The development of the culture of the USSR in the 1930s. Yaku's policy on the visit to the church was carried out by the Radianska State. To all material is distributed

Osvita

The 30-th rock is one of the most eloquent periods in the history of not only the political, economic, but the cultural development of the Radiansk state. The fight against non-writing is in the hallway of education. The first five-star plan is transferred after the introduction before 1932 by the zagalny cob navchannya children of a young school age. However, there is a lack of finances, a weak material base, the availability of sufficient number of teachers and handlers did not allow everyone to go through general education in terms of terms. The headquarters of the obov'yazkove pochatkovo navchannya was introduced as a whole across the country before the end of another pyatirichka (1937). In the 1930s, the growth of financing allowed for more than 30 thousand years. School buddies, close to 300 million chief pledges for teacher training. In 1937, in the towns of the Bulo, an obov'yazkovo semirichne (non-middle) education was introduced, and in 1939, the task was set to move to the out-of-the-way middle education (ten years). Navchannya in the senior classes has become paid since 1940 (300 rubles. In rіk). Lots of young people zagalno-sacred school It was in the remanufacturing school that the school of the factory-factory navchannya (FZN), which trained the personnel reserve of qualified work force.

On the ear of the 30s, the theory of the emergence of schools was seen in the 20s. All-education supervised by a serious reform of the cob and middle school, turning to the traditions of the pre-revolutionary school. The schools have introduced a strictly singing distribution to borrow, a strict regulation of the initial and community robots of school children. The main form of organizing the initial process is becoming a lesson. At the same time, "rozsipnykh books" introduced stable handbooks from the foundations of the sciences. Ale, like in 20-s rocky, now they pushed close to the virobnitstva. Most of the schoolchildren conducted the community work within the framework of pioneer and Komsomol organizations.

In 1934, the decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the RNK SRSR updated the history of history in schools, and at the Moscow and Leningrad Universities, the history of the faculty was introduced, which taught highly qualified students.

In the 1930s, great changes took place in the rock and in the last century. Since in 1928, a course for accelerating the preparation of faculties, a speed-learning course for training, a university of specialization, having lowered the skills of modernization, since 1932, the emphasis of training on the strength and fundamentals of preparation for training. The introduction of education to universities was updated, the brigade-laboratory method of navchannya replacements of lectures and seminars, collectively the applicability of the navkannya - individual. The party mobilization was skewed for the first time to the new chief pledges (party members), the reservation for the women, socially intercourse at the start of the new chief pawns, nareshty, famous robots. In order to improve the performance and role of victories in the initial process, RNA was installed in 1934 at the first stages and calls. The improvement of vitrat for the school was allowed not only by the polish in the preparation of the fakhivts, but also by the expansion of the geography of the school. Until the end of the 1930s, there were 100 years of all republics of the USSR Mali University and Institute. At 820 universities there are 800 yews. Of the students, close to 60% became women. On the 1st of 1941 in the People's Gospodarstvo of the SRSR, 908 yew were registered. Fakhіvtsіv with vishoyu sanctuary. More than half of them blasted out from the robotic-village middle class.

Hundreds of universities and thousands of technicums have received a widespread development of the Radio Intelligence. By the ear of the 1940s, the number of people reached 14 million Choloviks, of which 2.4 million Mali are looking for and average special education (17%). Having become a pitoma of a vaga of practices is significant, so that the practitioners without the need for education, have taken up a lot of rosum practice. In general, the intelligence of the SRCP has become the same type in the social-economic and ideological-political view. The Constitution of 1936 voted the Labor and Social Administration as a part of the suspension. However, the party-state leadership of the SRSR considered it in an independent role in the life of the suspension, looking like a "prodigy", to stand on the third stage of writing a working class and a large-scale village.

the science

The 1930s are rocky head special development of science becoming a twist turn to the needs of economical development of the country. Yak and earlier, the head science center of the region of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the branches of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR since 1932 have become established in the capitals of the Union republics. More than a thousand scientific and pre-ancient institutes of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and state people's commissariats dealt with the main scientific and technical problems, transferred by state plans.

On the ear of the 1930s, on the basis of the rozroboks of Radiansk chemists on the basis of academician S.V. Lebedev, the production of synthetic rubber with ethyl alcohol was added. In 1932, geologists led by academician I.M. Gubkin created new naphton-bearing regions in the Urals and Bashkiria, called "Another Baku". Academic M. I. Vavilov selected the best in the unique collection of cultural ruslin of five continents for vivchennya i practical vicarystannya... Especially significant are the boules of scientific research of physicists - A.F. Ioffe, S.I. Vavilov, D.S. Rozhdestvensky, P.L. Kapitsa, I.E. Tamm, І. V. Kurchatova, L. D. Landau and bagatokh іnshikh, who fought for defense. In 1933, the group of vivchennya jet rocket (GIRD) opened and launched the first radiansky missiles. The whole group included the Maybutny creator of the first in the light of the jet space ("Katyusha") A.G. Kostikov and the Maybutny chief designer of space ships S.P. Korolov. At the end of the hour of the attack a cob of vivchennya by the Radianskie vchenyi of the stratosphere. In 1933, the first Radiansky stratospheric balloon "SRCP" moved up to a height of 19 km. In 1934, another stratospheric balloon "Tsoaviachim-1" with an increase of 22 km in height. Another development to the cosmos ended in a bend to the history, but it did not zupinit the science boxes.

A special side in the scientific literature of the 30s was inscribed by the precursors of the Arctic in O. Yu. Shmidt. In 1933, rotsi vin made a scientific expedition through Ice ocean on the ships "Chelyuskin", like a nezabar having spent in ice squeeze and sank in the fierce 1934 r. Near the distant Chukchi Sea, on the drifting slopes, polar explorers set off the "Tabir Shmidta". Tilki in kvitni їkh knew from the kryzhin. For the heroism of the hour of the polar explorers, the Radiansky district was awarded the title of the Hero for the first time Radiansky Union to the beneficiaries. In 1937, the development of the Arctic was continued by I.D. Papanin, E.T.Krenkel, E.K. Fedorov, P.P. Shirshov. For 274 dib, four polar explorers drifted on the outskirts of the ocean for more than 2500 km. Near the area of ​​the Pivnichnaya Pole of the Boulevard, the stations of the meteorological support of the radio station. In 1937, managers V.P. Chkalov, G.F.Baidukov and A.V. Belyakov made a non-stop flight across the North Pole to the United States.

