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The unkindness will turn after the war of 1812. Yu. M. Lotman. Pushkin (2). Dodatok - vlasna name

So the breath of earthly drills

And they hated us ...

A.S. Pushkin

In a special era, the share of the people of the bush is so tightly tied to the historical origins - the shares of powers and peoples, like in the rock of life of A.S. Pushkina. In 1831 r in the verse, assigned to the Lyceum riches, Pushkin wrote:

Long time friends ...

ale twenty rocks

That passed; і well bachu

There is no such king in the living;

We fired Moscow;

the bouv is full of Paris;

Zgas at the vyaznitsa Napoleon;

The ancient glory of the Greeks has risen;

The first Bourbon has fallen from the throne.

In none of these stories, neither Pushkin, none of the folk comrades took a special part, and the same historical life is quiet in such a world, in part of the special biography of Moscow: "Mi" people, "mi" lyceists ("Mi zmuzhnili ..."

Through pіvroku pislya populzhennya Pushkіna, 9 leaf fall 1799 roku (18 Brumaire VIII rooku of the Republic), turning unsupported from Egypt, General Bonaparte defeated the sovereign coup. First Consul, First Consul, Nareshti, Emperor Napoleon, who became fond of France until his death and maturity in 1814.

Mayzhe in the same rocky at the іnshiy kіntsі іvropі, in St. Petersburg, at the time from 11 to 12 birch 1801 r, there was a coup d'etat: a group of palazovnikov and guards officers died in the night in the bedroom of Paul I. On the throne, the eldest of Paul, the twenty-year-old Oleksandr I, rests on the throne.

During the nineteenth century, the juveniles have passed through the nineteenth century until they lived on bivouacs, before the campaigns and battles. Death became wicked and was tied not with old age and ailments, but with youth and husbandhood. I’m not sorry for the wound, but for good health.

Ledwith vstigayuchi pobuvati mіzh vіyskovimi kampanіyami budinku - in Peterburzі, Moskvі, batkіvskih maєtkah, molodі people perervі mіzh campaigns not pospіshali odruzhitisya i zanuryuvatisya in svіtskі zadovolennya abo sіmeynі Turbota: stink zakrivalisya in svoїh kabіnetah, read polіtichnі treatise mіrkuvali over maybutnіm Єvropi i Russie ... They baked the super-strands in a friendly manner, they dragged more, less bali and ladies' suspension.

Razpochala, behind the words of Pushkin, "the thunderstorm of 1812 fate." For a few months Vіtchiznyanoї vіyni Russian suspension has matured for ten years! Yu.M. Lotman put the list on the 15th serpnya of 1812 (Moscow has not been built yet!) Volkov's friend V.I. Lanskoi: "Pomirku, how much it hurts Bachiti, how does it hurt Nachebto Balashov(Minister of Police, dear person of Oleksandr I. - Yu.S.) and Arakcheev sell such wonderful people! Ale I sing to you, as if I still hate chicks in Petersburg as it is, as in Moscow, then it is not a minute dashing for years. "

Viyna ended with the help of Russia. Young cornetes, warrant officers, lieutenants turned around before being wounded by the combat officers, having learned to themselves the active participants of the history and did not bother to wait for them, well, the Maybut European monarch would be seen in the hands of the monarchs in the hands of the people.

The inadvertence will turn from the Victory Day of 1812 until the old order was widely seen in the suspension, as it survived the national journey. Gostriy sposterigach, Liflyandska nobleman T. von Bock wrote in a memorandum given to Oleksandr I: “The people who will be blessed by the enmity of Moscow are not the same people as the Courland groom Biron pulling by the hair with a stretch of ten rock”. The characteristic idea of the tragedy "1812" Gribodov: the main hero p'єsi mav stati krіpak, hero guerrilla warfare, Yakiy pislya peremoga is guilty "turn to the mace of the master." Not showing off the turn of the "coli's abomination" (according to Griboedov), the hero ended by suicide.

The pragmatism of the unique turn of the "coli nous abominations" of the "capital of the past" (the piraz of Chatskiy) was a psychological spring, but the mesmerizing turned from the wines of young officers, The link between 1812 and the visually vivid performance was fostered by the rich Decembrists. M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, speaking on the conspiratorial narada, saying: “The glory of the glory of the Vyskovo, which was depicted by Napoleon. Now the instruction of the hour of the enlightenment of the people in the midst of oppressive slavery, and the ignorant of the Russians, did they celebrate themselves with glorious feats of the victorious true Vichiznya, - the Russian, the power of the fierce bitterness of the ".

In 1815 r in Russia there was a celebration of the first and the same revolutionary suspension. On the 9th of the 1816th year, the decal of the Guards' officers - participants of the Great Patriotic War, the Union of Poryatunka fell asleep at the turn of twenty - twenty five rockies, having created a new Russia in the history. Freedom seemed close to Napoleon's victory, and the struggle and death for it - an enviable triumph.

At the booklet "Insurrection of the Decembrists", as I for the pleasure of S.S. Geychenko pogortav, quotes from the vislovs are known in the casemates of the suvorogo Pestel, the animals are not up to the same thinkers, but to the court and the catam; and the words are brought together by the seizure of freedom: “I became a republican in my soul and in any way I didn’t bolster greater prosperity and great bliss for Russia, as in the republican government. If with some members, as I add my image of thoughts, having thought about the object, then, when I see a picture of all happiness, as if Russia, our understandings, who were reprimanding, entered into such a drowning, and it’s possible to capture, I’m ready and ready to wait a little longer, but I’ll proponate all those that could be received again and again with a thorough adjustment and hardened order of speeches. ”

The number of members of the local partnership was growing rapidly, and in 1818 it was reorganized into the Union of Welfare - a conspiratorial organization, to be insured by the nobility in a community thought, a grip on the order, penetrating the state of the generation, the lack of love for the youth until despotism pidgotuvati Russia up to the indigenous community of re-creation, as it was transferred to carry out in ten - fifteen years.

Injected into the Union of Prosperity, it was wide and plentiful: in dumb Russia, the members of the Union of Prosperity were introduced to publicity. At the balls and in the huge fences, the stench of the stench was discussed, uryadovi events were discussed, the evil vladyka was brought up in the darkness, despotism and bureaucracy were amused, and the main zebra was tamnitsi. The Decembrists didn’t lose sight of the community dummy in the Russian suspension. The very situation made it sound like a new thing in Russia, about the Yak Griboedov through the mouths of Chatsky, saying: "... there are no laughs to frighten, and the trimmings of rubbish at the vuzdi."

However, a wide scope of activity and an orientation towards the openness of the mala and the weak sides: the Union of Prosperity of the Buying of the Allied Companions, and the conspiracy was announced to the Mayzhe nanovets. Until 1821, the fate of the uryad was not enough in the hands of a number of denunciations, which gave great information about the local partnership. At the same time, the emperor was shorn more, but the reactionary order of the Holy Union of European monarchs was crumbling and collapsing after Napoleon's fall. Revolutions in Spain and Naples, hvilyuvannya in Nimetsky universities, Greek insurrection, hvilyuvannya in Semenivsky regiment in Petersburg, revolt in Vyyskovy settlements in Chuguvinsky in Kharkiv city - all Respect repressions. Bully of the Kazan and Petersburg University (after the Decade of the Inquisitorial Tradition of the Bully of the Professors, Victory to a number of sciences in the name of the bully fenced), the censors of the Census

Selected in the cich minds in 1821 in Moscow, an illegal trademark for the Union of Prosperity, having learned about those who have already received lists of crooks, and denounced the same fellowship of likvidovanim. Otherwise, there will be a tactful croc: as a matter of fact, following the first decisions, there was a friend, as the Union was in charge, but on a larger university and a larger conspiratorial basis. The renewal, protest, did not grow smoothly: here the suspension of the prickly thorns geographically - on Pivden and Pivnich, politically - on the other side, they took over this row, and the smartest, mostly young, deceased people of the first years. In such a situation, the organizational breakdown was going well, but the squad was overwhelmed. Ale w ni! Driven into a suspenseful dissatisfaction, deprived of the motsnishe let the roots go until 1824, the rock and the Great Patriotic War and the Great Decembrists' suspensions entered the period of new political activity and started preparing the Russian Revolution.

19 leaf fall 1825 in Taganroz Oleksandr I died unsubstantiated. The Decembrists have long since circulated the ear of insurrection before the death of the tsar. 14th breast 1825 in St. Petersburg on the Senate square was destroyed by the Persha in Russia with the help of the revolution. The cards were built at point-blank range, rebelled against the square, the failure of the insurrection and the ear of a new king and the new era of Russian life was helped.

Yu.M. Lotman writes: “Mykola I, after his rule, is a spritny slidch and merciless cat: five of them were brought up in the hands of the Decembrists, one hundred and twenty were sent to Siberia for hard labor. The new tsar was seen as a sign of a political terror: Russia was brought into the hands of the political local police: a rogue car was captured and strangled - the third was announced by the office of the emperor and the Russian gendarmerie corps - through the camera of the biology A lot of rude and illiterate Arakcheev was occupied by more civilization, more education, more light Benkendorf and his friend Dubelt. Arakcheev, spiriting on the club, ruled with a shout and zubotichinoy - Benkendorf opened the army of shpiguns, drove a denunciation into the pobut. As the Decembrists pushed to take up the suspension morality, then Benkendorf and Mykola I apparently promised suspension, drove it into the new rubbish, sent over to the special officer the independence and independence of thought, vazhaє political right-wing. "

Bagato Russian people respected, that it was finished with Napoleon's exiles from Russia, and it was possible for the Russian to spontaneously support the further development of the pod. Jmovіrno, scho similar thoughts were caught and Kutuzov himself. Ale imperator vvazhav innaksh: vіn bazhav quickening in the defeat of Napoleon, besides the residual evil of this strength and letting out of the oppression of the European powers. Following Oleksandr's order, following the French, the Russians crossed the old Imperia cordon. Pochavsya Zakordonniy trip of the Russian army. Oleksandr calling out to the entire Nimechchina to fight Napoleon. The Prussian king was afraid of Napoleon and did not keep up with him. However, the Prussian army spontaneously voiced about the pinning up of the war against the Russian war. In all the Nimetsian lands, a partisan movement flared up against the occupants. In the line of Napoleon's military actions and Russian partisan corrals.

In the fierce 1813 Russia and Prussia got the union treaty, and then the French got out of Berlin. However, in April, in the place of Bunzlau, Kutuzov died, because of the Russian-Prussian vіyska they learned a number of oddities. There was a pause at the boy's diyakh. In a nezabarom (vletku 1813) a new bullet was opened, the p'ata of the anti-French coalition in the warehouses of Russia, Great Britain, Prussia, Austria and Sweden. In 1813, the grandiose Leiptsig biy ("battle of the people") was revived at the zhovtní of 1813. On both sides, a lot of people took part in the new generation, and 100,000 people were lost. Napoleon, conceived of the strikes, protesting to leave from otocheniya and vryatuvatisya in the main thunderbolt, going beyond the Rhine. The allies followed and invaded the French Empire. The price began quickly through the rik of the passage of the French from Russia: on the day of Christ's birth in 1813, Oleksandr bared his army the cob to go to France itself. Aware of the rich warriors, France could not even make a serious support to the great allied armies. 18 Bereznya 1814 Bouve of Prints Paris. On the coming day, the Russian emperor and the Prussian king entered the new urochisto.

Napoleon, with the suggestions, was introduced to the land and received messages on the island. Elba in the Seredzemny sea, which has taken away the power in its own power. The Bourbon dynasty was renewed in France as Louis XVIII. All the while, Napoleon turned around unsupportedly and without one building triumphantly entered Paris, once again voted for himself as Emperor of the French. However, at all times the rule was trivial for more than 100 days. At the heart of 1815 in the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium, the battle of the Anglo-Prussian-Dutch army was fought and sent to the detachment of the islands of Holy Helen (Pivdenna Atlantic).

After the capture of Paris in 1814, it was necessary to use the tools of Europe. For the whole bouv of clicks, the Vidensky Congress (1814 - 1815 pp.), In which they took the fate of 216 European powers... The part of the decision of the Vidensky Congress meant the renewal of the number of orders, the protest of the renewal of the feudal order, which Napoleon had already ruled unhappily. For the sake of Victory, a large part of the Duchy of Warsaw (Kingdom of Poland) passed to the warehouse of Russia, which was transferred to the constitution.

On the 14th spring of 1815 to fate, after the end of the Viennese congress, the Russian, Prussian and Austrian monarchs wrote an agreement about the "Sacred Union", the idea of which belonged to Oleksandr. The stench took on the goiters'yazannya zabezpechuvati unhealthy vikonannya decisions to the Congress of Usima by the European powers. Mіzh itself the stench took on the goiters'yazannya perebuvati in vіchnomu svіtі and always press to help one one. Oleksandr I shyro respecting that the Sacred Union will be able to calm Europe and bring in the political life an ear of Christian love to neighbor and truth. Nadal to the union was given a large number of European monarchs (Krim England, yak, vіtіm, actively yogo pіdtrimuvala).

U 1818 - 1822 pp. the congresses of the Holy Union (in Aachen, Troppau, Laibach and Veroni), the directors of some of the world's largest international conflicts were regularly held. At the cikh congresses, a decision was made about the involvement of the internal authorities of the European powers. "Sacred union" bachiv its zavdannyam to adhere to the legitimate orders (to bring in the land of the unpopular and unworthy) against the people of the insurrection. All the lands of the "Sacred Union" took part in the strangling of the national ruins in Spain and Italy; Such a virtue of the Sacred Union (it is a straightforward legitimacy and the principle of engaging with the internal law of the countries) has renewed the opposite European suspension, and the union has rejected the glory of a reactionary force, as a way to oppose everyone in the future.

Already before the end of the rule of Oleksandr I, the Holy Union practically fell apart. Apparently, the Vidensky Congress has renewed, and the Holy Union, having protected the numerical feudal-conservative vestiges in Europe, cannot be judged negatively only. The stench is mali and positively meaningful, having taken care of the rocky world in Europe.

In the last period of his tsar, Oleksandr I, I gave even greater respect to the turbot about the pristine and pacification of Europe, and he himself took the diplomatic right and introduced the European congresses. Winners in the most recent history of the European politicians and around a circle of friends and radians of the Nerosian hikings The emperor's drowning in the earth's right and the earth's radars was victorious and deaf to the emperor's residence in the Russian court nobility and the life of the earth.

"Arakcheivshchyna" and vіyskovі settlement

Podії 1812 fate virobili stronger hostility to Oleksandr. During the month of Vіtchiznyа vіyni, he survived the fear of Napoleon, since they stepped in and went from the right to the city of Moscow. In times of war, I see the win to go to the fall of my power, get out, protest to the last soldier, I wish, for his words, I was brought to Siberia for a whole meal. Along with that, when he knew, he was full of French and Moscow’s pozhezha put in front of him an internal meal: and who didn’t blame the All-Lord for that sin, lying on top of him in the sound of the dad’s bend. Step out for the miracle of Russia from Napoleon, since all for a few years of his triumphal movement transformed into a desolate flow, they reminded the soul of Oleksandr in awe of the omnipotent Divine Providence. Baiduzhiy to quiet feast to religion, having become accustomed to great piety and having shown great scholarship to mysticism. On himself, he became astonished at a little and weak people, like the finger of God having harnessed his symbols, so as to punish Napoleon's lordship. Oleksandr protesting with honors and eagerly unique, vvazhayuchi for more beautiful determination. At the beginning of the day, it’s a matter of rozcharuvannya lives. Win having put on the mind and seeing all those who were thirsty in their youth, having ceased to trust people, having lost faith in their ideals. The internal government of the state has become less and less busy with Oleksandr, and with a view to quiet people who are still living. Earl Oleksiy Andriyovych Arakcheev took over the place of the middle of the people; households). That is the hour, which instruction from Speransky's presentation, and especially from the end of the Napoleonic wars, characterize the hour of the doorway reaction, "arakcheevschini", the symbol of which became the end of the so-called settlements of the times.

The history of the new settlements still goes down to the pre-pre-war period, if in one of the Mogilev province it was announced as an experiment to settle a reserve battalion of one of the army regiments (1810 - 1812 pp.). The soldiers of the battalion guilty of the bully took care of the silky sparskoy pracei and such a rank of the year for your comrades from the two battalions, who were relocated to the posts in the same village. If the trip ended, the food about the Vijska settlement got up especially strenuously: the land was in a severe financial crisis and the army was transferred to self-sufficiency (and the whole thing was heading over to the Vijska settlements), having set up in the distance as a way out. However, now there has been a build-up of new settlements on the new pavilions. As soon as the first hour of the war is heard, the soldiers were placed in the booth of the sovereign villagers, who were resettled in the Novorossiysk province, then it was called out that it was expensive and easier to convert the sovereign villagers into the new settlers. Vіyskovі settlements were established since 1816 in Petersburg, Novgorodsky, Mogilev, Slobidsko-Ukrainian, Kherson, Katerinoslavsky and in. Provinces. Until the end of Oleksandr's rule, we will be a promoter of the ranks of the third Russian army in order to document the documents, and the plans were extended to the entire army. Vіyskovі villagers are guilty of the bully, besides the Usiy one, to provide food for the army. For them, there will be booths with state-owned bureaucrats. In the settlements, they grew up to 6.5 dessiatines, in cavalry - from 36 to 52 dessiatines. Formally, the peasants who were transferred to the settlers of the state became more and more vivid, they became especially vile, they became more talented, and in reality, the situation was better for the average. The settlers did not mali the right to engage in trade, to go for promises; on the colishnє place of residence they turned to see the villagers, they left their native place a long time ago and went to earn money in the place. In addition to the obov'yazkiv, tied under the authority of the Silskoy government, the villagers were guilty of the bully vikonuvati all the statues, being instantly villagers and soldiers. Children of the settlers from the sixth century gave birth to a vyysk mystery, from two twelve years they were transferred to the category of cantons and were chosen from the fathers, from about eightteen - the stench was already respected by all the services. Kozhne vіyskove settlement represented a company. The settlements battalion included 4 rotis, the regiment became a district.

