necessary to add a single one.

for example: Wherever you go - I follow. - Kudi b ti not pishov, - I follow you.

Tsikaviy is also a type of attributive word - at that time, in the Russian special role of the case management, in English it is widely expanded in terms of two or Inodi in both movs is an equivalent variant of such a day - earthquake - earthquake. With the correct translations, all one snarls will be victorious in case management - Gun license- a license for a zbroya - protest all the same option is incorrect, it is necessary to speedily lexical additions - dedicated to the right to use zbroi.

In some cases, it’s possible to add up to a number of words, the words in which are tied only with the sign "-".

Girl-next-door

For all types of lexical supplementation, relocation, it is necessary to be more aware of the spheres of the outgoing text. It is necessary to be mindful, "what" the author wants to say and "why" is wrong, even if you know, you can reshape the text as adequately and intelligently as possible for the reader.

6. Accept lexical omission. Acceptance of lexical omission of allowance іnoruvannya in the process of transferring some semantically superfluous words, which do not carry an important meaningful nesting, and іх meaning is often integrated in a complex way. Omission є by the method directly opposed to the reception of the supplement. Naytraditsіynіshim butt semantic overworld є vzhivannya sov. "Parnykh synonyms", often appear in all styles letter writing English mov. However, in the Russian language, such a manifestation does not take place, and when shifting one of the synonyms it does not repeat itself, and two words are replaced by one. So і vikorystovuєtsya priyom omission.

for example: brave and fearless - horobry

just and equitable treatment

In the bag, the reception of the lowered allowance allows the transfer of the quick change of the speed, create a liaison and call yourself "compression to the text".

7. Syntactically similar (forward translation) – there is a way to transfer, with a syntactic structure of the original, it will be transformed into an analogous structure of the PL. The whole type of "zero" transformation stagnates in quiet drops, if in IV and II there are parallel syntactic structures. Syntactically, it is possible to make up to the rest of the variations of the same number of the same ones in the order of their expansion in the originals.

for example: I always remember his words - I always remember his words.

However, the synthesis of syntactic similarity to the superimposition of functions is similar to those of structural components. When shifting from English language to Russian, for example, you can drop articules, words-calls, other services, and also see changes of morphological forms and actions of lexical units. All the changes do not take into account the basic structure of the proposition, as it is passed on to an additional analogous Russian structure because of the saving of the same set of members of the speech and message of the text. The change in the structure of the proposition when shifting will explain that, as a rule, it is unfortunate to ensure the equivalence of shifting with a shuffle to the same level.

8. member of the proposition- there is a way to transfer, with any syntactic structure of the speech in the originals, it is transformed into two more predicative structures of the PYa. The transformation of a member should be brought about, either to the reincarnation of a simple proposition of the earthly movement in the fold speech of the PY, or to the re-implementation of a simple or folding speech in two or more independent propositions in the PY.

for example: The annual surveys of the Labor Government were not discussed with the workers at any stage, but only with the employers. - Schorichny look around the Labor district was not discussed by the middle of the workers at any stage. The stench was negotiated only with the enterprises.

9. ob'єnannya propositions – tse ways of shifting, with a syntactic structure in the "originals" to be reimagined by the way of two simple phrases in one fold.

for example: That was a long time ago. It seemed like fifty years ago. - Tse bulo for a long time - he was good, but rock_v fifty that.

It is not often the case that the transformation of the union is linked with the revision of the predicative syntagmas between the supportive propositions, so that one can see one hour at one time, the union and the two members are one of the frequent statements of the two.

10. grammatical substitution – tse way of shifting, when a grammatical one in the originals is transformed into one PYa with the same grammatical meanings. Replace can be a grammatical unit of any kind of rivnya: word form, part of the move, member of the speech, proposition of the singing type. Gramatical change of yak special way I’ll change my mind on the basis of not just implanting in the shifting of the forms of the PY, but of changing the forms of the PYa, similar to those of the other ones, replacing such forms on the ones, so that one can see them on the basis of a changeable number (grammatical).

We are searching for talent everywhere. - Mi everywhere shukaєmo talent

11. antonymic shift- the whole lexical-grammatical transformation, when the positive form in the originals is replaced by the negative form in the crossbar, or, navpaki, negative on the main supervise is replaced by the change of the lexical unit of the VM on the unit of the PYa with the opposite values.

for example: Nothing changed in my home town. - Everything was overflowing with kolishnim in my native place

12. exploration abo descriptive transfer – etolexiko - grammatical transformation, with a lexical one ІЄ substitute words, use the meaning, so that it gives more explanations for any meaning on the PYa. For additional exploration, it is possible to transfer the meaning of any non-equivalent word in the originals.

for example: Car owners from the midway towns ran a shuttle service for parents visiting the children injured in the accident. - The classmates of cars from places, who lie between two points, constantly brought and drove fathers, as they drove their children, who suffered before the hour of the accident.