Significant successes have also reached the Radiansk Aviation (distribution of the design of A.N. Tupolev's suction metal plate), Protest in the late 1930s, many years old, including aviadesigns, boules. The guys from them promoted their robots into the special laboratories of the NKVS systems.

In the field of suspended sciences, a new reading of the history of the communist party was especially important. Behind the robots of the historians, I respectfully stitch them. V. Stalin, who is in charge of the Victory of Trotsk Concept in Historical and Party Science. In 1938, the editorial board of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks for the participation of I. V. Stalina viyshov " short course History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks ", which, for a richly rocky period, became the head organizer of suspense-political doslejens. Knowledge of dogma," Short Course "became, in essence, the historical truths of the regime of special power.

U 1937-1938 rr. Risky Criticism of Bula Peddan Science Historical School of Academician M.M. Pokrovsky, who died in 1932. Yogo im'ya bulo is known from the name of Moskovsky sovereign university, Yakom was given the name of M.V. Lomonosov in 1940.

In the other half of the 1930s, the process of politicalization and ideology of radio science was quickly resilient. In scientific discussions, political shortcuts have become actively victorious. Oponenti was often amused not only by robots behind the fah, but by freedom and life. President of VASGNIL N.I. Vavilov in 1935, he was exiled from the capital of the academy and without a bargain. Two offensive presidents bully rozstrіlyanі, and VASGNIL ocholiv T. D. Lysenko, who asked Stalіnu to virіshiti the grain problem by the way of vivedennya gіllаstoi wheat. The ideology and policy of science began deeply in the development of scientific studies in the USSR.

Literature and art

Diyachi literature and mystery in the 1930s, and the fate of the new process was caused by the decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "About the re-education of literary and artistic organization" (1932). In 1932, the Union of Radiansk Architects, the Union of Radiansk Writers, the Republican Union of Radiansk Composers and Artists was established. O. Gorky. Gorky, who left behind in Batkivshchyna in 1931, became an active propagandist of socialist realism, which was voiced by the main artistic method. artistic image For the sake of the workers' vikhovannya "in the spirit of socialism." І. V. Stalin discerned socialist realism as the one who found it important for the root of the Radian culture - "national in form, socialist in zmist".

U 1936-1937 rr. the struggle against formalism flared up in literature and art. Innovation in musical and theatrical art was condemned; development of the genres of satire, love lyric poetry, and the current drama did not zohochuvalsya; those who were not polite were gorged. In books, films, p'usah, music panuvala vіyskova theme... Tse explained the need for "moral protection" to the people in advance, inevitably and close to death. It was not easy to see from the general line of the party in literature and art, criticism was not safe.

Until the number who have found Radianskoi literature of the 1930s, the novels "Life of Klim Samgin" by O.M. Gorky, "The Day of the Tsilin" by M.A. books for children A.P. Gaidar, K.I. Chukovsky and іn. The creativity of A.A. Akhmatova, B.L. Pasternak, O.E. Mandelstam is trivially poetical. Slid also mean the drama of N. Pogodin, L. Leonov, Vs. Vishnevsky and іn.

The most significant manifestations in the musical life were the works of S.S. Prokof'ev (music before the film "Oleksandr Nevsky"), A. I. Khachaturyan (music before the film "Masquerade"), D. D. Shostakovich (opera " ", fenced in 1936" for formalism "). Pisni І gained wide popularity. Dunaevsky, A. Alexandrov, V. Solovyova-Sєdogo.

Significant croc at its development was crushed by cinematography (films "Chapaev" S. and G. Vasil'ev, "Deputy of the Baltic" I. Kheifits and A. Zarhi, "Oleksandr Nevsky" S. ").

Historical and revolutionary themes were actively developed in painting ("The Death of a Komisar" by K. Petrov-Vodkin, "Defense of Petrograd" by O. Deineko, "Surmates of the First Kinnoy Army" by M. Grekov and IN.), And also portrait genres (created by M. N , P. Korina і ін.). Naybilsh is a prominent sculptural work of the 1930s, becoming a monument to V.Mukhinoi "Robin and Kolgospnitsa".

List of Literature

1. History of Russia cob XIX until the ear of the XXI century: Pidruchnik for universities / Pid ed. A.N. Sakharov. T. 2.M.: Institute Russian history RAS, 2005.

2. History of Russia. IX-XX Art. Course of lectures / Ed. V.V. Levanov. - M .: Education, 2008.

3. History of Russia. Navchalny posibnik for independent robots/ Ed. L.I. Semennikova. - M .: Book dim "University", 2006.

4. History of Russia: From the ear of the XVIII century to the end of the XX century / Vidp. ed. A.N. Sakharov. - M .: AST, 2006.

5. History of the Russian and Radian mystery. Edited by D.V. Sarabyanov. Uch. A guide for university students to learn more about the specialty "History". - M., 1995.

6. History of Happy Russia. 1917 - 2004 pp.: Course of lectures / Ed. V.I. Bilous. - N. Novgorod: NNDU, 2007.

7. Kondakov І.V. History of Russian culture. - M., 1994.

8. Kondakov І.V. Culture of Russia. - M., 1999 ..

9. Kravchenko A. І. Culturology. - M., 2001 ..

10.Kuznetsova T.F., Knabe G.S. Culturology. History of light culture. 2nd ed. - M., 2006.

11. The newest history of the Vіtchizni. XX century. Pidruchnik in 2 volumes / Ed. A.F. Kiselova, E.M. Shchagin. - M .: Vischa school, 2006.