On the thought of the innovators of the future of the new settlements, of the success of the new recruits, some of them came to be known as a bi self-replenishing army, in fact, the military camp. Respected, with such a rank the problem of the formation of the army will be found at once, and the camp of the villagers will be settled down, and the recruits will fall. Oleksandr I, bouw, mabut, perekonaniy, scho, having recruited and outweighed the official villagers to the camp of the wilny, win another croc until they zhilnennya. Tse bulo chergov and, perhaps, one of the tsar's most favored pardons, more of the settlements became an object of hatred, moreover, not only quietly, who are living in them, but suspensions as a whole. It is a show that against the settlement of boules, nastovani navit members tsar's family As a rule, they were opponents of all liberal repairs of Oleksandr. The head organizer of the Vysk settlements, the bezposrednim viconauts of the will of the Tsar, Buv Arakcheev. In the midst of this unloved and anxious people, they clanged panuvali in the settlements of the horror and svavil. At the same time, it is necessary to find out that the head meta of Arakcheev - the speed of vitrati to the utterness of the army - has been reached. Vіyskovі settlement of boules, chastened tilki in 1857 r

Slid also respect that Oleksandr soothed from the old man and the great love to the great spheres - parades, drills, steps, blisk of amunity. The idea of ending the war of love turned into a mania, which gave the Emperor the ability to match his soldiers with the help of Prussian, Austrian, English. The situation did not turn out to be among the Russians, and served as a drive to the expansion of the army discipline and hard drill.

The result of the policy of the emergence of Viy's settlements was the revolt of settlers, most of which were brought to Ukraine (Chyhyrynske revolt of 1819). The insurrection hunted significant districts, and there was a surprisingly large number of parts of the city; When the strangulation was thrown, 2 thousand individuals were arrested, out of which 275 boules were condemned to death, replaced by punishment. At the offensive, in 1820, the land was shocked by a sound about the insurrection in the Life Guards Semenivsky Regiment - one of the two oldest regiments of the Russian Regular Army, which were founded by Peter I. Emperor Oleksandr I himself was the chief of the latter; he was formally included in the lists of the 1st Grenadier Company and a great deal of respect when it came to the pick of officers and soldiers. Pіd hour vіyni 1812 - 1814 rr. The regiment took part in all the campaigns of the Russian army, at Borodino, in the greatest battles in Europe. The whole regiment is a great authority and a living history of the Russian army.

At the quarter of 1820, the new regiment commander of the accreditation colonel F. E. Schwartz, the land of an ignorant noble family from the Smolensk province, whose ancestors, vicissitudes from Dania, settled in Russia in the 17th century. Boyovy officer, participant of the Great Victory Day and Foreign Campaigns Schwartz Bouv vіdomy yak Lyudin Horobra, ale little educated and merciless to the soldiers. Help the fellows about Schwartz's brutality with the lower ranks to think that they were assigned to the Semyonovsk Regiment for an hour, suffering from a mental disorder, as they killed him especially with zealous and longing for a childish child. Having joined the command of the regiment, Schwartz became a blessing, not earlier, zastosovati here zhorstoku drill, vlashtovuvati nesinchennі vchennya, look around, rewrite and in. The life of the regiment changed sharply: the soldiers and officers did not rise to the floor, see, to put in order the uniforms. At the regiment, de boules of the deceived witness of honor, of human goodness, de boules of the tradition of assault by soldiers, there was a growing dissatisfaction with the new regimental commander, who wandered around in 1820 at the start of a revolt. From the name of the entire regiment, the 1st grenadier company declared that the commander of the regiment had been changed, they hated all the additional glances introduced by Schwartz, and had come in before the completion of the material camp of the soldiers. All try to persuade the grenadiers, who have gone into the great Vyskovy ranks of Petersburg, did not give any results, the company was registered and sent to the Petropavlovsk fortress. On the next day, before her, the doors of the same battalion were handed over to the battalion, as they were forced to repent and vimagali their comrades.

Something about those who became in the regiment quickly expanded throughout Russia, and the children of the Semenovites wicked into the support of active sympathy. Navit is specially designated for the assembly of the commissary of the mesmerize of the bully, in fact, to defend the soldiers, and it was brought to the substitute. Virok to the rebels, it was vineseno deprived of it in the end of the 1821 r.: Nine years of evolving comic "prizidniks" were thrown a lot of times to drive the battalion to the hard labor; as many as hundreds of people have been dispersed in different army parts.

The insurrection in the settlements of the Vіysk and the insurrection of the Semenіvsk regiment was put in a row by the historians, and rightly so in this world, in which they were perceived by the disagreement of the population of the regular policy. I would like in obviousness and evidence: in the settlements of the large powers, the villagers fought against another change of their vicious way of life and transformation into the camp of Russia; The insurrection in the Semyonivsky regiment was a protest of the elite Vyysk part against the postponed to its order, which panuvali, on the whole, in all resti of the army.

Reform 1815 - 1825 rr.

Well, tse bully for politics, yak called to the insurrection, that until the insurrection in the army, like the small will be the support of the power? From the point of view of the history of the coming hours and the history of the coming hours, the whole policy was reactionary, and the reason for that was about the interconnection of freedom, the right to the choice. Alezovsim іnakše marveled at the price of the emperor Oleksandr I. For his declarations, he was trapped as a result of his enthusiasm for liberalism. The insurrection, which had similar podias in the other lands of Europe, had the tsar's thoughts left behind in the quiet plans of re-revolution, as they were in Russia when they were waged with Napoleon.

As early as 1809, when Oleksandr I was responsible for the development of Speranskiy's projects, he was very important, but he was opening, as he was, a friendly soil for those who were later. In order to pay off in the course of the expansion of the Swedish Finland attachment 1808 r was given food about the adherence to the Russian Empire. The peculiarities of the international camp, as well as the liberal ideas of the emperor, led him (not without the help of Speransky) to think about the development of Finland of its own kind as a testing ground for testing reformist ideas. At the connection with the cym, as soon as the Russians entered the territory of Finland, they began to widen out there, in which the Russian command enrolled the population with the constitution and the clicks of the legislatures - the Diet. Near birch 1809 r in Borgo municipality, the Seim was quickly clicked and Oleksandr returned to the prominence, in order to preserve the existing management order in Finland; in front of one buv of signatures of the updated manifest. Years later, the Diet, having called for the king's bazhannyam for looking at the proponated food, protest without the Diet, the Tsar still did not have the right to change legislation and introduce new taxes. The real ruler of Finland was the governor-general, who actually chased the uryad, which I was first named by the Governing Council, and then by the Senate. The discovery in the warehouse of the empire of autonomy with the power constitution set a precedent, a kind of butt for the country. Aleksandr i Speranskiy was never judged to be in jail until now. After the end, the situation was more friendly, because the authority of the emperor and the whole of the country, and beyond the cordon, was superbly high.

Another idea of the establishment of autocracy with the constitution of provisions in Poland. Even in the 90s, having got to know Prince Adam Chartorisky, Oleksandr, in his rampages with him, condemned Poland. Chartoriyskiy, I don’t forget all the memories of the Emperor and all the fate of my closeness until now without hoping for the renewal of Polish statehood in the borders of the Russian Empire. Such is the power of winykl to go to Napoleon's thunder, since Oleksandr in the distance wished to see his allies in the distance to come to Russia from the great Duchy of Warsaw (Oleksandr rozrakhovuv did not correct all the numbers, the Polish ice didn’t ), which was built by Napoleon in 1807 and later expanded for the war of Prussia in 1809. The Poles fought against Russia at the French for the protection of their power and Russia, and the vastness of the land for the expansion of XVIII century The hope did not come true, і in 1815r. at the Victory Congress, the powers, recently took part in the distribution of Poland, once again took part in the share.

Over the course of Russia, a large part of the territory of Poland went to the warehouse of the Russian Empire for the purposes of the Kingdom of Poland. At the same time, in the documents of the Congress, it was said that Poland was guilty of being governed on the basis of the constitution. Such a rank, at the warehouse of the autocratic empire, was guilty of being autonomously approved by the power constitution. At the village of 1815 r, the inhabitants of the collegiate Duchy of Warsaw were rattled about the gift of the constitution, as transferring the system of self-priming and political will to the friend. Until the autumn of that, the draft of the constitution of the fragmentation and hardening by Oleksandr I. Behind her, the Russian governor immediately became the king of Poland, ale vlada yogo was surrounded by a constitution. A bicameral representative body was created - the Diet, the upper chamber of the yakogo (Senate) was appointed as emperor, and the lower (Posols'ka khata) was plundered by hulks in camps, and a viborcha system was built for that hour to be democratic. The functions of the Diet were established by the head of the rank before the new laws were negotiated, since then the blame for the bully was consolidated by the emperor. The Seimas did not have the right to legislative initiative; the uncommon bullet and independence of the Polish court from the viconavcha power. For all that, the constitution was insanely introducing on the territory of the Kingdom of Poland a significantly greater democratic political regime, not in Russia. They were very light-hearted, as the Emperor climbed to come to the Kingdom of Poland to the deyaky regions, the number in the warehouse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1816 and 1817 the rock went to the preparatory period, and then the choice of the Diet, the announcement of what kind of bulo was sent to the birch tree 1818 r

Tim on the cob in an hour 1816. pomizchiki Estlyandskaya guberniya turned up to the emperor with the passage of skasuvati on їkh lands kryposna prava. Cycle brightly, so also the prosperity of the vinicla. not vipadkovo, but the idea was dictated by the minds of the development of the Silskoy government in the regions of the Baltic States, the dealers became more and more involved in trade in clothes, and the low productivity of the process of galvanizing processes. Naturally, the prospect knew Oleksandr's, for a long time I had been checking from the nobility of some kind of innovation. Already in the same year 1816, having signed the regulations about Estlyandsky villagers, the stench became especially vilny, the land was lost from the power of the villagers. The document enclosing the freedom of oversupply of the villagers, they could reduce their living only with the permission of the village community and when the Borgs were out. The position of the peasants, the wicked stavaty of the wardens at the quiet supporters, at least an hour on even more important minds, did not change radically, however, the very fact of the zealous slavery of the maws is, of course, great significance. In 1817, a similar reform of the Bula was established in Courland, and in 1819, in Lіfland.

The Constitution in Finland and Poland, the adoption of the rule of law in the Baltic provinces, is given to the thought that Oleksandr I at the end of the day tried to see the steps taken from the Russian provinces to go over to the empire About the process of celebrating the first year of Ukraine: in 1816, when the new governor-general of Little Russia was appointed, it was announced about the restoration in Poltava and the Chernigov provinces of the second period of the Cossack self-righteousness. Є Dani about the development of the project for the sound of Ukrainian krypakiv.

U 1817-1818 rr. Oleksandr gave instructions to two dignitaries (A.A. Already the very choice of Chergov's candidates for reformers will tell us about those that Oleksandr has seriously put before his idea about the villagers' zealousness. Ne before the tim, nor before the other yeom, did not bulo senseu koketuvati, grati in liberalism. The offense of the bully yogo by empowered people, the offense of the bully by the unprotected viconavtsy of yogo will. I Arakcheeva and Gur'ev Oleksandr Viklav his principle of nutrition is the principle of nutrition, which was based on the idea of the unhappiness of the establishment of a certain kind of school for helpers. First, having presented his project Arakcheev, who submitted a thought to the project about the possibility of the vicup of the villagers from the land for an additional credit operation, then it was laid in the basis of the rural reform 1861 r mln. rubles for the ric of the sovereign budget. Kozhen, who has gone to the will of a peasant (revizka soul) is guilty of having bought the land for at least 2 acres (~ 2 hectares). If such a project is successful, the liquidation of the fundamental law is guilty of a triviality of 200 rubles and will be completed by 2018. Gur'ev (the author of this project, div. Nizche), who stated that there are no such pennies in the execution. The project of Arakcheev was condemned by the tsar, however, none of them tried to integrate them into life. Mensch is radical (and more fueling), a project by D.A. Gur'ev, who transferred the deed to the introduction of "new kinds of power" to the ground. Transferred and arranged between the peasants and the villagers about the distribution of duties. For looking at the bill in 1818 - 1819 rr. The building was opened by the Municipal Committee for the preparation of the project of peasant reform in the chol with the Gur'ev themselves. However, the project was not hardened by the emperor. Mabut, the implementation of the preparatory projects lay, from the point of view of the emperor, to the success of the largest global document, and to the draft constitution itself.

At the birch in 1818, Oleksandr I arrived in Poland at the opening of the Diet, de-vigolovyu promiscuous, yak the enemy bombed, which rose. The tsar was naked, that "legally-vilnі establish", as it was granted to Poland, they were the subject of his permanent thoughts and that he was encouraged to expand it to the whole country.

With such a rank, the tsar clearly giving intelligence, it is the success of the Polish experiment to lay down a share of the constitution in Russia. The robot over her was respected in the end of the same fate by N.N.Novosiltsev's kernel. Until the offensive, in 1819, the document was ready and fought by Oleksandr I. Then, with the help of the rock, it was completed. For the new project Russian Empire is guilty of Bula Pribati federal deviceі add up to 10 - 12 great units - nominations for the number of governors-general. The skin is guilty of being governed by its own Sejm of two chambers, and the legislative power in the land was generally transferred to the Zaln Russian, also bicameral, Sejm, which has a good legislative function in conjunction with the sovereign. The project has transferred the transfer of the state authorities to the Ministry of Social Affairs; the ship vlada was residually out of the two. The Constitution declared the freedom of speech, the friend, the conscience, the equality of all the imperial people before the law, the lack of finger-touch of the individual and the private power.

The robot on the Bula project was finished before the end of 1820, and I was given a fight by the Emperor. However, the present tsar is virish, but the current constitution is also lacking, and she is guilty of being part of the great law of laws. As a result of the acceptance of the constitution, it was interlaced for an hour. True, in support of the experiment, only one idea was created, and in 1821, the tsar turned to St. Petersburg and sent to M. M. Speransky to write "The project establish the ideas". Aleksandr himself has already thought of hope until the end of the day, if he doesn’t want to enter his thoughts into life. However, it’s true that the constitutional ideas didn’t take it right up to their death. So, apparently, three days before death in conversation with the Chief of the Headquarters І.І. Dibich Oleksandr respected: "But still, they wouldn’t talk about me, I’m alive and I’ll die a Republican!"

Failure of reforms і turn to mysticism

Well, after all, did the Emperor get the better of it, less than 20 years of Zusilla weren't implemented in practice? Even if it’s not vicious summons, but the Russian support for the whole hour is already invariable, but not on the ear of the capital: went from the stage of “Katerinin’s old men”, virosla and actively declared about itself the young noblewoman in the army that political freedoms, and even at all times it was opening up the secret suspensions, in which the development of the problem was discussed, and the problems of the power and the liquidation of the crisis were discussed. It’s a show that Oleksandr I knew about the discovery of the partnerships of the Maybut Decembrists and nothing to destroy them for their rampage, nor for the training of their members to constitutional robots. Ale the stench could have become a social support - the same, in yaky wine so demanding.

It’s a pity, until the end of the day, the emperor, mabut, and he himself became a thought, so that you can think of unprecedented and new ideas. At the same time, the hvilyuvannya of the Vіyskov settlers and soldiers of the Semenivsky regiment were transferred, revolutions in Pivdenniy Europe, she shattered, judging by the numbers of witnesses, her hostility to the emperor was even stronger. Yomu began to be happy with the introduction of the constitution and even more of the strong right to serve as a catalyst for the shocks that were more terrible and unbearable. To those close to people Oleksandr skarzhivsya on the visibility of the neighbors, saying that the governors are years old for the future. The constitution, the "righteousness of the monarchy," was dictated by the principles of Montesque, step by step was transformed for the emperor into a simply youthful ideal, incomprehensible in reality. Nebezpeka on the right was cluttering up a special bend, and nebezpeka of evil put the whole system on board, as Oleksandr grew up and served his life with all his mustache, I wish I could not bring her. Yogo thoughts more and more occupied the food of religion, theological; Until the end of life, he became a culture of mysticism.

Oleksandr more and more often spend an hour in conversations with the European and Russian prophets and prophetesses, approaching with his exalted mysticism of the book. A.N. Golitsyny, hearing promises of the religious fanatic Archimandrite of the Novgorod Yur'ivsky Monastery Fotiya.

With the help of the Emperor's house and blessing, the Minister of Public Education and Spiritual Information (established in 1817 for the purpose of establishing spiritual and religious education), Prince Oleksandr Mykolajovich Golitsin and his close ones organized an attack on educators; to a fair fight, having conceived a number of universities (the first for all St. Petersburg and Kazan), the sounds of bully vilucheni nayibilsh talanoviti vicladachi. All the fierce ones were censorship. Golitsyn's guide in 1816. The Biblian partnership was opened, which gave its employees a wide range of people in the history of the world, in the struggle against the revolutionary ideology, and for the whole it was launched on the territory of the country for the transmission of the relevance of the literature of the world A handful of partnerships took the part of the Russian Orthodox Church, albeit from the stench of the new came. Widely widened in the country, small sects, gurts, Masonic lodges were eliminated. For a long time, we have been thinking about the propaganda of the ideas of Education and have taken up the vision of the transversal original literature of the mystical zmist. At the same time, the Masons were richly thinking about the ruining of the camp, national and religious partitions, as it will be reached through what is mystically known.

