Private histology of the nervous system. Lecture: Morphofunctional characteristics of the spinal cord
The dorsal brain is folded in two symmetrical halves, separated one by one in front - by a large middle cleft, and at the back - by a middle furrow. The spinal cord is characterized by segmental (metameric) buds (31-33 segments); A pair of anterior (ventral) and a pair of posterior (dorsal) cords are tied with the skin segment.
The spinal cord is developing Syra Rechovina, Roztashovane in the central part, i Bila Rechovina To lie on the periphery.
The name of the cordon of Biloi speech spinal cord I'll say pricordonna glial membrane, I am inclined to be angry with the amalgamation of astrocytes. The membrane is penetrated by the nerve fibers, the anterior and posterior corners.
Stretching the spinal cord in the center of the syroe of speech, pass the central canal of the spinal cord, z'єdnana through the locks of the brain.
Sira rechovina on cross-sectional opening front, Abo ventral, rear, Abo spinnі, i bichni, Abo lateral, horns. In the middle of the speech, there are tila, dendrites and (partly) axonneurons, as well as glial cells. Main warehouse part syroi speech, which leads to the development of a white, є multipolar neuron. There are several neurons neuropil- a hemline, fixed by nerve fibers and sprouts of glial cells.
Three types of cells can be seen among all neurons in the spinal cord:
Korintsev,
Internal,
· Bundles.
axoni korintsevykh clitin Lost the spinal cord at the storehouse of the front corners, the center of the family and the front corners. adolescents internal cells end with synapses in the boundaries of the spinal cord (also the neurons of the back horns). axoni bunch cells to pass in the bile speech in the form of bundles of fibers, which carry the nerve impulses from the nuclei of the spinal cord in the first segment, or to the outward appearances of the brain, so that the connections are made.
In the process of developing the spinal cord neural tube Isogenetic neurons are grouped in 10 balls, or Rexed plates... With tsom I-V plates the rear horns are shown, the VI-VII plates are the industrial zones, the VIII-IX plates are the anterior horns, the X plate is the zone of the central canal. On the transverse views, the nuclear groups of neurons are more clearly visible, and on the sagittal ones, the lamellar parts of the Budov are more clearly visible, de neurons are grouped into Rexed columns.
Clitini, podbnі for sizes, budget and functional meanings, lie in a system of speech in groups, which are called nuclei.
V rear horns develops a spongy ball, a gelatinous speech, a whip nucleus of the posterior horn and a sternum Clark's nucleus, Roland's nucleus with galvanic neurons, Lisauer's zone.
neurons spongy zone and gelatinous speech there are clashes between the sensitive cells of the spinal ganglia and the ruff cells of the anterior horns, the muscles of the reflex arcs are quiescent.
neurons Clarke cores Recognize information from receptors in the muscles, tendons and lobes (proprioceptive sensitivity) by the core fibers themselves and transmit them to the brain, which is great for multipolar neurons.
neurons vlasny core the back horn is inserted into other multipolar cells, axons that end in the boundaries of the spinal cord of the spinal cord on either side (associative cells) or on the other side (comisural cells).
Between the rear and bichny horns of the serpentine speech, it is thrown into strands in the bile, as long as it becomes a network-like release, I call it a network-like affirmation, an abnormal reticular form of the spinal cord.
Near the industrial zone (Bichnyh horns) growth of the center of the autonomic (autonomous) nervous system - preganglionic cholinergic neurons of sympathetic and parasympathetic types.
V front horns roztasvanі the most neurons of the spinal cord. Tse of the core cells, fragments of the axons store the bulk of the fibers of the anterior cores. In the anterior horns, there are 3 types of neurons, which form 5 groups of nuclei behind the bulge (lateral - anterior and posterior group, medial - anterior and posterior group and central or intermediate nucleus).
Alpha motoneuroni- large neurons 100-140 microns. For the function of the stench of the rods and axons in the storage of the anterior corners, they go from the spinal cord and go to the transversely dark mouths.
gamut of motoneurons- others, є by clients controlling the strength and speed of speed.
klitini Renshaw - galmovnі cells zdіysnyut instead of galmіvnі motoneurons zginachіv and rozginachіv, as well as zhytnіyut zvolotny galmuvannya.
Bila Rechovina horns to the brain are broken at the top: front (bottom), middle (middle) and back (top). Bila speech to the spinal cord is a superality of late orintegration of important nerve fibers. Bundles of nerve fibers, such as the connections between the small parts of the nervous system, are called tracts, or conductive paths, of the spinal cord.
