Yak din laser vipprominuvannya. Infusion of laser vipromynuvannya on the organism of people. Victory of laser treatment in surgery

lecture 8

"Laser" is an abbreviation, approved from the cob letters of the English phrase Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

Laser (optical quantum generator) is a generator of electromagnetical viprominuvannya optical range, recording on vikorystanny vimushenny (stimulated) viprominuvannya.

laser vipprominuvannya- the whole electromagnet viprominuvannya, how to form in ( lasers ) With a small amount of 0.2-1000 microns: 0.2 ... 0.4 microns - ultraviolet, 0.4 ... 0.75 microns - visible light, near infrared 0.75 ... 1.4 microns, Infrared 1.4 ... 10 2 microns.

Відмітна particularity laser vipromynyuvan є: monochrome style ( strictly one dozhini hvili); coherence (All dzherela viprominuvannya vipuskayut electro-magnetic hvili in one phase); gostra direct exchange (Male distribution).

Laser vipprominuvannya software uvazі vipromіnuvannya on

- straight(I will put it in a bounded cottage)

- rosiyane(Roses from the river, go to the warehouse of the middle, right to go through the laser field)

- mirror-view ( beat from the surface to the top, rivnim kutu fall vipprominuvannya)

- diffusely(Visible from the surface in all directions)

Yak technical prist_y laser is stored in three main elements:

- active middle ground

- resonator

- pumping systems.

Behind the character active middle ground lasers can be used on stepping stones: solid (on crystals or glasses); gas (He-Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Ne, He-Cd, CO 2 and in.); rіdinnі; napivprovidnikov and in.

In yakosti resonator let the vikoristovyutsya parallel to the mirror with the high performance of the image, between which the middle is more active.

pumping up, To transfer the atoms of the active middle to the upper level, to take care of it, either for the help of a forced dzherela of light or an electric discharge.

Uninterrupted and pulseless lasers.

The classification of lasers can be presented in the offensive view (rice):

Behind the step, lasers are classified according to GOST 12.1.041-83 (1996):

Class 1 ( safe)- vicious vipprominuvannya to become insecure for the eyes and shkiri;

Class II ( poorly secure) - vicarious vipprominuvannya is not safe when the eyes are optimized by direct or mirrored visibility;

Class III ( medium hazard) - it is not safe for the eyes to be straight, mirror-like, and also diffusely-vidbit viprominuvannya;

Class IV ( visually unsafe) - it is not safe for children to diffusely display the video on a 10 cm window from the displayed surface.

The classification of lasers behind the step is not safe on the basis of the time-consuming, energetic and geometric (point or lengthy dzherelo) characteristics of the dzherel viprominuvannya and boundary permissible ravniv laser vyprominuvannya.

Technical characteristics of the laser : Dovzhina khvili, microns; width of the line of vipprominuvannya; viprominuvannya intensity (to start for the amount of energy or the tension of the outgoing beam and to rotate in J abo W); triviality of an impulse, s; pulse repetition frequency, Hz.

Lasers are widely used for scientific purposes, for practical medicine, as well as for other areas technology. The areas where the laser is located is the starting point for the power of the vicious laser treatment:

Biological development of laser vipprominuvannya to lay aside energy viprominuvannya E, Energy impulse Eі, thirstiness (energy) W p ( W e), an hour of evaluation t, Dovzhini hvili l, triviality to impulse t, frequency of repetition of impulses f, Stream vippromіnyuvannya F, Povverkhnevoi gustini vipprominuvannya E e, intensity I.

be characterized by ob'єkt	exponent	designation	One vimiru
A beam of laser viprominuvannya	Energy of laser vipprominuvannya	E	J
Energy to the laser pulse	E i	J
The need for laser treatment	R	W
The power of the energy (effort) of the laser treatment	W e, W p	J / cm 2 (W / cm 2)
vipprominuvannya field	potik vipprominuvannya	F, F, P	W
The surface area of ​​the flow	Her	W / m 2
Intensity of vip promotion	I, S	W / m 2
dzherelo vippromіnyuvannya	vitality	R e	W / m 2
Energetic power of vipprominuvannya	I e	W / Wed
energetic quality	L e	W / m 2 sr
priymach vippromіnyuvannya	Oprominennya (energetic illumination)	E e	W / m 2
Energetic number of illumination	H e	J / m 2

Under the inflow of laser viprominuvannya, life will deteriorate, both to both organs and to the organism as a whole. In the given hour, a specific series of laser viprominuvans was established at biological facilities, so that one can see from a series of nonsecure hardware and chemical bureaucrats. When the laser viprominuvannya is infused into the biological structure (for example, on the human body), there are three stages: physical, physical-chemical and chemical.

At the first stage ( physical) change in the way of viprominuvannya with speech, the nature of which lie in the anatomical, optical-physical and functional features of tissues, as well as in the energetic and spacious characteristics of the improvement of all and, the first for At the third stage, there is a load of speech, the transition of the energy of the electromagnetism in the mechanical connection, the ionization of atoms and molecules, the awakening and the transition of the zone of the electrical energy of the current With the infusion of an uninterrupted laser changeover into the main thermal mechanism of the diy, the throat of the bottle is injected into the main heat mechanism, and when great exertions- viparovannya biological tissue. In impulse mode (with triviality of impulses<10 -2 с) механизм взаимодействия становится более сплошным и приводит к переходу энергии излучения в энергию механических колебаний среды, в частности ударной волны. При мощности излучения свыше 10 7 Вт и высокой степени фокусировки лазерного луча возможно возникновение ионизирующих излучений.

At another stage ( physical and chemical ) There are some radicals that are generated from these molecules, which will lead to a high degree of health before chemical reactions.

At the third stage ( cheery ) Vіlnі radicals react with the molecules of speech, so that they enter the storehouse of living tissue, and at the same time they discover molecular processes, which, in general, start a backward picture of the infusion of laser vyprominuvannya to transform the tissue and organism into the tissue. Schematically, the main officials who start the biological process of laser vipprominuvannya can be represented by the following rank:

Laser technology is not safe to become a leading rank for fabrics, which can be easily glazed in the main eye.

I am very sensitive to the electromagnetical viprominewan, and the optical system is very sensitive to the power of the visible and the nearest in the widest range.

Triviality of laser viprominuvannya visible range (not much less than the opic threshold) to the eye of the eye can wake up changes in ny, and in the near infrared range it can bring to the dimness of the crystal. Clients of references are not renewed for production.

The development of laser treatment on the soil in the fallow area from cobbled energy can be brought to the level of small changes: from light energy (pockmarking) to surface carbonization, in the ice bag, defects.

develop 6 types of chi infusion on a living organism :

1) thermal (heat) diyu. When focusing a laser viprominuvannya, it means a small amount of heat in a small amount in a short period of time;

2) energetic action. It starts with the great city of the electric field, surrounded by a high degree of exertion. The process can lead to the polarization of molecules, resonance and ineffectiveness.;

3) photochemistry diyu. Visiting a number of barvniks;

4) mechanical work. Appear at the type of ultrasonic diagnostics in the form of organism.

5) electrostriction - deformation of molecules in the electric field of laser viprominuvannya;

6) the establishment in the interiors of the little mikrokhvilovoy electromagnet field.

Acceptable ratios (PDU) are used to optimize the adopted energetic exposes. For the remote control of the uninterrupted laser vypromіnuvannya vibrate the energetic display of the smallest value, but not the victories of the first and second biological defects (from the urge to get the worse and the triviality). For impulse-periodic viprominuvannya, PDU to optimize rosrakhoyuyat with urahuvannya frequency of repetition and injection of a series of impulses.

When using lasers, except for a laser vipprominuvannya, it is not safe to see and fail. Price - the vision of shkidlivnyh chemist speeches, noise, vibrations, electromagnet fields, ionizing vipromynuvannya meager.

1. Passing the monochromatic light through the middle hole.

2. Development of the inverse population. How to pump up.

3. The principle of the laser. Tipi lasers.

4. Features of laser viprominuvannya.

5. Characteristics of laser treatment, which can be used in medicine.

6. The changes of the power of the fabric and the temperature before the uninterrupted pushing of the laser vipprominuvannya.

7. Vikoristannya laser vipromynuvannya in medicine.

8. Basic understanding and formulas.

9. Zavdannya.

We know that the light is emitted by some portions - photons, skin-like vines as a result of the radioactive transition of an atom, a molecule or an ion. Natural light is the essence of a great number of such photons, which are distributed according to the frequency and phase, which are emitted at a certain moment of the hour in a certain direction. Otrivannya strained beams of monochromatic light with the help of natural dzherel - the zavdannya is practically incoherent. At the same hour, the need for such beams was seen by both physicists and practitioners of applied sciences. The solution of the laser made it possible to solve the problem.

laser- prism, which generates coherent electromagnetics for the growth of microbial vapors in the middle, in which the temples of the feet of one of the energetic ditches are set.