13. compensation- no way of transferring, with any element of sense, included when transferring a single IV in the originals, is transmitted in the text as a third translation, moreover, it is not necessary in the same mixed text, as well as in the originals.

for example: "I" m nothing to you, not so much as them slippers. - "Those slippers."

Compensation is often made especially often there, where it is necessary to convey purely intra-linguistic meanings, which characterize those particular features of the original - dialectal barring, irregularities or individual specialties Movies, puns, grooves, as well as when transferring pragmatic meanings, if you cannot possibly know the direct message of one VM in the PYa system. 14. Tsilisne revision. With a reception of a singular kind of message development, in the process of which the inner form of a kind of a mobile lancer is reimagined, it is a kind of a word, a good folding one, before syntagmics, but at the same time it’s , but the link between the internal form of the unit VM and PM cannot be quilted. The logical and semantic basis of this method is to serve as the basis for the implementation of the various and re-transformed units to one and the same way of action. If it’s not always possible to wait until the end of the whole process of replacing this in the process of perfect re-implementation, then the equivalence of the plan to change and the adequacy of the texts in the rotation of the skin once guilty of the transformation of the transformation of the skin once guilty. The tradition of modern contacts has made a number of useful recollections of the frequency vocabulary and consolidated the results as vocabularies of indications are permanent and varied. What do you do? - I go In such a rank, the equivalence, when shifting, reaches beyond the singing lexical and grammatical transformations, which can be stuck when shifting the headlines of newspaper articles to suspicious-political topics.

As a matter of fact, it is possible to find out the 3 main reasons for the transition transformations:

1.Discrepancies in the systems of external and translate mov, as you can step on:

b) all the middle one and the same category of members of the business.

c) Establishment of linguistic categories does not completely go for a large amount of value.

2. The breakdown of the norms of morality and translation of the mov. Violations of the norms of mysticism in quiet areas, if the sense of the phrases of the minds, protests about the incorrectness of the move (normative reports)

3. Inconsistency with the usus, which is in the middle of the noses of the sinister and translate the mov. (Usus - the rules of the situational victorious movement. Winning the images of the mobile names and traditions given to the collective.) [Latishev, p. 189].

However, A.F. Arkhipova іsnuyut 8 all motives in storing transformation high step equivalence:

1. Pragnennya uniknuti the breaking of norms with the receipt of one in the translation, so called Literalism.

2. To adapt to adapt the transfer, so that it is victorious in terms of design and construction, the best living in the movie, too.

3. The need for additional information in the design one-sided members propositions.

4. Pragnennya unikati strangers to translate mov word-making models.

5. The pragmatic unnaturalness of unnaturalness, unaesthetic repetitions, bulkiness, ambiguity and illogical virazi.

6. Pragnennya to a larger compact version of the transfer.

7. Pragnennya to convey to the receptor important background information, or to take into account the excess.

8. The pragmatism of the image is importantly conveyed to the grain, imagery [Arkhipov, 1991, 86].

Revision, for the help of those who can go to

Moving one from the original to one transfer, are called transfer (middle) transformations. Oscillations of the conversion transformations are good to go with the same ones, if the plan is swift and the plan is rotated, then it is formal to wear the stench

semantic character, transforming both the form, and the meaning of the individual ones.

Due to the nature of the young people, as they look like they are in the operation of re-implementation, the conversion can be changed into lexical, grammatical and lexico-grammatical (in them, one hour

lexical and grammatical odds of the original, or є intermediate, so that zd_yisnyuyut go from lexical odds to grammatical і navpaki).

Before lexical transformations, most are often implanted in the process of translating: translation of transcription and transliteration; calculating and lexico-semantic substitutions: concretization, generalization, modulation and in. Gramatic transformations (morphological, syntactic) include: syntactic comparison (pre-translation); member of the proposition; ob'єdnannya proposition; grammatical substitutions (substitute for word forms, parts of the word, members of the speech) and ін.