4. Reflex apparatus of the spinal cord (somatic reflex arches)
The elementary reflex arc of the spinal cord is represented by two neurons. Tilo the first - afferent neuron in the spinal ganglion. Yogo dendrite is directed to the periphery and ends with a receptor. The axon of the afferent neuron in the storehouse of the posterior cortex enters the spinal cord, the posterior horns, and transits to the cells of the anterior horns of the spinal cord. At the front horns, roztasvani tila rukhovyh eferentnykh kіtin- the great alpha motoneurons, on which and end with the axosomatic synapse, the axon of sensitive cells. The axon of an eferent neuron overlaps the spinal cord, to enter the anterior cortex, far into the spinal nerve, gossip, nareshty, in the storage of the somatic nerve, reach the effector's body(M'yazi, zalozi).
When a finger is applied (a prick of a finger of a hand), a receptor device (nocereceptors of a shkiri) is depleted and a nerve impulse is generated, which is docentrically through a dendrite, and an afferent neuron and the other axon are carried out behind the other side of the neuron. The nerve impulse of the centrifugally assisted axon of the cell is overlapping the spinal cord, the anterior cortex, the nerve and the excitement in the organ of the organism (two-headed shoulder meat), well, in our own devil, to produce a prickly effect.
The principle of budovi that robots of autonomic reflex arcs to sort out independently.
To control the robot's internal organs and functions, to quickly reject the transmission of cute and reflex impulses, to use the conductive paths to the spinal cord. Destruction in the transmission of impulses can lead to serious diseases in the robot's entire body.
Why does the polyaga have the function of the spinal cord?
By the term "Provincial Way", rely on the superiority of nerve fibers, to prevent the transmission of signals in the center of the modern speech. The main function of the spinal cord is the transmission of impulses. Three groups of nerve fibers were taken into account:- Associative guides.
- Comisural call.
- Projected nerve fibers.
Sensitive and rukhovy paths will ensure the communication between the spinal cord and the brain, the internal organs, the muscular system and the support-arm apparatus. The managers of the shvidky transmission of impulses, all the ruins were ready to go with the ungodzhen rank, without any suspicions from the side of the people.
How to set up to conduct spinal paths
The main conductive paths are established by the links between cells and neurons. Such a budget will ensure the necessary speed of transmission of impulses.Classification of conductive paths to be found among the functional features of nerve fibers:
- Visible connections to the spinal cord - read and transmit signals: from the school and the slimy people, the organs of life and safety. Bezpechuyut visonannya functions of the support-arm apparatus.
- Descending conductive paths to the spinal cord - transmit impulses to the non-middle working organs of human beings - myazovyh tissue, zaloz, etc. Z'єднані without the cortical part of the syroi speech. The transmission of impulses passes through the spinal neuronal ligaments, to the internal organs.
The spinal cord can be subordinate to the control of the guards, which will prevent the rapid and rapid transmission of information from the monitored organs. Providnikova function of the spinal cord helps to establish the manifestation of effective transmission of impulses through nerve tissue.
In medical and anatomical practice, vicoristovuvati adopted the following terms: 
De rostashovuyutsya wires to the brain of the back
All the nerves of the tissue grow into a gray and white speech, to remove the spinal cord and the cortex of the spinal cord.The morphofunctional characteristic of the lower spinal paths of the spinal cord is intertwined directly with impulses only in one straight line. The growth of synapses goes from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic membrane.
The provisional functions of the spinal cord and the brain provide for the onset and expansion of the main hanging and descending paths:
- Association of provincial nobles - є "misconceptions", which can be used to create a dish between the core and the core of the syllabus of speech. It is stored in short fibers. First, it is located in the boundaries of one half, or a part of the cerebral ponds.
Dovgі fibers of the building transmit signals through 2-3 segments of the syroe speech. In the spinal cord, neurons set up intersegmental bundles. - Comisural fibers - to fix the corpus callosum until the last news from the spinal cord and the brain. Dispose of in an exchangeable way. Roztashovani in the bile speech of the brain tissue.
- Fiber projection is a way of spreading the wire paths in the spinal cord allowing the impulses to reach the measles as quickly as possible. Behind the character i functional features, The projected fibers are subdivided on the top and bottom lines.
First, they are susceptible to exteroreception (hearing, hearing), proprioceptive (functional), interoreceptive (communication with internal organs). The receptor is retouched between the spine and hypothalamus.
The anatomy of the provincial nobles is easy to reach for people who cannot be educated in medicine. Aleneuronal transmission of impulses і tim, to rob the organism of a human being by one tsilim.
Traces of the poets of the provincial gentry
The study of the intelligence of the neurophysiology of the sensory and roach paths, after the trocha is cognized from the anatomy of the ridge. The dorsal brain has a structure, a lot of nagadu cylindr, oozing with meat tissue.
In the middle of the common speech, they pass through the paths, which control the robot of the internal organs, as well as the functional functions. Associative guides show you more and more tactile perceptions. Rukhovi - for reflex functions to organism.
As a result of injuries, the development of the spinal cord or the spinal cord may develop, the conductivity may decrease or the spinal cord will increase. Vidbuvatsya tse through vіdmirannya nerve fibers. For the general deterioration of the spinal cord impulses, paralysis is characteristic, the visibility of the sensitivity of the cues is characteristic. To fix problems in the robots of internal organs, for how to diagnose the neural connections. So, when the lower part of the spinal cord is affected, non-limiting and mimic defecation is prevented.