Laser (LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated of Emission Radiation)

The intensity of laser viprominuvannya (LV) in many times overturned the intensity of natural light gaps, and the laser exchange rate is less than one piece of light (10 -4 rad).

31.1. Passing the monochromatic light through the middle hole

At the lecture, 27 mi z'yasuvali, how the passage of the light through the river is supervised by the yak photonic zabudzhennyam both particles and acts vimushenny vippromіnyuvannya. The dynamics of these processes is clear. Let's expand in the middle monochromatic light, the frequency (ν) is due to the transition of the particles of the central part from the main level (E 1) to the buzz (E 2):

Photoni, who will be in the particles, who will be in the main camp, will be take a look, and the particles themselves will pass into the energy camp E2 (Div. fig. 27.4). Photoni, as they play in the ruined particles, bring them back to life (Div. Fig. 27.5). When you see a lot of photons.

At the station of heat supply, the number of children (N 2) and not disturbed (N 1) particles in the order of the order of Boltzmann:

de k is the Boltzmann post, T is the absolute temperature.

When tsom N 1> N 2 і domination of the dominion over the underworld. Also, the intensity of the light I will be less than the intensity of the incident light I 0 (Fig. 31.1).

Small. 31.1. Weakening of light, how to pass through the middle, in the yak step, less than 50% (N 1> N 2)

In the world of chasing light, the steps of awakening future growth. If won up to 50% (N 1 = N 2), mіzh chastenersі subordinates to get up, so that the number of photons hitting the ground will become the same. As soon as the sanctuary of the middle is crouched, then through the day of the hour's middle, turn into the cob's camp, according to Boltzmann's rise (N 1> N 2). Zrobimo on the front side:

When hanging the middle with a monochromatic light (31.1) hate I will become such a middle-class, with the same steps I will change 50%. Still, let’s understand the food about passing the light through the middle, in a yakimos way the camp N 2> N 1 is reached. inverse population(From lat. inversio- inversion).

inverse population- such a camp of the middle, for which the number of particles on one of the upper races is greater, lower on the lower one.

In the middle of the inverse population, the rate of the photon hitting in a larger part of the population, lower in the unburned one. To that, the process of submission to dominate over the process of submission and control beefy light (fig.31.2).

In the world of passing light through the middle of the world, the population of the steps will be reduced. If won up to 50%

Small. 31.2. Strengthened light, how to pass through the middle of the western population (N 2> N 1)

(N 1 = N 2), mіzh chastenersі subordinates to stand up to the level of strength and power of the light. As soon as the sanctuary of the middle zone is sanctified, then through the day of the hour's middle you turn into the camp, according to Boltzmann's rosary (N 1> N 2).

If all the energy is seen in the vipromynuval transitions, then the light impulse of the majestic exertion is perceived. True, there will be no need for coherence and straightforwardness, but rather monochromatic in a high step (hv ​​= E 2 - E 1). Not a laser at all, but rather close.

31.2. The development of the inverse population. ways to pump

So who can covet the inverse population? To appear, it is possible, as vikoristovuvati three Energy level with the upcoming configuration (Fig. 31.3).

Let the middle hang out hard sleep light. A part of the spectrum of viprominuvannya will be stuck in the transition from the main level E 1 to the wide level E3. Nagadaєmo, scho broadє Energetic rivn with a malim hour of relaxation. That is why a large number of particles, which were consumed at the level of E 3, without any compromise to the higher metastable level of E 2, are deduced from accumulation. As a result of the high school, there is only a small part of the photon in spalakha

Small. 31.3. Current population in metastable regions

Zdatnaya vyklicati vimushenii perehid E 2 → E 1. Cim and take care of the decision for the new population.

The process of settling the inverse population is called pumped up. In modern lasers, there are different types of pumping.

Optically pumped up the open-minded active middles of the vicious impulses of light from the last dzherel.

Electrically discharged pumping of gas active middlings to vikoristovu electrical discharge.

Injection pumping for conductive active centers of vikoristovuє electric strum.

Chemically pumping up the active medium from the sum of the gases to the vicious energy of the chemical reaction with the components of the sum.

31.3. The principle of the laser. tipi lasers

The functional diagram of the laser is shown in Fig. 31.4. The robust tilo (active in the middle) is a new high-rise cylinder, the butt-end closed by two mirrors. One of the mirror (1) napivprozoroi. Such a system is called an optical resonator.

The pumping system is to transfer the parts from the main level E 1 to the absorbing level E3, the smell of stench without any compromise to the metastable level E2, changing the population in the opposite direction. If you want to repair spontaneous viprominuval transitions E 2 → E 1 with monochromatic photons released:

Small. 31.4. Schematic of laser prism

Photons of spontaneous viprominuvannya, vypuscheni from the cut to the axis of the resonator, go through the bichu surface and in the process of generation do not take part. Oh well, it’s quick to see.

Photoni, as a result of spontaneous vyprominuvannya collapse of the axis of the resonator, bagatorazovu pass through the robotic til, are seen from the mirror. With a great stench, interfere with damaged particles, іnіtsіyuchi vimushene vipromіnyuvannya. For a rakhunok tsih see "avalanche-like" build-up of induced photons, which will collapse right there. The bagatorazovo increase in flow of photons to go through the mirror through the gap, flashing the straining beam of more parallel coherent changes. In fact, laser technology is used to create persim by a spontaneous photon, as the bridle of the resonator axis collapses. This will ensure the coherence of the promotion.

Thus, the laser transforms the energy of the dzherel pumping into the energy of a monochromatic coherent light. The efficiency of such a re-implementation, so that the KKD, is to lay down according to the type of laser and lie in the range from a fraction of a hundred to a dozen or so dozen. For a large number of lasers, the KKD should be 0.1-1%.

tipi lasers

The first flap laser (1960) vikoristovuvav as a robust ruby ​​and optical pumping system. Rubin is a crystalline oxide of aluminum Al 2 O 3, which is close to 0.05% of atoms in chromium (chromium itself is added to rubin rhubarb). Chromium atoms, injected into a crystal lattice, є an active center

from the configuration of the power supply, the image in fig. 31.3. Dovzhina hvili viprominuvannya ruby ​​laser door λ = 694.3 nm. Then the lasers appeared, so that the viciousness of the active middle-class came into being.

It is essential to the type of laser workpiece to be used for gas, solid, secondary, etc. In solid-state lasers, the active element is ready to be watched by the viewer of the cylinder, which is quite large in diameter. The gases and the active medium are placed in a cylindrical cuvette.

According to the method of pumping, it is possible to process the uninterrupted and pulsed generation of the laser pumping. With an uninterrupted system of pumping up the population inversion, it will take a trivial hour for the development of the latest energy dzherel. For example, bezperervne zbudzhennya electrical discharge in the gas environment. With an impulse pumping system, the population inversion is set in an impulse mode. Frequency of passage of impulses from 10 -3

Hz to 10 3 Hz.

31.4. Features of laser vipprominuvannya

Laser vipprominuvannya behind their powers is significant to be seen as vipprominuvannya of the most powerful dzherel lights. Significantly yogo characteristic rice.

1. Coherence. vipprominuvannya є highly coherent, scho amumbled by the power of impeccable vipprominuvannya. With a great small time, it is not just the time, but the spaciousness of coherence: the phase difference at two points of the area, perpendicular to the right widening, is kept unchanged (Fig. 31.5, a).

2. Collecting. Laser vipprominuvannya є collegiate, so that all exchanges in the beam may be parallel to one to one (Fig. 31.5, b). On a large scale, the laser beam only slightly increases in diameter. So yak kut rozkhodzhennya φ malium, then the intensity of the laser beam changes slightly from the stand. It allows transmitting signals on large cities with a low attenuation of their intensity.

3. Monochromaticity. Laser vipprominuvannya є v the high step is monochromatic, to take revenge on the practicality of the same frequency (the width of the spectral line of the warehouse Δλ ≈0.01 nm). on

baby 31.5, in a schematic approximation of the width of the line of the laser exchange and the change of the light switch.

Small. 31.5. Coherence (a), collation (b), monochromaticity (c) of laser vip

Before the appearance of lasers in viprominuvannya with a certain degree of monochromaticity, there was a preference for an additional attachment - monochromators, but it was seen from the spectral spectrum of high spectral intervals (vuzki smogs dovzhin hwil), the protest was small.

4. Visoka tightness. With the help of the laser, it is possible to preserve the even higher effort of monochromatic prominuvannya - up to 10 5 W in uninterrupted mode. The need for pulsed lasers for a few orders of magnitude. So, a neodymium laser generates an impulse with an energy of E = 75 J, t = 3x10 -12 s. The need for impulses for the road is P = E / t = 2.5x10 13 W (for adjusting: the pressure of the HES to become P ~ 10 9 W).

