The theory of factor analysis, the principle of the classification of factors (rice) of particularity. (R. Kettel). Structural theory of rice specialties of Cattel Structure of specialties from the point of view of theory of rice
directly in psychology, based on the idea of those who are mentally ill with the singing rank in new situations. This kind of skill, which was formulated in the process of developing a particular specialty, within the framework of this, is directly called and called rice.
The first concept of rice was broken, the specialness of the bull was broken at the turn of the 30s - 40s. XX century we will also explain in the article about humanistic directly in psychology by the American psychologist G. Allport. It is obvious that rice is special not only for an adequate response to a wide range of specific stimuli;
G. Olport podіlyav rice in the country, or vimіryuvanі, such as volodya without people in the big men of the world, and indivіualnі, аbo morphological, unіkіlі for a special point of the degeneration of the most important Nadal, developing their theory, G. Allport became a stasis of the term "rice specialties" only for the meaning rice And for rice individual wines, a new term is an individual disposition (due to the reasons for the theory, rice has often begun to mean a direct relationship in psychology, but there is no plutaty due to the development of mental health problems). G. Allport developed three types of individual dispositions: cardinal, central and secondary.
The cardinal disposition is the most generalized, pervasive (all-pervading) rice specialty, which is the origin of all the life of the people. Not all people are overwhelmed by it, as, as a rule, they are widely perceived by the very establishment of the manifestation of a cardinal disposition. Moreover, the name of the cich of people is becoming imposing for the singing style of life, for example, Don Juan, Foma Neviruchiy, Marquis de Sade, etc.
The central disposition is kindly recognized by the people of the style characteristics, which will allow you to complete and accurately describe the specialty. At present, the results of his studies, G. Allport, dyyshov visnovka, but a number of central dispositions for a specific skin individual are numbered in the intervals from five to ten. The central dispositions are the most versatile and, in the most extreme sense, are close to the characteristics of the specialty.
Secondary dispositions - mens styles and mens are recognized in the context of the central ones. Before them, beckon to lay down the relish of the reels, situationally summarize the short-line installations, etc.
For his perekonannyy G. Allport bouv is close to the representatives of the humanistic directing. By virtue of the fact that in their robots, wines have transferred a lot of principles humanistic psychology... Zokrema, G. Allport poured on the need for the education of mentally healthy people, and made the understanding of mature specialty impossible. From this point of view, the behavior of the mature sub'єkta is autonomously learned, at that hour, especially the unrighteous, the neurotic individ is fond of unaware motives, tied to the child's experiences. Zgіdno G. Allport, the specialness matured in the process of becoming, human life... Winning is also based on the principle of holism, looking at the health of the specialty as integrated into the whole of different parts. Organizational and common cob in human nature, but suddenly, by the head rush_ynoy force, the development of specialness, G. Allport having conceived yak proprium.
Developing the theory of rice, G. Allport out of the hundred additions to the development social psychology, Zokrem, in the development of the problem of adaptation and social flow. Yogo pratsi "The nature of anticipation" and "Psychology is a bit" (at the sponsorship with L. Postman) have become classic robots from this problematics. Having settled into the context of the development of a person's personality by the problem of values, he based on the typology of values by E. Spranger, who in 1931 released the "Test of the development of values", a modification of how to know the stability of the organization in organization.
The given development of theories of rice is tied with the works of G. Eysenck and R. Kettel. Yakshho G. Allport, put on the common place of individual dispositions, vicorists in the head rank, the idiographic method of preliminaries, straightening on the death of a particular people, then G. Eysenck and R. Kettel, significant for their warehouse spіlnot. With a great stench, the stench was blown around by the great vibrations of viprobovuvanih and vykoristovuvali to reveal the laws of folding mathematical procedures, Zokrem, factor analysis. At the same time, G. Eysenck, and R. Kettel went over to reconsideration, but the main function of psychology and prognostics, i.e.
G. Eysenck having taken into account that all the elements, as well as the special features of the integration into the hierarchical structure, can be brought up to the universes of the super-border. Oskilki are such features in the big men of the world of power to all people, in the meaning of them yak tipi. According to G. Eysenck, he saw two types: extroversion - introversion and neuroticism - stability.
The first type of bezposrednyo dressings with the processes of awakening and galvanizing, or, in the terms of G. Eysenck, "cortical activation". From the point of view, the introvert is more awkward, less extraverted, due to the strong unique stimulation, tied, zokrem, with social situations. Extraverts, seemingly deficient, navpaki, constantly whispering additional stimuli in the middle of the day.
Another type of visualization of the specificity of the reaction nervous system on that chi іnshy incentive. People who are smart to neuroticism are more hospitable, who are less stable and react to stress and when they experience a situation, and their reactions are of a more robust and trivial nature. With the singing similarity of the psychological "reminiscent" of the two types, G. Eysenck characterizes the orthogonal changes in particularity, i.e., E. Vvazha, where there is a general correlation between them.
Years G. Eysenk added to two types of third - psychoticism, dressings with the intensity of androgen viroblast. However, until the present hour, it has become a lot of hypothetical dangers, as it does not seem to have a sufficient empirical approval. To transfer, a high level of psychoticism is preceded by schism to noncomformism, and in extreme cases to deviant behavior.
G. Eysenk rozrobleniya a number of psychodiagnostic techniques for revealing individual features for three types of specialties. Most of them saw the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ).
R. Kettel, in the opinion of G. Eysenck, who developed his scheme on the basis of the previously formulated assumptions, taking into account the possibility of developing universal rice specialties, can be to the smallest possible number of winters. In such a rank, on the thought of R. Kettel, it is possible to produce versatile and small surface rice, which helps to prevent and fix up to the same number of versatile and stable visibility of rice, configurative events.
As a result of the trivial dilemma R. Kettel saw 16 different rice or special factors, which formed the basis for the disintegration of them and took away a wider psychodiagnostic methodology "Sixteen special factors" (16 PF).
