Solidified colleagues. Colleges. Control over the activity of state services

lat.) - establish central powers, set by Peter I in the course of reforms of state administration. At the heart of the robots are the new state institutions, which were approved in the process of re-awakening the orders of the system, and the collegial principle of management was assigned.

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COLLEGES

1 ... (Lat., Od. Ch. Collegium) in Dr. Rimi are collectives or alliances of individuals, united by a professional profession, or by a cult. They were raised by K. priest (pontiffs, augurs, vestals, etc.), Remisnichi, funeral, religious. In 1 st. BC e. nabuli of a special meaning of crafts. K. and K. residents of the quarters, who took an active part in political life. fight. K. Bouli was released by Caesar, and later renewed by August. Under the imperii K., they could turn out to be deprived with the permission of the pr-va. K.'s unlawfulness was harshly overseen. The order of the increase in the number of trad. K. are new: augustals, who led the cult of the emperor and were criminally patronized by his intercessor, the home colleges of the common slave prince, the descendent of the patron’s genius, K. veterans and іn. At 4-5 st. membership in big crafts. K. will start primus. In the case of the skin Do you have a sv_y patron (inodі kіlka), beckon a senator or a verdict. Zbori zbori robbed magistrates K. List of members exchanged glances skin 5 rocks. K. Malaya kasu, his own adherence, vivtari, special religious rituals, and the members were respected by the close ones, as relatives of K. could be vilny, vilny people, rabbis, women. Lit.: Kulakovskiy Y., Colleges in Dr. Rome, K., 1882; Shtaerman Є. M., Workers' Colleges and Priests in the Period of Empire, "VDI", 1950, No 3; Waltzing J. P., Etude historique sur les corporations professionelles chez les Romaines ..., v. 1-4, Louvain, 1895-1902. 2 ... Centre. install in Russia, where were the dep. galuzami kept. management. Great shortcomings of the mandate management - the bulk and fragmentation of the state. management, the visibility of centralization and a clear sub-function of the functions and instructions - galvanized for the centralization of the state. governing the sleep. To that in-in Peter I on the post. 18th century began to reorganize the center. apparatus. Without a bargain, after being approved by the Senate (1711), they began to work out the projects of the Western K. In 1715, the protagonist of K. - Komerts-K started. In 1717, the boules were established by the states and were designated by the President of the first 10 K.: The College of the Earth's Rights, the Council of the Council of the People, the Admiralty College, the Chamber of the College, the State Office of the College, the Revolutionary College of the College, the Youth -collegiate. The presidents of K. Bully Naybilsh are close associates of Peter I: A. D. Menshikov, G. I. Golovkin, F. M. Apraksin, P. P. Shafirov, Ya. V. Bruce, A. A. Matvev, P. A. Tolstoy and I. In 1718-1720, the regulations of the large capital of Kazakhstan were stored, and their functions, structure, staffing, and also the General Regulations of Kazakhstan (+1720) were established. The presence of the President, Vice President, 4 Radniks, 4 Assessors and Secretaries was in the office. gobov'yazanі boules are going to be picked up for virіshennya ref. The staff of K. included a secretary, a notary, a transfer, an actuary, a copy, a registry and a clerk. Under K., a fiskal was formed, and a prosecutor, who controlled K.'s activity, was ordered to the Emperor and the Senate. At the Moscow boulevard of the branch office of K. Mizh K. carried out more clear functions, the court and finances were adjudicated from the administration, the centralization of the apparatus was made possible. K. bouli ustanovami z general. competence. In general, the introduction of K. has become an important stage in the formalization of the noble-bureaucratic absolute monarchy in Russia, if K. has not achieved a further centralization of management. At 18 st. K.'s number was not permanent. In 1722 Bula, for example, Lіkvіdovan revіzіynoї service Do. and newly updated. For the management of Ukraine in 1722, the Malorosijska kollegiya was established, and for the most part - the kollegiya ekonomii (thousand seven hundred and twenty shist), Yustits-K. Livonian, Estlyandsky and Finnish references (bl. +1725) і Camera-office LIFLI., Estl. і Finl. ref (1 736). During the offensive of Peter I, they carried out a narrow class. noble politician, timchasovo boules lіkvіdovani Manufaktur-K., Berg-K. і Ch. magistrat. In 1763, the Medicna K. was established at the link with the provincial reform of 1775 and the branches on the places of widespread framing were established, to which it passed to mean. part of the functions K., In the 80s, pp. 18th century Shtate-, reviziynoї, Chambers- and Justitz-K. boules lіkvіdovani, іnshі K. were carried out until och. 19th century, if the bully was chained at the link with the former centralization of the state. management and introduction of xv-v. Lit.: Voskresensky N.A., Legislative. act of Peter I, t, 1, M.-L., 1945; Hold. install Russia in the 18th century. Prep. to friend A. V. Chernov, M., 1960; Berendts E. N., Baron A. X. von Luberas і yo note about pristіy kollegіy in Russia, St. Petersburg, 1891; yogo, Nesk. words about the "colleagues" of Peter the Great, J., 1896; Narisi іstorії SRSR. Period of feudalism. Russia first. worms. XVIII century, M., 1954.S. M. Troitsky. Moscow.

	Name	competence
1.	Vіyskova collegia	army
2.	Admiralty College	fleet
3.	Collegia of alien (іnzemnichnyh) right	Zovnishnya policy
4.	Berg-collegia	Important prominence
5.	Manufactory-collegia	Easy prominence
6.	Komerts-collegia	Trade
7.	Camera collegia	sovereigns come
8.	State-collegia	State vitrati
9.	Reviziynoy service of the collegium	Control over finances
10.	Justic-collegia	Control over the judiciary
11.	patrimony of the collegia	landholding
12.	head magistrate	Miske management

The collectives of the private boulevard are staffed with foreigners, so the Russian is not too small for the notice of such robots. At the same time, Petro sent 40 Russian to Prussia to read the instructions for managing the galuzy of the sovereign state dignity.

Before Peter, Russia was going through a lot of people and space. Petro will be served at 11 province, Yaki, in their own capacity, were adopted in provinces and districts (poviti). The provinces were ruled by governors, in provinces the sovereign power was represented by the governors. Governors and governors of the order were sent to the Senate. The governors ruled their territory socially with radniks (landrates), who robbed themselves from the middle ranks of the local nobility. Ask for more voices. Pershochergov's task of the governors is to overhaul taxes to the treasury, recruiting and supply of work force for the future in St. Petersburg. The owner of the ship in the provinces was so called "judge above the war."

Miske population bulo vivedeno from the order of the governor. There is little power in the management organization. The city dwellers were fond of three groups. Before the first, there were lots of merchants, manufacturers, maestri golden and middle-class references. Before the other - other traders and craftsmen. Until the third - chornorobi. The first two groups were called guilds... The stench of the Vlasny court was mali, they were vibrating the Vlast Kerivniks - the elders.

At the provincial townships there were boules of magistrates, which included the president, 2 burgomasters and 4 Ratman, all of them were robbed by the community, and they entered one of the guilds. The magistrates were happy with the guild's elders at their own business.

The provincial magistrates, minayuchi of the governor, were subordinated to the Main St. Petersburg magistrate, which in its turn was subordinated to the Senate. The head magistrate of the dbav about the development of industry and trade in the provinces; The Senate was informed about the state of affairs in the places of that collegium about the state of industry and trade in the province.

The central place in the reformatory activity of Peter the Great was occupied by the Viy's reform, which made a great inflow into all spheres of life of the Russian administration and the active call of the policy of Peter the Great, which became the foundation of the Russian government. Peter went to establish a regular professional army, based on recruiting and creative work of victorious leaders of the Western European thought. Forward, the Russian army and the navy canceled the statues, in which there were a number of obov'yazki in all vіyskovy posad and rank. The statutes were passed on and the rules of the construction and the sea-sea service. With a cob of Pivnichnoy vіyny vіysko Rossіya promoted by the way of recruiting recruits. Recruits were supplied by representatives of the singing number of big souls. Merchants could be bought out of a recruitment, bringing in 100 rubles for a skin recruit in the storehouse. Vіyskova bullet service without a string. The exhibition was discarded even by the older ones, or the serious injuries of the service providers were discarded.

Before the end of the tsar of Peter I, the Russian army of the bulwark was brought to 200 thousand. New and old wars. In addition, the cossack parts were removed in a number of 100 yews. Cholovik. Regular units in the hour of peace were distributed in the provinces, in the booths of the townspeople and the villagers. The Russian fleet consists of 48 great liner ships and 800 other ships. The statute of the sea service Petro has pawned at the Dutch. Before the warehouse of shipyards consisted of 28,000 people. Recruits were taken to the service of the navy, as they grew on the birch of the sea, for the great rika, and they sounded to the water. Before marine services so they welcomed children of soldiers and sailors.

With the vіyskovyu reform bully tіnіtо tied the re-implementation in the Russian economy. The economic policy of Peter has denied the name of the policy mercantilism... Depending on the order, all expensive metals and goods are sold exclusively to the state. The governors and the goiters of the crops' knitted boules take the development of the form of cinnamon copalins. Great respect for the trade. At the same time zahochuvavsya viviz goods from Russia with the addition of the state storehouse.

In his own legislation, Petro has amassed all the promises of the Silk state. Win dbav about the development of winemaking, dealing with the problems of horse-making and vegetable production. Having developed the development of crafts, having sent for the cordon to navchannya Russian minds. Having asked for the cordon of the fakhivts, they rallied the great pennies.

The respect for the metallurgical production was great, the products of which were victorious for the production of goods. The Petrovsky era has prompted more than 200 factories in the Urals and in the other regions of the country. Inspired by the state of the enterprise, as a rule, they were passed on in private hands. The guests were introduced to the small pilgrims and privileges. It was forbidden to import virobi into the land, viroblen by Russian manufactories. For Peter, new galusa industries appeared, such as tsukrov, metallurgy, woolen cloth, linen, stationery, decorative folds and mirrors, seam fabrics, etc. Winnted by the nobles, they took up the promiscuous virobnastics. At the beginning of the shareholder partnerships. In 1721, the decree, allowing the breeders, did not belong to the nobility, kupuvati villagers to their factories. The whole decree of the negative inheritance, splintering the possibility of formulating in Russia the market of vilnonaymanogo pratsi.

At the Petrovsky era, they have taken away a significant development of the name-and-economy links. In the end of the tsar Peter from Russia, goods were transported for 2.4 million rubles, and imported for 1.6 million. penny reform, Vvіv in obіg gold chervіntsі, average rubles and pіvkarbovanіtsya ,інshі big other coins.

The great vitrati for the utmost effort of the army made Peter shukati more profitable. Win viv podniy tribute, coat of arms papir, power under the new monopoly for the sale of wine, tyutyun, salt. Buv introductions of a tribute for the right to wear a beard. tax people They were sent without a ship to the city of St. Petersburg, the fortress and ships. The managers of the economic reforms, the necessary money for the treasury, grew from 3 to 10 million rubles.

Important changes have been seen in the social sphere. For Peter I, the high camp in the state was reached by people for their goodness and merits, and not for the nobility of their prowess, as it was before. All the people who served were rejected in the period of Tsar Peter, I will call one “noblemen”. Zvannya boyar bulo skewed. The regulation document was the "Table of Ranks", adopted in 1722 by the Skinner from the 14th Classes, given the rank of singing (I will be sent to the Civil Service). Access to the nobility by the nobility of the service kar'єri buv vidkritiy for representatives of usikh stan_v.