5. Visoka intensity. In pulsed lasers, the intensity of the laser vypromynuvannya arches of the temporal i can reach I = 10 14 -10 16 W / cm 2 (then the intensity of sleepy light near earthly surface I = 0.1 W / cm 2).

6. Visoka is bright. In lasers, which work in the visible range, fairness laser vipromynuvannya (the power of light from one surface) is even greater. Use the most weak lasers for a brightness of 10 15 cd / m2 (for measurements: the brightness of the Soncja L ~ 10 9 cd / m2).

7. Vice. When the laser exchange falls on the surface, the grip(D). In case of repeated clawing of the laser viprominuvannya, when falling perpendicular to the surface, the vice D = I / c, de I-intensity of viprominuvannya, s - the lightness in the vacuum is opened. In case of renewed vіdobrazhennі the size of the vice is two times more. For intensity I = 10 14 W / cm 2 = 10 18 W / m 2; D = 3.3x10 9 Pa = 33,000 atm.

8. Polarization. Laser vipprominuvannya increase polarized.

31.5. Characteristics of laser treatment

Dovzhina Khvyly Viprominuvannya

Dovzhini hvil viprominuvannya (λ) medical lasers lie in the range of 0.2-10 microns, so that from the ultraviolet to the far infrared region.

the urge to promote

The need for medical lasers to be promoted (P) to be located in wide gaps, due to the purpose of storing. For lasers with continuous pumping, P = 0.01-100 W. Pulsed lasers are characterized by a tightness in an impulse P and a trivial pulse

For surgical lasers, P = 10 3 -10 8 W, and the triviality of the pulse is t = 10 -9 -10 -3 s.

Energy in impulses viprominuvannya

The energy of one pulse of the laser viprominuvannya (E i) is considered to be in relation to children E i = P i -t i, de t i - the triviality of the pulse of viprominuvannya (start t = 10 -9 -10 -3 s). For surgical lasers E = 0.1-10 J.

Pulse frequency

The characteristic (f) of pulsed lasers shows the number of pulses of vyprominuvannya, which are generated by the laser in 1 s. For therapeutic lasers f = 10-3000 Hz, for surgical lasers f = 1-100 Hz.

Medium toughness

The characteristic (P av) of pulsed-periodic lasers shows how to energize the laser viprominu in 1 s, and it starts in the next period:

Intensity (intensity of exertion)

This characteristic (I) is defined as the tension of the laser vyprominuvannya to the area of ​​the transverse break of the beam. For intermittent lasers I = P / S. For single pulse lasers, the intensity in pulses I і = P і / S і middle intensity I av = P av / S.

The intensity of surgical lasers and the grip, which can be achieved in the same way, may be as follows:

for intermittent lasers I ~ 10 3 W / cm 2, D = 0.033 Pa;

for pulsed lasers I ~ 10 5 -10 11 W / cm 2, D = 3.3 - 3.3x10 6 Pa.

Power of energy in impulses

The quantity (W) characterizes the energy, as a fit on one area of ​​the optimized surface for one pulse, and it starts to show the time W = E / S, de S (cm2) - the area of ​​the light industrial (i.e., the transverse break) on the surface of the laser. In lasers, which can be used in surgery, W ≈ 100 J / cm 2.

The parameter W can be seen as the dose of the D for 1 pulse.

31.6. The changes of the power of the fabric and of the temperature before the continuous pressure laser vipprominuvannya

A change of temperature and power of fabric

on the go of the uninterrupted laser vipprominuvannya

Pulling down a tighter laser viprominuvannya biological tissue superimposed on the vision of warmth. For the development of warmth, you see a special value - about the power of warmth(Q).

The appearance of warmth is carried over to the changes in temperature and in the fabrics through the onset of the process:

at 40-60 ° C, there may be a moment of activation of enzymes, the establishment of swelling, change and in fallowness every hour of the day, the loss of protein denaturation of protein, ear of coagulation and necrosis;

at 60-80 ° С - denaturation of collagen, membrane defect; at 100 ° С - hot water, viparuvannya fabric rіdini; ponad 150 ° С - carbonized;

ponad 300 ° C - viparuvannya textiles, gas. The dynamics of the flow of these processes is shown in Fig. 31.6.

Small. 31.6. Dynamism of changing the temperature of the fabric injected without interruption of laser vipprominuvannya

1 phase. As a rule, the temperature of the fabric moves from 37 to 100 ° C. In a wide range of temperatures, the thermodynamic power of the fabric is practically unimportant, and the temperature increases every hour (α = const and I = const).

2 phase. At a temperature of 100 ° C, the tissue rinse should be brewed, and until the end of the process, the temperature will become stagnant.

3 phase. Brewing the water and the temperature is known to start, a little more, lower on the day 1, so as the tissue will be hot, the clay will be weak with normal energy.

4 phase. When the temperature reaches T ≈ 150 ° C, the process of carbonization and the “burning” of biological tissue is restored. With a lot of efficiency, α growth. That sposterіgaєtsya nonlinіy, scho quickening in the hour of growing temperature.

5 phase. When the temperature reaches T ≈ 300 ° C, the process of vaporization of anhydrous carbonized biological tissue is restored and the temperature increases again. At the very moment, the laser cut rosikє (vidalyaє) tissue, so that it becomes a scalpel.

The step of the temperature adjustment is to lie down in the form of the lagoon of the fabric (Fig. 31.7).

Small. 31.7. Processes, which are carried out in optimized tissues for the development of glybin: a- in the surface of the fabric, heat up to several hundred degrees and vaporize; b- the tightness of the vaporization, weakened by the upper ball, is not enough for the vaporization of the fabric. The coagulation of the fabric is seen (sometimes it is spilno with charring - black fat line); v- the heating of the fabric is taken into account during the transfer of heat from the zone (B)

The lengths of the surrounding zones are based on both the characteristics of the laser vipromynuvannya, and the power of the fabric itself (in the first place, the characteristics of the power supply and heat conductivity).

Injection of a tighter focused beam of a laser viprominuvannya supravlyuchenya and vinyinennya percussion, which can be the cause of the mechanical processing of lightweight fabrics.

Ablyation of fabrics by injecting a tilted pulsed laser vipprominuvannya

When short pulses of laser energy are infused onto the tissue with a high power of energy, a higher mechanism of development and visualization of biological tissue is realized. At the same time, it is more likely to heat the fabric to a temperature of T> T bale. With a lot of tissue, the age appears in the metastable overheated cells. It is possible to see the "vibuhovy" boiling of the fabric of the fabric, as it supervises the visible fabrics without carbonization. Tse appearances to be called ablation. Ablyation of supervising the generation of mechanical percussive hvils, building victories of mechanical production of fabrics in the outskirts of the zone and the laser injected. The whole fact is necessary to ensure that the vibration parameters of the pulsed laser vyprominuvannya are vibrated, for example, when the teeth are shielded, the teeth are drilled, or when the laser correction is in good shape.

31.7. Vikoristannya laser viprominuvannya in medicine

The processes that characterize the interaction of laser vipromynuvannya (LP) with bioob'ects can be divided into 3 groups:

non-disturbing injection(It’s not a good idea for a bioob'єkt);

photochemistry(A part of the laser is used to take care of the fate of the most common chemical reactions, as well as transfer of its development to the other particles, as it takes care of the fate in the chemical reaction);

photodestruction(For rakhunok vidіlennya heat abo shock hvil).

laser diagnostics

Laser diagnostics is a non-perturbing injection into the bio-object, coherence laser vippromіnyuvannya. The main methods of diagnostics are transferable.

Interferometry. When imaging a laser visualization from a short surface, secondary problems appear, as they interfere with oneself. As a result, a picture of dark and luminous beaches (speckles) is established, and the information about the surface of bioobjects (speckle interferometry method) is discarded.

Holography. Behind the help of the laser vipromineuvannya to recognize the 3-dimensional image of the object. In medicine, the method allows you to remove the image of the internal emptying of the slurry, eyes, etc.

Light rose. When passing a state-directed laser beam through the foresight, the light is generated. Reconstruction of kutoviy deposition and intensity of rosette light (nephelometry method) allows for the initiation of the size of particles in the middle (from 0.02 to 300 microns) and stages of deformation.

During the growth, the polarization of the light can change, it can also be tested in diagnostics (the method of polarization nephelometry).

Doppler's Efect. The whole method of imprinting on the Doppler test of the frequency of CHI, which is the way when the light is displayed, the piece of land collapses (the method of anenometry). In this way, the fluidity of the blood flow in the vessels, the decay of the bacteria, etc., is controlled.