The reflex and provincial activity of the spinal cord collapses immediately due to the detection of degenerative pathological changes. Renewal of nerve fibers, as it is important to be renewed. The ailment shvidko progressing and insisting on gross deterioration of provinces. Cause the seizure before drug therapy you need to do it earlier.
How to detect passage in the spinal cord
The treatment of non-conduction in the first place is tied to the need for the removal of nerve fibers, as well as the reasons that have become a catalyst of pathological changes.Drug treatment
Polyaga is in the prescribed preparations, which will transfer the blood supply to the brain, as well as sufficient blood supply to the spinal cord. At the same time, it is possible to get rid of the special features of the conductive function of the spinal cord, as well as the seriousness of injuries or discomfort.For additional stimulation of nerve cells, it is carried out with electric impulses, which additionally helps to stimulate the muscular tone.
surgical treatment
The operation to renew the spinal cord conduction has two main problems:- Usunennya catalysts, which became the cause of the paralysis of the robotics of neural connections.
- Stimulation of the spinal cord with the addition of new functions.
Folk medicine for deteriorated conditions
People get used to the damaged spinal cord conduction, as well as become vicious, guilty of stagnating with special protection, so as not to bring the patient to death.Especially popular to reprimand: 
I will increase the renewal of neuron connections after injuries can be delivered smoothly. It’s a good idea to lie down from a shrewd animal to the medical center and to the qualified assistance of a neurosurgeon. In more than an hour we walk through the ear of degenerative changes, we have less chance of renewal functional possibilities spinal cord.
There is a lack of robustness in the assignment of structural and functional changes in the nervous system with the infusion of factors of the new middle. Yak and in some areas of knowledge, the result is a lot of verbose, which is tied, sprout, with the peculiarities of the organization of the brain, as it has a very individual twists and turns. For a clearer establishment of the paths of the structural and functional overwakening of the whole system of foldably organized systems, and the necessary experimental models, introduced into the plan, injected into the cardinal paths of adapting the structures of the past.
The meta of the preliminaries showed a range of adaptive morphological changes in the pyramidal, extrapiradic systems and segmental apparatus to the brain in the case of right-handed transformation of the internal sleepy artery.
Material and methods of preliminaries.
The robot was carried out on 36 unbreed male dogs, with 26 bullets intact. 10 creatures experimentally simulated ischemia behind an additional one-sided dressing of the internal sleepy artery. The preliminaries were carried out in accordance with the instructions to the Ministry of Higher Education of the SRSR No. 742 on 11/13/84 "About the consolidation of the rules for carrying out robots in the experimental tests" and No. 48 on January 23, 1985
In robotic boules vicoristani intact creatures (26) and dogs with a right-handed bandage of internal sleepy artery (10).
For the test of the experiment, 10% dosage of topental sodium was injected internally (0.5 ml per kg of mass). Taking the material was carried out through 30 minutes of heart. For the help of a razorless razor, the cerebral cortex (field Prc1), the midbrain on the rivn of the superior colliculus and the quarters of the transverse segment of the spinal cord were twisted. Kozhen s were distributed into 3 pieces. The first piece was placed in a 12% formulation for pouring into blocks. Another shmatochka was frozen in cold to -70 ° C with iso-octane nitrogen and for preparation of healthy sprouts and incubated in the middle for fermenting. The remaining shmatochok was victorious for the electronic microscopic presentation. To puncture the cortex, a large part of the vervony nucleus (CJ) and the anterior spinal cord with a specially sharpened shaft for the ін'єкцій 1.0 mm in diameter. Otrimany at the punctuation of the syllabus of the syllabus was placed in the glutaraldegid.
The results of the finalization and discussion. One of the peculiarities of our robot was in the fact that the intact creatures looked not only at the control, but as a povnotsinna experimental group. Zvidsy and such a great number of dogs that have been put together (26 individuals). It allowed for a greater accuracy in assessing the range of the number of structural and functional indicators of the CNS elements of dogs, which were found in the same minds and were not given experimental injections. These indicators varied greatly in magnitude. Thus, the number of cells with perinuclear chromatolysis was colized in motoneurons of the spinal cord from 4 to 20%, and in interneurons - from 0 to 8%. In the large-cell part of the QJ, the ratio was from 4 to 16%, in the motor cortex - from 0 to 16%.
There is a great number of absolute and common morphometric indicators that we have taken away, but little in view of the particularity of the neurological constitution of intact creatures. However, all indicators varied greatly. Particularly large are the number of ossicles of nerve cells, nuclei, nuclei of glial cells and glial index. In motor neurons of the spinal cord, the glial index varied from 1.08 to 2.24, in the motor cortex - from 1.44 to 3.00. The coefficient of elongation of the spinal cord neuron to the spinal cord from 1.52 to 2.13, the intermediate neuron from 1.42 to 2.19, the pyramidal neuron V to the motor measles ball - from 2.70 to 3.26.