By all appearances, it is quite a sum of mysticism and religious fanaticism and ideals of education and ideological ground, on which Oleksandr let go of his reforms, he didn’t bother him. In 1822, the Bula was fenced in by the power of Masonic lodges, in 1824, in the town of Golitsin on the estate of the Minister of Education and Spiritual Rights, A.S. Until the next hour, you will be forgotten about the reform. At the birch in 1822, the emperor approved the Senate's proposition to allow the assistants to dominate the winery villagers to settle down to Siberia. Forward for the fate of his perebuvannya on the Russian throne, with one stroke of the pen perekresliv vlasnі decree before the hour, the tsar did not relax the strength, ale, navpaki, having made him.

Oleksandr shukak has a lot of peace of mind with a lot of thoughts of religion. З кінця 1810-х рр. misfortunes fell on the Emperor one by one. In 1818, his sister Kateryna Pavlivna died in the call of a young man. In 1824, it was terrible to see the fire in the Tsarskoselsky Palace and the thirsty leaf-fallen trees lived in Petersburg, the strongest in all its history. After the death of one another, a child became a living child - daughter Sophia (from the favorite of M.A. Narishkinoi). It is important that those who, at all times in St. Petersburg, hear a rumor about those who, who's father Pavlo I, are not those who are in the middle of the world, not those who are twins, but whose blood brother is who are in the childhood of victories in an unknown land and are now known in Siberia in the world 'the pits of Panas Petrovich. Tse on the right is Arakcheev himself і vіdomo, scho in 1822 - 1823 rr. Until now, at some point, they brought an old one, for another share of a non-home. All tsі podії could not but impose a friend on the zalny camp of the emperor. V the rest of the rock his tsaruvannya wіn becoming all frowned, gradually increasing in price, dumb mamagayuchis in tekti to itself.

At the fall of 1825 r Emperor Oleksandr I died unsuccessfully in Taganroz, before reaching 50 years. Mykoly Pavlovich's brother Mikoly Pavlovich was honored by the Z0-ricne tsar.

wiki.304.ru / History of Russia. Dmytro Alkhazashvili.

Vichiznyana Vіyna 1812 twelve worms were lost to fate - on the whole day of Napoleon's vіyska they overwhelmed Niman's creek, having opened two crowns between two French and Russian crowns. Tsya vіyna trivialized until 14th breast in 1812, which ended with a whole and unprotected interchange of Russian and allies' vіysk. The price is glorious Russian history We will look at the official handbooks of the History of Russia and France, as well as the books by the biographers of Napoleon, Oleksandr 1 and Kutuzov, as they still describe the report at the same time.

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Ear of wine

Cause Vijni 1812 to fate

The causes of the War of 1812, like all the warriors in history, people must be looked at in two aspects - cause from the side of France and the cause from the side of Russia.

Cause from the side of France

Literally for a stone's throw of rock, Napoleon radically changed the power of Russia. Yaksho, having come to power, having written that Russia is a single ally, until 1812 Russia became a threat to France (vvazhay for the emperor). A lot of it was instigated by Oleksandr 1. Oleksandr 1 himself. Then, the axis of what Franzia attacked Russia in 1812:

The destruction of the land of Tilsit: the weakening of the continental blockade. Yak vіdomo, the head of France at that hour, the blockade was organized against which. Russia also took part in this, but in 1810 the district adopted the law, allowing trade with England through the middle. In fact, the whole blockade was ineffective, which increased the plans of France.
Vidmovi in the dynastic shlyubi. Napoleon prynvuv uklasti shlyub from the imperial court of Russia, sob to become "anointed of God." However, in 1808, the bulo was introduced to the love of Princess Katerina. In 1810, the bulo was introduced to the love of Princess Anna. As a result, in 1811 the French emperor became friends with the Austrian princess.
The transfer of the Russian military forces to the Polish cordon in 1811. In the first half of 1811, Oleksandr 1 ordered to transfer 3 divisions to the Polish cordons, to fight the Polish rebellion, as we could cross over to the Russian land. Tsei krok bouv of roztineniya Napoleon, as aggression and preparation until the end of the Polish territory, as before that moment France had already been ordered.

Soldiers! To obey a new one, a friend for a rakhunk, polska vіyna! The first ended in Tilzit. There, Russia has become a vital ally for France in the war from England, and has even destroyed its own obitsyanka. The Russian Emperor did not bazhak give an explanation to his actions, since the French eagles did not cross the Rhine. I don't think it stinks, why have we become іnshim? What are the best chances of Austerlitz? Russia put France in front of the choice - ganba abo vіyna. The vibe is obvious! Let's go ahead, let's move on to Niman! Friend Polish Wittya will be glorious for the French zbroi. Vaughn brought the messenger to the tooth infusion of Russia on the right of Europe.

So much for Franzia Zagarbnitska Viyna respected.

Cause from the side of Russia

On the side of Russia, there are also reasons for participating in the war, as it was for the state of mind. The main reasons can be seen as offensive:

Great losses of all vernaculars of the population in the development of trade with England. Thoughts of the history of the given point disperse, splinters, but the blockade did not squeeze into the power as a whole, but only on the state, as as a result of the day-to-day trade in England it wasted a penny.
The name of France to introduce Rich to the Pospolita. In 1807, Napoleon opened the Duchy of Warsaw and made the old state in spravozmiri. It might have been deprived in the time of dumping from Russia and back lands.
Destroyed by Napoleon Tilzitsky to the world. One of the main criteria for signing an agreement is that Prussia was guilty of being cleared out of French wars, but they didn’t break it that way, I want Oleksandr 1 to keep it going.

For a long time, France has been thinking about the independence of Russia. If we are wooled, we will be lagging, so vazhayusya so vidhility її try to drown. With all our bazhanna save the world, mi snaps, take it, try to cleanse Batkivshchyna. There are a lot of opportunities for a peaceful resolution of the conflict with France, and it means that only one thing is left - to seize the truth, seize Russia from the zagarbniks. I do not need nagaduvati commanders and soldiers about courage, in our hearts. Our veins have a flowing roof of the winners, a roof of words. Soldiers! You seize the land, seize the religion, seize the fatherland. I am with you. God is with us.

Spіvіdnoshennya forces і donate to the ear of vіyni

The crossing of Napoleon across Niman became 12 worms, and 450 thousand people were in their order. Approximately until the end of the month, there were more than 200 thousand people. Yaksho vrahuvati, at that hour there were no great losses on the sides of both sides, then the vast number of the French army at the moment before the ear of the whole of 1812 were 650 thousand soldiers. Saying that the French became all 100% of the army is not possible, the spirits in France were fought by the army of practically all regions of Europe (France, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Italy, Holland, Spain). However, the French themselves became the basis of the army. Tse bully perverted soldiers, who won a helpless victory with their emperor.

Russia was mobilized by 590 thousand soldiers. The number of the army became 227 thousand people, and the stench was distributed in three straight lines:

Північний - First Army. Commanduch - Mikhailo Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolli. Number - 120 thousand people. Roztashovyvali at celebrations of Lithuania and prikryvaet St. Petersburg.
Central - Another army. The commanding officer is Petro Ivanovich Bagration. Number - 49 thousand people. Roztashovyvalis on the pivde of Lithuania, prikrivayuchi Moscow.
Pivdenny is the Third Army. The commander is Oleksandr Petrovich Tormasov. Number - 58 thousand people. Roztashovuvalis on Volin, prikrivayuchi attacked Kiev.

Also in Russia there was an active partisan corral, the number of which reached 400 thousand people.

The first step of viyny - Napoleon's attack (worm-veresen)

On the 6th anniversary of the 12th worm of 1812, fate for Russia was honored by the Victory of the Napoleon Franz. Vіyska Napoleon was overturned by Niman and brought into the land of the country. The head was sent directly to the impact across Moscow. The commander himself said, “as I am in Kiev - I will take the Russians by the legs, in St. Petersburg - by the throat, as I am in Moscow - I am enmity with the heart of Russia”.

The French army, which was commanded by the general commanders, was whispering at the general battle, and those who Oleksandr 1 divided the army on 3 fronts, giving the velma into the hands of the aggressors. However, on the cob stage, Barclay de Tolli's gravitas are most important, as he issued an order not to enter the battle against the enemy and enter the land. Tse bulo is necessary, you must use it, and also reserve it. They stepped in, Russian feared everything - they hammered in thinness, washed off the water, sprinkled the fields. At the literal sense of the word, the French collapsed forward in the shrine. Piznish Napoleon skarzhiv on those, that the Russian people do not live according to the rules.

private straight

32 thousand cholovik on cholі with General MacDonald Napoleon sent to St. Petersburg. Riga is the first place on the road. For the plan of Franzia Macdonald Maw grab a misto. Z'єdnatisya with General Oudinot (in the last order there were 28 thousand people) and virus dal.

The return of Riga was commanded by General Essen of 18 thousand soldiers. Win burnt everything near the place, but the place itself is even better. MacDonald had seized Dinaburg until the end of an hour (Russians had lost the place with a cornucopia) and far from active people. Winning the absurdity of the storming of Riga and checking the arrival of the artillery.

General Oudino, after occupying Polotsk, and the detachment of Vitgenstein's corps from the army of Barclay de Tolli. However, 18 years old Wittgenstein launched an unsuccessful blow on Oudinot, which, as a result of a strike, vryatuv in the deprivation of the corps of Saint-Cyr. As a result, there was a rivnova and no more active offensive actions were carried out on a straight line.

Pivdenny straight

General Ranye, in 22 thousand people, was guilty for the first time, blocking the army of General Tormasov, not giving it to the other parts of the Russian army.

27 linden Tormasov otchivaya misto Kobrin, deselected headaches or Ranye. The French became aware of the terrible shock - in 1 day in the battle, 5 thousand people were driven in, and the French were forced to join. Napoleon zrozum_v, who appeared directly at the Victory Day of 1812, was on the verge of failure. To that, having thrown over the vіyska of General Schwarzenberg, the number of 30 thousand people. As a result of the 12th sickle of Tormas, they were eager to advance to Lutsk and take up defense there. The French were not intimidated by the active offensive actions on a straight line. The main podії were found on the Moscow street.

Go to the offensive company

26 worm through Vitebsk, the army of General Bagration hung, in the direction of which Oleksandr 1 was put into battle with the head forces of the enemy with the mark of vimotati їkh. Everyone grasped the absurdity of the idea, even until the 17th day of the Emperor, far away from the idea of the idea. We went to the entrance to Smolensk.

On the 6th, the number of Napoleon's people became great. Schob Vіtchiznyana vіyna did not drag out on a trivial term, Oleksandr 1 signed a decree on the establishment of the militia. Literally all the inhabitants of the land will sign up for them - all volunteers have gathered about 400 thousand.

On the 22nd of the army of Bagration and Barclay de Tolly, they came to Smolensk. The command of the united army took on Barclay de Tolly, in the order of which 130 thousand soldiers were killed, at that hour, as the foremost consolation of the French army, 150 thousand soldiers were killed.

On the 25th of April I was glad to be in Smolensk, on which the discussed food took the battle, and then, to go to the counter-attack and with one blow to beat Napoleon. Ale Barclay lost himself against the idea of \ u200b \ u200bthis reason, wisdom, and the witness against the enemy, the general strategist and tactician, can lead to a grandiose failure. As a result, the idea of the present was not realized. Bulo took the decision to enter the distance - to Moscow.

26 linden rospochalosya vіdstup vіysk, prikrivati yak guilty Buv General Nєvurovsky, having occupied the village of Chervone, zakryvayut by himself obhіd Smolensk for Napoleon.

2 serpnya Murat with a kinny corps tried to break through the defense of Neverovsky, ale unsuccessfully. In total, more than 40 attacks were crushed for the help of the cavalry;

5 serpnya - one of the important dates in the Victory Day of 1812. Napoleon had begun his assault on Smolensk, having swarmed before the evening. However, in the evenings, the Russian army continued to enter the place. Tse wicked a storm of dissatisfaction with the soldiers. The stench was respected, as if the vibration of the French from Smolensk was heard, then it would be necessary to have it in the same place. The stench called Barclay into the battlefield, and the general realized only 1 plan - to defeat the enemy and capture the great battle, if the forces were going to fight against Russia. Until the end of the hour, the French had all the pass.

Mikhailo Ilarionovich Kutuzov arrived in the army on the 17th and took command. Tsya's candidacy did not wink, the oskilki Kutuzov (the school of Suvorov) koristuvavsya great leader and stepped into the Russian commander for the death of Suvorov. Arriving in the army, the new head-commander wrote, not yet yet, but not yet, but will not be able to feed the army, but Moscow will return. "

The battle of Borodino began on the 26th serpnya. Її the result so far has passed the wiklikє rich food і supercouple, albeit quiet, but it’s not done well. The Kozhen commander resists his zeal: Napoleon made his way to Moscow (in the heart of Russia, as the Emperor of France himself wrote), and Kutuzov took the lead in creating a powerful Shkodi, and he himself made a cobbled turning point in the battle of 1812.

1 Veresnya is a significant day, which is described by all the handlers of the history. Vіdbulasya Vіyskova glad in Fіliy, pіd Moscow. Kutuzov has chosen his generals, he will be virish, he will be robbed. There were only two options: to enter and build Moscow, or if Borodin would organize another general battle. Most of the generals, who had lost their fortune, fought in battles, and in the nicest term in which Napoleon was defeated. Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly were the opponents of such a development. Ending in Vyskova glad in Filyakh with the phrase Kutuzov "Poki є army - є nadiya. At the same time the army goes to Moscow - at the same time it is not just the old capital, but the efforts of Russia. "

On the second day - for the sacks of the war for the sake of the generals, who were placed in Filyakh, it was decided that it was necessary to deprive the ancient capital of the city. The Russian army entered, and Moscow itself, before the arrival of Napoleon, for the gifts of the Bagatiokh Dzherel, succumbed to a terrible looting. However, it’s not worth it. Coming in, the Russian army set fire to the place. Derev'yana Moscow zgorila practically in three quarters. Naygolovn_she - literally all food warehouses. The reason for the Moscow pozhezhi to complain is that the French have nothing to do with the fact that they can be victorious for food, oversupply, or in other aspects. As a result, the aggresors found themselves in a tricky way.

Another stage of viyny - entry of Napoleon (zhovten - breast)

Having conquered Moscow, Napoleon entrusted the Viscona with the Misia. The bibliographers of the commander wrote that it’s the fault of the historical center of Russia to break the spirit of the moment, and the warriors of the country are guilty of the bully to come back to the news about the world. Ale tsyo did not bother. Kutuzov roztashuvavsya with the army in 80 kilometers from Moscow at Tarutin and checks, as long as the normal posting of the enemy army is weakened and itself brought a fundamental change in Vichiznyanu's war. Not having finished the proposition of light from Russia, the French Emperor himself took the initiative.

Pragnennya Napoleon until the light of day

Behind Napoleon's cobbled plan, taking Moscow, there is little to see the world of meaning. Here you can build a springboard, including for a hike to St. Petersburg, the capital of Russia. However, the release in oversupply across Russia and the heroism of the people, who literally fought for the skin of the earth, practically ditched the plan. And he went to Russia to pay a fee for the French army due to irregular food supplies, in fact, in death. The price became clear until the end of spring, if it got cold a little bit. In the past, Napoleon, in his autobiography, wrote about those who, with the greatest mercy, had gone to Moscow and the month, spent there.

Reasonable heavyness of his camp, the French emperor and commander resigned to Vitchiznyan viyinu Rossiya, having signed a peace treaty with her. There are three such probes:

18 heather. Through General Tutolmin, a message was conveyed for Oleksandr 1, in which he spoke about those who Napoleon was the shanu of the Russian emperor and who propounded to him. From Russia to the land of Lithuania and again turn to the continental blockade.
20 heather. Oleksandr 1 bulo delivered another sheet of Napoleon's proposal. Mind and missed the same as before. The Russian Emperor was not sent to the message.
4 chews. The confusion of the encampment led to the fact that Napoleon literally asked for light. Axis, wіn write to Oleksandr 1 (after the version of the great French historian F. Segur): "The world is for me, the world is for me, for me it’s gone, just hide the honor." The message of the bullet was delivered to Kutuzov, albeit the Emperor Franzia didn’t seem to be daughter.

Entry of the French Army in 1812

For Napoleon, it became obvious that the peace agreement with Russia would not be signed, but lost in Moscow for the winter; Moreover, it was a bit unhappy here, fragments of post-navy militias sent over to the great Shkodi army. So, for a month, if the French army had left in Moscow, the number had slipped by 30 thousand people. As a result, the decision was taken to enter.

7 zhovtnya was ready to go to the entrance of the French army. One of the orders from the drive was the Kremlin. Happiness didn’t go to the yomu. Russian historians write off the price for those who, through the greatness of the gnat, got wet and went out of harm's way.

On 19 October, Napoleon's army entered Moscow. Meta tsiogo access was in the fact that it’s going to Smolensk, oskіlki tse buv one great susіdnє place, in which boule there are significant food supplies. The road went through Kaluga, crossing Kutuzov straight. The infection of the bullet in the Russian army, so Napoleon was violated. However, Kutuzov transferred a whole maneuver and deployed the enemy's army at Maloyaroslavets.

24 zhovtnya vіdbulosya bіy pіd Maloyaroslavets. Throughout the day, a whole small place, passing 8 times from one side to the last. At the final stage of the battle, the Kutuzov zoomed in to take up the strengthening positions, and Napoleon did not bother storming the battle, but the number of surpluses on the battlefield of the Russian army. As a result, the plans of the French boulevard zirvani, and the entry to Smolensk, were brought along the same road, as the stench went to Moscow. Tse Bula is still the land of the land - without food and without water.