Quasi-external development. With such a growth, there is little change in the amount of pressure from the probe. The reason for this is the change in the process of changing the powers of power (configuration, conformation of particles). Timing changes in the parameters of the surface appear in the changes in the spectrum of growth in proportion to the spectrum of the increase in the spectrum (the spectrum of the growth either broadens, or in some cases appears to be additional maxima). The Danish method allows you to trim information about the small characteristics of the rosters: the efficiency of diffusion, the speed of the direct transport, the size. This is how the diagnostics of macromolecules of bіlkіv works.

Laser mass spectroscopy. Tsey method vikoristovuyt for doslіdzhennya chemistry warehouse ob'єkta. Extruded beams of laser vipromyuvannya vapoure the speech from the surface of the bio-object. They bet on a mass-spectral analysis, based on the results of which to judge the warehouse of the speech.

Laser analysis of blood. The laser promin, which is passed through a high-quality quartz capillary, is specially cut through the roof, and the fluorescence of the clitin is wicked. Fluorescent light can be captured by a sensitive sensor. The price of sv_chennya is specific for the skin type clitin, which passes one by one through the peretin of the laser exchange. The number of cells in a given blood supply is increased. Accurate indicators of the skin type of clitin are displayed.

Photodestruction method. Yogo vikoristovuyut for additional surface warehouse ob'єkta. Pressurized beams of CHI allow microprobes from the surface of biofeedbacks to vaporize speech and for a second mass-spectral analysis of vapor.

Victory of laser treatment in therapy

Low-intensity lasers (intensity 0.1-10 W / cm 2) are used for therapy. Low-intensity vipromynuvannya not wicked destructive action on the fabric, and without a prior hour of optimization. In the visible and ultraviolet regions, the spectrum of effects is optimized by the reactions and not seen as effects, which are subject to monochromatic light, we will reject them as incoherent incoherent dzherel. In the case of lasers є simply by hand monochromatic djerels of light,

Small. 31.8. Scheme of the preparation of a laser dzherel for internal vascular assessment of blood

accurate localization and injection injected. Yak butt in fig. On 31.8, the scheme of the laser dzherel vyprominuvannya for internal vascular assessment of blood in ailments with heart failure is shown.

The following are the most advanced methods of laser therapy.

Therapy for the help of a red light. Viprominuvannya Ні-Ne laser with a small amount of 632.8 nm is used for treatment of wounds, virazok, ischemic ailments of the heart. Likuvalnye effect of dressing with the infusion of light from the blood on the proliferative activity of the cell. Light appears in the role of a regulator of cell metabolism.

Therapy for the help of the blue light. Laser treatment with more pain in the blue area of ​​the visible light is used, for example, for the treatment of new-born women. Tse of sickness is a heritage of rapid growth in the organism of concentration of bilirubin, which is the maximum concentration in the blue region. As soon as children are optimized for laser vyprominuvannyam of such a range, then bilirubin grows, approving water-resistant products.

Laser therapy - vikorstannya laser viprominuvannya when using electrophysiotherapy with the use of new methods. Deyaki lasers can be used for magnetic attachments for a single device of laser viprominuvannya and magnetic field - magnetolaser therapy. The magneto-infraservonic laser therapeutic device "Milto" is introduced to them.

The effectiveness of laser therapy is improved with a one-hour infusion with lykarsky speeches, previously applied to the optimized zone (laser phoresis).

Photodynamic therapy of puhlin. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is victorious for the visualization of fluff, available for evaluation by light. PDT is based on localization in the fluff of photosensitizers, in order to increase the sensitivity of tissue when

to a small, visible light. Ruinuvannya pukhlin in PDT is based on three effects: 1) direct photochemical development of klin pukhlini; 2) the reduction of blood-bearing puddings of the pudding, which can be brought to ischemia and bending of the pudding; 3) the determination of an ignition reaction, a mobile anti-inflammatory immune response to a tissue organism.

For the detection of fluff, to avenge photosensitizers, laser treatment should be used with a pigtail of 600-850 nm. In the th region of the glybin spectrum, the penetration of light in biological tissues is maximal.

Photodynamic therapy is stagnant in case of licking of pukhlin shkiri, internal organs: legends, stratoholes (at the same time to internal organs, laser vypromynuvannya is delivered for additional light water).

Victory of laser treatment in surgery

The surgery of high-intensity lasers is used for tissue growth, pathological problems, bleeding, and biological tissue. Vibrating as a good order, even if it is viable, its intensity and triviality in pouring, it is possible to reduce the reduction of surgical efficiency. So, for the development of biological fabrics, focusing on a continuous CO 2 laser is needed, with a maximum amount of λ = 10.6 microns, a pressure of 2x10 3 W / cm 2.

Stagnation of the laser exchange in surgery will prevent the vibration and control of the inflow. Lazerna hirurgiya maє ryad perevag:

Contactlessness, which gives absolute sterility;

Selectivity, allowing the vibration to increase the amount of vitality, dosed out the pathological fabrics, which do not consume the health of the fabric;

Bloodlessness (for coagulation of blood cells);

Possibility of microsurgical injections, starting at the highest level of focusing the exchange.

Significantly, there are some areas of surgical treatment of lasers.

Laser cleaning of textiles. The production of fabrics is a necessary stage of bagatoo operations. On little 31.9, it is shown how one zvaryuvannya zі stovburіv of the great nerve goes into contact mode z vikoryvannya solder, like

Small. 31.9. Zaryuvannya nerve behind the aid of a laser exchange

with dips from a pipette to be served for a month of laser treatment.

Ruynuvannya pіgmentannyh dіlyanok. Lasers, which work in pulsed mode, can be used for ruining pigment dishes. Danish method (Photothermoliz) vikoristovuyutsya for the treatment of angiomas, tatuyuvan, sclerotic plaques in blood-bearing vessels, etc.

Laser endoscopy. Vprovadzhennya endoscopy celebrated a fundamental revolution in operative medicine. For unique great critical operations, laser vision is delivered to the world in bulk behind the addition of fiber-optic light drivers, which allow the laser to drive the laser to the internal tissues. At the same time, there is a significant decrease in the risk of information and determination of the operating speed.

Laser breakdown. Short-pulse lasers in conjunction with light guides are used for visualization of plaques in vessels, stones in crustaceans and holes.

Lasers in ophthalmology. Vikoristannya lasers in ophthalmology allow the viconuvati without bloodshed operatively without breaking the integrity of the apple. Tse of operations on an insecure person; welded on the screen; treatment of glaucoma by way of "piercing" by laser change of openings (diameter 50 ÷ 100 microns) for internal opening. Posharovaya ablyatsiya fabrics stitches during correction.

31.8. Basic understanding and formulas

end tables

31.9. zavdannya

1. In the phenylalanine molecule, the increase in energy in the main and energized mill becomes DE = 0.1 eV. Know the rate of colonization of cich rivniv at T = 300 K.

as follows: n = 3.5 * 10 18.

Lasers і vipromіnuvannya vіd them vikoristovutsya people have already finished for a long time. The edge of the medical center of exploitation of additional annexes was filled with wide storage in the technical galuzy of the industry. We took them to the planting of fahivtsi in the area of ​​decoration and establishment of specialties. Nowadays, a large-scale show cannot do without a stage with laser exchanges.

Crumbs of piznishe and viprominuvannya ceased to accept only promises of form and began to develop in the beggar. But I don’t know everything, how to get into the injection of laser viprominuvannya on the body of people with regular and periodical optimization.

What kind of laser treatment?

Laser vipromynyuvannya popuzhuyutsya behind the principle of the opening of light. In both cases, atoms are victorious. But in the situation with lasers, there are some physical processes, and the injection of an electromagnet field of a new type is injected. Through prices, they name the lasers' stimulation or stimulation.

In the terminology of physics, laser technologies are called electromagnetics, which can grow in parallel in terms of one to one ratio. Through the price of laser promin, you will be welcomed by the guest. Besides such a prodigy of volodya, a small cut of growth spillover with a majestic intensity is poured onto the surface, as if to optimize.

The head view of the laser from a standard lamp is used for heating the spectral range. The lamp is considered to be a man-made dzherel of light, which is a kind of electromagnetism. The spectrum of illumination of the classic lamp becomes 360 degrees.

Infusion of laser optimization on all life

Contrary to stereotypes, the injection of laser viprominuvannya on the body of people is not expected to be negatively respected. Through the ubiquitous quest of quantum generators in the various spheres of life, we have tried to challenge the possibilities of narrowly focused exchange in medicine.