On the electronic microscopic analysis of the polymorphism of the nuclei and structures of the cytoplasm of the nerve and glial cells, business organization ultrastructures of intact organism.
inflow experimental ischemia to produce up to the characteristic changes of elements of the central nervous system. With a small number of cells with perinuclear chromatolysis (in CJ and motor measles there are fewer such cells, less in intact dogs), it is indicated that a larger number of neurons are characterized by rapid and total chromatolysis. Thus, the number of neurons with total chromatolysis in dogs is 12% in the middle cells of the spinal cord, in the large cell part of the EC - 16%, in the motor cortex - 20%. The same number of measles cells from total chromatolysis є, mabut, one of morphofunctional equivalents of experimental ischemia. It is also characteristic that total chromatolysis is often associated with altogether different cells, but sooner for everything it is connected with the peculiarities of blood flow and metabolism.
The order of the cym is impossible not to creep, but the number of normochromic neurons is even more variable, and in the motor cortex in some dogs it ranges from 32 to 68%. Thus, the adaptation of motor measles to hypoxia is of an individual character. The whole fact of the meanings and the preceding preliminaries.
Injecting experimental ischemia to produce a dynamic dynamism of nerve cells in the central nervous system. Thus, the test of ruff cells of the spinal cord and motor measles is significantly higher, less in intact dogs (by 16.5% and 10.5% apparently, p. %, R
The indicator of the optical strength of the reaction product of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in the context of the intact group tends to change, but only in other parts of the CY and in the III group of measles in the name of the disease.
The sensitivity of the neurons of the third ball to the hypoxia is expressed by the authors, which is how the maximal blood flow of the afferent ball is connected, in which the axons of the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus converge. The hystoenzymatic heterogeneity of neurons was detailed by us in the anterior preliminaries in the spinal cord and in the brain. Typological analysis has revealed a smaller portion of "oxidative" cells in the spinal cord, both parts of the EC and in all measles balls, V, and in the VI balls, the least.
Hystoenzymatic profile of young neuronal ensembles, training in the optical density of SDH, and an increase in the dynamic nature of the response of nerve cells to the deficiency of acidic supply.
Ultrastructural changes of elements in the spinal cord are minimal, and in neurons in the brain
The decrease in the number of ribosomes and polys was known, which indicates a decrease in the bioxynthesis activity. Analogous changes in the production of complex radio-autographic dosages from the storage of different atoms of glucose, methionine and uridine. In satellites of neurons of the large-cell part of the CJ, the nuclear membrane is invaginated, which indicates the strengthening of biosynthetic processes. In satellites of motor measles, eccentric growth of nuclei was revealed, in rare cases, fragmentation, and the sensitivity of cariolemma. Seemingly, oligodendrogly itself is especially sensitive to hypoxia, at that time the astrocytes appear to be very responsive to a factor. Znizhennya kіlkostі sinaptichnih puhirtsіv i їh aglyutinatsіya and takozh nayavnіst incorporating membranes in presinaptichnih vіdrostkah svіdchat about torn down Venue of nervovogo іmpulsu scho on Dumka bіlshostі avtorіv, pov'yazano sinaptichnih depolarization of membranes scho vinikaє vnaslіdok pіdvischennya vnutrіshnoklіtinnoї kontsentratsії іonіv kaltsіyu at gіpoksії. Tsey stan є werewolf. It also transmits synapses reduction in one of the early mechanisms of neuron mixing on equal terms of interaction, adequate to hypoxic inflow.
The appearance of membrane inclusions in the event of a destructive degradation of the growth and overloading of the lipoprotein complex, due to the decrease in the synthesis of biogenic amino acids and phospholipids, as well as the reduction of the enzyme activity of cytoxide Possibility of complexities to produce up to further destruction of these channels and change in neurons, ions of calcium, calcium, sodium and chlorine.
In such a rank, injecting experimental ischemia to indicate the meaning of changes in the structural and functional state of the development of the brain, which is the middle of the serious damage to the oxide exchange and the bio-synthesizing apparatus of the neuron.
List of Literature
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3. Vorobyova T.V., Yakovlev N.I. Ultrastructural changes of synapses in the sensorimotor area of measles and the brain in case of hypoxia // Principles of organizing the central mechanisms of rudny functions. - К.: Іn-t Mozku VNTSPZ AMN SRSR. - 1979. - S. 15-19.
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The dorsal brain is located in the spinal canal i can see the rounded transverse overriding strand, widened in the shear and transverse viddilakh. The wine is stored in two symmetrical halves, divided in front of the middle cleft, behind the middle furrow, and is characterized by a segmental bud. A pair of anterior (ventral) and a pair of posterior (dorsal) cords are tied with the skin segment. The spinal cord is built up from the syroe of the speech, which is roasted centrally, and from the nastoyear of the white speech. Sira rechovina on the shape of a panicle. Vystupi syroї speech, how to reach up to the spinal cord, are called stoppages. Rear, rear and front ends. Stop on the transverse view as horns. Sera speech is stored in groups of multipolar neurons and neuroglyocytes, non-micelinic and thin microfibers.