Subsequently, in the given direction, the robotic American psychologists P. Costa and R. McCree led to the identification of five out-of-the-box factors, which were named “Great P'yatirka”. Neuroticity (N), extroversion (E), prevalence (O), year (A), testimony (C) were all gone. For vimіryuvannya step of the turn of the skin factor of the bladder of fractures, the OPITUVAL NEO - PI. The model of "Great Pyatyrka" neglected a wide expansion in the organization of psychology and psychology of management, not only for its simplicity, but to achieve high valence and predictive hope.
Unimportant at the price, practically all theories of special rice were repeatedly given horrible criticism. Zokrem, at the address of G. Allport, there was a drop in the eclectic and overworldly subtlety to the ideographic method of preliminaries. Moreover, the very idea of rice was given to the sum. In the early days, in the robots of U. Michel, serious proofs were made that the behavior could not be surrounded only by situational officials in a larger step, not by special rice.
The concepts of G. Eysenck and R. Kettel are often seen by people as folding, re-entangling statistical procedures and at the same time overwhelmingly "lost" in neurophysiology, due to which the stench is important to adapt to practical sucking... Moreover, the admittance in the reliability and validity of the 16 PF test was repeatedly appreciated, unimportant to the majestic test of the vibrating test and the straining statistical apparatus on which the rosette was based.
Protest of robots apologetics of theories, rice has become, by the way, a classic modern psychology, and the breakdown of psychodiagnostic methods by them can be used in social and psychological preconceptions of the widest range of stasosuvannya.
MINISTERSTVO OF OSVITI I SCIENCE UKRAINI
abstract robot
Discipline Differential psychology
Theme: Psychology rice specialties
viconave:
reversing:
JOIN ................................................. ................................ 3
1. Dispositional theory of specialness (G.U. Allport) .............................. ... 4
2. Five-factor model of specialness ............................ ............... ... .......... eight
3. Factor theory of specialness .................................. ........... .......... ... ten
3.1 Cattell's factor theory ............... ... ............................ ........... .fourteen
3.2 Eysenck's theory ............................................. .. . ........................ .21
3.3 J.P. Gilford's theory .................................. ......... ................... 22
4. "Motivational" concept (D.C. McClelland) ....... ...................... 24
VISNOVOK ................................................. .......................... .25
LITERATURE ................................................. ....................... .. ... 26
JOIN
Figures of particularity are stigmas, repeated in different situations of particularity of behavior of an individual. Due to the obligatory power of rice, specialties є stages of rotation in young people, transientness (Figures of specialties of an individual are manifested in any situations) and the potential for specificity (Figures of specialties are available for additional testing) In the experimental psychology of particularity, the most widely accepted are the rice features, such as the extraversion - introversion, anxiety, rigidity, impulsiveness. In modern preschool children, a point of view has been taken, however, to describe the rice with particularity is not enough for the intelligence and transfer of individual features of behavior, some of them are described without the background aspects of the manifestation of the particularity.
1. Dispositional theory of specialness (G.U. Allport)
Allport is a specialty as a real essence of a specific skin person, unique in its wisdom. The specialty of the impressions is called those that lie behind the specific grafts of the people in the middle. "The specialness is the dynamic organization of quiet psychophysical systems in the middle of the individual, which are characteristic of new behavior and misdirection." Vaughn is not a static day, I want a powerful structure, permanently evolving.
The order of intellect and physical constitutional temperament is the primary genetic material, from which the specialty will be. There is a particularly important recessionary aspect of the emotional nature of people (the order of the lightness of emotional excitement, the overwhelming background of the mood, the constant mood, the intensity of the emotions). The character є ethical understanders and traditionally associate with a singing moral standard, or a system of values, all the way up to those who appreciate the specialness. According to Allport's formulation, character is the price of specialty, and specialty is the price of non-judgment of character.
This is a very important one of the analysis of what people are and how they smell in their behavior, there is one kind of one, є the specialty of rice. Allport is a form of neuropsychology, structure, high-quality re-development of functionally equivalent stimulation, stimulating and directing equivalent (meaning, steps of style) formative adaptive and expressive behavior. Rice - the trick is to lead oneself by a certain rank in a wide range of situations. The goodness of the rice will ensure the stability of the behavior of the people, their recognition, and the transfer of food. Riznomanitni stimulate the reaction of the same kind of reaction, so the reaction itself in the form of suspicions, indications, interpretations, and even the same function, meaning. Risy specialties do not perebuyut in a passive camp. Situations, in which specialties appear most often, are, as a rule, the very same, in which there is an active meal.
In allport's robots, rice was called a disposition, the middle can be seen in three types: cardinal, central and secondary. Not all people think of a cardinal disposition, or a headache. Tse in superficially the disposition is generalized; you can call to її in pour. Among the specialties with such a disposition, one can name Don Juan, Jeanne d'Arc, Albert Schweitzer. Secondary dispositions of mensch, mensh stiyki, mensh uzagalneni rice, such as overwhelming in їzhі and odyazі, situationally summarizing characteristics, especially installations.
The specialty is not a set of developmental dispositions, but the transfer of unity, integration of all structural elements of individuality. The singular principle of organizing assessments, motives, scheming, and seeing in one single unit, which Allport proposes to name the proprium. Proprium is more positive, creative, pragmatic to growth and development of the power of human nature, as it is most important and central. Ydetsya about such a part of sub'єktivny dosvіdu, yak "moє", about samostі. Proprietary є as organizing and unifying force, the designation of which is the formulation of the uniqueness of human life.
Allport sees these aspects of self, taking part in the development of proprietary children to maturity, naming them proprietary functions. As a result of the residual consolidation, "I" is formed as an object of submission, knowledge and perception. The stages of the development of the proprium: 1) seeing one's own body, making one's self, like becoming a support for self-contemplation by stretching out one's life; 2) the perception of self-identity, a significant moment in which in the act of assimilating to oneself for the aid of a person, as a value, and an important individual, showing a sense of integrity and uninterrupted "I", being tied with the children of the child; 3) feeling self-conscious about being proud of the drive of the one who wants to see it independently; navazhlivіshe dzherelo pіdvischennya self-assessment by stretching the ussoy child; 4) the expansion between the self, the recognition in the world of learning by the children of the fact that it’s not only physical, but the most significant elements of the world’s world, including people; 5) an image of oneself, if a child has begun to start looking at significant loved ones, he is aware of his own, so also "I am good" and "I am rotten"; 6) rational management of oneself, є the stage of conformism, moral and social hearing, if the child learns rationally, viral life problems, dogmaticly vazhayuchi, even the family members of the same age; 7) proprietary practice, є setting promising life goals, in view of the fact that the life of the senses.