12. Orlov A.S., Georgiev V.A., Georgiev N.G., Sivokhina T.A. History of Russia. Pidruchnik. / A.S. Orlov, V.A. Georgiev, N.G. Georgina, T. A. Sivokhina. - M.: Prospect, TK Velbi TOV, 2006.

13. Rudnev V.P. Glossary of culture of the XX century. - M., 1997 ..

14.Entsіklopedіya. Holy Russian culture. - M., 2000 ..

15.Entsiklopediya. Russian painting (Х1У-ХХ century). - M., 2001 ..

In 1926, 43% of people in 9-49 years of age and a large number of people in older groups were illiterate. In 1927, 119 yew were in possession of the land. School, bulo 1200 universities and technical colleges. V 1930 m., the task was set to carry out a zagalny obovyazkovogo cob navkannya and lіkvіdatsії unwrittenness. According to the decisions in the SRCP s 1930-1931 pp. Everywhere was introduced obov'yazkov pochatkov (chotiririchne) children, as well as pidlitkov, which did not go through the cob.

At the promislovih places of the Bula, the task was set to provide universal education in the general schools of the family. As a result of the all-Union census of the population on 17 September 1939, the number of literate populations among those over 9 years old is 81.2 (people - 90.8, women - 72.6). In the SRSR, there were 152 yew. School. The system of middle special and general education was developing at a quick pace. In 1940, there were 4600 universities in the country, until the end of another five years, the Radiansky Union of Viish on the 1st month in the world for a number of scholars and students.

Bully reached significant results in natural and technical sciences.
The great achievements of chemistry science were rooted in 1928 by S.V. We swallow the original method of rejecting synthetic rubber from ethyl alcohol.
Serious indications of problems in nuclear physics: D.V. Skobeltsin having broken the method of discovering space promenades, D.D. Ivanenko Visuing the theory of the budov and atomic nucleus from protons and neutrons, A.E. Ioffe vinayshov multi-plate isolator, M.M. Semenov successfully solving the problems of theory lantsyugovyh reactions.
Doslidzhennya K.E. Tsolkovsky won the priority of the SRSR in the development of theoretical problems of space exploration. V 1930 m buv incentives, the first in the light of the jet engine, which was made on gasoline and compressed, designed by F.A. Zander.

In 1929, the All-Union Academy of Sciences of the USSR was established. V.I. Lenina (VASGNIL) with 12 institutes (President - N.I. Vavilov). At the same time, the Biloruska Academy of Sciences has been established. Until the end of the first five organized Ural, Distantі Transcaucasian branch, Kazakhstan і Tajikistan base of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR; in 1935 he was the deputy of the Transcaucasian branch of three new branches; Azerbaijani, Virmensky and Georgian.

V rocky Other p'yatirіchki are presented by new physical and technical institutes in Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk. Until 1937, there were 867 scientific and pre-ancient institutes and branches in the country, in which there were 37,600 scientific sportsmen.

Prior to his death in 1936, he continued to live until his death in 1936, the Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov. Great successes house breeder І.V. Michurin. An important role in the development of radio and light science was played by the Institute of Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the All-Union Institute of Roslinnitstva (VIR) (kerivnik - N.I. Vavilov).
However branch science galvanized repression. Bulo was repressed by rich pupils, including N.I. Vavilov, S.P. Korolov and I.

Nabagato more modest boules of progress in scientific sciences.
The role of historical education, historical stories has grown. In 1934, the Historical and Archaeographic Institute was established, in 1933, the Historical Committee, in 1936, in connection with the Academy and the Communist University transmission At the 30th rocky to grow up the history of history in the middle and secondary schools.

A great tragic situation is taking place in the field of literature and art. In 1932, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted the decree "About the over-working of literary and artistic organizations". The substitution of the number of literary groups has been announced for an additional degree by the United Union of Writers of the SRSR.
The repressions of the 30th rocky thrashed і literators, the first for all the rappian ideologists (L. Averbakha, V. Kirshon, I. Grossman-Roshchina, G. Gorbachova, G. Lelevich and I.); from more than 50 writings, which lay before the literary groups, but were spared until the 30s of the boules of reprisals - O. Mandelstam, S. Tretyakov, I. Babel; "Selyanski" and writers (M. Klyuv, S. Klichkov, P. lishchyny, I. Kasatkin, I. Pribludny, P. Vasil'ev, V. Nasadkin, Pimen Karpov) lost everything, krim Karpov.

However, i in ci rocky Significant create: "Quiet Don" and the 1st part of the "Day of the Child" M.А. Sholokhova, "Meister and Margarita" by M.A. Bulgakov, virshi and poemi A.A. Akhmatovoi, P.N. Vasil'va, N.A. Klyuva, O.E. Mandelstam, M.I. Tsvєtaєvoї, Romani and povіstі A.M. Gorky, A.N. Tolstoy, N.A. Ostrovsky, A.A. Fadєєva, I. Ilfa Є. Petrova and ін.
In ci rocky vidatnі create a radianskogo cinema.
In painting, sculpture, praction A. Deineka, M. Nesterov, P. Korin, M. Grekov, P. Konchalovsky, Y. Pimenov, V. Andrєєv, V. Mukhina, І. Shadra; in music - B. Asaf 'єv, R. Glinr, Y. Shaporin, D. Shostakovich and in.

Why in the history of the Radiansk culture of the period of the years to wear the name "Cultural revolution"? Zavdannya for the lesson.

The economic re-implementation in the SRSR was set up for the promotion of the holy culture of the population. pochatkova education, in 1937 p. - until the age of seven. School turned to lessons, a solid schedule, signs and so on. ... 1. Development of coverage. School in Kolgospi im.K. Marx. Kabardino Balkaria.

There are 20 thousand new schools in the country bulo. In the SRSR, there were 35 million students. By the end of 1939, the literacy rate was 87.4%. vishta svita.According to a number of scholars and students of the SRCP, viyshov at the 1st month in the world. The circulation of books in 1937 amounted to 700 million copies. 1. Development of coverage. Silska school for older adults.