The purchase of neurons, which can be used as a background morphology and function, are called nuclei . At the rear horns there are:
· Lisauer's regional zone - mice of reddening of the fibers of the dorsal roots at the entry into the spinal cord;
· sponge , Represented by a large-looped glial skeleton with great neurons;
· gelatinous (Dragliste) rechovin o, the neuroglia are approved with other nerve cells;
· the core of the dorsal horn It is stored in bundle cells, outgrowths of those, which are transferred through the anterior commissure to the inner cord of the spinal cord on the side of the spinal cord, reach the mucus in the storehouse of the anterior spinocerebellar path;
· Clark's core It is also stored with bundle cells, axons that pass in the storage of the posterior cerebrospinal pathway are tied with the cerebellum.
The industrial zone of gray speech will drain the spinal canal, which is caused by the disease. At the industrial zones є cores:
· medial, Scho fold into bundle cells, neurons which adhere to the anterior spinal cord;
· lateral, roztashovany in bichnyh horns, housed with a group of associative cells, which are the first neuron of an efficiently attractive way.
Most nerve cells lie in the anterior horns, in the storage of the posterior and anterior medial nuclei, which are established by the root (root) neurons, axons that go from the spinal cord to the storage of the anterior cortex and the inner muscles. The posterior and anterior lateral nuclei are also set up by the nerve neurons, the innervating of the upper and lower joints.
Bila rechovina is represented later on by myakushevy nerve fibers, picked up in bundles, stored in the conduits of the spinal cord. At the bіlіy speech, the development: back, bіchny and anterior cord.
The bunches are divided into two groups: one should remove the spinal cord from the spinal cord and lie in the anterior and lateral cords without the middle at the blue speech, creating the power of the spinal cord. The Іnsha group of bundles in the lower dorsal and cerebrum.
The development of both the downward and the downward paths. The downward path is set up the back cord and into the back of the brain.
develop Gaul's lower beam, axon statements of sensitive cells, the receptors for which lie in the lower half of the tulub and wedge-shaped bundle of Burdakh , Recipes for which they are generated at the upper half of the tulub. Tsi bundles end in the nuclei of the large brain. Tse shlyakh tactile, pain, temperature sensitivity.
The common cord is stored from the upper spinal paths of the anterior spinocerebellar and posterior spinocerebellar. Rozdratuvannya along qih paths to reach the front part of the cornmeal and switch to rukhov_ paths, then go through the cornucopia to the core of hearts.
Until the slumping paths are carried out:
1. Shlyakhi who tinkle the spinal cord with the bark of the great pіvkul: pіramіdny, corticospinal shlyakh i anterior corticospinal go, lie in the front rope. They may be of great importance for the health of their co-ordinated ruins. All the arms of the arms are transmitted through the pass. Bulbospinalny The way also does not have any impulses from the measles of the great countries.
2. Link with the dovgastim brain zd_ysnyu vestibulospinalny shlyakh (deuterospinalny), which is of great importance for the preparation and correct arrangement of the floor in the open space, as well as to the core of the Deiters The growths of neurons, as the receptor apparatus may enter the vestibular apparatus, enter.
3. The ligament with the brain and middle brain is healthy rubrosp_nalniy shlyakh scho id vid klin of the vervony nuclei of the spinal cord. Impulses to go through the cim through the path to control all automatic movement.
4. Not less than the amount of ligaments of the spinal cord with the quadruple of the midbrain tectospinal і reticulospinal way. The four mounds will remove the fibers from the healthy nerve from the pylitic area of measles, and the impulses, which go down the path to the ruffled neurons, will not be able to clarify and straighten the ruffs.
The nerve system is taken to the side of the worm. For topographic signs її go to the central and peripheral views, for functional signs - to somatic and vegetative views. Central viddil, or central nervous system, Including head and spinal cord. To the peripheral view, or the peripheral nervous system, carry all the nerves, so that all the peripheral conductive paths, which are composed of sensitive and nerve fibers. Somatic viddil, for the somatic nervous system, including the cranial and spinal nerves, which ring the central nervous system with the organs, so that the nervous system is squeezed out - with the shkinny curl and apparatus of the ruch. The vegetative form, or the autonomic nervous system, will prevent the ligaments of the central nervous system from the internal organs, zalozami, vodins and organs, in the warehouses of which є smooth tissue tissue. The vegetative form extends to the pretty and parasympathetic part, or the pretty and parasympathetic nervous system.