The entry of Napoleon was supervised by great losses. Aze krym zitknen with the army of Kutuzov, bringing the mother to the right of the partisan corrals, as the day they attacked the enemy, especially the first part of it. Let Napoleon be scary. 9 leaf fall youmu into the distance want to Smolensk, but did not make a fundamental change in the turn of the century. There was practically no food in the place, and organizing the defense was not far away. As a result, the army became aware of practically uninterrupted attacks by militias and militia patriots. Tom in Smolensk Napoleon having tried 4 days and decided to enter the distance.

Crossing the river Berezina

The French went straight to the river Berezina (in the current Bilorus), then to force the river and go to Niman. Ale 16 leaf fall General Chichagov having buried the place of Borisov, which is located on the Berezina. The position of Napoleon became catastrophic - for the first time, for the new, the opportunity to drink was actively looming, and there were a few drops of water.

25 leaf fall by order of Napoleon, the French army started to cross the river on the first day of Borisov. Chichagov, buying into the whole maneuver and before throwing over. At the same time, the French built two bridges across the Berezina and started the crossing on 26-27 leaves. Tilki 28 leaf fall Chichagov, having learned his mercy and having tasted the dates of the French army, a little bit more - the crossing of the bullet is completed, wanting the second majestic lot of human lives. While crossing the Berezina, 21 thousand Frenchmen got lost! The "Great Army" now became all 9 thousand soldiers, a great part of which was already heavenly.

Itself at the time of the ferry came a super-strong frost, on which the French Emperor was sent, truly majestic, to be lost. At the 29th bulletin, which was published in one of the newspapers in France, it was said that the weather was normal before 10 leaves, but the weather was even colder and it was not ready for anything.

Crossing Niman (from Russia to France)

The crossing across the Berezina showed that Napoleon's Russian kidnapping was over - he had transformed Vitchiznyana in Russia in 1812. Todi the emperor took the decision, but he couldn't get far away from the army, he couldn’t get enough of his breast, leaving his life and going to Paris.

On the 16th breast in Kovno, the French army overtook Niman and left the territory of Russia. The number of people became only 1600 people. The army is impenetrable, which caused fear to the whole of Europe, the army of Kutuzov Mensh was practically increased by the army, not in 6 months.

Below is a graphical representation of Napoleon's entry on the map.

Pidsumki Vіtchiznyanoї vіyni 1812 roku

Vichiznyana vіyna Rossіya with Napoleon is small and great for all countries, which took part in the conflict. It’s a lot of reasons why the podiatry has become more and more friendly to England in Europe. Such a development was transferred to Kutuzov, which sent a call to Oleksandr 1 in the chest during the French army, and explained to the ruler that the demand could be finished, and the transfer of the enemy for the purpose of enhancing the future of the hand could be done. Ale Oleksandr did not heed the joy of his commander, and he didn’t mind the zakordonniy mischief.

The reasons for the defeat of Napoleon at Vijny

Because of the main reasons for the defeat of the Napoleonic army, it is necessary to cover the most important, as the most frequent victorious stories:

Strategic pardon of Emperor France, 30 days of sitting near Moscow, and checks from representatives of Oleksandr 1 with blessings about peace. As a result, it became less and less cold and the provision ended, and the persistent attacks of the partisan armies brought a turning point in the war.
Dnannya to the Russian people. Yak zavzhdi, in front of the threat of the great need for words'yani curl up. So boo the first time. For example, the historian Leven write, the main reason for the shock of France is to shout in the mass movement. All women and children fought for the Russians. And everything was ideologically rimmed, so it rocked the morale of the army even stronger. The Emperor of France is not evil.
Nezhannya Russian generals take a virile battle. More history about forgetting, more about Bagratyon’s army, take the general battle on the cob of failure, how else did you want Oleksandr 1? 60 thousand army of Bagration against 400 thousand army of aggressors. Tse Bula would be unaware of a peremogy, and if she didn’t, I wouldn’t think about it. To this the Russian people are guilty of the words of the boyfriend Barclay de Tolli, who issued a mandate to their decisions to enter and unite the armies.
Geniy Kutuzova. The Russian general, who visibly swooped in on Suvorov, did not allow a tactful prorahunka. It is noteworthy that Kutuzov did not zoom out to defeat his enemy, but rather tactfully and strategically play Vitchiznyan viyin.
General Moroz vikoristovuyut yak vypravdannya. In fairness, it’s said that frost doesn’t fix any kind of sutta in the end result, splinters at the time of an abnormal frost (mid-leaf fall), the result is a prototype bulo virisheno - the great army is fearful.

JOIN

In a special era, the share of the people of the Bula is so closely tied to the historical origins - the shares of the powers and nations, as in the fate of Pushkin's life. In 1831 rotsi in virshi. assigned to the licea richnitsa, Pushkin wrote *:
Neither in one of the tsikh podіy nor Pushkin, none of the Lyceum classmates took a special part. and not less than the historical life of quiet rockies in this world of bula, in part of its special biography, as Pushkin mav all send us the following words: "We fired Moscow"."Mi" people, "mi" lyceists ( "We got married ..." in that same vіrshі ") and" I "Pushkіna get angry here in one person of the participant and partaker of the historical Life.

* Create Pushkin, cited for over-the-top picks) works in 16 volumes (Type of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1937-1949; Great Academic Vidannya). Roman numerals mean those, Arabic - Napivtim і side; The quotation of creations, named in the text, should not be exchanged. At the square bow, it is fixed with Pushkin, in the figurine - read at the reconstruction hall (kon'kturi). In a number of vipadks, punctuation and writing of the original are taken into account, so that they will go away from those taken this year.

Through pіvroku pislya narodzhennya Pushkin, 9 leaf fall 1799 roku (18 Brumaire VIII rooku Republic), General Bonaparte, unsupportedly turning from Egypt, having celebrated a sovereign coup. First Consul, First Consul, Nareshti, Emperor Napoleon, who became fond of France until his death and maturity in 1814. Then, through a few months, the wine for 100 days renewed its power and in 1815 rotsi, sending the message to the island of St. Deer. Rocky tsi buli for Europe and an hour of unbeatable battles, in which they repaired from 1805 the rocky bully was drawn into Russia.

In the night from 11 to 12 birch in 1801, a state coup d'etat also took place in St. Petersburg, the first city of Europe: a group of palazovnykh and guards officers wandered at night in the bedroom of Pavel I, in a beastly manner. On the throne, the elder son of Paul, Oleksandr I of the twenty-sixth century, rests on the throne. The youth of the 19th century began to ring before living on bivouacs, before campaigns and battles. Death became wicked and was tied not with old age and ailments, but with youth and husbandhood. I’m not sorry for the wound, but for good health. Formerly, when we talked to friends about an ear of walnut rebellion, Pushkin wrote about the leader of the yogo, A. Ipsilanti: "Introduced and dead, or a chance to lay down history - 28 years, the hand is gone, the meta is noble! - an enviable share"(XIII, 24). Not only "Meta is noble"- the struggle for freedom, - ale and a hand was seen (Ipsilanty, general of the Russian service, having lost his hand - it was with a nucleus - in the battle with Napoleon before Leipzig in 1813), we can become the subject of revolt, as a human being. Ledve got up to spend some time with vіyskovy campaigns Budinku - in St. Petersburg, Moscow, there were some old men, - young people who were interrupted by hikes didn’t have time to be friends і won’t get tired in everybody’s satisfied with turmoil but they didn’t Russia. They baked the super-strands in a friendly manner, they dragged more, less bali and ladies' suspension. I roared, behind the words of Pushkin, "Thunderstorm 1812". For a few months of the Victory Day, the Russian suspension has matured for ten years. 15 serpnya 1812 rocky (Moscow hasn’t been built yet!) Volkova wrote her friend V.I. Lanskoi: "Judge, how painful is Bachiti, how hard is it in the family of Balashov(Minister of Police, dear person of Oleksandr I. - Yu.L. ) and Arakcheev sell such wonderful people! Ale I sing to you, as if the chicks are left to hate in Petersburg as it is, as in Moscow, then I will be overwhelmed for years. " *.

* V.V. Kallash Twenty-one ric in spogadas and listovanny successes. M., 1912, p. 253-254.

Viyna ended with the help of Russia. Young corneti, warrant officers, lieutenants,

they turned around before being wounded by the battle officers, assimilating themselves as active participants of the History and not yet wanting to wait with him, that the Maybut Europe could be seen in the hands of those present at the All Monarchs, and the capital of Russia. The unhappiness of the Victory Day of 1812 would turn to rock until the old order was widely seen in the suspension, as it survived the national journey. Gostriy sposterigach, Liflyandska nobleman T. von Bock wrote in a memorandum given to Oleksandr I: "The people, blessed by the enmity of Moscow, are not the same people as the Courland groom Biron pulling by the hair with a stretch of ten rock" *.

* Predtechensky A.V. Note by T. Є. Boca. - In the book: Decembrists і їkh hour. M. - L. 1951, p. 193; original in French, translated by the publisher. Bock paid for his note with the great rock of the fortress, and he put his hands on himself in Vilyandi.

A characteristic idea of the tragedy "1812 Rik", which is a piznish obmirkovuv Gribodov: the main hero of the p'usi mav stati krіposnoi M.(Imeni Griboedov not viznachiv), the hero of the partisan war, who is guilty of Peremogi "Turn around with the Pan's club". To complete the sketches of the tragedy of the Griboedov with a viral remark: "Kolishni guidoty". M. ending with suicide. Pragnennya ke admit turning to "Kolishnim guide" "last century"(Viraz Chatskogo) with a psychological spring, how the mesmerizing turned from the young officers, rizy with all their maybut, seen from the joyfulness, which drew half of the youth’s forces to wrestle with happiness The connection between 1812 and rock and visually active performance was fostered by the abundant Decembrists. M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, speaking on conspiratorial messages, saying: "The glory of the glory of the times of Napoleon. *

* Insurrection of the Decembrists, vol. IX. M., 1950, p. 117.

"I became a republican soul and in which I did not bolster greater prosperity and great bliss for Russia, as in the republican government. , like bi Russia, for our understandings, who were killing themselves, they entered into such a drowning and, say, it is possible, seizure, but I and only ready, the bullets will not only wait a bit, but all those who would have been able to reintroduce and the firm order of speeches "*.

* Insurrection of the Decembrists, vol. IV. M. - L., 1927, p. 91.

The number of members of the local partnership quickly grew, and in 1818 it was reorganized into the Union of Prosperity - a conspiratorial organization, to be instilled by the gentry into the community's thought, the vice of the order, the penetration of the generation to the state of love, the patronage of ignorance until despotism pidgotuvati Russia up to the indigenous community of re-creation, as it was transferred to carry out in ten - fifteen years. Injected into the Union of Prosperity, it was wide and pliable: in the dumb Russia, if it were on the right, you entered into the competence of the order, and all that was included in the competence of the order was respected by the people, the members of the Union of Prosperity were directly introduced. At the balls and in the huge fences, the stench of the stench was discussed, uryadovi events were discussed, the evil vladyka was brought up in the darkness, despotism and bureaucracy were amused, and the main zebra was tamnitsi. The Decembrists fired into the Russian suspension and did not lose sight of the understanding - a huge thought. The very same zoomed those - nove in Russia - the position, about the yak Griboedov through the mouth of Chatsky, saying:

... you can frighten me, and trim with rubbish at the vuzd.

However, a wide scope of activity and an orientation towards the publicity of mala and the weak side: the Union of Prosperity of the Buying for the Rahun of all fellow travelers, the conspiracy mayzhe rang out. Until 1821, the fate of the uryad was not much in the hands of a number of denunciations, which gave great information about the local partnership. Tsі vіdomostі Tim bіlshe strivozhili іmperatora scho zatverdivsya pіslya padіnnya Napoleon reaktsіyny order of the Holy Alliance єvropeyskih monarhіv trіschav i collapsed: hvilyuvannya in nіmetskih unіversitetah, revolyutsіya in Іspanії, revolyutsіya in Neapolі, gretske insurrection, hvilyuvannya in Semenіvskomu shelf in Peterburzі, rebellion in vіyskovih settlements in Chuguєvі pіd Kharkov - all the price set the Russian district in a panic way. Pocha represії: boule rozgromlenі Kazansky i Peterburzky unіversiteti (pіslya іnkvіzitorskogo slіdstva boule zvіlnenі Krashchi professor, vikladannya number Sciences vzagalі zaboroneno; unіversiteti steel nagaduvati sumish barracks i Monastir) posilen tsenzurnі gonіnnya, of Petersburg boule vislanі Pushkіn i - descho pіznіshe - sings i decembrist Colonel Katenin. Selected in the minds of the minds in 1821, in Moscow, an illegal trademark was made to the Union of Prosperity, having learned about those who had received lists of wicked men, and denounced the fellowship of Likvidovanim. Otherwise, there will be a tactful croc: as a matter of fact, following the first decisions, there was a friend, as the Union was in charge, but on a larger university and a larger conspiratorial basis. However, the renewal did not go smoothly: here the suspension of the prickly thorns geographically - on Pivden and Pivnich, politically - on the other side, they caught up with this row, and the smartest, in the main young people of the first decade. In the context of organizational breakdown, a new tactic was brought up to fight with attitudes. Uryad, zdavalsya, could be a triumph. However, as the head, the changes in the reaction were evident: the drive into the world, the suspicious dissatisfaction with the former started up, and until 1824, the era and the early days of the Decembrists entered the period of the new polity. 19 leaf fall 1825 in Taganroz Oleksandr I died unsubstantiated. The Decembrists have long ago decided to time the ear of "dei" before the death of the tsar. 14 chest 1825 rock, in St. Petersburg on the Senate square was destroyed by the Persha in Russia with the help of the revolution. The cards were built at point-blank range, rebelled against the square, the failure of the insurrection and the ear of a new king and the new era of Russian life was helped. Mykola I started his rule as a spritny slidch and merciless cat: five of them were raised in the hands of the Decembrists, one hundred and twenty were sent to Siberia for hard labor. The new tsar was seen as a sign of a political terror: Russia was brought into the hands of the political local police: a rogue car was captured and strangled - the third was announced by the office of the emperor and the Russian gendarmerie corps - through the camera of the biology A lot of rude and illiterate Arakcheev was occupied by more civilization, more education, more light Benkendorf and his friend Dubelt. Arakcheev, spiriting on the club, ruled with a shout and zubotichinoy - Benkendorf opened the army of shpiguns, drove a denunciation into the pobut. As the Decembrists pushed to take up the suspension morality, then Benkendorf and Mykola I apparently promised suspension, drove it into the new rubbish, sent to the special officer the independence and independence of the thought, vazhaє to the political right-wing. However, zupiniti by stretching out life is ill-advised. Mykola I bachiv his - yak vіn vvazhav, divine - the mission in order to "freeze" Russia and the development of the spirit of freedom in Europe. Winning the thought of life with circulars, and the powerful people - faceless kar'єrists, who would help you, deceiving himself, open up the decoration of the laborious and prosperous Russia. Istorichne protverezinnya, yak vidomo, bulo girkim. Ale in the suspension they saw health. The whole world of national life was overwhelmed in a whole hour in literature. Such was the bula of the era of Pushkin.

In a special era, the share of the people of the Bula is so closely tied to the historical origins - the shares of powers and peoples, as in the fate of Pushkin's life. In 1831 rotsi in virshi. assigned to the licea richnitsa, Pushkin wrote *:

Neither in one of the tsikh podіy nor Pushkin, none of the Lyceum classmates took a special part. and not less than the historical life of quiet rockies in this world of bula, in part of its special biography, as Pushkin mav all send us the following words: "We fired Moscow"."Mi" people, "mi" lyceists ( "We got married ..." in that same vіrshі ") and" I "Pushkіna get angry here in one person of the participant and partaker of the historical Life.

* Create Pushkin, cited for over-the-top picks) works in 16 volumes (Type of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1937-1949; Great Academic Vidannya). Roman numerals mean those, Arabic - Napivtim і side; The quotation of creations, named in the text, should not be exchanged. At the square bow, it is fixed with Pushkin, in the figurine - read at the reconstruction hall (kon'kturi). In a number of vipadks, punctuation and writing of the original are taken into account, so that they will go away from those taken this year.

Young people began to live in the 19th century before living on bivouacs, before campaigns and battles. Death became wicked and was tied not with old age and ailments, but with youth and husbandhood. I’m not sorry for the wound, but for good health. Formerly, when we talked to friends about an ear of walnut rebellion, Pushkin wrote about the leader of the yogo, A. Ipsilanti: "Introduced and dead, or a chance to lay down history - 28 years, the hand is gone, the meta is noble! - an enviable share"(XIII, 24). Not only "Meta is noble"- the struggle for freedom, - ale and a hand was seen (Ipsilanty, general of the Russian service, having lost his hand - it was with a nucleus - in the battle with Napoleon before Leipzig in 1813), we can become the subject of revolt, as a human being. Ledve got up to spend some time with vіyskovy campaigns Budinku - in St. Petersburg, Moscow, there were some old men, - young people who were interrupted by hikes didn’t have time to be friends і won’t get tired in everybody’s satisfied with turmoil but they didn’t Russia. They baked the super-strands in a friendly manner, they dragged more, less bali and ladies' suspension. I roared, behind the words of Pushkin, "Thunderstorm 1812". For a few months of the Victory Day, the Russian suspension has matured for ten years. 15 serpnya 1812 rocky (Moscow hasn’t been built yet!) Volkova wrote her friend V.I. Lanskoi: "Judge, how painful is Bachiti, how hard is it in the family of Balashov(Minister of Police, dear person of Oleksandr I. - Yu.L. ) and Arakcheev sell such wonderful people! Ale I sing to you, as if the chicks are left to hate in Petersburg as it is, as in Moscow, then I will be overwhelmed for years. " *.