The development of science in the SRSR was followed by a straining ideological press. Disagreement with such an approach was given to cyclists and repressions. Serebrovsky.His works of Lysenko are explained by the zealous Darwinism and the Michurinist theory of "bourgeois science." 2. Science from the ideological press. D. Nalbandyan. Session of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

Great respect for Stalin came to historical science. History has become a treatise, like a class bean. In 1938 rotsi viyshov "A short course on history of the CPSU (b), published by Stalin. Winning Stalin and actually becoming the official interpretation of the foundations of Marxism, Leninism and nutrition of the history of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. 2. Science from the ideological press. S. Vavilov, N. Koltsov, A. Serebrovskiy

Uninvolved in ideology, the representatives of natural sciences were able to achieve outstanding successes. S. Vavilov (optics), A. Ioffe (physics of crystals), P. Kapitsa (microfibra Iziko), I. Kurchatov (nuclear physics) and I. We have passed the science of light. Khimiki N. Zelinskiy, A. Bakh, S, Lebedov made fundamental insight in the region on the obtained artificial speech and organic food products. 3. Success of Radianskoy Science. A. Ioffe and P. Kapitsa

Radianski biologists-N. Vavilov, V. Pustovoy, V. Williams and others. Significant successes were reached by mathematician, astronomy, me-Chanick, physiology. Huge development in the whole period was added by geology and geography. Bully, new load on the liznits of copalins: oil in the Volga region, vugilya in Pid-Moscow and Kuzbass, zaliza-on the Ural and on. 3. Success of Radianskoy Science. V.S. Pustovoit

U 30-i pp. The process of painting and art can be followed directly from the cultural realism and showing life in such a way that it was guilty of being in the pres- It’s a happy hour already. Using this power, I managed to manage the community’s thoughts and guide him in the required channel. 4.Socialistic realism. P. Belov. Pisochny yearnik.

A great addition at the formulation of new evidence outside the cinematograph. The documentary chronicle covered in the consumer light of the current events. For this reason, the success of the crop was seen by the director-D. Vertov, E. Shuby, 19. SRSR buv deliveries of the 1st sound film - "A Journey to Life". The first color film - "Grunya Kornakovo" Especially popular were historical lines - "Chapayev," Mi from Kronstadt ", a trilogy about Maxim. 5.Soviet cinematograph. Shot from the film "Chapaev"

5.Soviet cinematograph. І.Іlіnskіy і L. Orlovoi at the film "Volga-Volga". Especially popular among the peers were the musical lines - "Volga-Volga", "Merry children", "Pig and shepherd" and others. "Bilin a lonely sail." At the front of the line there was a series of patriotic tapes - "Oleksandr Nevsky," Petro I "," Minin and Pozharsky ". Alesandrov, I. Pir-ive, V. Pudovkin.

The music roll is tied with the names of S. Prokof 'єv va, D. Shostakovich, T. Khrennikov, I. Dunaevsky. There was a musical collaboration - the Great Symphony Orchestra, the Beethoven Quartet and T. D. For the assessment of the creativity of the composers, the role of grateful grief of the leaders was great, and the hard criticism of D. - Evsky, B. Mokrousov, M. Blanter, brothers knew all over the country. 6.Music and paintings. І. Dunaevsky and V. Lebedev-Kumach.

6.Music and paintings. B. Ioganson. Will finish the communes. V imaginative mystery The main focus was on the artist's mastery, and the idea of ​​directing the plot, the mindset of the principles of socialist realism. His classics became B. Ioganson, whose painting "Finish the Communities" was assigned to all possible awards. Nesterov M. Saryan, P. Konchalovsky, A. Lentulov were able to establish themselves in the landscape genre.

7. Theater. Literature. MI Kalinin in the middle of the town's writers. Suvora censorship imposed a video beat on whether the teraturi. Protest in the whole period was created by rich talented writers. M. Gorky writes “Life of Klim SamSU-na”, “Ugor Bulichov and other people”. A. Tolstoy for the endorsement of “Hodinnya in agony” and started to work on the novel “Petro I”. M. Sholokhov, M. Bulgakov, V. Kaverin, A. Platonov and I.

In the 20th century On the stages of Radiansk theaters, plays by Radiansk playwrights begin to solidify. N. Pogodin's “Lyudin with a Gun”, V. Vishnevsky's “Optimistic Tragedy”, O. Arbuzov's “Tanya” - put together the “golden fund” of the repertoire of Tuara Bagatiokh theaters. Throughout the country, with the success of M. Gorky's success. The communion of Soviet people to culture, the number of young people, theaters, museums, philharmonics, biotages was carried out. 7. Theater. Literature. B. Shchukina in the role of Lenin At the show "Lyudina with a rushnitsa"

One of the head establishments in the school of education in the period of education in the period of education; etc.). On the ear of the 1930s, pp. Bula eliminated non-writing, prompted a lot of new schools, introduced a collection of pochatkov, and then - the world of education. School reform of the 1930s Bula is straightened on the basis of the education of children. For the preparation of qualified personnel, the university and workers' faculties have been expanded. The development of science, literature, mystery was known from the rigid ideological (the principle of the classy character of culture), and often from the administrative control of the state and the party. Calls of power to reach new successes in tvauke and mystery, to win science and creative intelligence to their side, followed the administrative methods of management, from the power of the edge of the group (1922). Bagato people of science and culture, who didn’t know the power of the country, emigrated from the country. At the regional branch of the Academy of Sciences, VASGNIL and іnshi science centers, there are a lot of scientific institutes (scientific achievements of I. P. Pavlov, K. E. Tsilkovsky, M. I. Zhukovsky, M. I. Vavilnadov, V. I. ін.). Inspiration of the revolution will lead to new organization in the culture of culture - Proletkult, Russian Association of Proletarian Writers and In. Struggle of young creative groups, realism and avant-garde, in literature and art (it is possible to give a description of the creativity of young people in the culture of young people - literators, artists, architects, musicians, cinema representatives) Consolidated in literature and mystery of the principles of socialist realism, totalitarianism in the field of culture artists new life, parade and writing in the picture. Tse is a little great inflow on mass visibility. Representatives of all areas of culture, all of the creative intellectuals of the Republic of Belarus have been overtaken by the press of censorship, in the prevalence of fallowness in the current regime, which cries out to those who are close to power, a carav of people who are Particularly hospitality took on the prototype of the government and the church (the church intellectuals, the transmission of Patriarch Tikhon and the other church deeds, the ruin of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in 1931, etc.).