The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. Between the mass of the brain and the spinal cord, the development of the spinal cord: in the world of development of the organization of the creature, the mass of the brain grows in the mass of the spinal cord. In birds, the brain is 1.5-2.5 times larger than the spinal cord, in pigs it is 2.5-3 times, in huts it is 3.5-5 times, and in primates it is 8-15 times larger.
Dorsal brain- the medulla spinalis lies in the spinal canal, occupying approximately 2/3 of the thigh. In the great horned thinness and horses of the yogh, the size is 1.8-2.3 m, weight is 250-300 g, in the pig - 45-70 m. There is no clear line between the brain and the spinal cord. Vvazhaєtsya, scho vona pass on the cranial edge of the Atlanta. In the spinal cord, the spinal cord, thoracic, crosswise, sacral and tail parts are developed behind the mice of the zalagannya. In the embryonic period, the development of the spinal cord will retain the entire spinal canal, and in conjunction with the great development of the skeleton, the growth of the skeleton grows ever greater. As a result, the brain in the great horned thinness ends at the level of the 4th, in the pig - in the area of the 6th transverse ridge, and in the horse - in the area of the 1st segment of the crooked cyst. The bridle of the spinal cord along the dorsal side and the middle dorsal groove (trough). From this, the uglib comes from the semi-tissue dorsal septum. In the side or middle furrows, go through more dorsal lateral furrows. Behind the ventral sides of the gliboka is the middle ventral fissure, and on the sides of it there are the ventral lateral grooves (zholobi). In the end, the spinal cord sounds loudly, edging the cerebral cone, which turns into the endov thread. Vona is approved with a good fabric and ends on the level of the first tail ridges.
In the shynoy and transverse parts of the spinal cord є sweating. A number of neurons and nerve fibers grow at the link with the development of the colors in the cich dylyankas. In pigs, 5-8 neurosegments are formed. Yogo the maximum width at the middle of the 6th ridge is 10 mm. Across the side, the growth is brought to the 5-7th across the neurosegmentation. In the skin segment from the spinal cord, a pair of spinal nerves enter with two roots - on the right and on the right. The dorsal root extends from the dorsal lateral groove, the ventral root - from the ventral lateral groove. From the spinal canal, the spinal nerves enter through the mid-spine open. The dilenca of the spinal cord between the two suspension spinal nerves is called a neurosegment. Neurosegments are growing in size and often beyond the size of the cyst segment. As a result of the spinal cord nerves enter the spinal cord. It is often from them to pass through the middle of the ridge canal to the exit from the ridge opening of its segment. At the caudal straight line, it becomes possible to grow from the nerves, to go through the middle of the spinal canal, behind the cerebral cone, to form a bi penzlik, called the "Chinese tail".
Brain- encephalon - is placed in the cranial box and stored in several parts. In pigs, the weight of the brain is 0.08-0.3% of the mass, which is 370-600 g for a horse, 220-450 g for a horse, for animals and pigs - 96-150 g. the mass of the brain is better than that of the greats.
Cephalic cephalic semi-oval form. In the ruminants - with a wide frontal area, they cannot be seen with scent cybulins and broadened extensions on the rivni frontiers. The pig has more sounds in front of it, with a little bit of smelling cybulins. Dovzhin yogo to become in the middle in the great horny thinness 15 cm, in the vivtsi - 10, in the pig - 11 cm. The globose transverse cleft of the head, the brain extends into the great brain, so it lies rostrally, and the diamond-like brain, the rosettes are caudal. Dilanki to the brain phylogenetically long ago, which represent an advanced projection of the conductive paths of the spinal cord, are called the brain stem. Wine includes in itself a little brain, a cerebral place, a middle place, a part of an intermediate brain. Phylogenetically, the youngest part of the brain will fit into the part of the brain. She has a brain and a cerebellum.
diamond-like brain- rhombencephalon - extends to the back and the back brain and to revenge the quarters of the brain.
Prodigal brain- medulla oblongata - the very back of the brain. Yogo mas stock - 10-11% masi mozku; in the great horny thinness - 4.5, in the vivtsi - 3.7, in the pig - 2 cm.May the shape of a flattened cone, which is straightened forward and adjoined to the cerebral bridge, and at the top - to the spinal cord, into which one can pass without thin cordons ...
On the dorsal side є of the lozenge of the rhomboid form - the quarters of the cerebral lid. For the ventral side there are three furrows: middle and 2 furrows. Z'єdnyuchis caudally, the stench passes into the ventral midline of the spinal cord. Between the bearded ones, there are 2 tall species of bridesmaid rollers - pіramidi, in which bundles of nerve fibers pass through. On the cordons of the old and spinal cord, the paths are crossed - the crossing of the paths is established. In the large brain, the cranial tongue is rosted in the middle, in the days of the fourth cerebral slurry near the nuclei, which gives an ear of cranial nerves (from VI to XII), as well as the nuclei, in which the intermixing of impulses in the brain occurs. Bila rechovina lay call, more ventrally, molding conductive paths. Rukhovi (eferent) conductive paths from the brain to the dorsal shape of the piracy. Sensitive conductive paths (afferent) from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex / posterior lobes of the corns, which goes from the large cerebral to the corns. In the mass of the large brain, in the viglyad, the gossip has an important coordination apparatus to the brain - the reticular formation. There is a common structure of the stovbur to the brain and the reception of the data to the foldable, easily accessible parts of the various reactions.