* Callash V.V. Twelve riches in spogadah and leafy partners. M., 1912, p. 253-254.

Viyna ended with the help of Russia. Young cornetes, warrant officers, lieutenants, turned around before being wounded by the combat officers, having learned to themselves the active participants of the history and did not want to wait with him, but maybut, Europe, the hands of the Russian monks

The unhappiness of the Victory Day of 1812 would turn to rock until the old order was widely seen in the suspension, as it survived the national journey. Gostriy sposterigach, Liflyandska nobleman T. von Bock wrote in a memorandum given to Oleksandr I: "The people, blessed by the enmity of Moscow, are not the same people as the Courland groom Biron pulling by the hair with a stretch of ten rock" *.

* Predtechensky A.V. Note by T. Є. Boca. - In the book: Decembrists і їkh hour. M. - L. 1951, p. 193; original in French, translated by the publisher. Bock paid for his note with the great rock of the fortress, and he put his hands on himself in Vilyandi.

* Insurrection of the Decembrists, vol. IX. M., 1950, p. 117.

In 1815 in Russia there were winners of the first and the same revolutions of the suspension. On the 9th of 1816, the fate of the guard officers at the age of twenty to twenty-five years - all the participants of the Victory Day - fell asleep the Union of Poryatunka, having created a new side in the history of Russia. Freedom seemed to be close to Napoleon's victory, and the struggle and death for it - the ancient and holy days. Navit Suvoriy Pestel, before that, they spent time in the casemates of the forts and animals of the same mind, and before the judges and katam, once again experiencing the drowning in freedom. zagaduyuchi tsi khvilini: "I became a republican soul and in which I did not bolster greater prosperity and great bliss for Russia, as in the republican government. , like bi Russia, for our understandings, who were killing themselves, they entered into such a drowning and, say, it is possible, seizure, but I and only ready, the bullets will not only wait a bit, but all those who would have been able to reintroduce and the firm order of speeches "*.

* Insurrection of the Decembrists, vol. IV. M. - L., 1927, p. 91.

... you can frighten me, and trim with rubbish at the vuzd.

Selected in the minds of the minds in 1821, in Moscow, an illegal trademark was made to the Union of Prosperity, having learned about those who had received lists of wicked men, and denounced the fellowship of Likvidovanim. Otherwise, there will be a tactful croc: as a matter of fact, following the first decisions, there was a friend, as the Union was in charge, but on a larger university and a larger conspiratorial basis. However, the renewal did not go smoothly: here the suspension of the prickly thorns geographically - on Pivden and Pivnich, politically - on the other side, they caught up with this row, and the smartest, in the main young people of the first decade. In the context of organizational breakdown, a new tactic was brought up to fight with attitudes. Uryad, zdavalsya, could be a triumph. However, as the head, the changes in the reaction were evident: the drive into the world, the suspicious dissatisfaction with the former started up, and until 1824, the era and the early days of the Decembrists entered the period of the new polity.

19 leaf fall 1825 in Taganroz Oleksandr I died unsubstantiated. The Decembrists have long ago decided to time the ear of "dei" before the death of the tsar. 14 chest 1825 rock, in St. Petersburg on the Senate square was destroyed by the Persha in Russia with the help of the revolution. The cards were built at point-blank range, rebelled against the square, the failure of the insurrection and the ear of a new king and the new era of Russian life was helped.

Mykola I started his rule as a spritny slidch and merciless cat: five of them were raised in the hands of the Decembrists, one hundred and twenty were sent to Siberia for hard labor. The new tsar was seen as a sign of a political terror: Russia was brought into the hands of the political local police: a rogue car was captured and strangled - the third was announced by the office of the emperor and the Russian gendarmerie corps - through the camera of the biology A lot of rude and illiterate Arakcheev was occupied by more civilization, more education, more light Benkendorf and his friend Dubelt. Arakcheev, spiriting on the club, ruled with a shout and zubotichinoy - Benkendorf opened the army of shpiguns, drove a denunciation into the pobut. As the Decembrists pushed to take up the suspension morality, then Benkendorf and Mykola I apparently promised suspension, drove it into the new rubbish, sent to the special officer the independence and independence of the thought, vazhaє to the political right-wing.

However, zupiniti by stretching out life is ill-advised. Mykola I bachiv his - yak vіn vvazhav, divine - the mission in order to "freeze" Russia and the development of the spirit of freedom in Europe. Winning the thought of life with circulars, and the powerful people - faceless kar'єrists, who would help you, deceiving himself, open up the decoration of the laborious and prosperous Russia. Istorichne protverezinnya, yak vidomo, bulo girkim.

Ale in the suspension they saw health. The whole world of national life was overwhelmed in a whole hour in literature.

Such was the bula of the era of Pushkin.

Chapter 1
rocky youth

Pushkin was born on May 26, 1799 * in Moscow in the Skvortsov booth on Molchanovka (no. 10, Bauman St., no.

* All dates are given for the old style.

Krim Nyogo in the family of Buli is an older sister Olga and three younger brothers. Pushkin bully give birth. In autobiographical notes Pushkin wrote: "We are led from the Prussian vikhіdіs Radshi abo Rachi (cholovіka is chesna, as if a writer, i.e. E. Noble, noble), which went to Russia for hours of Prince St. Oleksandr Yaroslavovych Nevsky. Cause, Kam'yanski, Buturlini, Kologrivova, Sherefedinovi i Tovarkovo "(XII, 311). The rivalry of the Bagatma with the names of the indigenous Russian population robbed the Pushkinites of being tied up with light and pobut of the "pre-fire" (i.e., before the fire in 1812) of Moscow, in which they said: "The contention of love and evil and honor you"- і: “I don’t care about my own kinship, I demean myself, but those who are of my own will be embarrassed, that through the price I deny myself”.

"Childbirth of mothers shche tsikavishe,- prodovzhuvav Pushkin. - DID її Bouv Nebro, Sin Canuzka. Russian envoy to Constantinople as a letter from the Seraglio, deceased by vin amanat(With a handcuff. - Yu.L. ), and see slav yogo to Peter Pershomu "(XII, 311-312) *. Until the end of the 18th century, Gaknibals were already tightly intertwined with blood ties with the Russian noble families - they were born with the Rzhevsky, Buturlin, Cherkasy, Pushkin. Father and Mother of the Poet Bully Relatives (third brother and sister).

* Pushkin's ancestor was not a Negro. arap, tobto efiop, abisinets. The appearance of yogo at the court of Peter I, perhaps, is tied for more important reasons, but the fashion for pazhiv-arapchat has begun to grow in Europe in the 18th century: the plans are to destroy the Turkish empire. as the victor of Peter I, the link from the Abyssinia - a Christian land, roztashovano in a strategically important area, in the til of the restless Egyptian flank of Turechchini. - it took a little bit. However, the protracted Pivnichna Vіyna did not give rise to the cym plans.

Pushkin bully velmi nebagati. The statelessness and discomfort of the stench all the life lived on between the rosary, they invariably used the material to help the synov, and in the last rock of the life they covered the singer with their own Borgs. Sergiy Lvovich Pushkin's panska lacked equanimity with a sickly skinny. A friend of A.S. Pushkina P.A. Vyazemsky took a scene from his notes:

"Vzhaly buv vin is even more stingy and on himself and on all households. Blue Leo smashed a glass for offense at the new one. Batko fluttered and muttered around.

"Chi is possible," Lev said, "so do you tell me about a cup, yak kostu 20 kopecks?"

- "Vibachte, pane - zaputty locking dad, - not twenty, but thirty five copies!" *.

* Vyazemsky P. Stara notebook. L-d .. 1929. p. 114.

The family lay before the consecrated part of the Moscow suspension. Dyadko Pushkina, Vasil Lvovich Pushkin, is a poet, we are in the house of Moscow literature. Also a child of Pushkin, having kicked Karamzin, who is the current head of the young Russian literature, having heard the talk at the literature.

Vikhovannya children, like the fathers did not give a lot of value, bulo despondent. From home cooking, Pushkin's wine is more beautiful than the knowledge of French language, and in the father's bible, he is addicted to reading (also in French language).

Naybіlsh fiery rice of the Pushkin childishness is followed by those who are few and far from wandering around. In the life of the noble child Budinok - a whole series of lights, more intimate clothes, perekaziv, innermost spogadіv, threads from which stretched all the way away from life. At spogadah S.T. Aksakova razpovіdaєtsya, as a rozluka with daddies and a native house - yogo was brought with a daddy’s mattress to the Kazan gymnasium - turned into a childish tragedy for the child: life posed at home in a dumb, dumb way. Ditinstvo L.N. Tolstoy didn’t bully іdily (it’s a mess between daddies, Borgs and the lightness of a daddy, wondrous death), and instead of looking at the rows, assigning wines in the "Dignity" page to the first spogadіv, home, mother. The dignity of Lermontov was known to be of great importance to this tragedy, in vyrostav, I don’t know the right family, in the atmosphere of the fortune-teller among the closest relatives. І all wіn penetrated through all life the poetry of the child і native Budinka:

The image of the Father - oetizations and tragic, in spite of real biographical facts - leads to the romantic light of Lermontov.

Pushkin easily leaving the walls of his native house and once in times not guessing either mother or father. Uncle Vasil Lvovich's clues soon became ironic. І at the same time, I didn’t bother to let my native sentiments: I didn’t love my brother and sister, I didn’t carelessly help me, I spent my time in the crumbling material circumstances, I didn’t carelessly pay Lviv without the need to organize my life. on Pushkina. The one to the batkiv at the new bulo is more respectable, not the stench to the new one. Tim falls into the eyes more, well, if Pushkin wants to look around at the ear of his life in the frivolous Pushkin, the wine unconsciously zgaduvav only Lycei is a child of guilt from his life *. Vin buv cholovik without dynasty.

* It is especially good in quiet family vistas, since the literary tradition of the child has introduced the theme of childishness into the poetry. So, in the Lyceum's "Send to Yudin" Pushkin introduce rice of the real landscape of the village of Zakharova, with a bully po'yazanі yogo child spogadi. However, the image of the author, like a world over Horatsin and Lafontaine, with a shovel in his hands poured his garden, at the vlasny booth for a peaceful Silsky meal with a cell in the hands of a host of susidivs, wickedly, very cleverly wicked. 1806 to 1810 rik, to be between seven and eleven rocks, and his behavior, obviously, not a little bit of a special literary pose. Ridkisnym vidkisnim vidadom vіpadom vіdvukіv childish enemies є vіrsh "Sleep" (1816). It is typical for Ale that it’s not a mother, but a nanny here. ("Ah! I’m talking about my mommy ...").

And if the internal development has led Pushkin to the idea of Budinka, the journey of his own kut, then we will call the wrong booths (or not those booths), having spent the days of their children in some wines. Budinkom from great literature becoming a booth in Mikhaylovskoe, booths of ancestors, with yakim singing especially bouv of bandages with youthful spogads of 1817, rock and rock, and not a memory of childishness. On the first day of the booth, the mother sat a poet, and on the first place, "mother" Arina Rodionivna was sitting.

Dignity, however, is a very important stage in the self-consciousness of a people, so it can be vikresliti, nothing has changed. By replacing the light of childishness, the world, to what kind of people, as a rule, all life will be destroyed, as a rule, to the dear spogadiv, in which it is known, that kindness, spirituality and intelligence is the norm, and evil and selfishness is not for indulging becoming a Lycea. A gift about Lyceum about a native house, about lyceum readers like seniors, and about lyceums like comrades, brothers left behind in the singing of a poet in the middle of the 1820s, since there were realities in the past riveting, they perezlidu the poet, put yogo shukati support in idyllic spogads. In 1825 rotsi vin wrote:

Ale sclavsya in the center of rock at the testimony of Pushkin's ideals of the image of the Lyceum is rich in what is seen from the documentary reality.

Licey bouv with a pledge, which in the miniatures repeated the share and the nature of the reforms and repairs "Days of Oleksandrovykh a beautiful ear": blisky obitsyanki, wide thoughts in case of ill-conceivedness of the out-of-town buildings, goals and plan. The development and the new order of the new initial mortgage came with a lot of respect, nutritional forms of lyceism were negotiated by the Emperor himself. However, the plan was not thought out, the warehouse of professors is of a kind, most of them did not know about their preparation and pedagogical advice to help vimogs a good gymnasium. And the Lyceum, having given the rights to the graduates, finished the chief mortgage.

It was not clearly indicated and possible lyceists. Behind the foreground plan in the Lyceum of Mali, there are also young brothers of Oleksandr I - Mikola and Mikhailo. Dumka tsya, ymovirno, belonged to Speranskiy, who, as and what cultured people were quietly rocky, wicked to the triviality of those who were characteristic of the great dukes, of which the share of millions of people could lie in maybutny. Mykola and Mikhaylo Pavlovich, who grew up, sounded like a glimpse into the indiscriminateness and divine resemblance of their own power and great intercourse in the fact that the mystery of the management of the field in the "feldfebel's nautsi". In 1816, a rotsi lyudin, far from liberal ideas, the Aleksandr warrior and patriot, General P.P. Konovnitsin, whom Oleksandr I entrusted in 1815 with guarding over his brothers for the hour of being transferred to the army, Mabut, not vypadkovo viznav for the need to give the Grand Dukes letters of instruction: "If the hour comes, command you with parts of the visitor, .. get into a polypshuvati skin, do not go to see the unhappy people. Deliver the first necessary and necessary calm, and then also use the exact definition of the robotics. you won't get it. "

At the Lyceum of the Great Dukes of Mali, there are vykhovuvatsya in the number of single sheets, in isolation from the courtyard. Here їm bouly b wiklikanі іyavlennyа, as it is more likely to show the situation of the future, nіzh "Screams, scream" i vimoga "See of unhappy people", nahili how much the stench pochali show even early. The plan was successful, Pushkin and Mykola I turned out to be school comrades (Mykola Pavlovich was three times older than Pushkin). According to the plan, the first steps were taken to a high state power.

Think of ts, mabut, wicked against them. Mary Fedorivni. The zagalny offensive of reaction before the war of 1812 fate, which was virazilous, the spring, in the fall of Speransky, called before that the cob was planning to see it, as a result of which Mykola I entered the throne in 1825. For the testimonies of the well-known memoirist V.A. Mukhanova, “Well, I’m afraid of the political sciences, about them and I didn’t go astray when the emperor was driven ... But if it is decided that the king will be in charge, the sovereign himself is angry with his disobedience” *.

* Russian Archiv. 1897 No. 5. with. 89-90.

For the Lyceum, in the change of its status, there is a clear side: if I want to weaken the interest of the court to the newcomer’s mortgage, it’s a burden for me to lower its prestige, and maybut the lyceum has ceased to be faint in the first addicted, it became more dull.

Litsei took place in the Tsarskoe Selo-Lettnoi Imperator's Residence, at the Fligeli Katerininsky Palace. At the same time, the very mice roztashuvannya robbed yogo yak bi by the court's chief mortgage. However, mabut, not without infusion of Speransky, hating the courtiers of the stake and pushing as much as possible to enclose the political role of the state and inflow to the emperor, the first director of Lycea V.F. Malinov namagavsya zahistiti svіy The Teaching mortgage od vplivu court Shlyakhov suvoroї zamknutostі: Lіtsey іzolyuvali od navkolishnogo Zhittya, vihovantsіv vipuskali for mezhі Yogo stіn Wkra neohoche i Lachey in osoblivo vipadkah, vіdvіduvannya rodichіv obmezhuvalisya, Lіtseyska іzolyatsіya viklikala in poezії Pushkіna quiet rokіv way Monastir Chernecha Zhittya , focus, yakim piddaєatsya black on the side of the devil. In the same way, they are tied and pragmatic. Poetically miluvannya lyceya rocky, as it is said vishche, it came to the end - when Pushkin's panic mood in the Lyceum started to look like it ended. Yaksho at the Virshah Lycei to transform into a monastir, the young novice say about himself:

then the end of it is painted like a sound from connection:

Surely, the lectures of the Lyceum victories, the middle boules of the progressive and good preparation of the professor (for example, A.P. Kunitsin, A.I. Galich), did not pass for Pushkin without a trace, I wish they were middle-aged and not significant.

The program to take in the Lyceum of the Bula the Great Persha "Russian, Latin, French, Nimetsky",- mathematics (in general education), literature and rhetoric, history, geography, dance, fencing, riding and swimming.

In the senior years, they were busy without such programs - the statutory was confirmed by the beginning, it was devoid of science, but they were busy with the morals, the physical, the mathematical, historical sciences, Literature and by mov.

Zrozumilo, a great plan with the lack of importance of the program and the lack of knowledge of the teachers, leading to the surface knowledge of scientists. Pushkin mav was sent to the leaves of brothers in the fall of leaves in 1824 on "Incomplete things of the accursed svyhovannya". However, in the lyceum occupations of the bullet, the positive side is undeniable: the whole life is forgotten by the lyceists of the first - "pushkin" - issue and which soon became the topic of numerical denunciations. The male "spirit" was trying hard to vibrate with the Lyceum of Mikola I.