Great Vitchiznyana Viyna is one of the most beautiful and most beautiful streets in the history of Russia. Stand up in the fight against the need for rozvinenikh lands that hour - fascist Nimechchinoy it became possible only at the price of a majestic spur of strength and the biggest victims. chimalu role the achievements of the changes were played by the activities of science and art. In the first days of life, literature has become the most important ideological and spiritual zeal in the struggle with the enemy. Chimalo writers of the Russian correspondents were sent to the front: K. M. Simonov, A. A. Fadov. Bagato hto zaginuv: A.P. Gaidar, Є. P. Petrov. Radiansky Tatar sings M. Dzhalil buv wounds, zaginuv in polony. From patriotic sentiments, victories vіynoyu, becoming a straining stimulus to creativity.

Burkhlive zlit is experiencing lyricism. The great message of the middle of the war veterans of Mali is virshi Kostyantin Mikhailovich Simonov (1915-1979) ("Wait for me"). Having added great popularity Vasil Tjorkin - the hero of the song of Oleksandr Trifonovich Tvardovsky (1910-1971), a simple bogeyman, got a balacun. Bagato virshiv boules laid down on music and became songs (for example, "Zemlyanka" by A. A. Surkov). In prose, creation was created, assigned to vіynі (K. M. Simonov "Days and nights", A. A. Fadov "Young guard"). Theatrical and concert brigades were on the front line.

Cinematographers released documentary films and artistic pictures on patriotic themes ("Secretary of the District Committee" directed by I. A. Pir'ev, "Navala" directed by A. M. Room, "Two Beats" directed by L. D. Lukov and I. .). Historical cinema is presented by the first gray film "Ivan the Terrible" (directed by S. M. Eisenstein), appeared on the screen in 1945

The artists were opening the posters. On the very cob of vіyni, a poster І. M. Toidze "Batkivshchyna-Mother Kliche!" Bagato was praised in the genre of Kukriniksi's poster (M. V. Kupriyanov, P. N. Krilov, N. A. Sokolov). Inspired by the tradition of "Vikon ZROSTANIA", which is now called "Vikna TASS".

Viy'skova theme was known to be twisted in the easel works of AA Deineka "Defense of Sevastopol" (1942 r), AA Plastov "Fascist flying" (1942 r), SV Gerasimov "Mother of the partisan" (1943 r). The symphonic music theme was the premiere of the heroic symphony of D. D. Shostakovich, which was seen in the besieged Leningrad. For those who have been working in the Radianskiy district, the sphere of education has become a renewal in the field of culture. On the other hand, the boules of greatness: revived schools and institutes of higher education, faded victories, reduced libraries, museums, etc. billion rubles. in 1946 r) the whole country had to do with the renewal of school education. There is a great number of new school weekends inspired by the method of folk education. Every year, and to finish quickly, to increase the innovation and to reverse the previous number of scholars. The land has passed to the system of out-of-town seven-world education, a little bit more for the reduction of quality, because K. And all the same, the lighting system was dynamically developing. In 1946, the All-Union Committee at the right of the most important school and re-incarnations in the Ministry of Education of the USSR. Vidpovidniy pidrozdil - Viddil science and vyshchichnyh pledges of bookings in the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Additional investments in science. The short term has been updated with the material base of scientific installations.

New scientific and pre-existing institutes have been introduced, and new academies of sciences have been opened in Kazakhstan, Latvia and Estonia. Protect and earlier, the government put it to science, advancing the rude dictate of nonprofessional officials. Great Vіtchiznyana vіyna, who became the greatest viprobuvannya for the Radiansk people, awakened the most beautiful qualities in people. The end of the superfoods is optimistic. The people, who changed fascism and became aware of all the world, saw their strength and the right to freedom and life. The weakening of the regime, however, was not included in the plans of the party-state leadership. There is a new round of repression and a glib crisis, which hunted Russian culture on the Villoti of the Stalin era... Yak and earlier, the opportunities for the development of promising paths to the future were set. In 1938, the president of VASGNIL took over T. D. Lisenko. Win buv will be a suppressor of genetics, and this position has become a virulent in agrobiology. Vlasnі theoretical induce the Fox, which is a great increase in the yield of agricultural crops in a short term, but it was not supported by experiments, but rather a critical part of the country of the boil on the yogi battle. As a result, at the VASGNIL session, which took place in the crescent of 1948, the genetics of the bull was stripped by "bourgeois pseudoscience." Tse meant more information in the region.

The state cynically exploited the pratsy of the judges, who were condemned for nothing antiradyanskuyu activity. The grip of the party-sovereign press for the humanities science was still more teeth. For ten years, the progress in the whole sphere is much smaller. The science community was shaken by the campaigns that were unfolding one by one: the campaign to fight against formalism was replaced by the campaign to fight against "cosmopolitanism and business before Sunset". The rejection of the western culture has become an official position. The main meta of the campaign was based on the idea of ​​creating an ideological style between the CPCP and the Sunset. Bagato diyachiv mystery and culture, creativity such as the distant vuzko-patriotic obscurantism, was given to persecution. The non-preservation of the wings, which would be beyond the established dogmas, could have cost people not only robots and freedom, but life. In literature, socialist realism is unchallenged. A provincial theme for the literators, the bullet passed through, however, in the official literature it was opened at that hour in one go. Tse does not mean, zychayno, but nothing good has not been written. Talanovitim writing writer Boris Mikolayovich Poloviy (Kampov) (1908-1981). In 1946, "A story about a love for a man" was launched, the basis for which the story of a real story was laid down: the feat of the Hero of the Radiansky Union to the lootchik A.P. socialist realism.