Prodigal brain- life is very important for the central nervous system (CNS), to bring it to death. Here the rosette center of energy, sercebitty, zhuvannya, kovtannya, smoktannya, bluing, chewing, salivation and juice secretion, tone of sudin and іn.
back brain- metencephalon - folds into the cerebral і cerebral bridge.
Mozkovy Mist- pons - massively draining on the ventral surface of the brain, but lying across the anterior part of the large brain up to 3.5 cm wide in the great horned thinner, 2.5 cm in the veins and 1.8 ohms in the pig. The main mass of the cerebral bridge is made up of conductive paths (fall and downward), so that it connects the brain with the back and sides of the brain inside oneself. There is a great number of nerve fibers going across the bridge to the cornsus and the shape of the middle nіzh of the cornsus. In the bridge, there are groups of nuclei, including the nuclei of the cranial nerves (V pair). The most common V pair of cranial nerves - three parts - go from the bichesky surface of the bridge.
lobe- cerebellum - to grow over the bridge, dovgastim brain and fourth cerebellum, behind the quadruple. In front of me, between the drinks of the great brain. Masa yogo becomes 10-11% of the mass of the brain. In a vivtsi and a pig, a yogi (4-4.5 cm) is more than a height (2.2-2.7 mu), in a great horny thinness it is 5.6X6.4 cm. the cell and the bichn_ part - the pivucleus of the moss. The lobe is 3 paris nizhok. The posterior legs (ropes) are drawn from the middle brain, the middle from the cerebral bridge, the anterior (rostral) ones from the middle brain. The surface of the corns is selected in the numerical folds of the lobes and zivines, broken out by bears and shilines. Sira speech in the cortex is rostered from above - the cortex of the cortex and in the glybin at the viglyadi of the nuclei. The upper corns of measles in the great horny thinness of the warehouse 130 cm 2 (close to 30% in terms of the prevalence to measles of the great pimples) at a thickness of 450-700 microns. Bila speech is roasted before the bark and at the glance of the tree, after which it is called the tree of life.
The lobe є is the center of coordination of powerful rukhiv, to adjust the tone of mucous membranes, posi, rivnovagi.
diamond-like brain to revenge the quarters of the cerebral slunk. Yogo bottom є the loss of a large brain - a diamond-shaped fossa. Yogo stinki established by the nits of the corns, and by the anterior (rostral) and posterior cerebral vitrils, which are the vernacular gossip. The lid is rostrally connected with the cerebral aqueduct, caudally - with the central canal of the spinal cord and through the opening into the vitril - with the open space.
great brain- cerebrum - includes dintsevium, intermediate and middle brain. Kintseviy and intermediate brain connected to the forebrain.
The middle brain - mesencephalon - folds into the quadruple, the lower part of the great brain and the cerebral aqueduct laid between them. Prikritiy great pіvkuli. Yogo mass becomes 5-6% of the mass of the brain.
The four-hills set up the middle brain. It is stocked with a bet of rostral (front) humps and a bet of tail (rear) humps. The four-hill is the center of insanely reflexive rocking acts in the minds of health and hearing teasing. The anterior humps are invaded by the auditory analyzer centers, the posterior humps and the auditory analyzer centers. In ruminants, the front humps are larger than the rear ones, in pigs - navpaki.
The bottom of the great brain will set the bottom of the middle one. You may see two rollers, you can lie between the green tracts and the brain bridge. Rozdіlenі inter-pectoral furrow.
Between the quadruples and the great ones, the brain at the viglyad of the vuzkoy tube pass the brain (Silvia) water supply. Rostrally, it sits behind the third, caudally - with the fourth cerebral ditches. Mozkovy water supply of effluent formations.
In the middle brain, there was a speech, the calls were rooted and they were the leading afferent and efferent paths. Sira speech is roasted in the glybin at the viglyad nuclei. The third pair of cranial nerves enters from the cerebral nerves.
middle brain- diencephalon - to build up from healthy humps - thalamus, epithalamus - epithalamus, hypothalamus - hypothalamus. Roztashovaniye of an industrial brain mіzh kіntsevym.
In the middle brain, prikritiy k_ntsevym brain. Yogo mass becomes 8-9% of the mass of the brain. Zorovi hump is the most massive, part of the brain is centrally welded. Zrostayuchis mіzh saboy, the stench will stifle the third cerebral slunk so that it takes the shape of a ring, so that it is near the middle mass of green humps. Above, the little one is covered with a sudinnoy pokrishkoy; to see the middle opener with the little shlunochki, aboral go into the brain water. Bila speech in the thalamus lie on top, gray - in the middle at the viglyadi of the numerical nuclei. The stench is to serve as remixing lanes from the lower links to the bark and tied up with the analyzer. On the basal surface of the midbrain, the splicing of the crossed healthy nerves is called chiasma.