In the course of numerical dyslіdzhen, it became zerous, but the laser didn’t optimize a little of the characteristic powers:

• The output from the laser can be carried out not only in the process of direct infusion onto the body from the apparatus. You can create a school for a change or see a promenade.
• Between the step of the battle and the main parameters of the electromagnetism, the straights are stitched. It is also difficult to inflate the irradiated fabric.
• The negative effect of the energy consumption can be rotated in the heat and light infusion.

The axis of transmission is the same when the laser is affected by the transmission and the identical biological principle:

• temperature adjustment, like supravodzhutsya opіkom;
• boiling interstitial and clinical age;
• I will cover the steam, which will open the vise;
• vibuh and shock the beat, scoot all the fabrics close.

Most often wrongly, the laser viprominuvac nese, in the first place, is a threat to shkirnykh curves. If the inflow is especially strong, then the shkіra will be watched over the edge, with the traces of numerous bloodsheds. Likewise, there will be great houses for sale on the premises.

Reason for the optimization and internal fabrics. Alle, with large-scale internal battles, the flow through the exchange is not so strong, as it is directly or in a mirror-like manner. Additional training guarantees the prevention of pathological changes in the functioning of the organisms' systems.

Shkіrny nakryv, which is the most painful, є the hardened internal organs of the skin people. Through the price of wine, I take a large part of the negative into myself. Falling down from the new steps of the battle on the school, there will be manifestations of dermatitis or necrosis.

The presenters came to visnovka, where people with a dark shkіroy mensh are receptive to great strikes through laser optimization.

Schematically, all the descriptions can be distributed on a number of steps, independently of the description:

• I step. MAU on uvazі standard opіki epіdermіsu.
• II stage. Including dermis opikas, scho to twist in the established characteristic bulbs of the surface ball of the shkiri.
• III step. To be primed on the dermis of the clay.
• IV steps. Nine insecure steps, as a result of the destruction of all shkiri people. I am going to hunt down a child's cell, as well as suspicious to her shari.

Laser eye damage

At another point in the unofficial rating of the powerful negative injection of a laser on the organisms of people, there is an increase in organisms. Short laser pulses are built for a short time in an hour to get rid of:

• sіtkіvka,
• rogivka,
• ryaduzhny obolonka,
• krishtalik.

Reasons for a suitable infusion of a іsny kіlkka. The main ones are:

• Unwillingness is instantly reaguvati. Through those triviality, the pulse does not become more than 0.1 seconds, the person does not rise to blink. Through the chain of eyes, we become uninfected.
• Easy to disagree. For its peculiarities, the crystal and the horn are used by the most challenging organs.
• The system is optical. Through the focus of the laser vipromynuvannya on the face-to-face day, the point of detection when a sieve hits the vessel should be clogged. So, since there are no large receptors, the ear is not visible. As soon as the territory grows older, people mean more to the visibility of a part of the image.

Shvidshe zorієntuvatisya in case of potential damage, expertly listen to the following symptoms:

• spasms of vik,
• nabryak povik,
• more views,
• bloodshed in sitkivtsi,
• dim.

It is not without the fact that the lasers sent to the cells consume the power of renewal. So, as the intensity of the optimization, which is infused into the organization at the bottom, the lowest is the same threshold for the children, who demand to be safe.

Slid beware of infrared laser different type, And also applied, as they generate a boost of 5 mW. The rule is broadened to technology, such as changing the visible spectrum.

Interconnection between laser hviley and the sphere of zasosuvannya

The skin in the areas of the laser viprominuvannya zasosuvannya focus on a strictly singing indicator of prenatal hygiene.

Denmark is an indicator of the bezposrednyo lie in nature. Вірніше, from the electronic budget and work body. Tse means, which is indicative of the growth of the middle class, the deception of the generation of the viprominuvannya.

At sviti є rіznі vidi solid state and gas lasers. Up to one of the three most widespread types:

• visible,
• ultraviolet,
• іnfrachervoniy.

At the same time, the working range of optimization can be varied from 180 nm to 30 MNM.

The special features of the injection of the laser on human organisms are based on additional problems. So, for example, lyudin is more responsive to greens laser, lower to chervonia. Remaining not to be safe for all living things. The reason for crying out is that our zir may be 30 times the exchange of greens, below the red color.

How can I get rid of the laser?

In a large number of vipadks, laser vippromoting is needed for people whose robot is tightly tied to its permanent victories. If the enterprise is on its own balance, be it a type of quantum generator, then its cores are obliged to carry out the instruction of their sportsmen.

Experts have worked out the framework of the establishment of the rules of behavior and safety, as to allow the capture of a sportsman from many heritage vipprominuvannya. The main rule of thumb is to recognize the presence of an individual zaist. Moreover, some of them can be clearly seen in the fallowness of the forecasted step.

All in the international classification has been transferred to the chotiri class. The vyrobnik is guilty of the case. Only the first class vvazhaєtsya admirably safe navigation for organizations.

To another class, there is a direct type of viprominuvannya, which is hostile to organisms. Also, before the presented category, the mirror image is protected.

Nabagato is not safe for the third class. Straight yogo, I will block my eyes. It is not less important to add diffuse type vipromynuvannya on the surface of 10 cm from the surface. Shkіrni shots will be seen not only with direct injection, but with mirror-image.

With the fourth class of grades and shkira, and eyes, with different formats, in pour.

Before collective visits to virobnistvі, you can get:

• special casings,
• zhisnі screens,
• svitlovodi,
• innovative methods of caution,
• signalization,
• blocking.

It is obvious that they are primitive, but there are only two ways to see the fence around the zone, and to carry out the optimization. Tse allow the purification of the protagonists in the form of a vague optimization from carelessness.

Also, at especially not safe enterprises, you will be able to take advantage of the individual prisoners. Smell on uvazi for yourself a special set of special clothes. Do not do without a robot for an hour, and without wearing eyepieces, which will transfer your application.

Laser gadgets and technologies

Bagato hto do not suspect about those, how serious can be a trace of uncontrolled exploitation of self-contained attachments with a laser principle. There are a lot of self-contained constructions on laser kshtalt:

• svitilnik_v,
• vkazivok,
• likhtarikiv.

It is especially worthwhile for senior pupils, as to hesitate to carry out a number of preliminaries, without being able to declare about the rules of safety when constructing them.

Vikoristovuvati lasers of home brewing in communities, de people present, is unacceptable. It is also not possible to direct the exchange to the slopes, metal buckles and other objects that can be displayed.

Navigate as soon as possible lead to a low intensity, but can lead to tragedy. If you aim the laser at the eyes of the water before an hour of active movement, then you may be blind and not fit into the keruvans.

In any case, it is impossible to look into the operating system of the laser dzherel viprominuvannya. Okremo varto vrahovuvati those, which eyepieces for robots with a laser are guilty but rozrahovani for that dyzhinu vrahovuvati, as there will be generavati vibrani aparati.

Do not allow the serious tragedy of the doctor to ask him to listen to these recommendations and dontrimuvatisya all the time.

The very word "laser", the abbreviation of the English "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation", which means "the power of the light for the help of the indulgent vipromuvannya".

The development of laser medicine is a little over a century ago, since in 1960, Theodore Meiman was the first vicorist in the rubinovylaser clinic.

The following lasers went for ruby: 1961 - a yttrium-aluminum garnet laser with neodymium (Nd: YAG); 1962 - argonium; 1964 - carbon dioxide (CO 2) laser.

In 1965, Leon Goldman talked about the victorious ruby ​​laser for vivid tatuyuvan. Nadal, right up to 1983, were trying to get rid of neodymium and argon lasers for the treatment of judicial pathologies. Ale їkh zasosuvannya bulo is surrounded by a high rhizik of the establishment of scars.

In 1983, in the journals Science, Rox Anderson and John Perrish published the concept of selective photothermolysis (SFT), which had been broken up by them, which called for revolutionary changes in laser medicine and dermatology. The given concept made it possible to make the processes of interaction of laser viprominuvannya with tissue more brightly intelligent. Tse, in its own accord, the rosette and the production of lasers for medical supplies have gone.

Features of laser vipprominuvannya

Three powers, the power of the laser vipprominuvannyu to shake him unique:

1. Coherence. The peaks and fall of the hwil grow in parallel and start in phase in the hour and in the space.
2. Monochrome. Svitlovy khvyly, like a viprominuyu laser, may be the same for a dinner, the very one that is transferred to a vicarist in a laser by a middle-class.
3. Kolimats_ya. Chvili in the interchange of light keep parallelism, do not diverge, and it is practical to transfer energy without waste.

Ways of interaction of laser vipprominuvannya with shkiroyu

Methods of laser surgery are used for manipulation on skirts more often than on any fabrics. It will be explained, in Persha, by the vinyatkovogo versatility and wider range of educational pathology and minor cosmetic defects, and in other words, by the sheer simplicity of laser procedures, which is tied to the surface of the defect. The basis of the interaction of laser light with fabrics is the optical power of the fabric and the physical power of the laser viprominuvannya. Rozpodil svitla, scho drinking on the shkіra, you can distribute on chotiri interconnected processes.