The lack of scholarship, the youthfulness of a number of professors, the humane character of their pedagogical ideas, or- Those who love the spirit of honor and comradeship, nareshti, those who have become the first issue - an object of love and respect - all created a special atmosphere. A number of professors did not find someone else's liberal ideas and became victims of persecution (Kunitsin, Galich). The lectures gave a friendly infusion to the hearing. So, I want Pushkin mav Velmi not very good assessments of the subjects of Kunitsin, the fact that one of the chapters is: about the novel "Fatama, but Human Role" was called "The Right of Nature" Natural law "is a discipline assigned to the" natural "rights of the country human specialties... The very victory of such a subject was given a tribute to liberal failures, and in general it was from the programs of the Russian universities of failures. Vikladachi, akin to Kunitsin, і director Malinovskiy diyali, protest, head rank, not lecturers (Kunitsyn is not volodya luscious movi), but vigorous human butt, showing the images of proud independence and strict behavior The spirit of independence, guides the cultivation of the whole and the middle of the years to the power of greatness. In addition to the leading ideas, the stench took over the singing type of behavior: from servitude to servitude and respect for servitude, the independence of judges and vchinki. The journalist of the summarized reputation Tadei Bulgarin in the informative note "About the Tsarskoe Lyceum and about the spirit thereof", filed in 1826 by Nikolai I. "In the light of being called a lyceum spirit, if a young man doesn’t bother the elders, it’s familiar with the bosses, the smartest with the bosses, contemptuously with the lower ones.

* Modzalevsky B.L. Pushkin with a dark look. View. 3rd. L-d. 1925. p. 36.

As far as Bulgarin is not a nobility of the "lycean spirit" of the 1810s, in a special way, but reconstructing the old one for the first time Pushkina and іnshih lyceists in the post-holiday period, add the picture with rice in the style of the behavior of the "Arzamas" and "liberalists" brothers Turgenyev, then before us will appear a sweet characteristic of the one that is trimmed in the comradeship of the "young" 18 progresses ... As for the tverdzhennya about the filthy appointee to the lower one, it’s about the contempt of Freedom-loving to the slavish official. Chatsky to Molchalin. Tsey, start teaching yourself to the best things, look at the sound of silence and Poprischin (the hero of Gogol's story "Notes of the God") does not forgive Chatsky and Pechorin. as Bulgarin didn’t try to try it for lyceists Pushkin and Delvig. Bulgarin іntuіtsієyu donoshchiv, having guessed the sounds of the "gentlemen" "Volunteer servants"(Pushkin) freedom of behavior of a young liberal. Basically, what is the meaning of Litsey in Pushkin's life, it was in the fact that here he saw himself as a Poet. In 1830 rotsi Pushkin wrote: "After reading a letter from the thirteenth century, and drukuvati mayzhe at the same hour"(XI, 157).

Lycea has a cult of friendship. However, in reality, lyceism - and in general naturally - fell into groups, every now and then, every hour the boules were confused. Pushkin, having connected to decilkoh, ale not without carelessly accepting it into one. So, in the Lyceum, there was a strong craving for literary people to take up, as they cried out for the whole style of Victory. Manuscripts were circulated by the journals: "Lyceyskiy sage", "incomplete information about the pen", "For the satisfaction of the corysty" and in. Poetic leader of Lycea, at least in Pershi rock, Buv Illichivskyi. You can let go, Pushkin jealously fought for the recognition of his poetry in the Lyceum. However, B.V. Tomashevsky, showing that the singing and even more important for Pushkin's aspects of his youthful thought *

* B. V. Tomashevsky. Pushkin, book. 1 (1813-18241. M. - L., 1956. P. 40-41.

Naybіlsh tіsnіmіnі boules of the amicable calls of Pushkin from Delvіg, Pushchino, Malinovskiy and Kuchelbeker. Tse was the friendship for all life, as it has overshadowed a deep trace in Pushkin's soul. Ale and not everything was simple here. Political interests of the children of maturity, they had a lot of voluptuousness. We stretched the threads from the Lyceum to the ruins of the Decembrists: Pushchin, Delvig, Kuchelbeker and Walchowski went to the "Sacred Art" by Oleksandr Muravyov and Ivan Burtsev. Pushkin asked for his brother's fate without taking care of it. Moreover, the friends took over their fate.

Nadal, if Pushkin marveled at the lyceum rock from the height of the lived rocky, everything was ironed out. The need for friendship "corrected" memory. Itself was rocked, if Litsey buv behind his back, let it shine with cement, as with the rocks all the mice popped a "liceysky colo". The brotherhood was NOT weakening, but rather wobbling. It can be seen on one butt. 9 chervnya 1817 fate on the release act Lyceum buv vikonany farewell hymn of Delviga:

The lyceums of the first vipusk, zychay, forgot all the answers, and the skin row sounded like a password for them. Pushkin in a fake decal developed a password that was used by Delvig as a password, allowing the decilcom with words to bring the atmosphere of their youth into the context of Lithuanian friends. At the virshi "19 zhovtnya" (1825), assigned to the lyceum woman, Pushkin, they were fermented to the seaman-lyceum F.F. Matyushkin, having traveled to a round-the-clock trip, writing:

Slightly rephrased by Pushkin, ale of lyceism, you know, you know. An even bigger butt:

bully to the minds of the minds before the gimnu Delvig:

Neschast has a proud patience.

Those from Delvig represented a tribute to the fabulous music of the elegant style, having become a real zmist in Pushkin. Moving from Tsarskoe Selo to St. Petersburg, and most of the lyceums were guilty of entering the service - a community of people, or an elegyna "vichna rozluka"; navkolosvitnyu rise - real "Dovga Rozluka"; "In unhappiness - proud of patience"- a more poetic place in the world. "Gorda terinnya" "near the Siberian ores" sounded zvsim inakshe. Cichs have poetic quotes with bulo and prikhovanny meaning. The readers, who had taken into their hands a volume of the almanac "Pivnichni kviti" for 1827, de bulo overruled the versh "19 zhovtnya", could not the nobility, whose words Pushkin put into the mouth of his friend to the sailor - tse bulo zyrozumіst lyshe. Do not publish for the life of the sent "To Siberia" the whole Decembrist penal servitude took place and it seemed far beyond the borders of the "The proud terpinnya" bouw to the end of the minds only for the lyceists - the spring of Pushchino and the way it is known is meaningful to Küchelbecker.

So the Litsey became the ideal kingdom of friendship at Pushkin's witness, and his friends became the ideal auditorium of the trip.

As I have already said, Pushkina and her comrades didn’t come together easily. The good-natured ones themselves could not help but guess the great variety, easily passed in the zuhval and zuhvala behavior. І.І. Pushchin zgaduvav:

"Pushkin, from the very cob, buv more irritatingly bagatokh and not ruining the overwhelming sympathy for that: not the share of the eccentric essence of the middle of people. Not the same. , not robbing, educated, setting himself a camp in a twisted place, not being able to get out of the way. all the same began to wheeze, clinging to him a verse through the partition about someone who was blind, once that day; here I was clear, but because of the delicacy of every fool, I attributed the importance of the importance and who wanted it. At the new Bula, the madness of boldness with the rubbish, and those who are out of place, but with such a rank, you are a shkodilo. oh, it was not enough to be called tact".

"All at once was a cause.- way of life Pushchin, - scho vzagalі not raptom іdguknulі yomu on yo іtіlnіst to lіtseyskogo cuisine ". Pushchin buv is penetrating with a sposter. Six times without interruption, the match with Pushkin-lyceist allowed him to develop viciously more accurately over the character of his friend: "If you want to love your good rank, you need to look at him and be smart, because you know and bother all the irregularities of your character and your shortcomings, put up with them, and end up in love with one" *

* A.S. Pushkin at the spogadah of fellows. In 2 t. T. 1.M., 1974, p. 82-83.

Ditin's unloved rіdnіy sіm'ї, Early and unevenly developing, Pushkin-Yunak, Mabut, Buv Glyboko Songs. Tse wicked bravado, well done, pragmatic buty persim. At home, they respected them by telepathy - after standing over the mustache, we put physical right, strength, and the ability to stand up for ourselves. The same Pushchin with a poddiv, but not tortured mayzhe over the past century, saw the persuasion of the early days of Pushkin's writing from the hour of writing notes, naval, as Pushkin, who was meaningfully ahead of the one in reading and knowing "All the science is vvazhav nі in scho and as nіbi bazhav only to bring, as a master bigati, stribati through styltsі, throwati m'yachik and so forth.*. Pushkin himself is quick-witted;

* Ibid, p. 74.

* Look for a special fellow. Tsar skarzhivsya director Lyceum Engelgard: "Your vikhovantsi ... know my apple through the park, there are watchmen" (ibid., P. 91). Those who were tsar's apple gave him a special relish, and the campaign was not safe.

All memoirs are one-sided in the inventory and estimates of the majestic feud, as they celebrated at the Lyceum and the Lyceum of 1812. Take pleasure in knowing Pushchino: "Our life is a lyceist to be angry with the political era of the Russian people's life: the thunderstorm of 1812 was about to happen. Those who came to see our child greatly. *.

* A.S. Pushkin at Spogadah Suchasnikiv, vol. 1, p. 81.

The feud of many rockies, tremendously, gave rise to the tremendous pathos and the early willfulness of the bagatokh lyceists, including Pushkin. However, the story of the young minds in one relationship: The history of the partners of the handlers itself appeared on the Lycea period. In order to immortalize your im'ya and transfer it to the sites, it was not necessary to be born in superfluous hours, but to lay up to seven crowned persons. Not only "cholovik dole" of the synonymous Corsican nobleman Napoleon Bonaparte, who was the emperor of France and cut off the map of Europe, albeit, be it from the young guards officers, who passed through the gate of Montenegro "the history of the people". In one of his last verses (on 19 October 1836), Pushkin wrote:

The stream of stylistics of the mature Pushkin is a stranger to poetical embellishments. "Cheer up the one who is dead, Ishov over us",- not a rhetorical figure, but an accurate description of psychological experiences of lyceism. Heroic death, to go over into the history of immortality, not getting scared - the Bula is beautiful. Tim was stronger than the image, applied by wick. L.N. Tolstoy gliboko conveyed the experience of the words of Petya Rostov in "Vіynі i svіtі": "... All the same, I can’t read anything to anyone now, if ... - Petya zupinivsya, his heart is sweaty and promising: - if vіtchizna is not good".

The train will be able to do everything. Vona became vypravdannyam in vlastny eyes and obitsyanka immortality. Immortality itself is such a bully one world, as was the measure of the life of the verses in the Pushkin's gurt. Pushkin got sixteen rocky, since the Derzhavin was involved in singing, and Delvig at the spring issue of the "Russian Museum" for 1815 on the second - the author of all the more published victories:

Pushkin didn’t have a glimpse of courtesy before his fathers. However, the need for such cunning, mabut, bully is very strong. The price has put a video beat on Pushkin's video with people older than him. On one side, I am ready to revolt against authority, blasphemy or the intercession of the elders, I am unbearable. From іnshogo, wіn reaching out to them, thirsting for their respect, insight from іхny side is necessary for you. Win wanting friendship with them. The Cult of Friendship is a non-traditional form of pre-romanticism literature: Shiller and Karamzin, Russo and Batyushkov elaborated on the "mythology" of friendship. However, the literary tradition gave a deprivation of the word, pidkazuvala form, in them. There was a very special need to compensate for the lack of mental connections, when he saw a young man, who did not like zgaduvati about freedom and family.

The friendly calls with the lyceists, as they said, were very important. Tim is more aware of Pushkin's craving for people of "grown-up" svit: before friendship with Chaadaev and Kaverin, Arzamastsev and Karamzinim, Turgenevimi and F. Glinkoy: Wonder at the friendly sounds of Pushkin's three points of war. From the Lyceum to Odessa, including friends of the elder Pushkin for a visit, living admission, service camp. Pushkin svidomo іgnoru tsyu rіznitsyu. Karamzinim vin saying: "Otzhe, thine slavery vіddate revagu svobodі" ("Karamzin fell asleep and called me his riveter", XII, 306). M. Orlov, the hero of the fate of 1812, having taken the keys of Paris, the beloved of the emperor and the idol of soldiers, the head of the Chisinau society of the Decembrists, "I have seen","Fired up": "Vi mirkuute, general, yak old baba" ("Pushkin, you tell me about the words, beware,"- report Orlov *. And all the friendly calls of this period are far from the point of interest. Friends of Pushkina are the most important ones. One to teach this huge firmness and stoicism, like Chaadaev and F. Glinka; Krivtsov, "promises" to promote materialism. The food about Pushkin's inflow is not put on the whole number of people.

* A.S. Pushkin u spogadah uchasnikiv, vol. 1, p. 351.

In 1824 rotsi Pushkin appropriated friendship chotirivirsh, barvlene girkotoyu:

At Mikhaylovsky to obey new period- Pushkina is clearly more attracted to one-line. It’s the very hour to know the lyceum call for a new and special value, for the epistolary friendship with Vyazemsky, who would like three elders for a while, but I don’t want to be a mentor and not a pretender. In the role of one vidavtsya (blukayuchi according to his own power, Pushkin will still need services in tsy part, he himself cannot lead a few conversations) of the venerable mentor Gnedich snakes a friend of Pletnyov. Among the political warriors of Pushkin now there are "young": Rilov and Bestuzhev, among the poets - one-line: Delvig, Baratinsky. Mov.

In tridtsyatі Rocky in koli druziv Pushkіna z'yavlyayutsya іmena young, pochatkіvtsіv lіteratorіv: Ivan Kireyevsky Pogodіn, Gogol, yaky staє nayblizhchim spіvrobіtnikom Pushkіna, Koltsov i navіt Bєlіnsky at vsіy vіdmіnnostі lіteraturnih poglyadіv, pobutovih i cultural zvichok, potraplyayut in colo tsіkavlyat Pushkіna OSIB. Friends of the young brother (Nashchokin, Sobolevsky) are becoming friends. Renewal of the stake of friends in the camp for Pushkin, one with the rice of a husband's life.

In the middle of friendship, Pushkin is like a special place in Zhukovsky. A glib and thin lyric, which is the inspiration for the poetry of a poetry sound, Zhukovsky comes out and is gifted: good lyudin in Russian literature. Kindness, meekness, chuyness may be a source of talent; At the rocky nave of Pushkin in the Lyceum, Zhukovsky Bouv was already a poet, and Pushkin was sent before the new (1816) after the brutality: "Bless, he sings ...". In these words, there was a lot of evidence of distance, like the author of the glorified in 1812 Russian patriotic verse "Spivak at the Stanis of the Russian War" and the boisterous superheroes of the romantic ballad began to sing as a singer.

However, before Zhukovsky was poets, there was no intercession, no intolerant Pushkin, nor bother him with the commanders. Zhukovsky know-how is a veritable tone - the tone of a loving older brother, for which seniority does not imply equal importance. The friendship between Pushkin and Zhukovskiy was especially dangerous. True, not everything was going smoothly here: Zhukovsky spent an hour on morality, but in the last month of the poet's life he ruined the mind of his spiritual life. Pushkin, in his own wickedness, did not accuse the creative spirits of his older friend, for an hour he cared for the epigrammatical hospitality. And all the middle most trivial friends are like Pushkin, the name of Zhukovsky is guiltyly named after the names of Delvig and Pushchin.

Friendship calls of the Lyceum period - from the Tsarskoye Selo hussars, from the Arzamast writers - young writers, shared about the "new warehouse" of Karamzin and Zhukovskiy's romanticism, - from the family of Karamzulyadov - they gave a form yogo huge and literary position. Ale stench infused i into character. At the hussar's gurt, Pushkin, we will grow old for ourselves, at Karamzin, we will sniff out the sympathy of the family, the lull at home - the one whom he himself didn’t know at home. In the unfit and screaming mind of the past, like Pushkin, he went to Katerina Andriyivnya Karamzina, who was nineteen years older than a new one (more than a little bit more!) Nemaє has given bachiti in a wide sense of glibok and addiction. Yu.N. Tinyanov is the author of the lecture robots, assigning Pushkin's "unchanged love" to Karamzina, which is especially significant because, before Pushkin's death, he wanted to bachiti himself *. However, if you correctly comprehend the fact, you should name the names of all those who are quietly in the middle of huhvili.

* Tinyanov Yu.N. Love is irreplaceable. - In the book: Tinyanov Yu.M. "Pushkin and yogo partners. M., 1968, p. 217.

The one to whom it was brought to the support of people, as they die from their wounds at the sight of witness, knowing that with such unsupported power they will sleep from the back of a distant childishness. Pushkin did not guess the recently died mother, didn’t call to father, brother, or sister. Win guessed Lycei:

"Yak Skoda, now there is no Pushchin, no Malinovsky, I would die easier."

"Karamzina? Is there Karamzina?"- having powered Pushkin *.

* A.S. Pushkin u spogadah uchasnikiv, vol. 2, p. 332, 349.

Win turned into the light of life of Lycea.

Licey replacing Pushkin's dignity. Litsey buv endings - the dignity has passed. Life has come to a halt.

Growing up with the dynasty і entered before the "grown-up" life was taken away by Pushkin, who was torn from the Lyceum, urochisto. Vono painted a yak saint in the Licar Order of the Russian Literary, the oath of Palladin, who will be shukati to fight for the honor of his Ladies. For a Yunak, who took the liars' culture through the prism of the Ironians, we sing Voltaire, Ariosto and Tasso, the same "sacred" inevitably appeared in the subordinate light: a clean and pathetic way, from one side, , and saw one one. Pushkin in the Lyceum of the Book of Two Hangings in the Poet. Perse dedicated to the beginning of the 8th September 1815 to the rock in the transitional sleep. Zustrich Pushkina and the State is not small in the reality of that intellectually symbolic (and even more, obviously, more theatrical) character, which is attributed to me, marveling back, and I know that it’s a glorious day in the world as if deprived of the poet's fate of life, and the great one of the Russian poets vzagal. Derzhavin kilka has developed to the full "passing" his lyre to young poets:

Pushkin himself, describing the rise of the zustrich, combined humor with lyricism: "Derzhavin arrived. Win uvijshov is in blue, and Delvig felt like he was feeding at the doorman:" De, brother, is there a needy? "Tsei prozoviy nourishing razcharuvav Delvіga".