The theme of the Great Victory Day was shown in the paintings of Yu. M. Neprintsev "The Victims of the Battle" ("Vasil Tjorkin" 1951), A. I. Laktionov "Leaf from the Front" (1947). The special titles of the paintings are those that in their skin are represented not by battle scenes, but by beat scenes.

The artists were able to convey the atmosphere to the vіyskovy hour. The painting of the Ukrainian artist T. N. Yablonskoy "Khlib" (1949) became the classic socialist realism. Great expansion of the Mali paintings, which are heavy until the rise in the tradition of the Wanderers. Fyodor Reshetnikov's painting "I Know Dvіyka" (1952) was widely popular in the Radiansk part.

To the head directors of the architects, the renovation of the sharpened one was carried out. Mayzhe again brought the view of Stalingrad, Kiev, Minsk, Novgorod. In the stylistic fashion, the neoclassicist "Stalinist Empire" is being promoted. In Moscow there are famous towers with spiers, in which the traditions of ancient architecture are intertwined with elements of old Russian. Naybilsh in the distance was taken in respect of the awakening of the Moscow University on the Vorobyovy Hills.

Special features of the development of culture n The cultural revolution is a pre-redevelopment of the spiritual life, whereby by my own method the establishment of a new socialist culture can replace the old bourgeois culture (M.P. Kim)

zavdannya cultural revolution Democratization of culture; n Lіkvіdatsіya mass non-writing of mature population; n General education; n Formation of new intelligence; n Established new ideology. n

People's education n n Lіkvіdatsіya unliterateness аnd illiteracy of the mature population. 1919 - Decree on obov'yazkov my native The entire population from 8 to 50 years. Likvidatsii non-writing points (likpunkti). Individual group navchannya. Pidsumkovy sleep: the scholar is guilty of reading 80 -120 letters for khvili large print Or write 5-7 letters. 1939 to the fate of the official data on the liquidation of non-writing - 87, 4% of the population became literate. Introduced universal education. The introduction of general education on the cob was introduced in 1930 r

Problems of Formation of the Intellectuals They took over the radiance: Vcheni K. A. Timiryazev, І. V. Michurin, I. M. Gubkin, K. E. Tsilkovsky, N. Ye. Zhukovsky Poets V. V. Mayakovsky, A. A. Blok, V. Ya. Bryusov Artists І. І. Mashkov, P.V. Kuznatsov, V.R.Falk Sculptors A. T. Matvev, S. T. Konenkov Architects I. V. Zholtovsky, V. A. Shuko, L. V. Rudnєv

Problems of the formation of the intelligentsia n ь ь ь ь They did not take over the power of Radians and went to emigration (about 2 million Cholovik in 1921): Marina Tsvєtaєva (1892 -1941) in emigratz in 1922 -1929 rr. Ivan Oleksiyovich Bunin (1920 -1953) from 1920 in emigration. Nobel Prize 1933 “All the same, as long as they took over Moscow and St. Petersburg, and I used to proponate that way, when they gave me the best mind, I saw it. I didn’t know how to bachiti Moscow for panuvannya nіmtsіv, bachiti, as the stench is in command there ”. Oleksiy Maksimovich Gorky (1868 -1936) from 1921 to 1927 after crossing the cordon. “On the Right of the Artamonovs” (1925), p'esa “Ugor Bulichov ta inshi” (1932), “Dostigav and Inshi” (1933), the epic novel “Life of Klim Samgin” (1-4 volumes, 1925-1936). Ilya Yukhimovich Rupin (1844 -1930 rr.) In emigration from 1918, Mistechko Kuokkala- "I am a summer resident since 1918" Fedir Ivanovich Shalyapin (1873 -1938 rr.) In 1922 he is alive behind the cordon. 1984 has the remains of transfers from Paris to Moscow. Sergiy Vasilovich Rakhmaninov (1873 -1943 rr.) In 1917 he was outside the cordon Oleksandr Mikolayovich Benois (1870 -1960 r.) rіznih lands Oleksiy Mikolayovich Tolstoy (1882 -1945). 1918 -1923 in emigration. Nadal is a laureate of three Stalin Prizes. Mikola Kostyantinovich Rerich (1874 -1947 rr.) W 1920 r outside the cordon.

Problems of the Formation of the Intellectual Property n "Philosophical Steamfloor". 1922 - hanging from the country of 200 people of science and culture (philosophers: N.A. Berdyayev, S.N.Bulgakov, I.A. Steamfloor "Oberburgomistr Haken" - 70 units, steamboat "Prussia". Vislan, rector of the Moscow University, prof. Novikov (zoologist), rector of Petrograd University prof. Korsavin (philosopher), group of mathematicians at the chol with the dean of the Faculty of Mathematics of Moscow State University prof. Stratonova, sociologist Pitirim Sorokin and in.

Problems of the formation of the intellectuals n n n The beginning of the war 1918 - the payment for the new money from the family's mortgages was raised. 1922 r Introduced scholarships in universities. 1928 - 41, 3% of students received scholarships, 1931 -71%, end of the 1930s. -90, 6% 1919 roku - at universities and colleges of robust faculties. 1921 17% of students from robotic homelands came to universities, in 1928 - 33%, in 1932 - 60%. Growth of the number of universities: 1914 r - 91 1922 r - 244 1939 rotsi - 760 1928 r - the number of faculties with a view of the holy -90 yew. 1930 -1931 r 34% of engineers rejected their diploma for 3 years of the present. 1932 p -184, 5 yew. I will be happy to see you. On the cob 1920s, pp. Intellectuals became 2 million chol. 1937 - Intellectuals in the SRSR 9, 6 million Cholovik