If I’m a lyudin from the first I’ll become, like a doyag at the service of an officer’s rank, or a doyag at the civil service of the VIII class, becoming a recessionary nobleman. Mali's nobles could serve all their lives and perform their services, either in times of ailment, or because of their elders. Noblemen, who escaped from the service, letting the patrimonies and maetkivs go. Chi did not master the basics of literacy. Having respected Petro, the nobility of the family without service does not mean anything to become the head of the nobleman, "for the sake of such a noble and visible to the commoner."

By the decree of 1714, Petro reworked the shirt into decaying power, so it itself was earlier in the fiefdoms, albeit for the price of vimag in the pre-service. For the third decree, the assistant, vmirauchi, goiters will be able to transfer everything to the elder synovi or vzagal to one of the blues. The Іnshі blue didn’t get rid of anything, but they didn’t get rid of it. Zaboronyalsya selling the family patrimony of the mother in the wrong hands. Tsim Petro thought that the nobles did not have a prescriptive way of life, because they were all robbed of the state service, or they were engaged in crafts and trade. The crushing of matkіv was the reason for the fall in the statehood of the Bagatyokh noble priesthoods, and it seized the vikonannya of sovereign duties.

For the cathedral order of Oleksiy Mikhailovich, the villagers hoche and once the boules were attached to the pomp, they did not stench the pomp, they didn’t have much of their power, they put hulks in the villages, the elders were selected. U 1718-1724 rr. Buv conducting census (reviziya) of the entire population of the country. Villagers bully zakryplenі for pomіchiki.

All the population of the population, with the blame of noblemen and clergy, repaired from 1717 -1724 rr. began to pay podpodaty... Vona bore the character of the fixation and the motivation of the villagers to rozoruvati the great dilyanki of the land, the townspeople and the remnants of the shukati didn’t get the income, as well as the development of the economy and the improvement of the sovereign budget. At the same time, without being a differentiated tax, it brought the population to the next generation of the most popular vernaculars.

Pragmatic to put the church in the service of the state, Peter the Great introduced the church reform. After the death of Patriarch Adrian (1700), who overshadowed the re-creative spirit of Peter in Russia, he was left behind to reform the government of the church. Zaviduvannya її on the right has been handed over to the Ryazan Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky with the title "guarding the patriarchal throne." In 1721, the Holy One will begin to sleep for the management of the church right Synod... The name of the Holy One symbolized the patriarch of the good, and the general government of the Synod, the same power and the same rights as mali.

The synod was formed from decilkoh of spiritual persons, which is recognized as a tsar, as they are guilty of collegially virishuvati church rights. Having chastised the Synod by the President. The first president of the bouv Stefan Yavorskiy. Sposterіgav for the dіyalіstu synod from the state, the chief prosecutor, the sign of the king. The Synod's virtue was interchanged by "spiritual regulations", which we add to one of the closest teachers of Peter, Archbishop Feofan Prokopovich.

The foreigners who settled in Russia were given the opportunity to manage their religious consumption in churches. It was also allowed to enter into a relationship with representatives of the other confessions. Petro pinned down the perezlidvannya rozkolnikov, allowing him to direct his divine service. However, he won’t get rid of the state service and promote his own religion. For the sake of the stench of guilt, you must wear a special dress and pay a submission.

Peter I owe merit to the establishment in Russia of the Holy (not church) system of education. For children of noblemen and officials in provinces, the so-called "elementary schools" were called, for children there were reading, letters, arithmetic and geometries. Moscow has a "mathematical school" іrzemnі movi The graduates of the cikh school were started as teachers in elementary schools, and so they themselves could continue their education in "technical special schools", such as the Morska Academy, Engineering and Artillery schools, a school for children, a medical school.

After one hour from the rise in price for the cordon, Petro got to know with the nimetsky Leibnitz, which in the first need to get married to the Russian Academy of Sciences, in order to request on a contract basis the scholars from Nimechchin and Switzerland. The Academy of Bula opened in 1725 after the death of Peter, however, I took a significant library for her and opened the Kunstkamera. At the Petrovsk epoch, it will soon be possible to transfer books from Western European books to Russian. Krim of Moscow, bully see a friend in St. Petersburg and a Russian friend in Holland.

For the book of svitskogo character of the boole, a huge abetka was folded, in the words of the word "letters" the bullets were more rounded, close to the Latin, old-language alphabet was lost only in church schools. For Peter, bully overruled grammars, vocabulary, calendars, handlers from other subjects.

The newspaper "Vedomosti", which traveled to Moscow, was published in Russia by the Persha in Russia. The newspaper in St. Petersburg began to look like a drukarsky way. Petro led the collection and retribution of literature and letters, which were acquired in monasteries and churches. With such a rank, for the squares of the boule, the immaculate memory of the old Russian writing was preserved.

With the initiative of the tsar Bully organized scientific expeditions from the vivchennya outskirts of the country, the spring of Siberia. Scientists of the Maritime Academy of Folk storage of bagatokh objects, which made it possible for me to put together a map of Russia. Messages from the Expeditionary Vitus Bering to the channel, the names of the years.

Petro has become a master of literacy as a provider of the rules and norms of behavior in the Russian suspension. The book "Youth garlic mirror for showing the everyday life ”. They have rules of behavior for young people in suspensions and at home. You can see the book by S. Puffendorf "About the planting of the people and the hulk". Pragnuchi to the Europeanization of zvichayev, Petro, having forcibly fenced off the fathers, will freeze or make friends with his children. For 6 years before the wedding, the enlistment was given, the nominations and the nominations could be known and given their share. The woman’s self-consciousness. Smells boomed equal participants of the assemblies, as they vlashtovuyutsya after the order of Peter in the booths of nobles and wealthy people. The assemblies were brought in by officials, officers, noble merchants, maestri. Every guest could bring his squad and daughters. At the assemblies, the guests danced, played shahi, roasted, smoked in the vicinity of the room, ate and sipped. When guests come to the assembly of the ceremony, the boules are skasovan. Gentlemen are not guilty of educating the guests, to visit the king himself. Petro himself, his squad and his daughters often led assemblies and, for an hour, dances came up with new ones. Assemblies mostly took place in winter evenings, the stench was repaired at 5 pm, and ended at 10-11 years old.

Petro Buv was the initiator of organizing masquerades, which took place on the streets. The tsar himself took on the fate of the masquerade processes. Pishnі svyatkuvannya vlashtovuvalis for nothing overpowered the Russian army and navy.

Not everything was done because of Peter's ideas in life. Find the associates of Peter the Great took up habarnism. For example, A. D. Menshikov and іnshі high-ranking nobles and officials repeatedly became the king in habarnastvі. Petro did not make a mistake in front of the most punished habarniks. The nobles, including Menshikov himself, were guilty, the tsar often cheated on his mace.

Opponents of the Petrine reforms, the old-fashioned minions robbed everything in order not to give it a go. The stench revived against the tsar of yogh vlasny sin - tsarevich Oleksiy, proclaimed about Peter to discredit him, sabotaged the tsar's decrees. To fight against them, Petro opened the Preobrazhensky order for the Chancellery of the Transfiguration, one of the associates of the tsar F.Yu. Romodanovsky became the head of which one of the associates of the tsar F.Yu. At the same time, the cakes were widespread. You saw the punishment of the villains, they told the bearers of that hour, they tore the move and nizdr, ripped it out, beat it mercilessly with batogs, forced them into hard labor, or they funneled life with the haul, the foursome, the foursome.

The internal political reforms of Peter the Great, his re-implementation in the economy and culture of culture, in which they were focused on reaching strategic plans in the area of ​​foreign policy. We have found out of such plans, which will be secured for Russia from the way to the sea of ​​Uzbekistan.

The first important zovnishnopolitichny croc of the young tsar took Azov, but, on the thought of Peter, guilty he was guilty of securing the vikhid in the Chorna more. The first trip, which came in 1695 r appeared not far away. It was important for the Russian land forces to take strong reinforcements of the place, to which the Turks safely delivered food and provisions by sea. With the active participation of the earth marshes and of Peter himself, the first Russian fleet will be charged in Voronezh with a charge of 1695-1696 years. Already attached 1696 Russian fleet under the command of Admiral Lefort, descending the Don in the Sea of ​​Azov and blocking the Azov from the sea, land forces under the command of General Simus Sheina overcame Azov from the land. Pislya of the two-thousandth region of Azov was taken. The victory of the Russian army over the Turks was written in the capital. However, the state of affairs with Azov didn’t show the way to the sea Uzbek. Vikhіd in the Chorna more by curving the Kerch canal. The continuation of the struggle against Turechchina was only possible in alliance with the other European powers.

In 1697, Petro rots by means of establishing such an alliance, as well as encouraging people to master the basics of shipbuilding by themselves, organizing the Great Embassy to Europe.

The Embassy informed Nimechchin, England, Denmark, Italy, Holland. Petro was healthy after the price of incognito, for the sake of the nobleman Pyotr Mikhailov. After clearing the mischief of F. Lefort, F. Golovin and the Duma clerk P. Voznitsin. In all negotiations with the earthly people of the Keruvav especially Peter I.

Negotiate problems and issues European powers before the Zagarbnitsa policy of Turechchina, the food was looked out, tied with the navs of the Russian youths at the entrance. In Prussia, Petro received an artillery certificate and received information about the passage of Russian Univers to master knowledge through the Territory, transferring the establishment of freedom of trade links. In Holland in the city of Amsterdam for 5 months Petro mastered the basics of carpentry craft in shipbuilding. In England, Petro knows so much about the ships, having thanked the English king Wilhelm. In all lands, de drove to the Russian mission, Petro went to factories and maisterns, to anatomy, to study natural science, mathematics, arrange an agreement about recruiting a robot in Russia.

The trip had to be interrupted and turned to Moscow, where Chergov's shooter riot began. On the way to Moscow, with the help of the Saxon Elector and King of Poland August II, the winery of the Pivnichny Union for the fight against Sweden, to which Dania came. Behind the reason of the agreement, in times of the successful events of Poland came the Republic of Lithuania and Estonia, Russia - the Germanlandia (which, as far as the Novgorodians came to call the Vodskaya Five of the coastal land Dania is too small to recognize Holstein. Tim an hour a shocking rebellion of strangulation. Turning around, Petro has done the research, revealing a role in the podiatry of Sophia. Vona Bula was condemned to her pre-envy, and in 1704 she died in the cell of the Novodivichy Monastery. Pislya podiy 1698 Petro released a shot form.

At 1700 rotsi Petro barefaced vіynu Shvetsії. A little cob of vіyskovyh operations for Russia and її allies will not be far away. Already in the first month of death, Charles XII laid siege to the capital of Dania, Copenhagen, and after the death of the Danish king, turn the captured Holstein. Krym Danya is guilty of going to the union with Russia and Poland and Sweden's viplity is a significant contribution.

Z Danyi Karl s 8 yew. Vіyskom having straightened up to Narva (19 leaf fall 1700 rock) and breaking the gorge 35 yew. Army of Russia, yak trimala in Narvska fortress. The Swedes took great trophies and helped the Russian army of artillery. Then Karl XII went viral to Poland, de-lissed for an hour. Looking after Karl XII from Livoniya, he was supervised by Peter.