Above the proprium is the knowledge of oneself, which synthesizes the ontogenetic stages, and which represents the sub-active side of "I", learns "I am-active". At the final stage, the proprietary process is related to the unique building of people to self-knowledge and self-awareness.
An individual is a dynamic (motivated) system to develop. Adequate the theory of motivation, on Allport's thought, is guilty of looking at the perspectives of people, their thoughts. The key is to make people think about it and tell them to food: "What do you want to work through five rockies?" For Allport, the specialty is due to the past link from the past to the historical, and not to the functional.
Dozrіvannya people - tse without interruption, all life is a process of becoming. The behavior of adult sub'ects, on the basis of neurotic ones, is functionally autonomous and motivated by learning processes. The mature cholovik is characterized by the following rice: 1) there are wide boundaries "I"; 2) building up to warm, hearty social services; 3) demonstrates unconcern and self-acceptance to the motive; 4) I am healthier because of reality; 5) good quality to self-knowledge and humor; 6) a great life philosophy.
2. Five-factor model of specialness.
In the factorial theories of specialness, it is seen as being stored in stable internal officials, as well as enhancing individual views. In tsіy theoretical framework pratsyuvali Allport, Eysenck, Cattell, R. Norman, L. Goldberg.
The creation of a five-factor model of specialty, like the robots of the guessed authors, was based on the lexical approach: seeing the criteria for describing the specialty from the analysis of natural language and other scientific taxonomies. The typical procedure for follow-up within the framework of this model of the viglyad is as follows. Prepared experts see in the vocabulary prikmetniki, who describe the individual views in behavior. It is possible to select an understanding according to the criteria of relevance, living, naturalness and classification by categories specialties... the structure of the rice is given to the real-life analysis. To eliminate the residual taxonomic structure, a factorial and cluster analysis of the given dosages is carried out, prompting the procedure for evaluating and self-assessment.
As a result of the carried out robots, five factors were seen, which showed strength on the young vibrations, incl. and in different social and cultural minds. The structure of the specialty was proponated on the basis of P. Costa and R. McCrae's special structure, in 1961 it was named Big Five (Great p'yatirka). It will be stored from the onset of warnings (in the bows, the markers are guided, as they neglected the most important factors):
1. Extraversion-introversion (comradely, asserted, energetic, active).
2. Staged to otochennya (good-natured, like a sp_vpratsyu, like a dovirya).
3.Conformity (summons, promises, disciplines).
4. Emotions. stability (calm, not neurotic, not inclined).
5. Vіkritіst (іntelekt., Blisky, square misly).
On the basis of a five-factor model of the specialness of breakdowns, a special opituvnik NEO PI-R. In this hour, the most discussed nutrition є the recognition of the reasons for their universality, the number of factors and changes, the need to see the middle category. The problem of the polarity is that the factor can be rendered not the structure of the specialness, but the result of the method. At the same time, a variety of factors with the definition of a semantic differential are specified.
As a matter of critical respect, it means that the theory does not come with sufficient respect for the development problem (behind the vynat of the negotiation of some long-standing ideas and promises made on vibrations). Behind the change is the five-factor model of specialness - the structure of individual characteristics, and not the structure of specialness, which allows the intelligence and transfer of dynamism to development, cause damage, etc. Behind the lines of respect, the motivational system, emotions, the structure of the intellect, the qualities of the specialties have emerged.
3. Factor theory of specialness.
The basic ideas of factorial analysis of boule were proponated by Spearman (Spearman, 1904), a prominent English psychologist; Winning the position, it’s safe to pick up two types of health tests, which can be used to infuse the test results. The first is the general factor (for example, verbal intelligence, intellectual intelligence, level of awareness), important for both tests. Another is a specific factor (for example, good memory, space, specific information), unique for a skin test. The method of factorial analysis of the breakdowns of breakdowns based on the value of the general factors and additional help in their emergence. The method of isolating factors, proponated by Spearman, peered at a link from Tim, by Thurstone (1931) in a bagatofactorial analysis. The process has led to the solution of emerging problems and until the end of time to become the main method of factor analysis. The divergence of Thurstone's arguments, the purchase of tests from Spirman’s power laboratory, led to the fact that all the authors of the ceremonies were more likely to see them, but a respectful look at the screen that didn’t just look like general factors for ale and іnuvannya group officials, included in more than one test, and even if not general in vlasny reason. The most group factors are given special respect for the ninish factor analysis. Vyhodyachi with the aim of our chapter, in more detail the intelligence of the factor analysis is not necessary; It is important, however, that the reader has zrozum_v the backward logic, and stand behind the whole methodology. The theorist, who thinks about the factorial approach, in a typical way begins to develop behavior from the removal of a great number of skin problems from a great number of sub'ects. Given can be recognized on the basis of educators, assessments, situational tests, or even some kind of dzherel, so that a few behavioral indicators can be saved and given. In ideals, indicators of guilt are set before the other side of behavior. Having removed the surface indicators, the presenter will use the method of factor analysis in order to be able to lie in the glybin factor, and to begin to control the variations of the surface animals. So, there is a small number of basic officials, for some reason, for a large part of the variations in the great number of indications, for which the initiators have started. Factor analysis does not only allow the isolation of fundamental factors, but it also allows the establishment of a skin indicator or the assessment system to make a contribution from skin factors. It is important to know how factor navantazhennya or the intensity and simply referring to those, how varied the skin specific indicator can be attributed to the dermal factor. Psychological significance of a factor is a name or a jarlik, which is attributed to one, which is often due to the nature of specific indicators, which may be highly dependent on this factor. The emergence of cich basic officials gives the theoretician the opportunity to try to develop these factors, which is more effective in the context of the vicious ones. Already, the theorist of factorial organization started from the ineffective behavioral indicators, instead of starting to stand behind it, and then try to construct more effective estimates. Submission of the factor analyst about the factor is not a lot of what to learn about the components or the basic changes in the minds of the theoreticians of the specialty. It’s