Imaging. Closely 5-7% of the light is generated on the equal horn ball.

Poglinannya (absorption). Described by the Bouguer - Lambert - Beer law. Chasing the light, how to pass through the fabric, to lay down from this kind of intensity, to the ball of speech, through how to pass the light, to go through the light, how to bow to the performance of the bowling. As light does not clam, does not pour in on the fabric, and do not see. If a photon clings to a target molecule (chromophore), all of its energy is transferred to a number of molecules. Acceptable endogenous chromophores є melanin, hemoglobin, water and collagen. To the exogenous chromophores, barvniki for tatuyuvan are introduced, as well as parts of brude, weed in case of injury.

Rozsiyuvannya. Tsey the process of fumigation with the head rank collagen dermis. The importance of the development of the field is in the fact that it quickly changes the power flow of energy available to the target chromophore, and, more importantly, it is infused onto the fabric. Growth is reduced due to the increase in the increase in the amount of damage, the shyness in the increase in the amount of energy is ideal for the delivery of energy to the large scale structures.

Penetration. The depth of penetration of light in the pedagogical structure, such as the intensity of growth, is accumulated as a result of growth. Short hairs (300-400 nm) grow intensively and do not penetrate more than 100 microns . And if you have more, you can penetrate more, so you can grow less .

The main physical parameters of the laser are to start the injection of quantum energy to that biological target, and to generate the need for energy flow and the flow of energy for an hour.

Dovzhina generates hvili. Dovzhina hvili viprominuvannya of the laser is based on the spectrum of clinging of the selected tissue chromophores (Fig. 2). With a vibrational parameter, the amount of growth of the structure-target (chromophore), a slight growth of the light in the dermis, it is quite possible to lie down as a result of the growth (Fig. 3). Tse means, when dovgі hvilі glayayutsya weaker, nіzh short; apparently, penetration into the fabric is not great. It is also necessary to change the spectrum and the heterogeneity of the spectral cladding of the tissue chromophores:

• melanin normally take place in the epidermis and hair follicles. The spectrum of this layer is in the ultraviolet (up to 400 nm) and visible (400 - 760 nm) ranges of the spectrum. Chasing the melanin of the laser vipprominuvannya step by step changes in the world of improvement in the light of day. The weakening of the clay infusion is in the near infrared region of the spectrum at 900 nm.
• hemoglobin take revenge in erythrocytes. Win a bezlіch rіznіkh pіkіv pili The maxima of the hemoglobin spectrum are in the UV-A (320-400 nm), violet (400 nm), green (541 nm) and red (577 nm) ranges.
• collagen become the basis of the dermis. The spectrum of the collagen is found in the visible range from 400 nm to 760 nm and the near infrared region of the spectrum from 760 to 2500 nm.
• water warehouseє up to 70% dermis. The spectrum of the water droop is located in the middle (2500 - 5000 nm) and far (5000 - 10064 nm) infrared regions of the spectrum.

Power flow. As soon as the light is poured into the clay, on the way it’s going to be done with the chromophores, then for the non-average adjustment of the structure-task, the value of the energy of the laser vision is important, the energy of the laser vision is important Energy is measured in joules (J), pressure - at BAT (W, or J / s). In practice, the parameters of the energy flow should be encouraged to permeate in one area - the power flow rate (J / cm 2) and the power flow rate (W / cm 2), or the power flow rate.

See laser treatments in dermatology

All types of laser technology in dermatology can be cleverly divided into two types:

• I type. Operations, in the course of which to carry out ablation of the damaged shkiri, include epidermis.
• II type. Operations, aimed at the vibration of the visualization of pathological structures without damage to the integrity of the epidermis.

Type I Ablyatsiya.
The whole phenomenon is one of the fundamental, intensively evolving, wanting not to finish the latest problems of modern physics.
The term "ablyation" is transformed into Russian language yak vivid ablyatsiya. In immediate vocabulary, the word denotes rozmivannya abo tanennya. In laser surgery, due to ablation, the resolution of the living tissue is without any problems before the photonics of the laser radiation are taken on it. At the same time, rely on respect for the effect, to appear in the course of the procedure itself, in the current situation (for example, in case of photodynamic therapy), if the optimization of the tissue for the purpose of achieving a laser result biological reactions that develop in the area of ​​optimization.

The energy characteristics and productivity of the ablation are based on the power of the object, which is determined by the characteristics of the reduction and the parameters, and the power of the object and the laser exchange is unevenly connected, - the results of the data in the form of folding It is up to the authorities of the ob'kta, how to optimize themselves to be recognized: the characteristics of the primary and nutritional components, the chemical and physical power, the nature of the internal and multimolecular ties of the blood, the macular tissue , oprominennya mode (without interruption or impulse), exertion, energy in impulses, total energy is lost, etc.

Naybіlsh in detail the mechanism of ablation of observations with a vicious CO2 laser (l = 10.6 microns). Yogo viprominuvannya with a thirst of ³ 50 kW / cm 2 to intensively cling to molecules of tissue origin. With such minds, there is a quick rose of the water, and from it, the guidance of the components of the fabric. The taste of a vaporization of tissue water (vaporization effect) and a vaporization of water vapor at the same time with fragments of cellular and tissue structures behind the inter tissue and the shape of the ablative crater. Along with the overheated material from the fabric, one can see a larger part of the heat energy. The bridle of the crater's wall is overwhelmed by the rosy melt, because of which heat is transferred to the navkolishny intact fabrics (Fig. 4). With a low energy efficiency (Fig. 5, A), the wikid of the ablation products is altogether small, which means that a part of the heat from the massive melting ball is transferred to the tissue. With a large high degree (Fig. 5, B), a ringing picture is discouraged. With a lot of insignificant thermal problems, they are supervised by mechanical trauma to the tissue for the shock of shock. A part of the material at the viglyade of the melt will be covered by the bridles of the walls of the ablation crater, and the male ball is a reservoir of heat transferred to the tissue behind the crater. Tovshchina tsiogo ball is the same along the entire contour of the crater. Due to the increase in the amount of effort, there will be a change, and due to the decrease in adulthood, it will take place in accordance with the changes or the increase in the zones of the thermal ear. In such a rank, the pushing force of viprominuvannya, we achieve the improvement of the superiority of the vivid fabric, reducing the amount of thermal efficiency.

The area of ​​the CO2 laser is very extensive. In the focused mode, it is victorious for visible tissue with one-hour coagulation of the vessel. In the defocused mode, for a decrease in the intensity of the urge to rotate, the pathological tissue is more visible (vaporization). Same manner lіkvіduyut poverhnevі zloyakіsnі i potentsіyno zloyakіsnі puhlini (bazalnoklіtinny carcinoma aktinіchny heylіt, erіtroplazіya Queyrat) number dobroyakіsnih novoutvoren shkіrnih pokrivіv (angіofіbroma, trіhlemmoma, siringomi, trіhoepіtelіoma i іn.) Velikі opіkovі scabs zapalnі shkіrnі zahvoryuvannya (granulomi, vuzlikovy hondrodermatіt vushnoї shell) kіsti, іnfektsіynі urazhennya shkіri (warts retsidivnі warts glibokі mіkozi) sudinnі urazhennya (pyogenic granuloma, Angіokeratoma, kіltsepodіbna lіmfangіoma) osvіti, zumovlyuyut kosmetichnі defects (rіnofіma, glibokі rubtsі pіslya vugrіv, epіdermalnі rodimі plyami, lentigo , xanthelasma) і ін.

The defocused prominence of the CO2-laser is vicious and in the essence of the cosmetic procedure - the so-called laser dermabrasion, so that the layer-by-layer visible of the surface balls of the school with the method of rejuvenating the patient is exposed. In the pulse mode, with a trivial pulse of less than 1 ms, 25-50 microns of tissue are selectively vaporized in one pass; at the same time, a thin zone of residual thermic necrosis in the boundaries of 40-120 microns is established. The size of the central zone is sufficient for the time-lapse isolation of dermal blood-bearing and lymphatic sudins, which, in its turn, allows to reduce the risk of scar formation.