Winning the order to ring the church and see the garmati. Bula was selected by the thirty thousandth army, on the basis of which BP Sheremetev was appointed. The Russian army entered the territory of Livland and had two problems, for which Sheremet took the title of a field marshal.

In 1702, Petro rotsi, having chilled out rosijske vіysko, led him to the burial place of the Swedish fortress Noteburg (Novgorodsky Gorishok). Taking the fortress at once, Petro immediately changed the name to Shlisselburg, tobto Klyuch-misto. Dalі on the right birch of the Nevi Petro rushiv from Shlisselburg in the girdle of the river. On May 1, 1703, they took the fortress of Nyenshants in the Nevi (de now Okhta) girly, and immediately Petro got it and persuaded the sea. Having put the soldiers on the chapel, laid siege to two Swedish ships, they went to the Zahist Niynshants, and took them in battle.

The road to the Baltic is bula vidkrita. Win giving the command to zirvati Nianshants and falling asleep 16 (27 A.D.) May 1703 rock noviy place Saint Petersburg on the island Lust Eilandom (ninishnya Peterburzka side). For the capture of Petersburg from the sea on the island of Kotlin Bula, the fortress of Kronstadt was laid. At the same hour, on the birch tree of the Sviri and in the Lodeynoye Pole, the bookmark of ships for the Maybut Baltic Fleet of Russia was secretly mapped.

On land, successful operations were carried out by Sheremet, which took the Swedish places of Kopor and Yam, emptied Estland, and in the offensive 1704 they were sent to Narva and Derpt. However, at the Entry, in Poland, Karl XII in successful operations. Winning the zmusiv of the Polish king Augustus put the world on the minds of his own mind, for which the king gave up the throne to the gentry of Leszczynski and having pinned the alliance with Peter.

In 1708, Karl XII violated Poland in the border of Russia, forcing the Dnipro and sending his way to the Ukraine. There, the hetman Mazepa, zroivshih zrazheniya, іtsіlаku pіdtrimka Karl. At the end of the day with the king, the Swedish general Levengaupt from 15 yew. Vіyskom. Petro attacked Levengaupta, smashing the bile of the village of Lisovy on the river. Sozh. Half of the Swedes lost their lives in battle, over two thousand were drunk in full. The entire stock is delivered to Russian. Levengaupt і from surplus vіysk ice vibrated from і іn і without restocking and і provisions reached before the roasting of Charles XII.

Ukrainian hetman Mazepa signed an agreement with the new Polish king Stanislav Leshchinsky and Karl XII, inviting all Ukraine against Peter. Tim hour Charles XII entered Malorosiya. Here Mazepa, showing his spiteful accusation, brought the Swedish king to the army of two yews. Viddanikh kozaks. A.D. Menshikov took Baturin, the capital of the Little Russian hetman, from the boom, rozoriv її і strativ without mercy to all the clerks of Mazepa. The visibility of the food, ordering and food, as well as the winter of 1709 itself, made the camp of Charles XII a twisted velma. Still in birch in 1709, the Swedes took Poltava into the cloud, however, they did not go into taking it. Nezabarom for help, we will impose on Petro's needs with head forces. Here, before Poltava, the 27th worm of 1709 fate and the general battle, which was thrown out in history, I will call the Battle of Poltava. The offense of the monarch took a bezposrednyu fate in combat operations, moreover, in the leading assault podrozdilakh. Charles XII, wounds in the leg, snares from a horse, move into a carriage і from her keruvati boom.

Before the battle, Petro turned to war with the offensive atrocities: “It's time to see the batkivshchina's share; Do not think to blame, but you are fighting for Peter, but for the state, you have been given to Peter. About Peter, I know that life is not dear to me, she lived only in Russia with the glory and goodness for our goodness. "

From the hour of the battle of the drops, and the saddle of Peter's horse was protested. From a fatal wound in his chest, he vryatuvav the cross, which was carrying Petro on the floor. Vіyska Karl XII flowed into the battlefield under the onslaught of the Russian army. The entering Swedes bully nominated by Menshikov and full. With a small enclosure of Swedes and Zaporozhtsy, it was far from Lishe Karl XII to cross the Dnipro and Bigti to the Turks in Bendery. Mazepa, having unknowingly Peter's shibenits, entered into Karl XII, and died nezbar.

Poltava has given post development of political podіy in Poland. Falling down under the grip of Sweden, the Polish king Augustus signaled to the throne of Charles XII, Stanislav Leshinsky. The Danish king may have turned his throne, rejoicing in the near future of the burial place of Holstein. Pivnichna vіyna triva. At the time of the term, the Russian vіyska was seized from the Swedes in Riga, Pärnu, Revel, Viborg. The Swedes in Livland and Estonia brought Petro to Russia, giving a number of privileges to the local residents (lack of access to the Lutheran war, the court, and the good news).

One hour from the Pivnichna Vіynoyu Russia led an active Vіyskovі action against Turechchini. Pidburyuvaniy Karl XII and France, the Turkish Sultan naked in Russia. U 1711 rotsi Petro viv 40 yew. Army on the territory of Moldova, yak passed through the Turkish yoke. The Turks otchil Russian vіysko on the birch rychki Prut and, if Petro tried to hit the first attack, it was clear that it was practically unwise to leave the site. On the vіyskovіy radio, the decision was taken to talk with the Turks about a truce. The Turkish eye on the cob was seen in the light, even though the Janichari were caught unpretentiously fighting against the airy Russian soldiers, giving the year to the light.

Behind the minds of the Prut world, Petro sacrificed the Uzbeks to the Turks Sea of ​​Azov and the fortress of Azov and the sight of three fortets, delivered by the Russians. Petro didn’t get involved in Polish orders and let Karl XII go to Switzerland through the Russian lands. Having conquered the world in Turechchina, Petro continued his active life with the Swedes. Russian vіyska took Helsingfors (Helsinki), Abo і paid for the whole of Finland. The vice-admiral Peter I himself chastened the young Russian fleet and got a chance in the naval battle at Gangut on 27 April 1714 Mizh Tim, Karl XII was still known in Bendery before guarding the Turks. Having learned about the world between Russia and Turechchina, I wondered about the Ottoman Volodin, then through the Ugorshchina and Nimetsky princedoms to make their way into Pomerania, in order to establish the Swedish crown.

Karl XII would wait for Russia to live in Livonia, Estonia, Ingria and a part of Karelia. Ale talk, do not be brought to the end, as the Swedish king was killed in 1718. The sister of Karl XII Ulrika-Eleonora ascended to the Swedish throne. Practically the land became the rule of the aristocracy, more importantly, it was established against Russia. Vіyna was renewed. In the minds of Petro's minds, the decision was taken about the landing of the sea landing bezposredno on the coast of the Swedish kingdom. Admiral F. M. Apraksin took the army to the shore and became a desolate land. Znesilena and rozorena Shvetsiya Persha asked for a light, as a bouv of laying in Nishtadt 30 serpnya 1721 roku.

Livonia, Estlandia, Engermanlandia, a part of Karelia with Viborg came from the third time to Russia. In such a rank, vikhid, moreover, a wide one, to the Baltic for Russia, buv vidkritiy.

Stacked to the world the bulo is urochisto svyatkovano in Petersburg. The Senate and the Synod asked Peter to accept the title of "Father of Vichizni, Emperor of the All-Russian and Great" Russian state and people in such glory through one word of leadership ”. At three o'clock the form of the king's title “God’s affection, mi, Petro Pershy, the emperor and autocrat of All-Russian” was established.

It is important to say that they could have developed into the future and like the boules of Peter I. The body of the emperor was guided by a naked struggle for engaging in the wrong way of life. In the end of 1724, the rock was very cold and 28 Sichnya 1725 rub... he died on the 53rd without leaving the attacker.

The internal reform and development of the policy of Peter I may be of great historical significance. Deyaky pre-glors vvazhayut, that "carefully, nothing lamayuchi, ale richly zmyuyuchi, rulers of Russia, the type of Oleksiy Mikhaylovich's Find, could destroy the land to the end of the world." The stench calls out to Tsar Peter at the overwhelmingly high pace of reforms, which will demand great sacrifices from angry Russia. But historically, food wasn’t in the fact that it was a step-by-step success in developing the European culture and in developing its economy, but in the fact that the Russian state and the suspension of the rapidly and efficiently colonies of provincial powers

Petro rozumiv, what is necessary for the development of Russia, economic and cultural development, seashore... Everything conceived and built by Peter was concrete and rational in its concreteness. Gliboko right buv SM Solovyov, meaning that "the reform of the bulwark has been prepared by all the people in front of the history, the bulwark is needed by the people." Zdiyusnyuchi his policy, Petro sparing neither his spivvitchiznikov, nor himself. It is fair to come up to the day of history about those who lived in Petrovsk's era and the fortunes of Russia, and why, too much of that, which gave way to Peter the Great's death, who was supportive of the help of violence. Petro, with his reforms, changed the feudal-kriposnitsky order, continuing his life on the second century, at that time, as the leading European thought and practice, were trying to improve the basic law and the translation of the capital of the country. Petro became the first sovereign, as a reason for the empathy of Russia in the middle of the dogmatics and religious fanaticism, taking wider rational glances at the people and the new world. However, the policy of the European Union, which was carried out by Peter, split the Russian suspension at the “European top” and the common people, who have lost themselves to the whole in their own country.

Petro glanced at the hairy person, yak at the tsar. The divine prowess of the tsarist power was not denied, but in opposition to Oleksiy Mikhailovich he did not get involved in the work of the souls of their children and preparation for the kingdom of heaven. Petro bachiv zavdannya tsar in svorennі for people of minds of prosperity in the whole life.

The well-known Russian historian V. O. Klyuchevsky was right when he wrote: "Nicholas of the same people did not shy away from such a feat, as if they were informed by the Russian people because of the clerical Peter". Petrovsky reform is the best way of our culture and our national self-awareness. The representatives of the Russian culture - M.V. Lomonosov, N.M. Karamzin, A.S. Pushkin, S.M. Solovyov, V. O. Klyuchevskiy and many people, as they did not blame Peter for a correct verdict, but they challenged his re-creation as a result of the great re-revolution of Russia.

5.2.2. The period of palace coups... After the death of Peter I on the 28th of 1725, it appeared in fate, but the tsar did not deprive the commandment of succession to the throne. Cerebral fierce struggle between the declining nobility and the new nobles, who appeared as a result of Peter's reforms.

A.D. Menshikov, who koristuvavsya majestic inlet at the courtyard, zooms coveted, schob Katerina - the widow of Peter I - the bullet was rocked by the Empress. For the yogo proposition at the Empress of the Empress of the Verkhovny Taumna Rada, the Senate of the Uryad will grow up as a goiter. Petr's associates D.M. Golitsin, P.A.Tolstoy, F.M. Apraksin, A.I. Osterman, G. I. Golovkin. A. D. Menshikov himself took care of the most popular place in the new one.

Also, for the life of Katerina I, among the courtiers of the ugrupovanny, there was a supercheck about the throne. The group, ocholyuvan P.A.Tolstim, thought that the offender of Katerina I was the daughter of Anna Petrivna, who, like the henchmen of A.D. Menshikov, prophesied the Russian throne of the onukovs of Peter I, the synovia of the state Oleksiy Petrovich, Peter II. V travі 1727 roku Єkaterina I went to the іnshiy svіt, in front of referring to the misdirection, behind Menshikov's napolagannya, courtiers - adherents of Anni Petrivnya.