Science Institute n n Petro Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894 -1984) In 1918, P. Kapitsa became a professor of the Radiological Institute, Kerovan A.F. Ioffe. In 1921, P. Kapitsa arrived in England in the warehouse of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which was organized for the renewal of scientific sounds from foreign scholars. Yogo took an internship in Rutherford's laboratory in Cambridge, de vin worked until 1934. Member of the London Royal Society (1929). In 1931 R Rutherford got a penny for organizing a special laboratory environment for Kapitsy. In 1934 he turned to the SRSR. One of the founders of the physics of low temperatures. From 1946 to 1955 he was charged with the service for the development of the project over the Radiansk atomic project;

Science Intellectuals n Pratsi Volodymyr Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863 -1945) became the basis of a new one directly in science - geochemistry and research about the biosphere. From the start of the business, the radio is organized. In 1920, Mikola Ivanovich Vavilov (1887 -1943) formulated the law of homologous series in decay. The Yomu Bula was awarded the Prize of the Lenin for the development of the centers for the development of cultural growth centers. Mikola Kostyantinovich Koltsov (1872 -1940) founded the Institute of Experimental Biology. In the new one, in the SRCP, there are advances in the genetics of humans. In 1927, N.K.

Naukova іntelіgentsіya n n 1933 was established as the first in the Institute of rocket technology, in the new buv іddіl crylate missiles, which was made by Sergiy Pavlovich Korolov (1906 -1966). In 1931 -1932, with the certification of Fridrikha Arturovich Tsander (1887 -1933), the group of the jet rocket (GIRD) was launched, from April 1932 the group of keruvav Korolov was opened. Leaf fall 1933 r to the project of Tsander (died in 1933 r 28 birch in Kislovodsk before the hour of lіkuvannya) the bullet was prompted by the scientists of the Persha Radianska rocket GIRDKh (masa-29, 5 kg, dovzhina-2, 2 m.). The rocket flew vertically to a height of 75 -80 meters, then fell into 150 meters. From the start. The prototype of the protagonist in Bulyaev's novel "Stribok at Nishcho" by F. A. Tsander.

Creative intellectuals n n Proletkult - organization, which was formed in 1918 by A. A. Bogdanov (1873 -1928), P. I. Lebedyev-Polyansky. (1881 -1948) Organizatsiya, yaka stood for the stem of the new proletarian culture. Proletarian organizations and leaders actively criticized Lenin.

Principles of Formation of Radianskoy Culture V.I. Lenin A. A. Bogdanov A class of socialist revolution, along with a cultural A class of cultural re-revolution, along with a social revolution Necessary culture from the side of the party and the organ of political culture from the side cultural decline Something to discover the power of culture, because of the victoriousness of the development of the development of the past culture Enlightenment of the mass, the development of self-development. artistic creativity dumb. They are contemplatives and cannot stand on the position of working people, and cannot convey their experiences.

Idea Proletkulta n A Platonov "Chevengur". Hero Dvanov “in his soul, loving ignorance more than culture: non-government is a clear field, even if it grows like knowledge. Culture is not an overgrown field, de salt the soil is taken by dewlines, for nothing grows. " n 1918 - spelling reform. Abbreviation vibukh: AGR, RAPP, VKP (b), BAM, OMON ... n New names: Novomir, Hammer, Vladlen, Revolution, Kuvalda, Decree, Traktorina, Dazdraperma (Hai live the grass!), Pyatvchet (Pyatirichku in chotiri rocky) ... nn Military movement: "Front Robit", "Soldiers of the Party", "Stepping on the shortcomings", "Millionaire Army of Workers of the Village" and so on.

Gromadsky artistic organization n "Forge" (1920 - seen from "Proletkult") Vasil Kazin sings Robotic grass (1922) I knock, I knock with a hammer. I twirl, twirl the pipe on the bruch, I bring the grim and I in turn, and into the skin booth.

Gromadic Artistic Organizations n n Futurists V.V. Mayakovsky (1918 p) biloguards know - і to the wall Hour to the Kulyam on the walls of museums to shade Gramati to the knots Why didn't the generals attack the Pushkin? V. I. Lenin: Pushkin’s mind and name, Nekrasov’s name, and Mayakovsky’s vibration, I’m not. V. Kirilov virsh "Mi" (1920 r) In the name of our tomorrow Spalimo Rafael

Gromadic Artistic Organizations n Livy Front of Mistresses (LEF, set. 1922) - poets N. N. Asev, O. M. Brik, artists L. S. Popova, A. M. Rodchenko, V. F. Stepanova and I. The offenders of futurism, stood up to a new mystery and missed the decline. n "Association of artists Revolutionary Russia"(AHRR) -19221932 rr. Z 1928 r - Association of Artists of the Revolution (AHR) A.M. Gerasimov, І. І. Brodskiy, B.V. Yoganson, E.A.Katsman і ін. They fought against other painting, claimed leadership and rules for the development of painting in the land, and they included the installation of the governing party to serve the people and revolution. n Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP, from 1928 r VAPP). A. I. Bezimenskiy, D. Bidniy, D. A. Furmanov and in. Visuvati was the idea of ​​class literature, opposed to the old bourgeois, and was seen from among fellow travelers, as class strangers to the proletariat. Association fought against Proletkult.

Theater n Riznomanittya collectives in the 1920s. n Traditional academic theaters - the Great Theater, the Maliy Theater, the Moscow Art Theater and the Kolishny Oleksandriysky Theater (from 1917, the State Dram Theater) and in. n Studіynі kollektivi. Studios of the Moscow Art Theater. 3rd studio. Kerivnik Evgen Bagrationovich Vakhtangov (18831922) - 1922 "Princess Turandot" by Karl Gozzi

Theatrical zhovtnya nn Vsevolod Emil Meyerhold (1874 -1940) Theater “RSFSR-1”, “RSFSR-2”, “Theater of V. Ye. V. Mayakovsky, S. Martinson Masovi action in 1920 7 leaf fall in Petrograd storming of the Winter Palace. Took the fate of "Aurora"

Cinematograph in the 1920s. n 1920 - Persha of the screening of M. Gorky's story "Mati" (directed by Rozumniy) n 1918 -1919 p. current periodical chronicle magazine "Kinotyzhden", from the boule vipuski "Kinopravda", "Kinokalendar" etc. n S. M. Eisenstein "Battleship Potomkin" (1925 r) navischa in the city... n 1922 r went to the screen 9 radianskih films, 1927 - 86, 1931 rock - 261.