The renewal of the school of laser dermabrasion is accompanied by a decilcoma of reasons. Ablation of changes in swelling and texture anomalies for the surface vaporization of tissue, heat coagulation of clitins in the dermis and denaturation of extracellular matrix cells. For an hour during the procedure to see the mitt, the contraction of the skin in the fringes of 20-25% is visible, which is the result of shrinkage (shrinkage) of the fabric through dehydration and shrinkage of collagen fibers. The onset of an in-line, a little more trivial result of the renewal of the child can reach beyond the processes that are connected with the reaction of the tissue to the injury. By pouring a laser into the area of ​​the wound, it develops aseptically. It stimulates post-traumatic vivification factors in the growth and infiltration of fibroblasts. The arrival of the reaction is automatically supervised by a splash of activity, but it will inevitably lead to the fact that fibroblasts will repair a larger collagen and elastin. As a result of vaporization, activation of the processes of development and kinetics of proliferation of epidermal cells is observed. At the dermis, the processes of regeneration of the collagen and the elastin are started with further growths in parallel configuration.

Analogous approaches are used for high-speed pulsed lasers, but for vipromotion in the near and middle infrared regions of the spectrum (1.54-2.94 microns): erbium for single pumping (l = 1.54 microns), l = 1.9 microns) : YSSG (l = 2.09 μm), Er: YSSG (l = 2.79 μm), Er: YAG (l = 2.94 μm). For pererahovannyh lasers are characterized by even higher efficiency of water dropping. For example, the efficiency of the Er: YAG laser is 12-18 times more active, less active than the CO 2 laser. When the CO 2 laser is dropped, the walls of the ablation crater in the tissue irradiated with the Er: YAG laser are melted into a ball. Slid mothers on uvaz, but when robot is on biological tissues with a laser, the characteristic of an impulse is not important for the nature of tissue changes, in the first place it is necessary to force. Tse means, how to feel with minimal tension of vipromynuvannya, ale more trivial impulses of rapid growth of glybin thermonecrosis. In such minds, a lot of overheated products of ablation are less than overweight. There is a lot of thermal storage near the ablative crater. At the same hour, with a tense impulse, the situation is the smallest thermal energy near the crater in case of highly effective ablation. True, in general, the positive effect is reached by the price of the great mechanical fabrics of fabric and shock. For one pass with an erbium laser, ablation of tissue is achieved to a depth of 25-50 microns with minimal residual thermal ears. In addition, the process of re-transmission of the school is significantly shorter, lower than the injection of a CO 2 laser.

II type. I am selective.
To the operative type, procedures are carried out, in which there are laser treatments for intradermal and pediatric applications without compromising the integrity of the skin. It is possible to reach by choosing the characteristics of the laser: to adjust the parameters and to the optimization mode. Smells guilty of not preserving the chasing of a laser light by a chromophore (a structured target), which is made before the end of the process, either because of the knowledge for redefining the energy of vipromyuvannya in heat (photo thermal energy) The target of laser infusion can be: hemoglobin of erythrocytes, which is found in the number of expanded dermal vessels at winnie beaches (PWS); pigment of melanin of children of children; vugilny, as well as іnshі, in a simple way, the foreign particles, which are introduced for the epidermis when tatuyuvannі or use it as a result of the latest developments.

With an ideal selective injection, such injection can be used, with any change of the laser, it will not be possible to glaze over the target structures, and behind the lines it will be visible. In order to achieve such a result, the efficiency, such as the vibration of a laser with an apparent deterioration, would have lost the ability to increase the efficiency of the energy efficiency and the triviality of the exposure (or impulses), as well as The parameters set for the target (VTR) for a given target - an hour later, for which maturity at the moment the pulse is given, the target temperature drops by half of the increase by the target before the target. Revisiting the triviality of the impulse over the values ​​of the HTR as a result of the neglect of the overheating of the fabric near the target. Until the same effect is produced and the interval between pulses is changed. In principle, all people think they can be mathematically modeled before the operation, but the warehouse itself does not allow in the world to be quick with data. On the right, in that, in the basal ball of the epidermis there are melanocytes and around the cortinosity, which reveals the melanin. Oscillations of the medium are intensely clayed with light in the visible, as well as close to it ultraviolet and infrared regions of the spectrum ("optically" melanin is known to be in the range of 500 to 1100 nm), whether the laser is in the low-light range. This can lead to thermal creeping and bending of the type of cells. Moreover, in the visible part of the spectrum, it can also be affected by cytochromes and flavin enzymes (flavoprotein) such as melanin-containing cells, as well as all types of cells in the epidermis and dermis. In the case of a laser detection target, the removal of the epidermal cells becomes inevitable. Therefore, it is a real key task to build up to a compromise joke of such modes of laser optimization, when it became possible to reach the maximum defeat of the target with the smallest inconvenient epidermis

Taking all the minds away from one hundred percent of the specific targets to reach the maximum performance (rise or fall) with minimal overheating or mechanical injuries to the susceptible structures.

For example, for the detection of pathological wines of wine (PWS), the most rational is the reduction of the laser with the most severe symptoms of light absorption by hemoglobins (l = 540, 575, 585 and 595 nm). will be insignificant (proposition 1 of the theory of selective photothermolysis). It’s great to get a good amount of money, it’s effective to secure the glittering program of the fabric (position 2), and sometimes a trivial impulse will be generated by the velmy. great size targets (judging with erythrocytes; position 3).

Yakscho Well metoyu PROCEDURE Je lіkvіdatsіya chastinok tatuyuvannya then krіm pіdboru dovzhini hvilі vipromіnyuvannya scho vіdpovіdaє koloru Tsikh chastinok, Bude potrіbno vstanoviti trivalіst іmpulsu, yak uniquely less then, nіzh in razі vinnih plyam, dwellers domogtisya mehanіchnogo ruynuvannya chastinok at mіnіmalnomu termіchnomu poshkodzhennі іnshih structures ( position 4).

Zrozumіlo, catching all the minds will not forget the absolute zakist epіdermіsu, protesting back to the coarse yogo pozhkojennya, yake called for a lasting cosmetic defect through the superficial cicatrix.

Reactions of fabric on laser injection

When the laser light is interconnected with tissue, such reactions are generated.

Photostimulation. Low-intensity therapeutic lasers are used for photostimulation. A therapeutic laser with energetic parameters is needed, not a very demanding biosystem, but at the same hour it can be supplied to activate the vital processes of the body, for example, to accelerate the healing of wounds.

Photodynamic reaction. In the basis of the principle - injecting a light song into a photosensitizer (natural or piecewise injections), which will prevent a cytotoxic effect on pathological tissue. In dermatology, photodynamic infusion is used to treat vulgar vulgaris, psoriasis, lichen planus, vitiligo, pigment sprinkling and inn.

Photothermolysis and photomechanical reactions in the event of a dedication, the transformation of the laser energy into warmth is carried out on the same day, which is to take revenge on the chromophore. With sufficient effort, the laser exchange should be carried out up to the thermal destruction of the target . Selective photothermoliz can be used for visualization of surface development of surface-grown sudins, deyakim pigments of shkiri, hairs, tatuyuan.

literature

1. Laser and light therapy. Douver J.C. Moscow. Rid Elsiver 2010, pp. 5-7
2. A. Nevorotin Introduced into laser surgery. Navchalnyy posibnik... - SPb.: SpetsLit, 2000 ..
3. A. Nevorotin Laser wound in theoretical and applied aspects. // Laser biology and laser medicine: practice. Mat. add. rep. school-seminar. Part 2. - Tartu-Pyhäjärvi: Publishing house of the Tartu University of the ESSR, 1991, p. 3-12.
4. Anderson R. R., Parish J. A. The optics of human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1981; 77: 13-19.
5. Anderson R. R., Parrish J. A. Selective photothermolysis: precise microsurgery by selective absorption of pulsed radiation. Science 1983; 220: 524-527.
6. Goldman L., Blaney D. J., Kindel D. J. et al. Effect of the laser beam on the skin: preliminary report. J Invest Dermatol 1963; 40: 121-122.
7. Kaminer M. S., Arndt K. A., Dover J. S. et al. Atlas of cosmetic surgery. 2nd ed. - Saunders-Elsevier 2009.
8. Margolis R. J., Dover J. S., Polla L. L. et al. Visible action spectrum for melanin-specific selective photothermolysis. Lasers Surg Med 1989; 9: 389-397.

In the Danish hour, lasers have become mingled in all spheres of human life. Stink vikoristovuyutsya in medicine, chemistry, physics, biology and in other areas modern science... Foldable re-evaluation of the introduction of the phenomenon into the progress of the people. However, non-preservation of the vicariousness of the technology can lead to nasty inheritances for the health of the people. Blindness, diagnostics, electrical injuries - this is far from an extra list of calibers that can be corrected when interacting with a laser. The laser of non-casing of the great effort is not safe to be installed until it is easy and not to take into account the elementary rules of safety.

This article will help you to understand the nuances of this phenomenon and give a statement about the contamination, such as laser treatment for the health of the people. So, you yourself will deny the statement about the basics of a safe robot with a laser and know that a happy laser can be used in class for a good amount of contamination for the health of the people. Here it is so possible to learn about the small historical previdkoy about lasers.