In such a rank, the path to the throne of 12-rychnom Peter will be read. Until she reached it, she took over Menshikov, and in front of her, betrothed his 16-child daughter Marya to the young tsar. Win also appropriated the title of "Generalisimus". However, AD Menshikov's unintentional infusion on Peter II was trivial for the chotiri misyatsi. Pidburyuvanny family Dovgoruky, the young tsar piddav Menshikov fell off, a judgment was brought over him. For his decisions Menshikov buv merges all ranks, titles, orders and maєtkiv and with a lot of requests to the Siberian place of Bereziv, de nezabar and dead.

Pislya padinnya A. D. Menshikov Peter II Having denounced myself again and having declared that I will take over the management of the land. However, during the whole hour they came to the rozvags, who loved them. Vlada in the whole period passed into the hands of the family of Dovgoruky. Being the shy messengers of the pre-Petrine orders, the stench drove Peter II to Moscow. There, the stench enlisted the young tsar with Ivan Dolgoruky's sister Katerina. Soon, the Dovgoruky's opiika greeted Peter, he should be drawn closer to his tit, daughter of Peter I, Alizaveta. Ale і tse closeness bulo unrepairable: in 1730 g... the tsar died from vispi. With the death of Peter II, the death of the Romanov dynasty ended.

The problem of succession to the throne was confronted by the courtiers. The members of the Supreme House for the sake of (two princes Golitsyn, Chotirs of Prince Dolgoruky, Chancellor G.I. The stench sniffed Hannah to sign the so-called "Konditsiya", so they intercepted the power for the reproach of the Supreme Household for the sake of. Anna Ivanivna stayed with her minds and arrived in Moscow. At the same time with her arrived and її Kokhaniy E.I. Biron is the synonym of the court groom. A group of colleagues of Peter I, the yak included the princes A. M. Cherkaskiy and N. Yu. Trubetskoy, as well as A. I. Osterman and Feofan Prokopovich, they overcame Anna as tsaruvati autocraticly. Vona rozirvala, signed by her "Konditsiya" and sent the rules of the "verkhovniki" to the dispatch. For the order of the doors of the boulevards of turns to St. Petersburg.

At the period of the king Anni Ioanivni at the courtyard of the vlada, there were groups of Russian nimts, before the warehouse, which included such people, such as B. Kh. Minikh, A. I. Osterman, and with the right hand of the Empress becoming E. I. Byron. Vіn koristuvavshis unbounded possession, guided by krystuvavshy and anger in Russia. The whole hour passed in history yak "Bironovschina".

Lіkvіduvshi The Verkhovna tamna is glad, Anna fell asleep Cabinet, which formed from three cabinets-ministries - A.I. Osterman, A. M. Cherkassky and G. I. Golovkina. With such a rite, legislating organisms in the era of palace revolutions, they were watched by the offensive rank (Div. Table 4).

At the time of the Pivnian War, the Caspian exodus was only a short-lived episode in the history of the land and the life of Peter. Already after the arrangement of the Nishtad tsar, you must assign yourself an internal reference. They were spontaneous in the forefront - the tsars were engaged in stretching all the rockets in the "three-time" school; Petro took up the "pen" in 1715 rotsi, a little bit brought him to the side - the demand called for the cordon. During the days of the king, the pristіy kollegіy practically prisupinilsya.

I’m thinking over this fact, I’m talking a lot about it: і about those who played a role in the re-creation the fate of Peter, and about those, like the meaning of mali, went through all the impulses, so that the repair did not subside in the very embryo. Aside from the meanings, the fact is to speak about іnshe: we bachili, but Peter was drowned out by a galaxy of gifted people, who were very good, however, none of the tsar's associates didn’t think of him, nor in the latitude of glances, because of the sight of the head. for a yake, you can bring the right to a happy ending.

Being totally gifted, Petro didn’t get excited about it, like Ivan the Terrible: don’t trim the minds of the wiser for yourself. Nawpaki, you are in the habit of whispering intelligent people, ale, it’s a great pity, knowing it’s not enough. Petro respecting, that the middle of the sportsmen is not a big one, or maybe even if you think about it, no knowledge, no more knowledge, no more of a tradition of sustainable development. Itself came from the reasoning about the weak political and legal training of his unprecedented comrades-in-arms; behind your own mind. " Win vimagay, how the stench got acquainted with the treatise of the popular lawyer of the 17th century Samuel Pufendorf, the transfer of what kind of guilt, for the witness's sisterhood, praising everywhere, before that they were honored: "at the election of the senators, the future senators The "three-time" school of Bula Persh for all the school of life with the knowledge of the sea. Now came the house of opanovuvati knowledge and prescience of sovereign affairs and management.

On the right, however, it was not only because of the lack of preparation of the comrades-in-arms, but in the character of the tsar - the name of his own, in the hands of others, as a result of which the initiative of the closest supporters was stifled. The privately managed lack of initiative - the comrades-in-arms checked the instructions and orders from the skin drive. Tsiu specialty of the Petrovsky government Pushkin was vizlov in the words: "Everything was tremulous, everyone was madly cursing."

The establishment by Peter 1 of the new systems of central installations

About svіy namіr vpritul take care of the civil rights Petro naked in 1718 rotsі. At the decree he folded, he wrote that he did not care about "his unbearable work in the whole heavy war", he knew the time for bringing people back to the right and folding of the "Statute of the Victory". Vіysko is brought into "good order", the fruit of good order is seen in all - the Russian army has destroyed one of those who have been smashed in Europe. "Nini, manage it, and don't care about the Zemstvo government, but bring it in the same order, as it is on the right."

One of the reasons for achieving "good order" was to establish rationally organized powers. First practical crooks in a straight line Petro zrobiv, as it was meant to be on the cob in 1712, having seen the decree about organizing a team for trade, "I want to bring the stan to the best." Having given a new name to the Tsar, albeit it did not introduce anything new into the principle of organizing the central apparatus. There was a need for a few rockies, a thought about replacing old-time orders with colleges of a clear form. The sovereign mechanism is similar to the mechanism of years. The same way, having told the tsar about a mathematician and a philosopher Leibniz: lead to ruin іnshu, і as everything is set in exact proportionality and harmony, then life will not be shown unmistakably the land of the happy years ".

The design of the new "godin" by Peter was overwhelmed by the large forward front of the robot, which respected the inspiration of the statehood in these lands. 30 worm 1712 tsar to order the Senate to organize the transfer of "the rights of the other powers." Notes of the tsar in 1715 to avenge the fate with the names of six colleges. Until the end of the day, Peter's request must be made to find behind the cordon "in the right of the main people for the purpose of sending inquiries to the colleagues." Having moved to Copenhagen to General Pavel Ivanovich Yaguzhinsky, the tsar will punish "every team of pidshukav for people", at the same time the transfer is guilty of being given to old people, "they could move the teacher". Yom the tsar instructed him to read about the structure of the central apparatus of Dania: the number of colleagues, states, "bo mi chuumo, - mirkuvav Petro, - what the Swedes have taken from them." So, as Shvetsia passed in the camp of vіyni with Russia, then the possibility of a legal way to vivchit the Swedish regulations was in vіdsutnya. The tsar gave the ambassador in Dania Dolgoruky to order a local agent for the meeting in Sweden, having secured him with a passport from the Danish court. The head of the law school is based on the number of people, "I know by
Slovenian ", I will take away the ambassador to Austria Veselovsky. When I write a decree to the ambassador, Petro adds in a new way:" Try to make a lot of money, we still need it. "

Petro backing the new systems of central importance, the presidents of the collectives "it is not so possible that the old judges were robbed, they wanted". By the old judges, they were dying on uvazi kerіvniki instructed, monoaxially broadcast all the food. Among the colleagues, having become a king, "the president cannot do anything without the permission of his spirits." Piznishe thought about the perevagi of the collegiums has taken away the further development. Pidkreslyuvalosya, but "truth" is easier to get up before the hour of negotiation with the people, and not just one, but "well, one is not, those are another." Such a decision, in addition, will be a mother of greater authority. Nareshty, "the one-axed ruler of the fear of the strong," at that hour, like a team of people who fight against others.

Having laid great hopes on the team of Petro. They proclaimed "for the sake of orderly control" by the sovereign right, "correcting the corporeal justice and police", "trimming their naval and land forces in a good camp", for "multiplying and increasing commercial manufactories, mines. The tsar of deep perekonnaya, so new establish to see a new era in the history of the land.

Works of colleagues Peter 1

We cannot, as, however, we cannot intercept the meaning of new installations. Peter was good at being happy when the head of state was in the contiguous state of the president. For the sake of the head positive result as the introduction of the collectives reached them, but in the basis of the collegial system there was a clear separation of the spheres of management and high step centralization. The tsomu, the leading rank, formed the їkh pass in proportion to the bulky commanding establishments.

There were nine collegiates. Three of them were called “nypershih”, the fragments were found in the most important management galuses: diplomacy, army and military sea fleet.

Russia’s entry into the international arena of supervising the reorganization of diplomatic service. As soon as in the former capitals, the connection with the foreign powers was periodically sent to the embassy cordon, now in the most important powers of the Western Europe, there are post-consular diplomatic missions for them, and for them At its own devil, the Western European powers of Mali at the Russian court of last and resident. The collegia of the overseas rights, which changed the Ambassadorial mandate, was the reception of the earthly messages, the keruval by the robot of their representatives behind the cordon. Introduced Western European diplomatic protocol. The Russian diplomats in the bagatech vipadovyvali prodovzhuvali ancient statements about the "sovereign honor" and went to the devilish cunning, why not let it in. Navit Petro, the least vvvazhavshis etiquette, not beholden to the old traditions. Win, for example, having taken up the aliens of standing and without a headdress with the same mark, but do not know the captain and do not get up, if the title of the sovereign of the earth is imposed. Do not let yourself be misled by the earthly ambassador, standing on the edge of the platform under the canopy.

Diplomat Chancellor Golovkin has won over the Collegia of the Foreign Correspondences and appointed Shafirova as Vice-Chancellor Petro.

The Vіyskova collegia took care of the completing, restoration, ordering and modernization of the army. There are also garnished shelves in the latest boules. At the regular overland trip until the end of the tsar, Peter had 210 thousand people. Moreover, in an irregular visit (Ukrainian and goat shelves) - 109 thousand people. Petro appointed Field Marshal Menshikov to the post of President of the Vіyskovo Collegia.

With a new setting, as not small in front of the 17th century, the Admiralteyska collegia was born. The need for the whole body of the Bula is tied to the re-incarnations of Russia into the sea power and the roots of the Vyskovo-sea fleet. In the last days of the shipyard boules, the sea-sea fortresses, she took care of the complete sets and navchannye of ships. Ocholyuvav Admiralteysku collegia General-Admiral Apraksin.

There were three colleagues in finance. Naivazhlivisha from them - Kamer-collegia - keruvala with a collection of taxes, sponsored for the payment of natural obligations, arranged for the supply of wine, food, etc.