Epitalamus is stored from decilkoh structures, including the epiphysis and rupture of the third cerebral slurry (epiphiz - internal secretion). Rosetting in dead mids with green hillocks and quadruples.
Hypothalamus of retouching on the basal surface of the intermediate brain between the chiasma and the lower brain. Store from decilkokh parts. Bezposredno posterior chiasmata at the viglyadі of the oval hump is a gray hillock. Yogo turned down the top is knitted for the rakhunnya vypynnya stinka of the third lynx and the funnel, on which pidvizheniy gipofiz - zalosa of the internal secretion. Behind the gray hillock, it is not very large, round about the nasal-nipple-like tilo. Bila speech in the hypothalamus roztashovane calls, the form to carry out the afferent and efferent paths. Sira rechovina - at the viglyadi of numerical nuclei, as the hypothalamus is in the vyglyadi vegetative center. Win to take revenge on the center of health, blood and lymphocytes, temperature, statutory functions and in.
Kintseviy mozok - telencephalon - statements of two puffs, breaking out with a lot of late chilin and with some calluses. Yogo masa (great thinness 250-300 g, in vivtsi and pigs 60-80 g, to become 62-66% of the mass of the brain. The bins of the breeches are shattered by a hole in the partition.
The smelling brain is stored in decal parts, which are placed on the ventral surface of the bone marrow. Rostrally, the spike is placed behind the edges of the cloak, there are 2 scent cybulinis. The stench occupies the pits of a gratuitous brush. Through the openings in the perforated plate of the cyst, the scent threads enter into them, as in the sum the scent nerve is established. Cybulini are the primary scent centers. From them there are scent tracts - afferent provincial paths. The lateral scent tract extends to the pear-shaped portions, which are spread laterally to the brain. The medical scent taverns reach the medial surface of the cloak. There are scent trikutniks lying between the tracts. Pear-like parts and scent trikutniki are the second-best scent centers. In the glybin of the scent marrow, on the bottom of the little sniffers, roasting in the other parts of the scent marrow. Smell to tie the smelling brain with the іnshim іddіls of the brain. The swarthy mildew in the glybin pivculi is a basal complex of nuclei, such as pidkirkovy centers.
The raincoat is attainable to the greatest development in vishikh ssavts. I have to know vishі centri all the life of the creature. The top of the cloak is covered with zvivins and bears. The great horned thinness has a surface of 600 cm. 2. A sera of speech in a cloak roasted from above is the center of the bark of the great feasts. Bila speech is located in the middle - the whole route. Functions of small children of measles are not of a certain significance, Budova grows into a mosaic, which has given the opportunity to see in the form of decals (lobov, tim'yan, skronev, potilichnu) and half a dozen. Fields are derived from one of their own cytoarchitectonics - to rosetting, to a few and to the shape of a cell and to a microarchitectonics - to rosetting, to a few and a form of fibers.
Meninges. The dorsal and cerebral corns are firm, pavutinous and mucous membranes.
The hard shell is the surface itself, tovsta, it is approved by the shinny with the full tissue, b_dna by the vessels. With the cysts of the skull and the ridges, they grow with links, folds and іnhims. Vona descend into the lower half of the brain between the injections of the great brain about the view of the sickle-shaped ring (sickle of the great brain) and the great brain from the rhomboid re-entanglement of the cornice. Between her and the bunches, do not skim the epidural space, accumulate rich and fatty tissue. Veni pass here. In the middle of the solid brain sheath is whitewashed by an endotel. Between her and the pavutinous sheath є subdural space, filling the spinal cord. The spider web is covered with fluffy tissue, it is not, without a court, it is not possible to enter the furrows. On both sides, the endothelial and visualized subdural and subdural (subpaired) expanses of the outer shells are covered. Come to the shells for the help of the ligaments, as well as the nerves and nerves to pass through it.
M'yaka obolonka - tonka, ale shilna, z great numbers Sudin, for scho її they call it the same. To go into the grooves and lines of the brain and the spinal cord, as well as in the brain of the louse, deforming the pokryshka.
Interbolochny space, cerebrospinal corkscrews and central spinal canal is stored with the spinal cord, which is the inner middle of the brain, I'll write down the function... Establish a ridina. In the main, in the case of shlunochkіv, vіdtіkaє in the venous channel. The norm has a lot of time.
Judgment of the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord is covered with blood along the spines, which come out of the ridges, intercostal arteries, transverse and cryogenic arteries. In the spinal canal, the stench is formed into the spinal arteries, and in the furrows and in the central cleft of the spinal cord. To the brain, roofs go along the spinal and internal sleepy (in horny thinness - along the internal slit) arteries.