Painting n Posters Mystery n Artist M.M. Posters of the famous "Vikon GROWTH" and signatures before them were robbed famous artists and singing (artists V.N.Deni, V.V. Lebedov, sings V.V. Mayakovsky)

Painting n Picturesque canvases represented the reality and fantasy of the revolution n Still life of K. S. Petrov-Vodkin and D. P. Shterenberg they looked like red documents of the hungry rock of the huge war 1918 r

Sculpture n 1918 - the state plan of monumental propaganda. Buv of solidifications a list of individuals that were sent to put monuments in Moscow and other places. n Some of the old boules saw the memorials to A.N. Radishchev, the robots of L.V. Sherwood in Petrograd, and the memorial relief of S.T.

Sculpture n Project of a monument to the Third International, built in 1919 -1920. V. Ye. Tatlina, a rich-tier vezha, played a role in the idea of ​​the unification of people and the spirit of absolute freedom. The model, a viconana from a tree and a dart, was ruined by a bully without a bar.

Architecture n n n Z'avivsya new style wakeup. They are characterized by: the simplification of forms, the visibility of the decor, the appearance of the possibilities of new materials - rock, concrete, metal frames. KS Melnikov Club of the Name of Rusakov (1927 -1929), (the laconicity of the forms, the uniformity of the large geometric structures, the vikorstannya of the concave structures, which form a single area of ​​the surface of the surface). І. І. Leonidov A. V. Shchusov I will call this style constructivism.

Formation of new ideology n 1930-i pp. The principle of socialist realism is maintained, which is to transfer the image of action to the socialist ideal (party, people, optimism). The term appeared in 1932, the authorship was attributed to A.M. Gorky. n Power vistupaє for strict control over the cultural sphere. The main themes of creativity were those revolutions, community warfare, industrialization, collectiveization, fighting against the "enemies of the people", vikhvalianya Stalin and the Communist Party. At the serpentine of 1934, M. Gorky, in the pre-study for the first All-Union Z'izdi of Radiansk Writers, introduced the new method as the creative programs of Radiansk Literators. Z'yizd voted on the approval of a single organization of writers - Spilki of writers of the SRSR. Only for the members of the union the official recognition of the status of a professional writer was established.

Literature of the 1930s n n n Literature became a great propaganda of the governing party's ideas. M. A. Sholokhov "Pіdnyata Tsіlina", NA Ostrovsky "Yak Gaunting Steel". There is a new hero in the literature of the revolution - a change in the rightness of socialist ideas, a fighter for the justice of the revolution and the awakening of a new world. “We are praising, with the great poetry of VV Mayakovsky, who wrote about life in 1930. The status of a great proletarian writer is motically locked up for Gorky. At the same hour, create, but do not meet the criteria of action, were not allowed to publish. Ceremony of M. A. Bulgakov, A. A. Akhmatova and I. Childish writers D. I. Kharms і A. І. The introduction was made at school and formalism. Attacks on Chukovshchina continued. It has become a great respect for the heroic past of the land. Heroes: Oleksandr Nevsky, Dmytro Donsky, Ivan Grozny, K. Minin and Dm. Pozharsky. Create more, as a rule, were awarded the Stalin Prizes, created in 1939.

Theater in the 1930s n n n Standing for the supremacy of the Moscow Art Theater - "Rivnyannya at the Moscow Art Theater!" Zakrittya lіvikh theaters Two straight into the development of the theater: 1. Psychologically grounded (Oleksandr Afinogenov "Mashenka", Arbuzov "Tanya") 2. Romantic pіdnesene (Vsevolod Vishnevsky "Optimistic tragedy") Development of self-made theaters

Cinematograph of the 1930s, pp. n n n n n The cinematograph has created a galaxy of images of new people-heroes of a peaceful life. "A Pass to Life" (dir. M. V. Ekk) 1931 "Seven Smilivikh" (dir. S. A. Gerasimov) 1936 "Tractor Drivers" (dir. I. A. Pir'ev) 1939 "Svitliy shlyakh" (directed by G. V. Aleksandrov) 1940 "Chapaev" (directed by Braty Vasil'evi) 1934 The Lenin theme appeared: "Lenin at Zhovtni" (1937) and "Lenin at 1918 rotsi" (1939 m ) (directed by M. I. Romm) boules are called masterpieces of socialist realism. "Party ticket" (dir. I. A. Pir'ev) 1936 r Musical comedy dir. G. V. Aleksandrova "Volga" (1938), "Circus" (1936) (music by Isaac Dunaevsky)

Architecture of the 1930s n 1934 -1940 pp. in Moscow, at the form of a giant five-door show of boulevards Theater of the Chervona Army.

Cultural development bags Democratization of culture. Self-identity. n Formation of socialist ideology. Patriotism. Vіyna brought. Obsession with culture. The leading role in the culture of the state is the replacement. n Formation of new intellectuals. Sh. Fitzpatrik: “Cultural achievements of the 30s. were the shvidshe result of the old pre-revolutionary intellectuals. " n Not applied the dignity of the cich people, it means, scho in 1923 -1939 rr. more than 50 million unwritten and 40 million illiterates were created. On the ear of capital, 75% of the overgrown population of Russia did not dare to read and write. n Philosophers, sociologists: reference of the intellectuals in the USSR for repressions of the 30s. she pushed back her dream. n History N.G. Chufarov: 1). Bagato representatives of the old intellectuals prodovzhuvali pratsyuvati. 2). A new radiance was formed, as a power of such a positive quality, as a pragmatic to serve Batkivshchyna, to its people, to be straightforward, organized, pratsovitst, prudent to widen the scope. True, she has absorbed such qualities of the old intellectuals, such as humanism, tolerance to familiarity, mercy, and disdain to all the negative manifestations of the current regime. n