Population census in Petrovsky chasi

In the end of the 17th century and in the first two ten years of the 18th century, one of the houses of the boulevard. Given the great need for pennies and costs for the growth of the population, Petro in 1710 was able to conduct a new census. The result of rocking this, more, for the census data, the number of households was significantly less, below three dozen rockets. Explaining the process, the helpers united the family of seven relatives, and some and strangers one to one people in one yard. Wievert did not lose her name. Ober-fiskal Nesterov turned up to Peter with a report, in which he recommended to go to the "general population", to make a single opodatkuvannya not dvir, but cholovich soul. In general, writing win, in the middle of the game hunt to build a few courtyards in one, "like the old bulo", as well as to block the courtyard and ruinuvati gates.

Petro was quickening with joy and having finished the census of the population. Great for its scale, the past has been richly rocky. The census was published in 1718, and the lists of the villagers who are guilty of the bully are submitted by the helpers themselves. Passed a few rockies, and the housekeepers did not submit them. Those noblemen, who presented them, how they were dying, showed not all the villagers in them, like the stench of volodya. Fill the strato and confiscation of the prized souls, they didn’t slap the ochikuvannyy in pouring. In 1721, the publication of the "last decree" was published - "whoever fell into error with that accusation, they could correct" and convey about the accusation up to 1 spring. In a line and amnesty, the helpers did not bother to hurry up. Todi Petro donates to a special office, staffed by officers, to reconsider the submissions to the assistants of the house. Revizia - for the first hour after the censuses I will name the approved census - the prikhovannya of one million of cholovich souls came to light.

Bilsh-mensh is the exact figure of the capitation census became the type of attachment 1724 to the rock - middle Silski population The bulo has 5.4 million registered souls. To draw from them the tribute is given to the land army. The skin of a soul, whether it is not young or a very old man, is bound to pay taxes in a sum of 74 kopecks.

flock of tax

Why would such an unrounded bag, say, not 70 or 75 kopecks, but 74 itself? Consider the need for shukati in the way of calculating: the bulo has been installed, but the army needs 4 million rubles in rik. Quite a sum was distributed to a number of paysites (5.4 million souls) and 74 kopecks were taken into a bag for a skin soul. However, taxes in such a size of nikoli were not contracted, so as Catherine I, in connection with the accession to the throne in 1725, changed the size of the coin to a choice of kopecks.

The tax cushion is guilty of replacing all the old zbori. The decree announced 74 copies of "no penny and wicked taxes and no payment".

The Podatkov reform, on the back of the history of the history, has significantly increased the tribute from the villagers to the power of the country. However, the presence of ordinary tributes does not allow to stand, for some reason, at least in the case of a mattress, it is more important than a private one. A part of the budget of the state in 1724 has been changed, it has grown three times in 1680 since 1680. But it wasn’t a whimper as well, but the yagar pressed on the villagers in 1724 three times as much, not in 1680.

Zrostannya sovereign incomes in a part of the country for the growth of natural population growth. In addition, for over a decade, the productivity of the work has increased in this world. Naypomіtnіshe process of advancing in handicraft, albeit especially in manufactory industry. Increased productivity of practice and agriculture for the development of technical crops and the introduction of the state's gift of pratsi from the land. Nareshty, increasing incomes in bulk are included in the number of paid taxes of new categories of the population, which did not pay taxes before the whole state (households, people of walking, etc.).

A census of the population was carried out, not only fiscal, but th socially significant... Vona included in the sphere of feudal exploitation the majestic mass of the Silskoe population, which had never been exploited before. Before them, the Chornososhnu villagers of Pivnochi Russia, the Orni people of Siberia, the Yasashny people of the Middle Volga Region (Chuvash, Mordovians, Cheremisi and IN.) Were placed. Earlier, only the state taxes were collected from them. The Podatkov reform united all categories of the population into a single row of sovereign villagers, while those who were part of the community and monastic villagers began to compete for feudal obedience.

The tax rate from the population of the city was contracted in the amount of 1 ruble and 20 kopecks from the person's soul.

Podatkova reform of the most unprecedented change and straightening of Peter's social policy. Vona, besides, given the announcement of material resources, for the development of cultural resources, a redevelopment was carried out: a change in the regularity of the army and the Navy-sea fleet, as well as administrative apparatus, promises were made in pennies. The financial security of the transformation was attended by the villagers and the townspeople.

The Іnsha financial collegium - the State-offices-collegium - was seen as state vitrates, by the beginning of the sumi on the aim of the state apparatus, the army and the navy, on diplomacy, on the education of the so-called D.

Control over the vitrazhennya kostіv zdіysnuvala revіzіynoї service of the collegium on cholі with prince Dolgoruky.

Pikluvannya over the light industry was spent at the renowned Manufactories-collegia, over the Girskiy right - the Berg-collegium, the most popular trade - the Comerts-collegium. All three trade and industrial collectives practically did not stand in front of the mandate systems. President of the Komerc-collegia Petro, having designated Tolstoy, Manufactur-
collegia - Novosiltsev, Berg-collegia - Russian scots Bruce. Tse bulo udine viklyuchennya, if the team ocholyuv not a Russian nobleman, but an alien. In all the others, the Inozemts-Fakhivtsi were appointed either as presidents or as members of the collectives. Yakiv Villimovitch Bruce has recommended himself as an additional artilleryman, a well-known master of the warrant and a special leader of Peter.

To the collectives, having joined a number of central installations. Among them, a special place occupied the Synod.

Back in 1700, Patriarch Adrian died. The distant proprietor Kurbatov was to please Peter "before the hour of the day" with the new patriarch's wages, so as from the patriarchy, on his mind, there will be no good. The tsar did not get the chance to get overkonuvati. Yomu Bula goodness from the history of the struggle of Patriarch Nikon with his father, knowing the role of the church in the state: "the kingdom of Vlad is only on earth, among people ... the priesthood is on the earth." Peter, nareshti, the bully saw it all out among the clergy a bit about those who are not guilty, Petro, the wrong tsar, who the right tsar was brought to the Earth in the fate of his childhood.

To replace the patriarch of cheruvati with the church right, Petro, calling out to Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky, who was stripped of the patriarch of the patriarch of the throne. In the individual of Yavorsky Petro, he does not know an active henchman, a re-creation, Ale Yavorsky did not repair and fix the support їm. Then, the representatives of the clergy, although not explicitly, then secretly put up to Peter unpretentiously, even if they were good. "Yakbi is not a maid, she is not a monk, and not Kikin, Oleksiy would not be too angry with such evil. Oh, beard, there are many roots of evil — old men and priest. Father my mav will be right with one beard, and I am in thousands."

Delegation to the Synod in 1721 rotsi

In 1721, the rotsi of the church nareshty renounced their own organ - the Synod.

By the President of the Synod of Petro, having deprived the old patron of the patriarch of the patriarch of the patriarch, Stephen Yavorskiy, install it already in the robot, before that he died through the rik. As a factual clerk of the Synod, the president of the city, Feofan Prokopovich, is the right hand of the tsar in church redevelopment. Prokopovich sklav the regulations of the Synod - Spiritual regulations, as well as taking part in the folding of the most important decrees, which lay down to the church and monastic on the right.

The Spiritual Regulations adopted the members of the Synod to the officials of the Synod's institutions. Smell, like all officials, swore an oath of honor to the sovereign, and the stinks were unaware of vikonuvati all this order. The ecclesiastical hierarchs proponated "in the worldly rites and rituals are not included for anyone." The Church, with such a rank, was re-ordered by the Holy Power. For the sake of the "sovereign interest", the spovidi was ruined. The Synodal decree of 1722 was informed by Peter's instructions to sleep until all the priests were sent to sleep by the order of Peter.

A collection of all the presidents of the collegiate was immediately followed by the senators. Vihodilo, that the Senate formed with presidential colleges, the extent of which guilt is guilty of directing and controlling. On the other hand, the appointment of the senator's presidency as the president of the collegium is seen from the right of the collegiate turbots. In 1722, Petro made a decision that "I can’t look back at what has been done" bulo, and having corrected the pardon, depriving the senators of the three "best" colleagues from the presidents. Vtіm, implement the imperial decree of the tsar without reaching. As a result, to keep the vacancies in the Senate of Bulo nikim, and through a few months to turn to the most order: two days less in tizhni ". Here Petro has done well with these difficult ones, as he has brought him to the end of the cob stage of the social life: nowadays there were rejected faults, now he saw the marriage of friends from the civilians on the right.

Control over the robot of the derzinstallation for Peter 1

For a long time, Peter was occupied with a thought about control over the robots of state institutions. Tinkering of forms to control was carried out in abundance. Mi bachili, like a spat of tsars koristuvavsya servant fiskals. Ale fiskali were deprived by the referees of the decree. The stench was behind the walls of the installation and, of course, they couldn’t be injected onto the robot. Peter was faced with the task of complementing the unspoken control with a control that was explicit, bureaucratic in its essence. In 1715, the Senate will revoke the decree: "Vasil Zotov will be exposed with the rank of General Revizor, or the visualization of the decrees." The head of the yogi zavdannya is to follow the clock of the senate decrees. Having become the chief secretary of the Senate and the guards officers, who worked for the orders of the king, he became the chief secretary of the Senate.

The foreign spasters, in one way, meant a wide increase in the number of such officials, but not only the representatives of the regional administration, but also the senators, were in awe. The officers stimulated the energy and the equality of arms by trimming in lantsyugi and in the chimals for an hour. For the dates of the French resident, "the tsar repeatedly caught the vinyatkov's dovira to the guards officers, and gave the commissaries of them who were the powers that be. Wonderfully, bachiti, that the Senate members will stand up if they have any opportunity" before the warrant. Anіtrohi resident did not overpower. In Peter's decree to the guards officers, who were scribbled in the Senate, they read: “If there’s no lag, then remind three times. I dal: "And if you become a scolding man, or if you come up unimportantly, you should resist and bring to the fortress, and we will be able to give to the nobility."

A little control, wearing rice of oversight, and not at all, but the chief secretary was in the order of the Senate, and the guards officers would like to have great changes, but they couldn’t be able to sit through the need for freedom. The practice of vivchennya of the earth's suspicion was shown that such a kind of arrangement could have been governed by a person who was possessed by a great dominion and not fallen out of control established. In 1722, in 1722, the institute of the Prosecutor's Office had been sent to the Senate by the Prosecutor General, in order of what guilt the Prosecutor's Office was. First Prosecutor General of the Senate Petro, having designated Pavel Ivanovich Yaguzhinsky.

The last day of the Lithuanian organist, who traveled to Moscow, Petro Zustriv in 1701. Immediately, having brutally respected Yaguzhinsky's lively rose and mind, clearly and clearly follow your thoughts. Yaguzhinsky boulevard of insurance to the guards, and then becoming the orderly of the tsar and from quietly constantly supervising him in his campaigns and trips, several times in the development of diplomatic assistance. Before the appointment of the Prosecutor General to the Senate, the Yaguzhinsky maf was a general's rank and the great admonition of administrative action.