Lexical-grammatical transformationsє: antonymic shift; conversion transformation; adequate replacement; metaphorization / demetaphorization; eksplіkatsіya - description transfer / іmplіkatsіya; compensation; іdeomatization / deіdeomatization and ін.

Transcription and translation- tse priyomi re-translating lexical units of the original by means of a way of adding a form for the help of letters

Move the transfer. When transcribed, the sound form is created

іnshomovnogo word, and with transliteration of yogo grammatical form (letters warehouse). For example: Klaus - Klaus; Barbara - Barbara; Lübek -

the transfer is dependent and approximate. For skin bets, the rules for transmitting the sound structure of the word vikhidnoy movi are being developed,

to show the difference in saving elements in transliteration and tradition

viklyuchennya s rules, adopted in Danish hour.

calculus- tse priyom translation of lexical units of the original

by way of replacing the warehouse parts - morpheme abo sliv

word-of-mouth) - їх lexical references in the translation translation. The meaning of the calculation of the polyaga is at the origin of the new word, it’s just the same in the translation, which is a copy of the structure of the wikipedia

In a number of vipadkіv, the registration of the calculation is supervised in a different order of passage of the calculated elements. It is not often in the process of translating the transcription and calculation to take one hour. Application: transnational (English) - transnational; petrodollar - naftodolari.

Lexical and semantic changes- at the same time to the transfer of the lexical units of the wicked ones, and the wickedness in the transfer of the unit to the transfer, the meaning of which does not belong to the meanings of the wicked ones, ale

may be vived from them for the additional singing type of logical re-making. The main types of additional changes are є concretization, generalization and modulation - the meaning of development of the meaning of a specific unit.

concretization- lexico-semantic transformation, when you do, you will replace the word, or the word is obtained from the wider subject-logical meanings, into the word, or the word is obtained, the move is transferred to the meaningful meanings. As a result of the stagnation of the process of transformation, there is a certainty and vocabulary is the same.

kind of understanding. For example: the team of the plant - robots and services. at

concretization in the primary structure is introduced additional differentiation seme: "student - student".

generalization- lexical and semantic transformation, when you see it, you will replace one of the viral move, which is more significant, and the same move is used with more broad meanings. The price of the revision is by the revolting concretization. reception of generalization

to be brought up, as in the translation there are no specific ones to understand,

to understand analogous ones. Tsey priyom additional help transferring

vikhoditi zі strutny camp, if vіn does not know the meaning of the species witness on the move. For example: bananas, oranges, pineapple -fruits. During generalization, the semantic structure is changed for a rakhunok into the differential seven: "style - furniture, style - furniture".

modulation(Smyslove, logical development) is a lexical-semantic transformation, when a word is being replaced, a word is replaced by a word, a single move, meaning that it is logical to appear because of the meaning of one. Naybilsh is often the meaning of spіdnіsіnіh in the origіnіlі and the shifting appears to be knitted causally inherited wіth names.

"New payment for the spivak ..." - "the last success of the spivak ...";

“Kolishniy vidpovidalny ...” - “kolishniy kerivnik ...”;

"Domestic vikhovannya ..." - "family vikhovannya ..." etc.

syntactically not similar(Presl_vny translation) - grammatical

transformation when the syntactic structure of the original is transformed into an analogous structure of the translation. Tsia "zero" transformation will be stagnant in quiet vapors, if a parallel translation of the same translation has a parallel syntactic structure.

Syntactically, it is possible to make up to the rest of the variations of the same number of the same ones in the order of their expansion in the originals.

member of the proposition- grammatical transformation, when the syntactic structure of the speech in the originals is transformed into two or more predicative structures, move the translation. The transformation of a member is to bring up to the re-enactment of a simple proposition of an out-of-the-box movement in a foldable translation of a movement, or to the re-implementation of a simple, or foldable, speech of an out-of-the-box movement into two or more independent propositions in a movement.

grammatical replacement- grammatical transformation, with a grammatical one in the originals, it will be transformed into one move with the same grammatical meanings. Replace can be a grammatical one of the singing type of singing type. In the process of transferring, it is necessary to replace the forms of the transfer move on the form of transfer. It’s a grammatical change, like transformation, I’m not just implanting in the transfer of forms to transfer the transfer, but to change the transfer of forms to transfer, similar to those of the others, since the stench does not allow an adequate transfer. Replacing the forms of wicked movement with іnshi, so that we see them as a wicked (grammatical meaning) - in the whole essence of the whole transformation. Velmi

expanding the kind of grammatical transformation in pairs

Nimetsky / English and Russian / Bilorussian є Replacing a part of Movi

antonymic shift- the whole lexico-grammatical transformation, when you get there, replace the positive form

in the originals on the negative in the transfer, or navpaki, negative on the back. The cost of supervising the change of the lexical unit of the outgoing move to the unit of the transfer of the opposite meanings.