not possible to visualize how to formulate a statement about the change, who are of great versatility and the folding of their behavior. The novelty of the approach is in the method of designation of the change. It’s a matter of memory, since I want groups or officials from outside to represent a special interest for those who represent the factorial analysis of the specialty, the types of factors cannot be mixed up. Bart (Burt, 1941), having widely accepted the description of the types of factors that can be based on factor analysis. Win vvazhaє, that there is a universal or general factor, that you start to show behind all the indicators, as well as private or group officials who play a role in the inventory of more than one indicator, but not all. Distant, there are one or more specific factors, but there is only one indicator; This led to the idea of one nutrition, which gave rise to the middle of the factorial analysis of the debate - nutrition about the development of orthogonal and non-orthogonal systems of officials and related factors in a different order. It is possible to say that in factorial analysis the factor is not guilty of being correlated with oneself (in a geometric sense, one to one goes straight cuts or being "orthogonal"), otherwise it is allowed to be corlyuvatious, so that the factor is not "faulty". The first position to take a number of faqivts on the factor analysis of the specialty, for example, Guilford (1959) - in conjunction with simplicity and efficiency. However, those, including Kettel, appear to be legitimate non-orthogonal factors on the basis of the fact that, in the light of particularities, it is possible to intercorrelate the picture, and to deprive the validity of the non-orthogonal factor. Victory of non-orthogonal factors is based on respect and inspiration. As factors correlate one with one, it is possible to repeat the factor analysis according to the correlation between factors, so that we can give us the factors of a different order. For example, factorization of tests of health is often reduced to such factors in the first order as "verbal swiftness", "rakhunky health", "spacious visualization", etc., as they themselves may tend to agree. It is possible to continue the factorization of the correlation between the first order civil servants, as well as the possibility of the appearance of one official of a different order to the type of "outward intelligence" or, perhaps, "verbal" and "non-verbal" factors, etc. As if it were a procedure, factor analysis can be spiteful, and wise old people in the whole region are specially trained, but win is not a substitute for good ideas and detailed knowledge of a pre-sentient phenomenon. So, Thurstone (Thurstone, 1948), discussing the robot of his psychometric laboratory, stverdzhu: We have a few hypotheses for the postulated officials, and there are few new testimonials, which may be less likely to come up with hypotheses. I will guess the aspect of factorial robotics, to develop the hostility about those, which factorial analysis is engaged in algebra and statistics. well, see if the results of the factor analysis are clear and clear, the interpretation is guilty of us only sub'active, like in be-yaky іnshіy science robot "
3.1 Cattell's factor theory.
In the person of Raymond Cattell, we know a pre-glorious person whose deep interest in some methods without sounding the spectrum of his interests in psychological tributes and problems. Factor analysis for a new boutique in a way, like a win vikoristovuvav, you can get rid of problems without any problems. Yogo theory is a process of drawing and systematizing the display, in the framework of factorial specialties. I have come to respect the previous ones, as the victors have adopted these methods, I would like to lie in the factor analysis in this position, but here I have seen the witnesses who have shown the most appreciated people. Winning Gordon Allport's mind is in the fact that this position can be precisely called the "theory of rice", and Kurt Levin - his good fortune to translate psychological ideas into clear mathematical formulas. However, the theoreticians, which were discussed in tsiy knizi, Kettel bolsh for all the nagadu, ymovirno. Henry Murray. Both have a wide outlook on the specialness, the offense has been created great, extensive theoretical systems, which include a lot of different classes of wintry. Both of them were able to fold the empirical picture of wide open spaces of a special sphere, and in both cases it called for the appearance of a great number of constructs, operatively linked with the data; often design to wear a wonderful name. Besides, offense to the theorist, I have a special respect for motivating constructive - Murray has a tse of consumers, Kettel has dynamical rice; offense to vicarist psychoanalytic formulas; nareshty, insult systematically discussed the theoretical status of the middle, and the specialness. Let us show you the opinion of them in the first place, and, of course, I respect Kettel for the private statistical methodology, factor analysis.
Yak and all theorists, who are turning to the method of factor analysis, Kettel bagatom of the stitches of Spirman's pioneering robots and the great boxes of Thurstone. His theoretical motives are closely tied to the motives of McDougall, whose glorious interest before the manifestation of great behavior and respect for the problems of self-determination can be seen in the lucky robots of Cattell. Details of the theoretical provisions of Cattell, must be applied to development, closely linked with the provisions of Freud and the onset of psychoanalysts.
The out-of-the-box panorama of the development of Kettel's creative psychologic interests can be found in sixty two articles, selected from the "Personality and social psychology" (1964). Kettel is also the author of numerical psychological tests, including "The culture free test of intelligence" (The culture free test of intelligence, 1944), "Test battery O-A" ( The O-A Personality Test Battery, 1954) and "sixteen-factor specialty opituvalnik" (spilno from Saunders D.R., Stice G.F., 1950). The system of constructs is proponated by Kettel - one of the most folding theories we have discussed. If the student wants to get hold of his characteristic "dreamer" and, in the case of a bagatech, there are empirical definitions on the display of a factor analysis, because of them they see the experimental simple behavioral evidence. Such a camp is right, however, Kettel seems to be easy to see, but to show the offensive quote: "Our knowledge of dynamic psychology has mainly come to the knowledge of the smart and natural methods, and in the other devil - the knowledge of the controlled perfectionist. the process of more over-priming on the basis of more pure statistical methods.
Kettel vvazhaє, for a more detailed description of a particularity, it is possible to understand in more detail what a theorist of transferring vicarious behavior to. In such a rank, the question is not even more important: "Specialism is the value that allows people to be transferred in a given situation. .. The specialty ... is tied to the behavior of the individual, both as a call and an internal one. "
It is clear that the emphasis is on those who have achieved special features that include "all" behavior - which is not against the necessary abstraction or segmentation, which may not be the case with the extraordinary empirical perception. It is not necessary to think about those who sense small segments of behavior can increase the amount of noise when looking at the wider system of the central functioning of the body.