"Derzhavin buv douzhe old ... Win sidiv, support your head with your hand.(XII, 158).

Rows of ci were painted to the mayzhe at the same hour, and the portrait of the old countess in "Pikoviy dame": "The countess sat all the zhovta, sagging her lips with drooping lips ... In the eyes of the kalamutnyy її, the image was not visible in the background of the thought"(VIII, 1 ,240).

It’s not vipadkovo: in both versions, Pushkin is a little bit older as well as in the 18th century, like a bi-zgusle in the individual of the same people.

The episode of the successful ministry and the ear of singing at one of the translations in the Lyceum is unlikely to have done so with a disdainful enmity against the fellows who are obeyed by the routine of everyday services, political, court turboboat. Only a few friends, who have already repaired the gift of the young poet, at once have seen his meaning. Ale for Pushkin himself tse bulo one z which podiyas life. Vin saw himself as a yak page, as if he had been ordained to the Lizar dignity: "Nareshty winked to me. I read my" Help in Ts. <арском> WITH.<еле>», standing in two crocs from Derzhavin. I will not be able to describe the soul of my soul: if I am up to the point, I will guess the name of Derzhavin, the voice of my old children, but my heart beat with a grip ...

I don’t remember, as I have skipped my reading, I don’t remember, kudi vіk. Derzhavin bouv in flooded; vin me vimagav, wanting to embrace me ...(XII, 158).

Another appropriated bulo of acceptance of Pushkin in "Arzamas" is an unofficial literary partnership, which united the young and invented writers, who had been on their own, but they had a little hot temper, who were old. The members of "Arzamas" boomed with the shanuvalniks of Karamzin, before Derzhavin, in the booth of which literary archaisti were collected in a clean way, were placed ironically. Pushkin was accepted in "Arzamas" in 1817 at the moment when the suspension was in the center of the internal distribution. For Pushkin, the price is not very bright: his belonging to the literary process has been rendered suspicious. Zarahuvannya in the fighting squad of young writers - romantics, mockers, persecutors of the "past century" - gave rise to the risk of the period of childhood and the rock of the new world. We have seen ourselves admitted to the stake of singing singers.

chapter 2
Petersburg. 1817-1820

Lycey becoming a home. Rock will come, if Budinoks will be for Pushkin a symbol of the most popular sentiments and the greatest values of Culture. Todi sense of the living way will be painted in the image of turning to the house. On the fourth day of the day on the Senate square on the 14th breast, 1829 Pushkin’s rock was unstintingly drawn to the dodoma - to go to Tsarske Selo. In the case of the rosy one, the image of a turn is not completed yet. Not vypadkovo vіrsh navіt in the name ("Spogadi in Tsarskoe Sely" *) turned to the sign for the poet Lyceyskiy izpitu:

* The word "help" is imprinted here and in the lyceum verse in the meanings of the children in 1814 he sings talking about the historical fortunes, like the victories of the monuments of Tsarskoye Selo, in 1829 he sings about the specialties and the historical ones.

In youth rock for Pushkin Budinok (Lycei, Petersburg) ~ cell and bondage. Perebuvannya in new by force, and in the last - bazhan. Behind the walls of the Budinka there is space and will. Leave Pushkin in the Lyceum, St. Petersburg is spacious, if it's in St. Petersburg. - the village. It’s unsuitable for us to appear in the sight of a rapist, but a voluntary, out of bondage to freedom. And before reading and in front of himself, Pushkin stands in the image of Utikach, a voluntary vignancy. The first image, recognition from the arsenal of images of European romanticism, more real biographical change, and behind the lines:

there were real plans "Quietly take a reed and drops and get astonished at Constantinople"(XIII, 86). However, more often we have before us a more poetic comprehension, a transformation of reality. In everyday prose - a rapist for a day, in verses:

The Lycea's journey has a monastic cast, St. Petersburg is blisky and addictive. In real life, everything is innaksh: the poet's fathers moved to Petersburg, and Pushkin turned around with the Lyceum to the house; tsikavo, scho booths in Kolomiya "at the Intercession", on the Fountain in the booth of Klokachev, as and when the hostility of the community of the outskirts, de, behind Gogol's vizlovom, "all the silence and display" was seen " , for the creativity of Pushkin 1817-1820 rock is not ісnu; From the Lyceum Pushkin wrote a message to my sister - in the St. Petersburg period, not my sister, whether they are “home”, they will not be guessed.

In Petersburg, Pushkin is alive from the ear of a worm in 1817 (9 worms were sent to the Lyceum in the release act, and the same month in the same month in Petersburg) on May 6, 1820, since they were guilty of the royal road, straight plan vіyskovoї service, Yaki Pushkin plekav at his uyavi, brought to the surplus: dad, fight vitrat (service in the guards of the great vitrats), napolig on the community. Pushkin buv insured to the College of Zacordonnyh rights and 13 worms after taking the oath (on the same day, I Kuchelbeker and Griboedov).

Petersburg having twisted Pushkin. A wide black tailcoat with non-crooked folds (such a tailcoat called a l "americaine; navmisna roughness of a yogi bull riding fancy vitality) and in a wide droplet a la bolivar(The fields of such a capillary were booming *) I have grown to win my heart for being six-time self-assured.

* Peel M.I. Older life. Narisi th notification. SPb, 1892, p. 104.

The life of Pushkin had a period of time, if the book became a suspicion for a newcomer, and the adoption and arrangement of a thought was the most busy. 1817 - 1820 rocky quickly evolved from the period. On the right, it’s not just the fact that the young poet’s unattractive forces gruffly whispered to the result. In unison with them, the boiling and viruvala of the young Russia. Rocky may be in the Russian history in a special way, not because of an uninvolved physiognomy. The happy ending of the war with Napoleon awakened in the suspension a bit of power. The right to supportive activity was given to be stretched out without rotation. Young people have sprung up to help and see the power in Russia. Conflict on the whole road with a row and "old people" has already been able to reach it clearly, but not yet, having not turned into a tragic character. Pragnennya ob'єdnati zusill became a characteristic rice hour. Adding reading of a book is busy, traditionally in the history of culture, tying it with self, - it is carried out spirally. On the ear of the 18th century, Cantemir wrote about the reading:

In the early 1810s - the ear of the 1820s in Russia, reading is a form of amicable spilkuvannya; read at once as it is, like thinking, talking, talking, discussing come in a row or theatrical news. Pushkin, beastly to the hussar to Y. Saburov, putting them in one row

P.P. Kaverin - ghettingen, hussar, gulvis and duelant, member of the Union of Prosperity. Vin "gulyav" (tobto walking, not only to Pushkin, ale and "putting a cork in the stele" to Ongin in the trendy restaurant Talon on Nevsky. The character of such a reading is wonderful. The character of such reading is beautiful. The art of the speech of the Decembrist I.D. Yakushkin. Arakcheev.

"Having spent time on the ancient history. They loved the ancient ones for hours. Plutarch, Titus Liviy, Tsitseron, Tacitus and іnshі bully at the skin of us, mayzhe real books. Robbe, I loved the ancient ones. On the table, I loved the ancient ones. Grabbe a few leaves of Brutus to Cicero, in which the first one, who was honored for the day against Octavia, who was the last one in cowardice.(Tobto "pitno". - Yu.L. ) fired up and told his people that they weren’t going out of the yard, and they were offended at once; just like that I didn't buy it from Arakcheev "*.

* Yakushkin I.D. Notes, statistics, sheets. M., 1951, p. twenty.

Pragnennya to spіvdruzhnostі, spіvtovoystvu, fraternal otnannya become characteristic of rice behavior and Pushkina tsikh rokіv. Energia, with whom I am tying myself with small literary and friendly circles, zdatna viclikati podiv. Slide to mean one tsikava rice: leather from gurts, how to show respect to Pushkin in tsi rock, less literary and political denunciations, people who have been shot in literary superpeople who have been judged by fighters ... The availability of up to one kitchen, as a rule, leads to the fate of the one. Pushkin in the same amount of seeing yak shukk mean they knew. On the right, not only at the vice, but in the very powerful Pushkin, stretching out his life - abandoning the spontaneous - cunning from the one-sidedness: entering those who are in the same colo, living in the same way, in the light of the day the style of the gurt, the nature of the behavior and the moving of the participants. A little more brilliantly in that chi іnshomu of lyceum verses of the world with human stylistic, genre norms, in the newer it manifests itself more vasno pushkіnske. In 1817-1820, rock became more and more in the sphere of prompting the poet for his specialness. With the unprecedented lightness, they opanuyuchi "wipe out the gris", take in that chi іnsh gurty, included in the style of friendly spіlkuvannya, the proponations of tim chi іnshim from spіvrozmovnikіv-mentorіv, Pushkin is not alien to the norms. Vin shuk yourself.

Pushkin’s state of affairs changed, going from one stake to the last one, and when absolutely smart people didn’t seem to have played out in the number of Decembrists. Navi close friend І.І. Pushchin wrote: "Pushkin, liberal behind his gazes, I like the wicked little guy with his noble character and even more often dragging around me and cursing all of us, who loving, for example, spinning around the orchestra close to Orlov, Chernishov,<...>Kazhesh, buvalo: "For the hunt, dear friend, you are busy with the crowd of people: they do not know the sp_vchuttya in one of them." Win terribly lingering, more rags, clasping, shyly timid, if the cords are ruined. Then, wonder, - Pushkin knows the current levs! "*.

* A.C. Pushkin at the spogadah of fellows. vol. 1, p. 98.

A.F. Orlov is the brother of the Decembrist, - who in a whole hour the ice passed over thirty, the Katerininsky grandee was synonymous, as when Vyskov's field went to Austerlitz (Chablis gold "for good fortune"), who took seven wounds on the Kinnogvardiyskogo regiment, the beloved of the emperor, a lot of things about the development. A.I. Chernishov, the youngest of Orlova, may be behind the shoulders of a wealth of life experiences: bagatorazov, bigotogodinni mischief with Napoleon, the most wonderful knowledge of all the rationale of the French Emperor was robbed by the general-ad'utant who was also a spokesman. P.D. Kisel'ov is a smart and sprighty shanolyub, he is quick to rob the car, only thirty-one fate of the family, whirring in the major-general, lyudin, who was instantly deceived by the special of Emperor Oleksandr Pelikhim and the other. All the stench, in the midst of Oleksandr's hour, did not creep into "legitimate" ideas, all three of them became rather prosperous bureaucrats.

However, Pushchin's own testimony allows him to be more dignified, but Pushkin will be in the least if he is not drowned in a lad, but an addictive sposter. Kiselova didn’t know how to bite the penetrating Pestel, who made the breadth of his friendship and mentality and paid for all his living, but twenty-five Pushkin wrote about it in a letter sent by A.F. Orlov:

At Lycea Pushkin, he applied to "Arzamas" in absentia and got rid of "Tsvirkun" there, rushing to real participation in the partnership. However, since the bazhannya zd_ysnilosya, purely literary directly "Arzamas" in the era of the blame for the Union of Prosperity has already become anachronism. In the fierce quarter of 1817, N. Turgenov and M. Orlov joined "Arzamas", and N. Muravyov in Vosseni. All the stinks were active members of conspiratorial political groups, they all looked at the literature not as an independent value, but only as a political propaganda. Until the end of the day, the "old" people of Arzamast were actively involved in political interest: P.A. V'yazemsky, D.V. Davidova. Pokazov write to N.I. Turgenova from the 29th spring of 1817: "On the third day we have Arzamas. We didn’t accidentally see a letter from the literature and started talking about internal politics. All those who need it are slavery" *. On the whole stay, mabut, buv presence і Pushkin.

* Archiv br. Turgenєvim, vip. 5. PTG., 1921, p. 93.

"Arzamas" is not ready to be politically active and is not ready. However, Mabut, Pushkin himself, having become close to Mykola Turgenovim and Mikhail Orlovim, was connected by old literature with friendship during the whole period. Karamzin, Zhukovsky, Batyushkov - fighters for the vitality of the movement and for the "new warehouse", the heroes of literary battles with "besidi" - faded before the advocates of freedom and huge garlic.

Mykola Turgenyev has a special role in the life of Pushkin. Vin buv is ten rocky older than Pushkin. Having lost the mind of the father-freemason, Suvor's ethical principle and gliboku religiynist, N.I. Turgenyev, having received a firm, schilastic to doctrine and dryness, rose from the very ekzaltovaya, hoping for a book, love to Russia and the Russian people. Fighting slavery ( "Rudeness" as vіn vislovlyuvavsya in his own specific political vocabulary) bula ideєyu, as vіn carried through all life. As well as his older brother, Oleksandr, recognizing his character and liberalism as a leader, in tolerance, readiness to accept someone else's point of view, then Mykola Turgenov is intolerant, people are without compassion. in solutions, buv is sharp, in rosmovs, moody and categorical. Here, in the apartments of Turgenov, Pushkina will be a last guest. The political look of N. Turgenov in the city of rock is mainly based on the moods of a darkened krill to the Union of Prosperity, having entered into the other half of 1818. Vizvolennya peasants vіn spodіvavsya solicit for an additional order.

The good news of the king has not yet been violated. Allegedly, the members of the Union of Prosperity laid their hopes on the side of the advanced community, such as Oleksandr I, who, if he wanted to, would not give up his temptations. For the sake of the Union of Prosperity, having respect for the need to establish a community thought in Russia, as if the politicians were taking care of the middle literature and publicity. The role of the literator, such a rank, was assigned to an ordered role. Purely artistic problems were not much praised by N. Turgenova. In 1819 rotsi vin wrote: "De Russian, can you glean the necessities for the whole rule of community? Our language is intertwined with the same poetry. Create in prose does not stop at the subject of politics."

"Trains and glories of vitoncena, literature cannot remind our souls" *.

* "Russian biblіofіl", 1914, No. 5, p. 17.

Göttingenets, diplomat and great power, the author of the book on political economy, N. Turgenev marveled at the trip for a very good time; admitting viklyuchennya deprivation for agitatsiyno-korisnoy; political lyrics. Take a look at the magic of the soul and Pushkin. The youngest brother, the cob diplomat Sergiy, is absolutely fit for him, he was married to his friend: "Zhukovsky wrote to me, how, judging by the portrait, bach wine, how liberal ideas shine in my eyes." deserve immortality ... I know to write about Pushkin, as about how talent will grow. freedom" *.

* Decembrist N.I. Turgen Leaves to brother s. І. Turgenova. M.-L., 1936, p. 59.

"Mourning for oneself"- the elegyna poeziya, before Turgenov, as and most of the Decembrists, were staged by suvoro.

Injection N.I. Turgenova was clearly recognized in the verse of Pushkin "Selo". Characteristically from the point of view and the ear of one "Vilnist" - a demonstrative view from a love story and a beast to a voluptuous Music. Not slid, viciously, the intelligence injected even more straightforwardly - the idea of condemnation of a love story and a protrusion of the second train of political bullying may be more outlandish in the Decembrist and close to them stakes. Vyazemsky, who is heshy, completely self-guided by the road, at the top of the "Oburenya" hanging the same thought and in even similar images:

At Pushkin:

The ode to "Liberty" to share the ideas of N. Turgenov is not only a protest against a love and political journey, but rather all ideas, brought before the French revolution and Russian autocracy. The ode to "Vilnist" was in love with the political concept of the Union of Prosperity, and look N.I. Turgenova were named in niy bezposeredno *.

* The biographical legend is quite plausible, it is clear from the ode ((The name of the message for N.I. Pushkin, book 1. M.-L., 1956, pp. 147-148).

N.I. Turgen is a suvorim moralist - not everything in Pushkin's behavior and Pushkin’s journey was satisfying. Pushkin's rises against the rank, epigrams and more importantly placed before the service (N. Turgenov himself borrowed from the state radio and in the ministry of finances and put before the service) to complete the service. Behind the words of A.I. Turgenova, vin "Having given vision more than once" Pushkin, "Brothers are not possible. and the condemnation sings "It's too bad for yogo current epigram. once, for an hour, I spent an hour at the apartment of Turgenov, took the sheets of the state form, scho Pushkin viklikav N.I. Turgenєva for duel ,. however, immediately changing his mind and taking the wiklik back *.

* Memories of the Decembrists, vol. II. L., 1926, p. 122.

Mykola Turgenєv is not a single, well-to-do Lanka with Pushkin and the Union of Prosperity. Mabut, in 1817 Pushkin got to know with Fyodor Mikolayovich Glinka. Glinka resembles the non-rich, ale of the old family of Smolensk nobles. Small growth, sickly childishness, wine due to vinyatkovy good fortune on wine (all of the bull's chest is covered with Russian and earthly orders) and extreme people. Navit Speranskiy, he himself looked at the type of Arakcheev's type, as a keen sensitiveness, narrated by Glintsi for being inaccurate in the minds of the Russian action, variability, it seems: "You can't pay for everything!" Glinka will be seen as a literator and a great active child of the Decembrist organizations in the early stages of their development. Together with the role of one of the prisoners to the Union of Prosperity and Adjutant, assigned for special assignments to the Petersburg Governor-General Miloradovich, Glinka defeated the important servants of the local comradeships, and also strongly helped to help the people of the future.