Fiterman A.M. and Levitska T.R. see three types of conversion transformations:

1. Grammatical transformations. These are the following: permutations, omission and addition, overwake and replace propositions.

2. Stylistic transformation. Prior to this category, it is possible to introduce such priyomi, such as synonymic changes and descriptions, compensation and other types of changes.

3. Lexical transformation. Here it is necessary to talk about replacement and addition, concretization and generalization of propositions, as well as about omission.

Offensive teachings, Schweitzer A.D., Proponation of diliti transformation on the chotiri group.

· Transformations on the component equivalents of semantic valency may be on the basis of the stasis of the growth of the family. For example, replacing morphological factors with lexical, other morphological, syntactic or phraseological and іnshi.

· Transformations on the basis of pragmatic polarity in the onset of the approach: recalculating compensation, replacing quietly stylistic ones with the ones, replacing allusions (realities) with analogous ones, and also interpreting compensations,

· Transformatsії scho zdіysnyuyutsya on referential rіvnі - konkretizatsіya tse (abo giponimichesky transformation) generalіzatsіya (gіperonіmіcheskaya transformation) zamіna realіy (іntergіponіmіcheskaya transformation), and takozh pereklad s Relief remetaforіzatsіі (sіnekdohіcheskaya transformation), metonymic transformatsії, remetaforіzatsіі (zamіni odnієї Metaphors іnshy), demetaphorization (replace metaphor її with an antipode - a non-metaphor). Here we have the same combination of transformations and complex transformations (for example, conversion).

· Transformation on a par with stylistic - compression and expansion. For the compressor to rely on respect elipsis, semantic constriction, omission of superfluous elements and lexical contraction.

Retsker J. I., Navpaki, named only two types of transformations. Tsei lingvist even about such priyoms їх involvement, such as:

· Grammatical transformations in viglyadi replace parts of the movement or members of the list.

· Lexical transformations are polarized in concretization, generalization, differentiation of meaning, antonymic replay, compensation for inputs, which are found in the process of relocation, as well as in the development of the word and in the meaningful way.

An analysis of the names of the linguistic glances allows the creation of such a pattern: the skin from the names of those (both practitioners and theoreticians) has its own point of view on nutritional transformations. For example, there are three views of Fiterman and Levitska - stylistic, grammatical, lexical transformations. Lingvist Schweitzer Vede Rozmova is not about species, but rather about rivni, but allows you to speed up by means of transformation. At the same time, it’s important that on a stylistic level there can be both grammatical and lexical transformations. Tobto on one level can mother misce rіznі vidi transformation.

However, all the precursors demonstrate the same set of acceptance in the implementation of the transformation of the conversion plan. So, versatile changes - grammatical, real and in., Generalization and compensation are developed in all robots. As soon as I’m quoting for cim for specific applications, then it’s obvious that Retsker, Fiterman, Levitska are going to take concretization and generalization to lexical examples and transformations. Schweitzer gave the understanding of the name - hyponymic and hyperonimic transformation - and meaning, well, іх іvnem є referential. Mi f vvazhaє, which is the manifestation of lexical transformation. Fiterman A.M. and Levitska T.R. Retsker - to lexical, and Schweitzer - to pragmatic rіvnya.

Acceptance of grammatical change - tse grammatical type of transformations (according to Y. Retsker, T.R. Levitskoy, T.R. Fiterman). However, A.D. Schweitzer is named in this vypadku component rіven.

They are called rozbіzhnostі є susіdes with clear subdivisions of all re-insured concepts. So, all the languages declare about those who have developed transformations into type and vision - the whole mind. It is tied together that it is practically impossible to create a posture for one with the same transformations, so that it is not in a pure view. It’s the very moment to celebrate the classifications.

Ale іsnyuti and іnshі points of view. For example, Minyar-Beloruchev RK naming three types of transformations - lexical, grammatical, semantic. Up to the first type of introduction of acceptance and generalization and concretization; before the other - passivization, replace parts of the move and the members of the list, the definition of the propositions or the members of the list; to the third - metaphorical, synonymic, metaphorical substitutions, logical development to understand, antonymic shift and compensation.