Kettel is a specialty as a folding and differentiated structure of rice, de motivation is important to lay down in a subsystem of so called dynamic characteristics. As far as Kettel's presentation about the developmental rice and the performance of the witness, such as the specificity of the definition and the dynamic grid, it is possible to hunt for a wide concept of specialty. Discussion on the way to the development of a specialty, a look at the social context of a specialty and a short look at some typical methods to complete the picture. Risa is the most important to understand Cattell. As a matter of fact, a prescriptive understanding, as it is discussed, is well looked at as a special type of the out-of-the-box understanding. Behind the blame, perhaps, of Gordon Allport, Kettel looked at the witness and his position to those who were psychologically minded in greater detail, but not be a theorist. For new rice є "the mental structure", it is possible to rely on respect for the protection of behavior and for the regularity and narrowness of the behavior.
Central to Kettel's development of surface rice is represented by clusters of open-minded or specific mines, which are created by one alone, and by some kind of rice, which I imagine to lie in the basis of the winter, In such a rank, as a series of behavioral ponies is revealed, as they are created by one to one, we can see them as one snake. In medicine, they called it a syndrome, but here it is called the yak of surface rice. On the other hand, rice should be used only for additional factor analysis, which allows the presenter to evaluate the change or factor, which is the basis of the surface behavior.
Obviously, Kettel is more important than the surface. It’s not out of the question that these figures are more economical in the inventory, but the figures are less important, but it’s more important, because: “... neobhіdno nobility dwellers spravlyatisya rozvitku s problems, psychosomatic medicine, problems dinamіchnoї іntegratsії ... yak teper pokazuyut doslіdzhennya, tsі vihіdnі RISS vіdpovіdayut real unіtarnoyu forces - fіzіologіchnim, temperamentalnі faktorіv; steps dinamіchnoї іntegratsії; vіdkritostі sotsіalnih іnstitutіv - schodo yakih mozhna viyaviti bagato bіlshe, if the smell is good. "
Superficial rice is a product of interchangeable rice, and in general it is possible to ochikuvati, but the stench is less stable, less factor. Kettel viznaє, so that the surface of rice is better presented to the surface sposter, as it is more valence and comprehension, less vivid rice, some odors are suggested to the types of food, as there is a possibility to play on the base. However, with a respectful look, the rice itself appears more brown when assessing behavior.
Zrozumіlo, whether rice is isolated can represent the legacy of the factors of the middle, the decline, or the kind of madness of the same. Kettel vvazhaє, at that hour, as the surface of the rice can represent the result of the change in these factors, for the outward characteristics it is possible, as the minimum, the growth is quiet, and the decrease is seen, or, more broadly, the factor of the quiet Risi, yaki є the result of a series of minds otochennya, is called "rice, that is formed by the middle"; to visualize the decline of officials - "constitutional rice".
"Iaksho, as I allow for the rejection of the tribute, the reason for the additional factorization, of the indigenous rice, then this devil cannot be due to the decline and decline, and the middle age, but is guilty of the vitality of some other ... if you pour in, we can call them constitutional wilderness rice. my unique term "vrodzheniy", but everything that I know is the same, but it was just lying in the field of physiology and all the middle organism, which means congenital structure of deprivation can be introduced into the specialty of the chimos of the name ... Such kind of rice, which is manifested as a factor, or it can be called rice, which was shaped by the middle, the splinters of the ear are about the form of social institutions, the structure of the formation of the structure.
The figure can also be developed from the point of view of the pivoting modality. As soon as the stench is blown straight into the song, then it is dynamical rice; as long as the stench is tied for the effectiveness of the individual meti, then the price is rice-building. For the stench can be tied to constitutional aspects of reactions, such as speed, energy, emotional reactivity, and in all the way the stench is called temperamental rice. In addition to the three basic modalities, Cattel in the rest of the robots comes with a special respect for the past and fluctuates the structures of the specialties, including the stance and the roles. Take an hour to discuss Kettel's glance at the structure of the specialty, to manually discuss the combination of relatively stable and stable rice - healthy and temperamental rice, while dynamic rice, so that you can borrow thaw for stability, industrial in position
Good temperamental rice. From the point of view of Kettel, there are three main dzherela tributes about specialty: records about life, or L-dan, self-evaluating expert, or Q-dan, і an active test, or T-dan. The first of them, L-dans, can, in principle, include real recordings of the behavior of people in suspensions, for example, in schools, for example, if you want to practice Kettel, thank you for the brilliant assessments, who are well aware of the situations in life. Samootsinka (Q-danі), navpaki, including the power of the people over the strong-willed behavior, and, in such a rank, the "mental inter'er" before the new re-structure, included in the L-danikh. The objective test (G-dan) is based on the third option, the establishment of special situations, in which the behavior of people may be objectively judgments. With these situations, there can be manuscripts from the factory, or the stench can come from behind the additional developmental apparatus. Cattel and Yogo Bulli spirits are viciously successful in the development and adaptation of tests; the compendium includes a copy of 400 tests.
Kettel shukav is able to make a general assessment of the specialties, here it is, on the basis of that, on the basis of the factorial analysis of the three and not just artifacts. The results of twenty or thirty factor analyzes, which were taken by Kettel and his teachers for the last ten years, should be brought up to date, so that on the basis of behavioral and pedagogical assessments the given factor structure appears to be the same factor structure. Activities in the cich pre-admission populations included a number of vikov groups (adults, children, children) and representatives of the decile regions (USA, Britain, Australia, New Zealand, France, Mexico, Italy, Argentina, Argentina) factor may be deyaku steps of spirituality. It means, that those preachers, victorious people, how important it is for me to describe the particular systems and repetitive officials in the sphere of specialty, but to find the factories of Kettel to become just one set of things, in my opinion empirical data.