In 1819, Glinka was taken over by the head of the Civil Society of Lovers of Russian Literature in St. Petersburg, which played a role in the role of writers in the Decembrist organization. Pushkin saw a strong infusion of Glinka's specialness - people of high spiritual purity and firmness. With the singing world, Glinka has drawn Pushkin into the legal activity, forced into conspiratorial partnerships. There are also some points of interest for Pushkin with the Union of Prosperity. Also in the Lyceum Pushkin got to know Mikita Muravyovim. If, in 1817, the knowledge of the Decembrists was revived in connection with the entry of Muravyov into "Arzamas", which had already become one of the organizers of the first local association of the Decembrists - the Union of Poryatunk. Mabut, through Mikita Muravyov Pushkin, he received an appointment to participate in a quiet time to the Union of Prosperity, since it was not a strict conspiratorial nature and guilt to receive an extended supply of suspension. Through a rich rockyv, pratsuyuchi over the tenth chapter of "Eugenia Onagin", Pushkin painted the same

The last hour was the fruit of a poetic vimislu: Pushkin's fate in such a family was unimportant. However, in 1952 M.V. Nechkin published a message to the Decembrist M.M. Gorstkina, which seems to be the case (trebly, slyly, vrahuvati with a whole mind in the tactful attitude of the Gorstkina to belittle the value of the described actions): "They began to crawl out with a desire, we can force ten to get there,<нязя> Illy Dolgoruky, like a bouv, will be built, one of the heads at that hour. At a new Pushkin, in reading their verses, they were all overwhelmed with gospel, asked all kinds of ideas, read, whispered, and everything is here; zalny rose and nikoli nowhere not buvalo<...>When I spent the evenings at Mikity Muravyov's, here often the specimens had sprung up, and they didn’t fit in with the suspension. "*

* "Lit. Spadshchinu", 1952, v. 58, p. 158-159.

Yakshho dodati, which are named in the stanza of Lunin and Yakushkin - the kind of days of the Decembrist ruch - also the boules in the city by Pushkin (the Lunin was known for 19 leaf fall 1818 in the hour of spending the same `` Lunina came across a lot of hair in memory of a new person; from Yakushkin Pushkin learned Chaadaev), the picture of the Decembrist sounds of Pushkin is hesitant to reach clear. However, it won’t be finished, as it doesn’t be brutalized until one side of the food.

We have already spoken about those who are a moral ideal for the Union of Prosperity, who have been fooled into the toni of heroic asceticism. The true hulk is mislived like Suvoriy is a hero, who has seen for the sake of the welfare of happiness, merriment, friendly bunnies. Passionate love to batkivshchyna, it is not a fault of their spiritual strength for love drowning. Not only is the poetry-erotic poetry, but the "unearthly" love of Zhukovsky's wife is condemned: the stench will weaken the soul of the great man and not bring corista for the right of Freedom. Rilav writing:

V.F. Raevsky piznish, in Chisinau, already sitting in the Tiraspol fortress, calling out to Pushkin:

Lyubov chi spіvati, de brizka krov.

Ethics of heroic self-conceit, protistavlyaє a huge man of poetry, a hero - kohantsya and Freedom - Happiness, the power of a wide stake of freedom-lovers - from Robesp'ar to Schiller. On the other hand, there was a big deal of ethical declaration: the Enlightenment of the 18th century in the struggle with Christian asceticism created the concept of Freedom. Freedom was not opposed to Happiness, but was fought with him. Truly vilna lyudin - the whole of a man of boiling addictions, rosy internal forces, so the buzz of the bajati and the domination of the priest, sings and kohanets. Freedom is a tse of life, not to fit into the zhodni framework, which is over the edge, and self-confinement is a type of spiritual slavery. A wine suspension cannot be motivated on the basis of asceticism, self-denial about specialness. Nawpaki, it’s the very thing to take care of the specialties of the neuvana.

Pushkin buv has a lot of good and organic ties with the culture of Education of the XVIII century. In general, from the Russian writings of the thirteenth century, it is possible to reproduce only Herzen's characters. In organic pushkinsky life, love is unwise to see a special temperament from a theoretical position. It was a show, which could be seen at once with an ode to "Vilnist", clearly twisted the concept of heroic asceticism, Pushkin wrote madrigal Golitsina "The land of strangers' misunderstandings, an amateur ..."

Druk Free your back on both sides.

Having put such a glance on a video beat on a private, pobutova behavior of a poet. For Pushkin, living in a persistent way of addictions was an act of temperament, and a special and programmed life setting. First, as Lyubov was a sign of a lifeless mine, Vitivka and Lin became intellectuals who did not obey the deadly discipline of the sovereign bureaucracy. The stench of the most important order of old Petersburg was like a protest against the intellectual standards of decency and as a result of taking all the whole set of sovereign values. However, at once the stench protested against the seriousness of the huge pathos of the Decembrist ethics.

The cordon with the Decembrists and those close to them, the liberal-youthful stakes, expanded into the sphere of ethics, and the area of non-middle life-by-beat bells, the style of everyday life. Phylanthrop and bezsribnik Fedir Glinka curled up to replace the overcoat, as if the need for a boo wikupiti at the will of a great artist, introduced himself to tea and switched to okrіp. Yogo extinguished the bullet of Suvor life and pratsya. Delvig and Baratinsky tezh buli bidni:

However, life and line are merry with the blowing out of the bull. For Delvig, Baratinsky and singers of their cola, the cheerfulness was deprived of a literary pose: Baratinsky, melancholy in life, writing the song "Benketi", glorifies the turbulent cheerfulness. Self-enlightened mriynik in travel, Zhukovsky in the middle of the life of the Batiushkov. Pushkin zrobiv "poetic" behavior is the norm for the real. Poetic wastelands and bastardly "rebelliousness" became the snake rice of his life behavior.

Navkolishnі Pushkіna іnіkіnі and mentors - from Karamzіn to N. Turgenov - could not see, but they laid a new and their way: from the point of view, win was simply beaten out of the way. blisk Pushkin's talent They listened to, and sings, the community and cultural activities of the older generation respected with their loyalty to preserve the gift for Russia. The stench was respected for the need to send him to the back and forth. I didn’t want to be confused. Navkoln Pushkina there was a lot of good-naturedness and even fewer people, as a matter of fact. Pushkin vtomlyuvavsya because of morals, because of the fact that he is still more and more vazhayut boy, and hour of all for the evil of faults of his own behavior.

Zhukovsky speaking in Arzamas: "Tsvirkun, buried in a pinch of leprosy, shout out, like at the verses:" I am Lenyusya! "(It is a show of perekonannya, that "at the virshah" those behaviors are allowed, as they are buried in life) *.

* Sound emp. Public libraries for 1884 SPb., 1887, p. 158, dod.

A.I. Turgenyev, behind the powerful words, now barking Pushkin for "Lynoschi and non-baldness about the power of education. We have come to the full and the relish to the marketplace, publicity, and mentality, - also maydanny, 18 th century"*. Batyushkov wrote to A.I. Turgenєvu: "Do not be wicked to be locked up in Göttingen - and three years with milk soup and logic" **.

* Commentary B.L. Modzalevsky in the book: Pushkin. Sheets, t. 1.M., 1926, p. 191.
** "Russian Archiv", 1867, No. 11, stb. Thousand p'yat hundred and thirty-chotiri.

Also "wasteland" young Pushkinsky stake, showing "Green lamp". Tse amicable literary and theatrical partnership of winiklo attachments to 1819 rock. The "Green Lamp" was going to the booth of Mikity Vsevolozhsky. About the zbori in the Budinka of Vsevolozhsky, fog whips were worn in the suspension, and the testimony of the first biographers of Pushkin, if they were pictured in the contours of how the young, like a vlashtovaya orgy, were pictured in the outlines. The publication of the protocols and the other materials was sent to the memory of the "deceptive" version. The publication of the readings on the past works and analyzes of historical and literary interests "Green Lamps"

* See. Tomashevsky B. Pushkin, book 1 (1813-1824). M.-L., 1956, p. 193-234.

The hostility from the chicks is great, but in the previous literature, the announcement about the "Green Lamp" was said as just a legal branch of the Union of Prosperity. Ale take the picture. Bezperechno "Green lamp" was in the field of the Union, like, mabut, pragnuv to widen it on its own injection. However, the Union of Prosperity was not entirely the same with the serious atmosphere of moral rigor and community service. The "green lamp" drew the will and serious interest in the atmosphere of the gris, exuberant merriment, demonstrative to the wiklik of the "serious" light. Rebellion, wickedness to permeate the knitted with the "Green Lamp" in the leaves of Pushkin. However, all the stench may seem to be a hollow character, more loudly someone else's earnestness to the Union of Prosperity.

To a friend for "Lampi" P.B. Mansurov, who visited Arakcheevsky Novgorod for service (there was a settlement before Novgorod), Pushkin wrote on 27 October 1819: "Green Lamp burned up - to be built off - and Skoda - butter є (like champagne of our friend). Write, my brother - write me, my naughty one. Talk to me about yourself - about future sieges. I love all of this. you - and I hate despotism. Farewell, honey. "і signature: "Sver<чок>A. Pushkin "(XIII, 11), Tse pdnannya "I hate despotism" s "Holly", "honey"(I іnshі virazi, notably vіlnіshі) is characteristic of the "Green Lamp", a little more alien to the spirit of the Decembrist child.

The inappropriateness of the peculiarity of the Pushkin position of the people in the conspiratorial stakes was declared about those who are not "immatures" and did not merit for the dovira. I like people who knew Pushkin especially well, they loved him, they thought about them, being a pose of that fellowship Pushkin took their warriors of freedom (Pushchin), for those who needed They were not in the middle of a revolutionary struggle (I didn’t take it for myself!), then the people of the Decembrist periphery, especially those who didn’t know Pushkin’s, and to grudge a little from third hands, came a little of this kind: "I am guilty for my character and light-heartedness, for my roving life, to make a denunciation in a secret manner about the discovery of the Taumny suspension"*. And the words of screaming injustice were said by P.P. Gorbachevsky is a Decembrist of rіdkіnіo stikostі, a fierce and manly cholovіk. At the same time, I was sent to such a sacred place for the Decembrists' authority, like the thought of the grown-ups S. Muravyov-Apostle and M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Mikhaylo Bestuzhev, whose markings are on the manuscript, hesitated for a while.

* Gorbachevsky І.І. Notes of the Decembrist. M., 1916, p. 300.

The Union of Prosperity did not have enough conspiratorial organization in meaning, they gave a word in the sublime revolutionary tradition: they widely see about the idea of this. Characteristically, if M. Orlov asked General M.M. Raevskoy hands of yogo daughter, maybutn_y father-in-law with a whore, putting Orlov's vikhid out of tame partnership. Otzhe, Raevsky knew not only about the establishment of the suspension, but about those who are the first members, and having discussed the price of food in such a way as before the friends they had discussed the food of the dowry.

Gradually sticking with the participants of the intimate partnership, Pushkin, savagely, knowing about his discovery and obviously prying to go into his colo. Those who are not guilty of not cutting off the requested and winding up on the important, aloof from the side of such people who are close to you, like Pushchin, slyly, he can beat without peace. I won’t be able to resist that, as a world of wounds of memory and injuries, from one side, obstinate teachers of mentors, from the other - distrustful friends, for us to become lost in the mystery of haryachkov’s nervousness, stress for the soul, character The stench swirls, for example, in the fact that it’s because I’m blaming the image and is constantly ready to take on them with a wick to a duel. A bit of 1817, with a minor drive of wicks to the duel of old uncle S.I. Hannibala, wikipedia on the matches of N. Turgenev, classmate at Lyceum M. Korf, major Denisevich ta, mabut, bagatokh іnshikh. E.A. Karamzina wrote to her brother, V'yazemsky: "M Pushkin has a duel every day; thank God, not deadly"*. Not all the duel went into possession, did not bring the right to the "field of honor": in the spring of 1819 Pushkin fired from Kuchelbecker (behind the wicked of the rest), offended at the end (on the right, it was confronted with the reconciled friends). Fyodor N. Lugin, in St. Petersburg, I am a serious duel (є popped up, as an opponent of Yogo Buv Riluv).

* Old and new, book. 1, 1897, p. 98.

At the end of the period of emotional turmoil, Pushkin was close to P.Ya. Chaadaєv.

Petro Yakovich Chaadaev, with Yakim Pushkin, learned the great lyceist vision of Karamzin, having become one of the miraculous people of his own hour. Having rented blissed home coverage, it was viral in the atmosphere of a cultural aristocratic nest in the booth of the historian M.M. Shcherbatov, who was promoted to his did, Chaada in sixteen years joined the Semeniv Guards regiment, and went through the paths from Borodin to Paris. At the same time, he was listed in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, being the adjutant of the Minister of Foreign Affairs Vasilchikov and an apartment at the Demutov Tavern * in Petersburg. "Chaadaev was garnished by himself, being not hussar, but being English, it is not enough to use non-Byron manners and great success in today's St. Petersburg suspension" **.

* Hotel on Moytsi, bilya Nevsky Prospect.
** Sverbeev D.N. Notes, vol. 2, M., 1899, p. 386.

Chaadaev became a member of the Union of Prosperity, but did not appear in new activity: the tactics of general propaganda, the expansion of voluntary ideas and the right to philanthropy, mabut, received little. Chaadaє in the hunt for the former glory - glory to the majestic, insensitive, glory, as you have brought this name into the table of history of Russia and Europe. The butt of Napoleon circled your head, and the thought about the silly beauty, about the wicked foal did not leave the whole life. Yogo vabiv the way of the Russian Brutus of the Russian marquis Pozi *: not the same as a true growth, butcher the tyrant with a dagger in freedom, or grab his half-hearted preach after you; importantly - in front of it, the struggle for freedom is guilty, heroic death and immortal glory.

* Brutus is a political game in Ancient Rome, One of the organizers of Caesar's embezzlement; v Literature XVIII- post. XIX Art. - the image of the hero-republic. Markiz Pose is the hero of Schiller's tragedy "Don Carlos", a republican, who is drawn to the tyrant.

At the office of Chaadaev:

Yak wrote Pushkin in 1821 - the poet was filled with an atmosphere of greatness.

Chaadaev's vchiv Pushkin got ready for the great maybut and povazhay in sob lyudin, im'ya beloved posterity. Chaadaev tezh giving Pushkin lessons and vimagav vid nyogo "In the light of the articles from the countries of the nation". However, the povchannya yogo put Pushkin in the position not of a schoolboy, but of a hero. The stench did not belittle, but drove Pushkin in front of power.

Great maybut, who got up to what Chaadaev called Pushkin, deprived of the part of the bulo is tied to the train: in Demutov’s office to the tavern, mabut, and about those, how to repeat in Russia the feat of Brutus and the sound of the sword. The Decembrist Yakushkin has spoken out in his memoirs about those who, in 1821, were in the Kam'yantsy Decembrists, in order to introduce A.N. Raevsky (General's son), played the scene of organizing the local comradeship and immediately turned everyone into a fire, Pushkin with a girkotoy viguknuv: "I have already bachiv my life of ennobling and my temples in front of me" *. "Life, ennobled by a high meta", "meta noble"(XIII, 241) - behind the many words of Pushkin varto mriya about great significance. Navi the bend is an object of innocence, as it is tied with a teren, on which a man is "to lay the history".

* Yakushkin I.D. Notes, statistics, sheets. M., 1951, p. 43.49.

Besidi from Chaadaev taught Pushkin Bachiti and their life "Ennobled with a high mark". Only by the atmosphere of rosm about tyranny can be explained by the proud words:

Why should I write the name of Chaadaev on the ulamka of the Russian autocracy, "The twenty-year-old with the small young people, who did not write anything; How did he write abruptly about one of the memoirs, and about Pushkin, without saying anything about himself in his political life and finding out the Russian conspirators who were not allowed to count? Divina tsikh vіrshіv for us to sneak a team, so in them there is a bacterium to all willful young people, and Pushkіna sprymaєmo in the exchanges of yogh fame. Ale in the 1818-1820 rock (the date is approximately), there can be no more in the light of heroic and ambitious plans.

Itself in the cich plans of Pushkin knows the point of support in one of the most girky hilins of his life. The number of witnesses of the participants confirm the charm of Pushkin, his giftedness in friendship and talent in love. Alevin died of zbujuvati and hatred, and a new one would have grievances. Petersburg in 1819-1820 years knew a lot of people, they voluntarily reported the uryad about the verses, words and vitivka of Pushkin. V.N. Karazin is a restless and good-natured person, obsessed with ambition. Alien glory wicked at a new wider country. Deny yo, brought to the vidom of Oleksandr I, bully tim bolsh otruyni, how Pushkin is in them a special image of the tsar, and the distrustful and spiteful Oleksandr tried to try the most special thoughts, forgive me, I don’t forget the image.

On April 19, 1820, Karamzin wrote to Dmitriyev: "Above the tute poet Pushkin, if not gloom, then take the gloom, and the thunder (tse mіzh us): the servants under the ensign Liberality, who wrote and sent the message to the people, send the games to the volunteers. Be afraid of the inheritance " *.

* Karamzin N.M. Leaves up to І.І. Dmitriyev. SPb., 1866, p. 286-287.

At that hour, if the share of Pushkin and his friends fought for the poet in front of the emperor, a disgusting whip was heard in St. Petersburg about those who sings in the same place, at the behest of the order, hanging. Having released її vidomy adventurer, brute, kartyar F.I. Tolstoy ("American"). Pushkin, not knowing dzherela work hardening and having absolutely nagolomshenii, vvazayuchi ourselves irrevocably shake, and our life is wretched. I don’t know if you’ll be honored - kill yourself, or beat the emperor like an indirect blame, - rush to Chaadaevu. Here, the know-it-yourselfer is at peace: Chaadaev didn’t do it, but a man who’s ma tereni is guilty of the hardening of hardening and being the culprit of his persecutors.

The troubles of Karamzin, Chaadaev, F. Glinky despotly lost Pushkin's share: neither Siber, nor Solovki did not become a master of the matter. May 6, 1820, the fate of the visit from St. Petersburg on the day of the appointment to the office of Lieutenant General I.N. Inzova.