A number of editors of the Prosecutor General's Instructions have been preserved, among them there have been several edits and additions of Peter. The Prosecutor General, as it is said in the decree about yogo sit down, having "the eye of the sovereign", who was instructed "to be astonished, so that the Senate will be jealously guided by the Senate." The Prosecutor General was ordered by the Senate office, and he himself was sent to the Senate, and he was convicted only by the Emperor. The head of the Prosecutor General did not match the style in the restructuring of the violation of the law, but not the style in the rest of the law. That Prosecutor General and Prosecutors of the Colleges have been given the right to get involved in the negotiation of that particular meal, and in the case of illegality accepted solution and the need for a glance. You have been given the right to grant decisions to the Senate. The Prosecutor General, with this rank, in the bureaucratic ієrarchії took a gathering. Overpowered by a majestic dominion, guilty of being guilty of being repressed by the tsilkovy special power of the tsar. The Prosecutor General of Buv Yaguzhinsky, Lyudin Velmi Energіyny and Vladykiy, is the Prosecutor General himself, who has a high prestige. Petro highly appreciates Yaguzhinsky's goodness, his directness, completeness and fun giving. Let me tell you that the tsar once ordered Yaguzhinsky to write a decree: if there’s a steal of style, you can buy a motorcycle bag for your bag, then there will be raises. The Prosecutor General said: "We are all stolen, only one more and more noticeable, not one." Petro discharged and passed the order.

Organization of new installations - less than half of the right. The colleges of the demand were filled with statutes, regulations, regulations, which were the beginning of an official's skin of any rank. Petro will live in their fold. One of them was made by himself, іnshі responsively edited, adding additional text, or having quickly felt the text. I spend an hour doing my work for 14 years.

Implementation of the International Maritime Statute in Russia

The robot over the Viskov and naval statutes of Petro came back to 1715 rotsi. "The Statute of Vіyskovy" was finished in 1716, and then, in the busyness over the folding of statutes and regulations, the instructions for the court interrupt. Renovation of robots over the Maritime Statute in 1718 was taken into account in the notebook. Petro made a statement for himself who should be entrusted with the clauses of the statutes foreign lands, And on April 4th of the same year, the decree. Konon Zotov belonged to the foreign statutes of the production of whiskey "about skin matter". The basis is guilty of the buti of the provisions of the English regulations, the additions of the texts of the relevant clauses from the French, Danish, Swedish and Dutch regulations. Chornovі sketches were saved to the plan of the Marine Statute, folded by Peter. In 1720, the statute of the book is ready. At the forefront of Petro, he wrote that the decision was made "from five maritime regulations and before that they were satisfied with the part, which is necessary", and all the same, saying the tsar, "it was done through the power of our work and quickly."

Having finished the folding of the Maritime Statute, Petro nominated the program for the folding of the Admiralty Regulations, having clamped down on the materials that were established, due before the start, before the procurement of the order for the Admiralty, about the payment of the legal process, etc. - to the fierce 1721 fate of his presence in the Senate "until noon, so at noon", the Maritime Statute and the Admiralty Regulations were de negotiated. The offensive fate of Petro dvіchі trivial hour after admitting the Admiralty regulations - all the other half of the fierce and at least in the future, if it’s a few days in the day brought tsіy robots. About his fate in the Admiralty regulations, Petro will recall at the same time that it was not only because of the accomplishments, but only by the very little wounds, even in the evenings by two for a day, it was not robbed in the middle of the hour.

The skin collegium has revoked the regulations for the overhaul of rights and provisions that have been 100 percent exceeded in the given management department. The regulations of the Berg-Colleges and the Manufacturers-Colleges, in addition, established the privileges of the promises, who received the development of the great virobnist. Especially the middle of the regulations has been borrowed by the General Regulations. Having started the rights and regulations of the townspeople of all central institutions, repaired as the president of the collegium and ended up as a ruffian and as a servant, who was sitting at the front, and if "to ring the bell", then he was guilty of "leaving" and taking the bike.

About those that are meaningful to the General Regulations, having given Petro, to bring the retailer into account. Saving 12 revisions of the document, many of them should be left to Peter. Wine rules the style, making additions, including new statistics. Particularly richly added by the hand of Peter to the articles of the General Regulations, the world is punished for the misdeeds of the posadovyh individuals.

Prior to the regulations, the table of ranks in 1722 is a decree, which prompted the tsar's rationalistic look at the service of a nobleman. In the pre-Petrovsky part of the criterion of service attachment, the Bula is a breed, like a prodigy. They walked in the ranks of the ranks, looking up to the land of the aristocracy, which gave the ranks a practically sloppy character. Leave it to the representatives of artistic prizes, he gave a little podolatie zvychay.

The table of ranks was introduced by the administrative divisions for 14 ranks, according to the similarities, the official was guilty of the failure of his health, knowledge and diligence.

Establishments by a report card about the ranks, the order of passing through the service, has provided for representatives of the unborn nobility of the shvidka otrimannya of the highest ranks. Practically, the Table of Ranks rang up to the law, but also annulled the practice. In addition, there was a cry of power for penetration among the nobility of vikhidvs from "old stanis". All, hto having renounced the first officer's rank at the Viskov's or sea service, became clan nobles. At the civil service of Spadkov, the nobility pounced from the eighth grade (kolezky assessor).

The lawmaker of the robot, Peter, cannot be drawn to the fold of statutes and regulations. Om boules were written or dictated by all the decree, and the text of the acts of them was rewritten in bagatoraz. The special fate of lawmaking is also the specialty of Peter Yak sovereign... Yogo offenders were interrupted by depriving the sanction of that decree prepared by officials. Petro himself worked over the folds with the same fuse and release of strength, with which he found a fortress in the cloud, or a keruv in the future and descent of the ship. Yak the butt is prompted by the decree of Peter on April 17, 1722 about those who "didn’t get into this rank all the way and didn’t go against the regulations".

The decree was revised like this: "It’s not so necessary before the government of the state, as it’s the protection of the rights of the community’s, it’s not in vain to write, if you don’t take care of it, because it’s grateful, like in the picture, tidy up the color to suit." Behaved by the "fortune of truth", and all the thieves were punished by death: "I didn’t match any of my merits, as in the whole province I fell."

Above the decree of Petro, he made a choice of days - from 14 april, if the first chornovy handwriting was broken, until 17 april, if there was a residual version of the inscriptions, he was going for a rakhunk. The first drawing was three dots, in the third edition it began to be five, and in the remainder - seven. The tsar, having given the decree of great significance and greatness in all settings, including in the Senate, "mothers on the table, like a mirror, are quiet in front of the eye, hto condemnation."

A great number of orderly decrees have been pledged by the power of Peter to the omnipotence of the sovereign power, all the power and over-the-top court. Tsya meta of the legislation of Peter is clearly quilted in the early decrees. Ale todі їkh bulo porіvnyo not a lot, more, like kazav Petro, "for a fair day in vіynoy untimely hour of mali." Now, since Petro was at his disposal with great powers, the decrees, which took a glimpse of his life, flowed in an uninterrupted stream. The pages of the notes inform about the intensive legislative creativity of the tsar.

"I don't even know how to be instructed but don't know."

Dumka, caught in many words, Petro repeating richly developed then in the form of a laconic velinnya the officials received the statute “as if I’ll do the right thing”, then in the eyes of the rosy world about the meaning of legislation in the life of the state. Beastful to the officials, the king wrote: "The head of us, I will put my orders in the memory of Mali, and until tomorrow they didn’t deliver, because the power could be cherished, when the decree didn’t exist, and the contempt for the decree didn’t come sooner or later." ...

Petro, without interruption, instructing not only officials, but all the population of the land, vazhayuchi, but the skinny croc is guilty of perebuvati under the sawing glimpse of the sovereign power. "Our people, - wrote Petro, - as if children, ignorance, do not take a nicholas for an abetka, if they are not forced to see a maister (tobto a mentor)".

Piddanikh, "like a child," should have been instructed in usyom, from which they have the right to the statehood until the satisfaction of spiritual nourishment, from the people to death.

Decree Peter 1

At their own mice they bachili, on the very cob of the 18th century, the tsar of buv sturbovaniy zovnishnim viglyadom Yes: tsar's decrees punished the beards, wear not in the field of Russian dress, but in short European captans, wear shawls. Now the time has come for the state power to be entrusted to the state power in the state's life: in 1715, a decree is seen, like a fence on the yukhta, which will be fenced off at this place, so that it’s swollen, ready to wait for this kind of yuft, to let water through. Yukhta had to be covered with lard, the decree was adopted by the court term for the new technology, osinnі mіsyatsі The same tsarist decree was read from the ambon of the country’s churches a lot of times: the substitution of the high-school canvases of the villagers of crops was knitted with wide canvases, which were consumed by the great drink of the overseas buyers.

The merchants got into trouble: the tsar, having ordered to be satisfied with the arrival, didn’t feel 10 wins. The inhabitants of Pivnochia, who are in the seafood industry, who have moved to the courtyard term, will acquire vessels of a modern design, as the guilty bully will replace the traditional Kochi.

The whole land was stinging khlib with sickles. Petro knows, that the hliborob is still more productive of the workers, if you will clean up the hlib with braids, and you will see a special decree for the drive. When the hemp was processed, it was ordered to change from the traditional priyomy and keruvatis by attribution of the sovereign power.

Petro didn’t want to know what was going on, because he needed to get a living. The capital's noblemen, who have volodia more than 500 krіpaks, have been producing only two-topped mansions on Vasilivsky Island.

To the inhabitants of Silska the tsar will punish the buduvats for no more than 30 sazhnis one in one. In the children, the steles of the treasure were coated with clay, as in the living rooms. Moskva ordered to cover the dakhi with shingles or shingles. Let's take an hour to lay the stove. Here it is also categorical vimoga: "They baked from the foundation, and not on pidlogs, the pipes were wide, and the people could go through."

The sanitary camp of the metropolitan city brought up the respect of the king of the city. The spa was allowed to be heated "once a day". The inhabitants of St. Petersburg are guilty of the blame for the purity of the streets. The decree didn’t interfere with the cim, we’ll go out, but I got up to the hour of tidying up the street: "it’s early, if people leave the streets, they won’t walk, for in the evening." Residents of the capital "do not go to the streets in an unremarkable year, but if there is a need, only if there is a fire in the lichtars".

Young people have reached the point, if they need to be friends or if they want to change. The decrees here didn’t overshadow piddanikhs without warnings: daddies weren’t allowed to preach children “to a lovable understanding without self-imposed bazhannya”. At the same hour, noble half-educated nobles, who were "not good for science and service," and for "such a good decline to sovereign reproach, could not be good enough".

The ailment of giving could not possibly get by on Peter's thought, without yogo nastanov. They are still busy in Pyrmont, the tsar ruled the Senate to rule over the dzherela in Russia. Zalozista water has been found in the Petrovsky factories. Peter did not tolerate її viprobuvati on his own, and at the same time with the squad in the present in 1719, the virus was sent to the first resort in Russia. And in the birch there is a decree on pererahuvannyam of the dominant authorities of the dzherela. Yogo drive "viganiaut rіznі zhorstokі ailments, and scurvy itself, hypochondriasis, zhovch, impotence of a shlunk, blues, carrying" and a dozen ailments. Zradiliy Tim, who appeared in the name of Karlsbad and Pyrmont, Petro popularized Martsialny Vodi, and at the same hour order the doctors to "regulate", as they say to them, "they do not harm their health. In іnshih vipadkah tsar didn’t zupinyav in front of primus lіkuvannyam. I wrote to Admiral Apraksin: "Galerna to the French majr, Doctor Velmy veli їkhati to the waters of Olonets, and it’s no worse for me;

From the visual tsar's decrees, the spiritual life of the children was also passed through. The tsar began to see that many members irregularly visit the church, and the deeds of them do not follow. Immediately, you see a decree that goiters lick all of them and go to church in a few days. svyatkov_ days... Special decrees regulated the behavior of parishioners in the church: the stench of guilt bully before the hour of the divine service stand "in the movable" and the rumors of the message "with great reverence". We were buried in the church "spaciousness" and we will put the chalobites to the people.