3.2 Eysenck's theory
Deyakі aspects of the robotic energy and prolific British psychologist are discussed in the section assigned to S-R theories. Eysenck vbachak in the specialty of the administrative organization. The tipi is seen on the most important place. On the offensive ryvnі - rice, wihіdnі rice according to Kettela іmovіrno be brought to the whole ryvnya. Bottom - the level of specific reactions, at the bottom - the specific reactions, really behavioral. At the same time, Eysenck analyzes the specialty in three straight lines: neuroticism, extraversion-introversion and psychotism. A great empirical robot is built with the first two factors. Nagadaєmo, Kettel, on the basis of the given assessments, and the experience of officials of a different order, such as those who are in vvazhaє, approximately correspond to the two main parameters of the specialness of Eysenck. Eysenk podіlyа tsyu point to the point, ale vvazhaє, so that the analysis is more theoretically meaningful and more based on empirics. Eysenck, yak and Kettel, victorious in assessments, educators, situational tests and physiological assessment in case of pre-existing special factors. Yoogo also tsіkavilo nutrition about the inflow of decline in the specialty (so it is, like і Kettela), and іn provіdіngennya in the whole area, іs glaring in tandem with cіm like neuroticism, so і extroversion - introversion. The methodological innovation of Eysenck in the field of factor analysis is important - the method of critical analysis, de factor in the analysis is specified in such a rank, in order to give the maximum separation of a specific criterion group. So, in the factor of neuroticism, Eysenck viviriv the factor in such a rank, that it is as clear as possible the development of a group of neurotic and non-neurotic soldiers. In the rest of the robots, having called the officials of the specialty with the singing basic processes of the beginning, Eysenck opened the door to the right.
3.3 J.P. Gilford's theory
However, in the psychological light, Gilford is the most familiar with robots in the field of intelligence and creativity, as well as for the first time in statistics and psychometric methods. Protectively, the factorial analysis of rice is a specialty to go as a minimum until the ear of the 1930s, if it was published in the article, like a nicholas, but it was not possible to find the name of one official of the Institute of Introversion-Extroversion in the history of reality. An innocent inheritance of a lifetime of being an opytuvlik, titles "Looking at temperament according to Guildford and Zimmermann" before thinking, putting to people, manhood. Mіzh cim pereіkom і team, by giving Kettel, you can visit the hall. Empirical predictions, in which the same sub-subjects were given a 16-factor kittel's optometrist and the Gilford-Zimmerman method, showed that offended systems of factors would rather be rich in one and the same area of specialty, but the same factor. Imovirno, to the deyakoi world it will be explained to you, that Gilford vazha for beautifully creeping with orthogonal factors, as Kettel doesnít imply obovyazkovim. Take a look at the peculiarity of Guilford, having looked at the book "Personality" (Guilford, 1959), in which there is a strong emphasis on factorial-analogical predictions: supernicks ". Gilford, yak і Eysenck, looking at the specialty yak іnrarchіchnu structure of rice, from wide types at the tops, through the primary rice to the hex (to reach specific dispositions, suitable for the caddies) and - at the bottom іvnі - specific. Gilford is also known for the scope of specialty. Three of them: the sphere of health, the sphere of temperament, the hormic sphere, approximately according to the health, temperament and dynamic characteristics according to Cattel. In addition, Gilford introduced a class of pathology parameters in order to find special damage. Gilford loves organizing parameters in whether it is from a number of spheres in a trivial rectangular table, or a matrix, in such a skin aspect, a factor is seen as a larger function, or how to appear in a singing sphere of behavior. So, in the area of temperament, the parameter "positive-negative" in the out-of-the-box behavior is the factor "in fancy versus dissension", in the area of emotionalism, the factor is “bador versus fear”.
It means that the principle of organizing itself is not a factorial analysis, but an interpretation or schematization, such factors can be arranged in order, and how you can send a message to new tables to allow for empty tables. In the field of goodness, the model is "structure to intelligence" according to Guildford.
4. "Motivational" concept (DK McClelland).
Behavior of a special function is based on the behavior of children and women (cognitive units, which make the drive change and synchronicity in the future) and real outcomes. Positive (delivering satisfaction) and negative (viciously dissatisfied) emotions and negative reactions to seemingly small and great disparities between deceiving and coming. Positive emotions lead to closeness, while negative effects lead to unification. People are pushed to small steps of non-transfer (non-transfer), they will compensate for the nudge, and the uniqueness of the great steps of non-transfer, will be polluted.
Osobist_st describe such characteristics: motives, figures, schemes. The motive is a strongly affective association, as it is characterized by a proactive target reaction and is based on the past link of specific stimuli and positive or negative affections.
You can talk about the motives of the approach, in which people are pragmatic, how their anticipation has become reality, and the motives are unique, if people do not give their anticipation to become reality. Due to the fact that they are different from each other and I want to hunt fathers in child experiences (little ones are great), the child develops a set of behavioral patterns and similar motivations. Rice - a human tendency to react, I didn’t succeed in the past with similar motivations (I was successful in responding to a greater level of success in similar situations in the past, if I had similar motivations). The scheme is one of the recognition or the process of misinformation, which is displayed in the symbolic form of the past. There are three main classes of schemes - ideas, values and social roles.
VISNOVOK
The theory of particularity, based on factorial analysis, depicts the current interest of psychology to certain methods, and, in its turn, know the image of the great number of specially organized specialties. Gilford, Eysenck, Cattel, yak and іnshi, who were working in tsiy galuzi showed their readiness to re-develop their theoretical ideas in empirical projects. On the basis of some of the psychological theories, there are no tendencies to the development of abstract abstractions at that hour, as the empiric goes far on a different plane.
LITERATURE
1. Gerald Blum "Psychoanalytic theory of specialness" Translated by AB Khavin M .: "KSP", 1996
2. Gordon Allport "The Basic Principles of Psychology of Specialism" Translated by L. Trubitsina and D. Leontyev Allport G.W. Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955 In: G. Allport. Formation of specialness. Vibranі pratsі. M.: "Sens", 2002, pp. 166-216 Terminological revision by V. Danchenko K.: PSYLIB, 2005
3. Kelvin S. Hall, Gardner Lindsey "Theory of specialness" I.B. Grinshpun's translation C.S.Hall, G. Lindsey. Theories of Personality New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1970 M.: "KSP +", 1997 Terminological revision by V. Danchenko K.: PSYLIB, 2005
4. Larry Hjell, Deniel Zigler "Theories of the specialness of the basic position, pre-lingering and storing" Translation by S. Melenevskaya and D. Viktorova L. Hjelle, D. Ziegler. Personality Theories: Basic Assumptions, Research, and Applications 3rd ed .: McGrow-Hill, 1992; SPb.: Peter Press, 1997. Termіnological revision by V. Danchenko K.: PSYLIB, 2006
5. "Basic psychodiagnostics of methodical instructions" Author-organizer OV Bulova Novosibirsk: Scientific-Naval Center of Psychology of NSU, 1996.