VN Komissarov's concept is built up to such types of transformations as lexical and grammatical, as well as complex. Talk about lexical transformations, win naming transliteration, translating transcription, calculating, deyaki lexico-semantic changes. For example, modulation, specification and generalization. Yak grammatical transformations appear in a literal translation (or syntactically similar), grammatical substitutions (substitute words, word forms, parts of the word) and a member of the proposition. Complex transformations can also be called lexico-grammatical. There is an exploration (in a way, a descriptive shift), an antonymic shift and compensation.

Barkhudarov L.S., vidomy linguist, calling the chotiri tipi re-transformation (transformation), which can be seen in the course of the robot over the bar. Tse of rearrangement, replacement, omission and addition.

Priyomi, vikoristovuvani when rearranging, is the change in the order of the rosetting of the components of the folding speech, as well as the change in the word and word. Prior to the replacement of Barkhudarov, there was compensation, syntactic changes in the structure of the folding speech, replacement of parts of the movement, the components of the proposition and word forms, the specification and generalization, the members of the new ideas, the replacement of statements Descent and addition may be of the type and transformation - omission and addition.

We changed how RK Minyar-Beloruchev divided the transformations into three types - semantic, grammatical and lexical - in the absence of the fact that a plan of the cob text should be translated: formal (called) and semantic. The nature of the elements of the wicked movement, on the thought of V.N. Barkhudarov L.S. vvazhaє, it is possible to see chotiri vid and reclaimed metamorphoses, what is seen when shifting the text.

It is also necessary to educate people in L.S. And at V. N. Komisarov and R. K., the transformation is carried out to lexical transformations. Until the change, according to L. S. Barkhudarov, such transformations are carried out, such as the formation of information, navpaki, the members of the proposition, the replacement of the parts of the movement and the members of the list. V.N. Komisariv and R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev are classified as grammatical perversions.

The classification of conversion transformations by V. N. Komisarov and R. K. Minyar-Beloruchev does not go beyond all the points. So, for example, V.N. For the occasion, L. S. Barkhudarov shall make an antonimous shift and compensation also until the change.

The classifications of those who have taken place are a number of reasons for the conversion transformation, since they do not know the image in the other classifications. So, LS Barkhudarov and RK Minyar-Beloruchev do not admit VN Komisarov to transliteration and transcription.

However, in the zagalny, the skin of the students, the classifiers of the conversion, the distribution of them to the tipi to their own thoughts, I can help with some of these appearances.

· Lexical transformations, before any stench, such methods are introduced, compensation, antonymic shift, concretization, replacement of the cause by succession and generalization.

· Grammatical transformations, up to such a stench to bear the omission, permutations, additions and transpositions.

At a glance from them, L. K. Latishev See the number of types of conversions:

1. Lexical revision. Prior to this type of insight, substitute lexemes with synonyms that are relevant to the context.

2. Stylistic re-creation. In this vypadku the transformation of the stylistic barbling of the word is seen, so that it can be shifted.

3. Morphological revision. So the very transformation of one part of the move into the one or the replacement of the decilcom with parts of the move.

4. Syntactic revision. Before them, a glimpse of the transformation of syntactic constructions (word, word and speech), type extraordinary words, Change to the type of syntactic link, transformation of propositions into words and rearrangement of appendages in folding and folding words.

5. Semantic transformations. In handbooks and monographs from the theory, I will also translate the phenomenon as “the meaning of development”. I write to Count Latishev L.K.

6. Transformation to the smallest form - the whole conversion transformation and antonymic shift, according to LK Latishev.

Offensive teachings, V.E.Schetinkin The following are some of the types of conversion transformations:

· Lexical. These include concretization, antonymic translation, amplification, generalization, communication, adaptation, compensation, exploration.

· Stylish. An antecedent of cross-overs, which is a kind of reversal transformation, which can be done in a single spiritual way, which is called modulation.

· Gramatic. VE Shchetinkin developed all transformations of this type on the chotiri type. Among them - permutations, omission, change, addition.

As soon as we bring the bags to the table, we introduce them to the data, then it’s important, but also because of all the transformations, so it’s worth the transfer to take in the aspect of the author’s comprehension of the text. Th e viplivayut all priyomi and all vid and quiet transition transformations. The main rule is to shift the usny to the genre - follow the intuitive move, the head of the rule of the written translation - to get lost within the style. Transformation is a product of gradual robotics, which is how to lay down as a matter of fact, and how to adapt it to the minds of the cob text.