Nareshty come the hour to be sent to the best light. Tsar's decrees were not imposed on the baiduja until the dead. De yogo hovati? At the end of the meal, a decree was issued: "Do not be cold in the middle of the city." Vinatka was allowed only for "noble persons". Who has Hovati? At the trunks, the species of baths from the pine trees, it was fenced, so the yak itself was fenced off by the trunks from the oak planks. Educational material for the truns, the decrees were issued: it was allowed to vicoristovuvat boards and stovburi trees of mensh cinnyh breeds.

The legislation of Peter was not only regulated by a tribal character, but rather publicistic. A leather decree, folds by the tsar, not being intertwined with the established norms, was obligatory overturning what was given to the degree, intelligence and introduction.

Petro once wrote down an aphorism, screaming from his rationalistic glances: "There is nothing for all the garlic mirkuvannya, for be it garlic without rosum is empty." Tsar, zvertayuchis to the rosum of piddan, vzvavshis for the need to go into the "world", motivating the efficiency of this world by practical vigods. Let us love in a word, most of all to study in the motivational part of Peter's decrees, the words "before" and "for that" were used. For the obviousness of these words, it is possible to stand up without pompomilkov, according to the author of the decree of Petro.

Why should the hlib need be tidied up with scythes to replace sickles? Petro roz'yasnyu: "nezhe" tidying up in a new way vigіdnіshe - "an average worker for ten spratsyu." Why should the shingle be taken from the decks, and not from the boards? "In order," I will explain the king, you should go from the log to 20 - 30 gontins, and from the sticks only the chotiri-five. Yaka needy was forced to start before the opening of the Ladozky canal? Petro, and here, without missing a date, explained: "It’s still all in sight, like a beggar of the people around the world є this new mission (tobto St. Petersburg) from Ladozkoye Lake".

Petro, however, did not lie on the magic power of his roses. Moreover, the tsar didn’t make it up, so it’s worth it to finish it, so it’s possible to learn the value of this world. Inadequate rosum mav compensate for fear. Be it a new norm of supervodzhuvalo primus, moreover, in Russia, it’s on Peter’s thought, it’s more necessary, but it’s been seen from the leading countries of Western Europe: before the primus it’s necessary to go to such a state us, "like new people have everything." “You know yourself,” Petro shared his thoughts with one of the dignitaries, “I want good and demand, but if I’m right, our people don’t ruin without a kerosene stove”. That may be a skin decree, regulations, instructions end with a threat of punishment.

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Colleges under Peter 1

Establishing a "new" Russian empire, Petro 1 succeeded without a change in reform, one of which was the solution of inconsistent state bodies. So, the emperor has left the old system of punishments (stinks - wards, organizations of the central sovereign government), having replaced them with new central bodies of the galuze government - colleagues.

An opportunity to establish Petro's Colegies by placing them in Europe - the sovereign structures of Sweden and Nimechchini. The regulations are built on the basis of the legislative acts of Sweden, rationally, with a glance at the Russian action.

The reform was reopened in 1712, starting with a try to get the Organization of the Trade Collective to sleep. Ale remnant register (list) of hardenings only in 1718 rotsi. It is with him that the boules created nine Colleges: Viyskova, Admiralty-kollegiya, Zakordonnykh spravo, Komerts-kollegiya, Kamer-kollegiya, or the Collegiate of state fences, Berg-Manufactory-collegium, Justits-collegium ...

The most recent ones are: The Justice College of the Livonian and Estonian Help (1720), the Estate of the College (1721), the College of Economics (+1726). Moreover, in 1720 the Main Magistrate was established, and in 1721 the Spiritual College, or the Holy Synod, was established.

Functions of Colleges for Peter 1

collegia	scho kontrolyuvala
Admiralty
Zakordonnih sprav	Zovnishnya policy
Komerts-collegia	Trade
Berg-Manufactur-collegia	Industry and type of cinnamon copaline
Justic-collegia	mіscevі judge
Reviziynoy service of the collegium	keep the budget
State office	State vitrati
Justic-collegia of Lіflyandsky and Estlyandsky sprav	§ Diiality of Protestant churches in the territory Russian Empire § Administrative courts of food of the provinces of Switzerland, attached to the Russian Empire
fiefdom	Land Volodinnya
economy	Land Volodinnya Spiritual Personality and Establishment
head magistrate	Robot magistrates

Internal structure

The kollegi were enchanted by the presidents, as they were appointed by the Senate (a powerful sovereign body), as well as the emperor's thoughts. For the office of the president, the functions were transferred to the vice-president, who is recognized as an analogous rank. Apart from them, the Collegium included radniks and asesori (recognized by the Senate), as well as clerical officials. In addition, a prosecutor has emerged for any Collegium, who controls the issuance of the right and the confirmation of decrees.

All decisions were taken collectively, in latency. Petro's new principle of dilovodstvo has come with great respect, vvazhayuchi, but the correct decision can be taken spirally, hanging the thought of the skin.

collegia petro structure activity

historical significance

Foldable reappraisal of the meaning of the reforms made by Peter 1. Colleges functioned up to the same standards of performance. Provide clear functions. Bulo is residually eliminated by the misnomer. The establishment of these governing bodies became the final stage of the centralization and bureaucracy of the state administration apparatus. However, it is impossible not to clarify that the blinking idea of ​​the emperor has not been realized again. So, the main meta reform - subdivision of functions by families - was not completed yet.

In 1802, the fate of the actions of the Colleagues on the basis of the new system of ministries.

Before the Senate, there were a number of central institutions, which were named for the collective; The stinks of boules were introduced in 1718 and were formed in 1720. Colleges replaced the old orders. With the establishment of the Senate, little by little they took over their own functions of the most important orders, the rest (for example, Rozryad) were replaced by "tables" for the Senate; others, please order to be reworked in the office and office of the young people and took over the amount of organization. Approx. 1711 RUR Peter I having conceived a vlashtuvati central administration for Western European education. Totally, we decided to transfer the Swedish collegial pristri to Russia. The collegial system was recommended by the theorist Leibnitz. For the cordon bully people were sent to vivchennya bureaucratic forms and clerical practice; Because of the cordon, they vypisuvali pre-sent clerks, to organize the organization with the help of the new set. Alecim to the earthly people of Peter I, not giving in the collegiate the chief position, and the stench did not come to the vice-president; Russian people were appointed as the presidents of the collectives.

Collegiate bully ordered The Senate, Yaky having sent his decree; in their own right, the miscellaneous organizations of the management of the bully lower colleagues І heard them. Ale, from one side, not all of the collectives were equally subservient to the Senate (vіyskova and morska bully samostіynіshe іnshih); On the other hand, not all of the colleagues of Mali are referred to the regional authorities. Above the provincial possession, like a direct institute, stood only Cameras and Justic-collegiate head Magistrat... Such a rank, both central, and religious, management organizations did not recognize the suvor and stringy hierarchies.

The skin collegium was built, like the order of the 17th century, in the presence of the office. The presence of the president, vice-president, radnikov, assessors and 2 secretaries, who were the heads of the office. In total, there were no more than 13 people in the presence, and if there were more voices.

Inspired by the prominence of both the colleges and the old orders, mi bachimo, but the system of colleges signifi- cantly simplified the number of house planners, but did not know the difference of a special ear from the colleague, which was the central manager of the number. As in the instructions at the collegial form of the special, the beginning of the number of the owner's head rotated, so in the collegiate presidents and assigned to the collegiate for outside control, the prosecutors ruined the collegial mood with their own special and changed

good reputation All Europe has a Swedish system of unequal collectives, and it is deserved: it’s well done to such a world, that the Swedish uryad could manage the land without visibility, indifferent to the fifteenth century, the fortune of the monarchy Petro, who was like Karl, was a Swedish sovereign machine, and he didn’t respect for himself obscene appearances at the gate, having slept in his country’s collegiate for an intelligent and similar Swedish.

In 1718 the rotsi was broken new system sovereign administration. Thirty chotiri pre-existing orders * were replaced by nine new colleges: colleagues of foreigners (for example - foreigners) to the right, Chamber-colleague, saw the income of the state, Justic-collegues, Admiral -і -Manufactory of the collegiate and state-offices of the collegium, in the past there were states of vitrati, and revisional service of the collegiate, which supervised the vitraction of budgetary households **.

* The number of orders in Russia XVII - the ear of the XVIII century. just stand up badly - the process of reorganization of yours is uninterrupted.

** The number of colleges is constantly changing. In 1721 there were 11 colleges, in 1723 there were 10 in 1723, and in 1722, D. Trezzini, having edited the rosis of the distribution of colleges in the new bud on Vasylivsky Island. In total, there were 12 dilyanoks. Krim 10 collegues transferred to 2 attitudes: the hall of urochisny priyomiv and the Senate. This is how the name "Budivlya Dvanadtsyati Kollegiy" was announced.

Russian (and all from the number of Peter's closest friends and associates) were appointed as presidents of these collectives, and only foreigners became presidents. Vіm, two vinyats have been broken; General Yakiv Bruce became the president of the Berg-i-Manufaktur of the collegium, becoming a Scot, at that hour in the College of Foreign Rights and the president and vice-president of the Russian - Golovkin and Shafirov. The presidents of all the colleges automatically became members of the Senate, as well as the organ of power of the like for the sake of ministries.

The authorities could have been successful behind the cordon of the Institution of power, Petro did his best to ask the foreign factions. Russian diplomatic agents, rose in all Europe, lured foreigners to the robot in the new order to establish Russia. They asked to visit Swedish visitors, having injected Russian language. The deyaki Swedes saw some of the propositions - as having spoken to Weber, they feared a switch to turn to Batkivshchyna. However, vreshty-resht, the Inozemts have scored to finish, and the same Weber, out of the flocks, having described the activity of the Collective of Inzemnykh dіd; “It’s unlikely that there’s a house of overseas righteousness in the world, yak rosilav b dispatches on style movs. - There are sixteen changes and secretaries who know Russian, Latin, Polish, Verkhnyonimetsky, Nizhnyonimetsky, English, Danish, French, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Chinese, Turkish, Mongolian

However, they didn’t care about those who, at all levels in the new uryadovy apparatus, tried to get the message out of the earth, the new system was constantly dashing. The foreign fakhivtsi saw great difficulties, they explained to the Russian officials the essence of the new system, the more they knew the language, the interpreters didn’t know much about the specific terminology adopted in Switzerland. Even more important is the mechanism of a new system of management for provincial officials, who are not often aware of the torturous negligence. For an hour the stench was sent to St. Petersburg with such a report that it would be unfortunate not only to bring them to the category of old porches, but to see the eyes, about the stench, or just want to read them.