6. "Psychological theory and concept of specialty, short guide" In the book: Ermine P., Titarenko T. (ed.) Psychology of specialty: vocabulary-guide. K.: "Ruta", 2001
7.Olisev O.P. Workshop on the psychology of specialness - SPb., 2003
8. General psychology of texts in three volumes Volume 2 Vidannya friend, revised and updated Revised editor VV Pєtukhov Editors - contributors Yu. B. Dormash, S.А. Kapustin Moscow UMK "Psychology" Genesis 2001
psychology specialties in the zagaly and її in the aspect ... which are overwhelming with positive characteristics; rice character, in which also ...19. structural theory rice with specialty p. Kettella. Category of rice specialties. Temperamental rice r. Kettella (describe).
At the meeting of the Bagatykh theorists of Cattel, there have not been many clerical warnings, but rather intuitive statements about the nature of humans. Nawpaki, yogo pіdhіd mіtsno filing on victorian exact empіrіchnі methodsіvіdіzhennya.
Win vvazhaє, so it’s like Allport, that special rice is the core of the structure of the specialty, and, in the finnage, the stench is indicative of those who will be robbing people in the given situation. Yak і Allport, Kettel Razrіznyє zagalnі and unique rice.
It is well known to Kettell, the specialness is the same, which allows us to transfer the behavior of people in the given situation.
Structural principle: categories of rice specialties
Unimportant to the firmness of Kettela about those who behave like a fashionable rice and a situation of winter, and who is responsible for organizing the concept of the specialness of a field in the descriptions of the young types of rice. Zgіdno Kettela, rice specialties are an admittedly persistent tendency to react as a singing rank in winter situations and at an early hour. The spectrum of these tendencies is superbly great. As it seems, rice is a hypothetical psychic structure, it appears in behavior, as it enlightens the power to come and, however, in different circumstances, at the end of the hour. Draw the specialties to represent the style and transfer of psychological characteristics and, insanely, the most important in the concept of Cattel.
Top rice - top rice.
surface of rice is the supreme behavioral characteristics, which, when spared, appear in a "nervous" unity. On the other hand, there is a tendency to show underexposure, nonsense and unrepentant things, but they can be tightly tied one to one, and fold the surface between neuroticism. Here neuroticism is supported by a set of interconnected visible elements, and not one of them. Fragments of the surface of rice do not seem to be of the same basis and of the hourly steel, Kettel is not important for explaining behavior.
vyhіdnі rice, Navpaki, є basic structures, yaki, yak vvazhaє Kettel, set up blocks of self-awakening specialties. It is because of the fact that the factor, which starts in the endless rakhunka, is the steel, which spurs on in the behavior of the people. Vykhіdnі rice іsnіyu on "lіboko" іvnі іvnі іvnі vіdnіvnі form of behavior stretching for trivial period of an hour.
having spent a lot to a robot According to the factorial analysis, Kettel works on the basis that the basic structure of the specialty is approved by approximately sixteen distinct rice (Table 6-3). The factor of rice is special, it’s better, it’s more like a scale, but now it’s used for the first time: the teacher of Kettel “Sixteen special factors. so and in theoretical literature.
Below is a discussion of the outgoing characteristics, such as assessing for the supplementary operator "16 PF".
The main types of figures that appear behind the assistant of the teacher Kettel "Sixteen Special Factors" (16 PF)
A: chuiness - vidnosti
B: Intellect
C: Emotional stability - emotional stability
E: dominance - order
G: Certainty-insensitiveness
H: Smile-fearfulness
I: Hardness - hardness and in.
Constitutional rice - rice, molded by the navkolishny middle. Zgіdno Kettela, species of rice can be divided into two types - in fallowness from dzherela. constitutional rice Developed from biological and physiological data from the individual. For example, being drawn out of addiction to cocoa can be the reason for rapacious urgency, driving, and unrepentance. Kettel mig bi stverdzhuvati, which is similar to the behavior є the inherited change in the physiology of people and, such a rank, depicts constitutional rice.
Rice, molded by a colossal middle, Navpaki, stocked with infusions in social and physical development. The figure shows the characteristics and styles of behavior, learned in the process of working, and shape the model, to be adjusted in a special way. Tom, a lyudin, yak grew up on the farm of Serednye Zakhod, behaving differently, like a lyudin, yak spent her life in a small town.
Good health, temperament and dynamic rice. Vykhіdnі rice, in its own devil, can be classified in terms of modality, behind the addition of which stench swirls. hello how to figure out how to start living in people's minds and how effective it is in the reach of the family. Intellect, musical health, healthy-motor coordination - the axis of deyaky butt health. rice temperament to be applied to the same emotional and stylistic qualities of behavior. On the other hand, people can do things over and over again. The stench can react to the crisis calmly or hysterically. Kettel looks at the temperament like constitutional vikhidnі rice, which visually starts the egocy of people. nareshty , dynamic rice to visualize the motivations of the behavior of people. Tse risi, scho activate і directly sub'єkta to specific goals. So, for example, a person can be characterized as being ambitious, as pragmatic to power, or in the harness of material goods.
Zagalny rice - unique rice. Yak і Allport, Kettel perekonniy in that, which is a great sense of the classifіkuvati rice on the back and forth. Rice chapel- the tse taka of rice, like a presence in the stage of growth among all representatives of the same and the same culture. For example, self-assessment, intellect and introversion are referred to as fig.
unikalny rice- tse takі rice, yakі є deprived of nebagatokh or zagalі from someone alone. Kettel transmission, which is unique rice, especially often appears in the spheres of interest and attitudes. For example, Salli is Edina Lyudina, who picked up a collection of stories about the child's mortality in Sweden and Canada in 1930. Not all people, who are so zealous to know, have shared their interest.