Yak Yavische laser

LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Yak bachite English... On the Russian price, it is possible to re-place it like "make the light up to the induced vippromise". Enhanced energy before the start of increased intensity to produce before the appearance of laser viprominuvannya. As a result of bagatorazovyvidbit in the system of mirroring, there is an improvement in viprominuvannya, and in a bag we can promote a phenomenon, as it is absolutely unique for its physical authorities... The laser projection has already been replaced by the change of the light of a singular lamp, but it will not end at all. Laser vypromіnuvannya to the project one clean color, besides the. From the sharp light of the laser exchange, the organization (coherence, as they say in scientific terms).

In 1916 rotsi boules zroblenі pershі kroki on the way vivchennya laser. Albert Einstein hanging his theory of interconnection of vipromynuvannya with speech, having made such a rite a possible distribution of quantum podsiluvachіv, zdatnyh projectsuvati electromagnitnі vіviliy. The upcoming significant breakthrough came in 1928, when Landenburg conducted his series of experiments. The result of the neat robotics was the formulation of thinking and rebuilding of indulgent vip prominuvannya yak perevazannya yogo over chasing. It was only for a quarter of a century, because in 1955 Russian physics Basov and Prokhorov constructed a quantum generator with amiak in the form of an active middle ground. For the third time, a majestic number of people became participants in the race for the design of laser systems, but they did not stick to it.
The given technology has made unappreciated additions in the development of medicine.

A lot of tasks, which have been given up to the most unconnected ones, have been exceeded by the perfect lasers in the past. Yogo miracle promenades turned health to thousands of people. Why do you want to use only laser correction for a zoru, as in all for 10 khvili you will allow you to turn any patient's ideal zir. The efficiency of the operation is 100%. Cosmetologists themselves knew the cost of the whole technology in their own work. Viprominuvannya medical laser gives you the ability to selectively inject on hair roots, pigments and defects of hair. You can see your birthmark, like and obridlu tatuyuvannya.

The great French teaching of Louis de Broglie, having said the prophesying phrase: “The laser is destined for a grandiose maybout. It’s important to transfer it, as it’s the same as it’s going to be stuck, or I’m putting it in, but there’s a lot of technical epoch behind the laser. ” It’s alive in the era, since it’s not overflowing with spheres of activity, in which it’s not possible to use technology based on laser exchanges. Suchasnі vimіryuvalnі attach it unwisely without storing laser changes in their design. The laser allowed to move out of the Earth to Misyatsya, the accuracy of these measurements went down to hundreds of meters. The stagnation of laser exchanges in the field of radar detection has made it possible to significantly improve the accuracy of the received tributes. There are a lot of sums of money, so technology is playing its role in the fake scientific and technical progress.

Yak laser exchanges infused into human organisms?

One of the characteristics of laser exchanges is a high level of energy concentration. A beam of light, vibrated by a laser, will increase the temperature of the surface in any direction. For the help of a straightforward optimization, it is possible to ask for a deformation, even if the surface is not too big for an hour. The concentration of the colossal energy flow on a small area allows the temperature to reach more than a few million degrees. The workers of the power of lasers have built up a wide extension in surgery and material processing, so they can prevent them from being a threat to the human school in the case of overwhelming optimization. We will change the laser in the same way as the thermal opik. So it is self-evident that it is not safe to shrink in the laser viprominewannya, how to vibrate for an additional photochemistry effect. However, you can make such a risik to the minimum.

Varto respect that the speed of the laser changes is bliscavable and the ability to unify many views. Zavdyaki tsіy power, the laser has built a wide range in surgery. In the course of non-trivial operations due to the use of a laser, anesthesia is not required. Few serious operations can work without pain. With a lot of time, vitrati on such an operation can be done lower, lower with a traditional operation behind the aid of a scalpel.

Most often, the robot of laser systems is supervised by noise, which can reach up to 120 dB. It is trivial to be overwhelmed by such possessions can be the cause of hearing problems. So the very chemistry reaction of the pushing laser exchange and the supervising of the clear vision of ozone. People who are trained in a robot with lasers on the outskirts of the next hour can diagnose a deterioration in the functions of the vestibular apparatus. Frequency of cich pores is accumulated as a result of professional experience. Laser vipprominuvannya can become the cause of non-ghosting changes in human organism, management of organisms, central nervous system and vegetative systems.

Protect eyes

eye- one of the most tendential elements of our body. At the sight of the other organs, I cannot fail to see dovkilla... When an invisible infrared laser hits the eye of a man, nothing is seen, the brain does not come off as a dull light and no reaction will follow. The scouring of ultraviolet viprominuvannya with the help of the eye can lead to the filling of the epithelium and erozia. In especially important cases, the front chamber can be dimmed. Sitk_vka oka is strong until the rizik in the big step. In addition, as the laser is not able to achieve the same distance, the distance to the entire optical system is widened to the organ of vision.

It’s like a straight laser to drink in the eye, if you look back in the distance, the legacy can be even deplorable. The concentration of the spectrum of the collimated exchange on the site at a time can reach 100,000 times. On a day-to-day basis, with such a poignant appearance, an opiate and an embryo of a sieve appear, bleeding with a further appearance of a scar and a change in hospitality. Tightening the poured inlet can be made to drip. It’s a great deal of money, but the efficiency of the loss as a result of a strong vippromise is great.

Classification of lasers

It is important to have a large number of laser settings, how to read it in public, to be carried out and certified with a glance at international standards, to the US government. CDRH (Center for Devices and Radiological Health)... Falling out of the soil is contaminated, like the development of laser installations is presented for the human body, it stinks on some of the main classes:

Class I (safe)- low-energy laser systems, which do not provide a high level of energy for people of the same level of radioactivity. Such lasers cannot be the cause of the blinking of an eye. Until given to the class, it is so self-introduced with the body, but not with the release of the laser. In such a way, some may be the strongest permissible norms for the first class.

Class II (low r_ven is not safe)- lasers are still built to give a shkodi to the human eye, with a good contact of more than 0.25 seconds. Before them, do not fit in, scho vyroblyayut vippromіnyuvannya s invisible hvileyu.

Class III ( middle rivn not safe)- to create a non-trivial visual contact with the exchange of a certain laser device, you can bring the organ up to the limit. It is impossible to practice with such annexes without special eyepieces in any case. The development of vipprominuvannya is not safe if the visual contact is more than 13 centimeters and less than 10 seconds for an hour. Є Significant risk of zaimannya during the lock-in exchange with non-flammable materials. On outputs, the pressure to become close to 500 mW.

Class IV (highly unsafe)- straining lasers, which are not safe for health. The stench in the zmozі zmozі zavdat significant poshkojen sіtkіvtsі oka nontrivial vipromіnuvannya direct exchange. At the practical level of some kind of attachment, the situation is bully, if only a vipadkovo appears in the eye of a wicked wiggle or buttons on the sleeves. The infusion of lasers from a great part of the efficiency can lead to serious descriptions of the skirts, as well as the very reason for the occupation of combustible and lightweight materials. There is a lack of protection and provision of ultraviolet technology for impulse lamps. For an hour, by the orders of the Bagatyokh regions, active robots are being conducted to adapt such lasers for military purposes. Companies that present their boxes at exhibitions, receive financial support from the state.

Zapobizhnі come in

In unimportant hands, a straining laser is not safe, but not in the gut. Only certified personnel are allowed to access robots with such annexes. I am short of the prophylactics of laser vipprominuvannya є to see the rules of exploitation and protection. Vikoristannya laser installations II-III rіvnіv transferє I will fence off zones and robots with a laser and ekranuvannya vipromіnuvannya. Lasers of the IV level are guilty of being isolated from the solution, the robot is carried out remotely with them. The top in such primitives is fought in a color with a small quality of performance. With a lack of івні, the illumination of the robot with lasers is unacceptable. A window to guard against guilt but to the possession of this slope. If there is a need for repairs, I will categorically pick up the parts and materials that are not used with the virobnik.

Make it possible for the guarantor of the guarantor for the protection of the high-quality vippromise of the laser vipprominuvannya, for the change of its magnitude to the level of not changing the safe one. At the epiphany of the workers, interconnecting with the laser, the guilt includes shields, masks, technological dressing gowns and special eyepieces. Once a medical examination is required, a second medical examination is required. Such protection is more than justified. Most of the presenters, who help the health of the service personnel of the lasers, have set them up to astonishing and vegetative-judgment changes. Access to virobnitstva dylanok, on which the robot to pass with a laser, is to blame for being strictly confined. The laser installation is guilty, but it was accidentally stolen from an unused victorian for the help of a vimikach, as it was stuck on a key, or it was analogous to a mechanism.