Apart from that, the presidents of the collectives were not jealously put to their duties, and Peter knew, and he was informed once again by the natives of the cotton community. Win vimagav, the stench was not unmistakable in his collegium on Tuesday and Thursday and was being considered for proper order and decency, both in the Senate and in the colleges themselves. I was suvoro punished not to lead in late "talks about the third parties on the right, because they don’t care about our service, and they are less busy doing it with roses and zharts," ...

Petro rozrakhovuvav, who, having banned the president from the collectives to the Senate's warehouse, to destroy the whole body of power is more effective, protest not to be cuddled and wary. Senators, like Dolgoruky or Golitsin, had a lot of respect for the artistic whiskers of Menshikov, Shafirov and Yaguzhinsky. The president of the Zakordonnich collegium of inquiry Golovkin and the vice-president Shafirov could not tolerate one one. Zitknennya became more and more baked, addictions were raised, senators vidkrito one one into embezzlement. By the same token, if Petro went to the Caspian, a resolution was adopted, de Shafirov got involved in a rough and lawless behavior in the Senate. Pislya turned Petro, dressing up the Vishchy court from the number of senators and generals to look at the center of justice. They went to Preobrazhensk, the judges heard the testimony and condemned Shafirov to death.

On the 16th of 1723, Shafirova was brought to the Kremlin from Preobrazhensky in a simple sleigh. They read the yomu virok, snatched from the pen and the old fur coat and rang on the eschafot. Poklavshi on themselves the bad banners, standing on the condemnation and bowing his head on the chopping block. Kat Zanis sokiru, and in a moment ahead, stepping into the office-secretary of Peter Oleksiy Makarov, and being naked, he instructed the state to take care of Shafirov's life and substitute the stratum to Siberia. Shafirov got to his feet and with tears in his eyes, being kidnapped, ziyesh from the eschafot. Yogo was taken to the Senate, de-hostile team, but a large number of colleagues were on the verge of mercy. To reassure old Shafirova, having put up a shelter for him, and that one, who was mumbled about his sadness on missed, having promoted; "It would be more beautiful to see me a great vein, and at once I would be fiddled with torment." However, by the year he was sent to Siberia for Shafirov with the family of Bula, he was replaced by a settlement in Novgorod. Already after the death of Peter I, Katerina punched Shafirova, and under the Empress Hanna Ivanovna, she once again turned into the system of power.

The new administrative organizations often did not vindicate how they put Petro on them. Stinks of foreign Russian traditions, and the officials did not lack any necessary knowledge, nor incentives to be robotic. The horror of the figure of the omnipresent king was far from waiting for him to show initiative and practicality. On one side, Petro punished for a dozen smilish and brothers on himself, and on the other, suvoro carav for a mercy. Naturally, bureaucrats would be very protective of them and behave like that servant, who wouldn’t be victorious from the flood of the drowning pan, until they didn’t reconnect, if they didn’t go into their obligations, it was written in the contract.

By the year, Petro himself became a mindset. Winning until the end of the day, the management is not guilty of being responsible for additional laws and regulations, and not giving up on the side of young owners, including the very one. Do not command people to demand, but read them, instruct and reconnect, explain why the powers are interested in, so, the whole thing was zoomed to the skin. To that the royal decrees, seen from 1716 to the fate, as a rule, overwhelmed by the misconceptions about the need and the corona of that particular law, quotations, historical parallels, turned to the logic and healthy deafness.

Uninvolved in all the shortcomings, the new system of sovereign control was introduced to the major innovations. Russia changed, and the minds, who changed the power and the suspension, the Senate and the collegia were governed more efficiently, but the old Moscow orders and the Boyarska Duma could not work. The First Senate and the second collegiate were held in Russia until the fall of the dynasty, hoping that the collegium was later transformed into the ministries. In 1722, the architect Domeniko Trezzini started to work until the day of the day, the chervonoi tsegli, on Vasilivsky Island, on the embankment of the Nevi. The new one needs to be promoted to the colleagues and the Senate. Ninі in tsіy budіvlі, the most saving from Petrovsky hours, the St. Petersburg University grows up.

To the share of certain specialties, the reforms carried out by Peter were conceived not less visibly, not to the share of the sovereign institutions. Suspil'niy mode of Russia, having appeared in the middle of Europe, has become based on the zagalny observance of serving. Krіpak mav serve his master, and that one, at his serg, is the sovereign. Petro buv is far away from us to namir rozirvati, or I would like to ease up the service for the communication. In spite of the vidozminyuv її, pragmatic, according to the ability of the population, to serve in return. No slack, no blame, no shyness for anyone. The service became the essence of the life of Peter himself, and vіn vikoristovuvav all the power and energy in order to sponutize the dermal service with the best coristas for vitality. The nobles, who served as officers in the reorganized Russian army and in the navy, were small in their wits and tactics; Tim F, who entered the service in the European Union for the European state power, establish, for the new version of the requirements, there will also be required special knowledge and tips. The submission about the service changed and expanded: in order to serve up to every hour, it was necessary to read it.

I’ll try to get Petro Zrobivsch’s national kadri in Russia in 1696, since before going to the Grand Embassy, ​​I’ve read a group of young noblemen to Zakhid. Pislya Poltava peremogy turbo Peter about navchannya pіddanikh got a lot of rectification and a systematic nature. In 1712, there was a decree that was sent to the Senate to submit documents about all the noble niggardly. Yunaki was divided into three groups: the youngest were sent to read the maritime information in Revel, the quiet, older ones were sent to Holland for this, and the eldest were spared into the army. In 1714, the tsar had thrown away an impossibility: all young noblemen from ten to thirty years, did not appear at the services, took over to bring them to the Senate until the result of winter.

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colleagues

1717-1719 rocky bouly preparatory period for the formation of new installations - colleagues. Until 1719r. The presidents of the collectives are guilty of the rules and do not enter the law. The education of the colleges was based on the forerunner fret, which is why the majority of the colleges were set on the basis of the orders and boules of the offenders. The system of colleges did not fold at once. Zgіdno with the decree of the 14th breast 1717r. 9 colleges were opened: Viyskova, Berg, Reviziynoi, Inozemni spravi, Admiralty, Justitz, Cameras, State offices, Manufactures. All to the end of the first quarter of the 15th century. 13 colleges started to disappear, and they became central sovereign institutions, Які were formed according to the functional principle. General regulations of the collegiate (1720) headquarters management, states and order of business administration. The presence of the collegiate: the president, the vice-president, 4-5 radniks, 4 assessors. The staff of the collegium was formed from secretaries, notaries, reassignments, actuaries, copies, registrars and clerks. Under the collectives, a fiskal was formed (the prosecutor general), which provided control over the activity of the colleges and the general prosecutor. The collegiums revoked the edicts only from the monarch and the Senate and Mali the right not to vikonuvati the decree of the rest, as the stench was superfluous to the decree of the king. The collegiums issued Senate decrees, supervised copies of their decisions and additional information about their activities to the Senate.

The collegia of the overseas rights replaced the Ambassadors' Office. This competence was designated by a decree from the 12th breast of 1718r., The yak included the information "by all sorts of earthly and embassies on the right", coordinating the activity of diplomatic agents, managing the affairs and negotiations with the diplomatic ambassadors, and communicating with them. The peculiarities of the collegia are those that "no justice can be judged in them".

The management of "all the right-wingers" was placed on the Vijska team: the staffing of the regular army, the control of the co-workers on the right, the establishment of hospitals, the protection of the army. In the system of the Vijskovo collegia, Vijskovojustice has been overflowed with regimental and general crises.

The Admiralty kollegiya saw "the fleet with the help of the naval servicemen, before that they should be the naval right and the managers" and the keruvalas in their own capacity "Regulations for the management of the two hundred Before the її warehouse included the Vis'kovo-Morska і Admiralteyska office, as well as uniforms, Waldmeister, Akademichna, Canal office and Particular shipyard.

The Little Russian collegium of the Bula was approved by the decree from April 27, 1722, under the title "Ogorodzhuvati Little Russian people" from "unrighteous judges" and "wicked" by tributes on the territory of Ukraine. Vona was in possession of the court, she was taxed in Ukraine. In the rest of the rock, the main goals of the ball are the liquidation of self-production and the number of organs of power.

The camera-collegium was guilty of the blame, he was well aware of all the types of harvests (mita, food zbori), sped for bribery, collected data about the market and prices, controlled salt promises and coins. The chamber collegia is small in its own organization: in provinces - offices of chamberlains, in the district - establish zemstvo commissars.

State-office-collegia for the regulations of 1719r. control over sovereign vidatki, became a sovereign state (the state of the emperor, states of all colleges, provinces, provinces). Vona has little of its provincial organizations - Renteriya, like boules of local treasuries.

The revisional service of the collegium was to blame for the financial control of the central and religious authorities of the central and local authorities "for the good of the decent in the parish and vitrati of the revision and revision of all the right ones." As a rule, all the teams and the bureaucracy supervised the collection of rakhunkov vipiska for the folded books and books that were folded by them; U 1722r. the functions of the bully collegium were transferred to the Senate.

The number of obligations of the Berg-collegia included the nutrition of metallurgical industry, management of coin and penny yards, the purchase of gold and money for the cordon, court functions in the boundaries of the competence. The bullet is fired with a net of mussel organs: Moscow ober-berg-AMT, Kazan berg-AMT, Kerch berg-AMT. The berg-collegia of the Bula was derived from the one - the Manufactory-collegium "for an additional number of references and requirements" and as one pledge having been made before 1722.

The manufactories collective took care of the food of all industries, including the general shoe industry, and managed the manufactories of the Moscow province, the central and semi-rural parts of the Volga region and Siberia. The collegia gave a call to the testimonies of manufactories; Also in the її competence included: the power of the convicts from the criminal right at the manufactory, the control of the technology, the production of materials. On the basis of the other colleges, there are not small bodies of their own in provinces and provinces.

Komerts-collegia has taken the development of all trade galuses, especially the trade ones. The collegia had been observing the meeting, became the statuses and tariffs, promoted the correctness of the world and the wag, took care of the business and order of the merchant courts, the viconuval of the functions of the courts.

From the organization of the Main Magistrate (1720) The food of the internal and external trade went to the last day. The functions of the Head Magistrate as the central one were established in the organization of the development of trade and industry in the towns and the keruvannya of the townships.

Justitz collegia (1717-1718) Keruvala for the provincial court courts; zd_jsnuvala court functions on criminal matters, civil and physical on the right; ocholyuvalu the court system, which was stored from the provincial lower and local courts, as well as the upper courts; diala yak the court of the first institute on the spirits on the right. These solutions could be oskarzheni in the Senate.

The patrimony of the collegia was established in 1721r. Allowed land disputes and call, formalized new land plots, looked out for belongings on the back of the solution according to the fiefdoms and fiefdoms on the right.

Chancellor's office (1718) I saw it as a roar and perepoluvannya behind the political zochiniv (on the right of Tsarevich Oleksiy).

Establish and install (the old ones take care of the order, Medical Office).

The synod will be the central pledge of the church food. Win recognizing bishops, having secured financial control, guiding by his fiefdoms and governing courts the functions of such mischief as hate, blasphemy, disclosure, etc. Particularly important decisions were taken by the out-of-town meetings - conferences. The competence of the Synod was interchanged by the Holy Lord. Reconstruction of the state apparatus of the buv nodklicheniya zmіtsniti panuvannya nobility and autocratic power, taking the development of new vidnosyny, growing promiscuity and trade