Practically all of Kettel's pre-seasoned rice, albeit unique rice gives the possibility of attributing the unique individuality of people. Wine is also great, as the organization itself of the rice in the specialty is unique. However, we didn’t want to overstep the meaning of Kettel’s recognition of the unique combination of rice in the skin of a particular person. As a matter of fact, it was more important to understand the basic principles of behavior, not the specialty of a particular individual.
For the breadth and scale of the message in the sphere of specialism, absolutely, Kettell is a great viznannya, as the most suitable personologist of our hour. Yogo science and pre-slidnitsa activity spurred on to all aspects that could be important for the theory of specialness - structure, development, motivation, psychopathology, mental health and changes. Yogo zusilla from prompting the theory, based on the technology of exact vimiryuvan, truly hostile. It means one of the last messengers, Kettel is one of the most successful people: "It means that Kettel's original program in terms of specialization was the result of a highly sophisticated theoretical system, which was based on a lot of big eggs. , the theory of Cattel did not reject proper assessments from the bagatokh personologists, since they were critical of the specialness of the people, and was deprived of a wide range of ideas. , as well as the sub-activities of the proponents of the formula, interpretation and names of the main rice, taken by the statistical method. structure and function of specialty. a short look to serve as an incentive for students to become more serious about the theory of Cattel. It is especially recommended for a robot to write, as a student of the rest of the university course, "Scientific analysis of specialness".
Theories began to evolve to expand the factor analysis of both the instrument of numbers, definition and classification. Psychological preliminaries of factorial theories of bully are based on empirical dosage Individual characteristics of the specialty. Most popular factor theory of disintegration by Cattell, Eysenck.
In factorial theories, the specialty is to be seen as to be stored in stable internal officials, to summarize individual views. In ts_y theoretical framework pratsyuvali Allport, Eysenck, Cattell.
R.B. Cattell's theory go from the "theory of rice" and inspire on the basis of a special profile. A motivational construct for the spaciousness of a special sphere є dynamic rice, the structure of which is the form of day-to-day specialty (rice is described as a "mental structure", which is considered as a behavior, which promotes its regularity and use).
The specialty is the price of rice, which allows the transfer of diy people in daniysituations. Vona is tied yak from the call, so from the inner behavior of the individual. By the method of psychological insights into the specialness є the establishment of laws, people follow them in typical social situations.
The structure of the specialty of Kettell has developed in the surface and in the primary rice. surface rice- a whole cluster of open-ended, call-out, sub-one-to-one in a series of behavioral acts. Variety rice lies in the basis of superficial behavioral rice, which is more stable, important, giving a very good assessment of behavior and starting only by the method of factor analysis. Whether rice is isolated with a single product of the factors of the middle and slump, or the overheated one of the sides ("rice, which is formed by the middle" and "constitutional rice").
For the functional familiarity Kettell saw the following:
dynamically, to prevent the activity of an active child,
rice-building, zooming in
temperamental, tied to the constitutional factor, which appears in efficiency, energy, emotional reactivity.
More structures and specialties of Cattell are introduced to roles and roles.
Kettell having primed the system (dzherela) otrimannya tribute about the person. At the present time I will describe the specialties in terms of temperament, healthiness and those of the rice wines, proponing the "specificity of the family" for the integral assessment of the specialty. Prediction of behavior of a particularity in the applied plan is within reach of the minds of the "rice profile" and the profile of the index of psychological situations. In the process of development of a specialness, changes and structures are observed.
theory of G.Yu. Aysenk
Eysenkom Bula has broken up the chotiiririvneva organizational structure of behavior.
lower r_ven- specific activities for thinking, individual way of behavior. The stench may be the characteristics of the specialty. All lie at the level of vitality.
Another rіven - zvichnі dії abo thoughts. Tse reactions, as for singing minds are repeated. Such reactions occur regularly. Smells are seen behind the additional factor analysis of specific reactions.
third stage – rice. It’s more important to have power. Vona is formed from decilkoh vzamopov'yazanikh zvichnyh reactions. Behavioral characteristics of rice are followed by additional factor analysis of specific reactions. Most of the 35 normal and abnormal basic officials of Kettell remain until the third level.
quarters- the most important part of the organization of behavior - rіven types or a superfactor. The type is formed from decorative knitted rice.
One can see such a type - extroversion - introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism - as part of the normal structure of specialness. All three types of bipolar:
Extraversion - Introversion,
neuroticism - stability,
psychoticism is stronger than "supergo".
Bipolarity is not about respect for the belonging of more people, be it to the pole.
Find out the suvorі psychometric proof of the skin factor snapping (the older ones also discouraged it - Kettell)
Suvor's heart is the biological basis of the skin factor (the level of measles in the brain is the disease in introverts, the activity of the lymbic nervous system is in people with a high level of neuroticism, the level of testosterone is in people with a high level of psychoticism).
All three types of senses are infused into behavior (described by Jung, Freud).
All three types are tied with practical food - drugs, sex, evil, creativity, cancer.
In case of pre-existing specialties, Eysenck is also victorious in the methods of assessment, optometrists, situational tests, physiological tests, and also in the role of decline.
By adding Eysenck to the field of factorial analysis, the development of the technique of critical analysis, which allowed him to see specific criteria groups as much as possible. For example, differentiate the contingent of neuroticism.
Not less important conceptual provisions of Eysenck і the idea of those, that the decline factor of mentalities from the mentalities of people in terms of the parameters of the reactivity of the autonomous nervous system, the speed and mentalities of the intellectual reactions, i.e., by genotypes and phenotypic characteristics Extroversion - Introversion.
Reactive mental retardation with mental retardation to neurotic derailment, and individuals, easily form intelligent reactions, demonstrate introversion in behavior. People with a lack of education before the formation of intellectual reactions and autonomous reactivity, often for those who are sick to fears, phobias, obsessions and obsessions. Neurotic symptoms. In general, neurotic behavior is inherited, based on the reaction of fear and anxiety.