Natural and piece ecosystems. Ecosystems are one of the key to understand ecology, as it is a system that includes a kylka

Ecological spilnoti. Vidova and spaciousness structure of ecosystems.

Ecosystem is a biological system, which is based on the production of living organisms (biocenosis), the middle of living (biotope), systems of communication, and the exchange of speech and energy between them.
Biocenosis - a group of mutually-knitted populations of roslin, twarins, mushrooms and microorganisms, which live at once in one and the same minds of the middle, is organized.
The biosphere is the shell of the Earth, inhabited by living organisms, which is found in abundance and occupied by the products of life; "Plivka Life"; the global ecosystem of the Earth.

Ecosystem - what is it for? Live the things, such as the growth of the creatures, which expand the living space, at once create the living spirit. The stench can have one kind of one and, in such a rank, live in a small or great ecosystem. Live the essence and the moment When you look at it all at once, the stench enters into each other.

The navkolishnє middling in ecosystems can be, for example, lakes, stakes, seas, kestrels or forests. In principle, our entire earth is a great ecosystem. Such a rank, mi, people, є partly. On a daily basis from a large number of tvarin, we will not just get more expensive on values living, such as a forest or the sea, ale in decilkoh ecosystems.

2. Save the table.

ecologic spіlnoti

3. What are the signs of the classification of ecosystems?
With the classification of terrestrial ecosystems, you can use the vikorist signs of the growing groups (the storage basis of ecosystems) and the climatic (zonal) signs. So, there are some types of ecosystems, for example, lichen tundra, Mokhov tundra, coniferous forest (lalin, pine), leafy forest (birch forest), board forest (tropical), steppe, chagarniki (verboliz), sphagnum swamp. Often the basis of the classification natural ecosystems to lay the characteristic ecological signs of the middle of the century, to see the spirits of the sea uzbeks, on the shelf, lakes, or on the sea,

All ecosystems have material cycles through lifeless living things. More beautiful than intelligence, living things in ecosystems are grouped for functions in three classes. Virobniks Producers to mold the ear to the ecosystem cycle. Green roses to carry out photosynthesis; tobto re-make the stench carbon dioxide gas and water in biomasu, vikoristovuyu sonyachne light, vyroblyayuchi kisen.

The living spouses are the whole ecosystem of creatures that live organically and musically, and dispose of carbon dioxide gas, water, minerals and dead biomas with their visions. Destructors. I join the decomposition process: mushrooms or bacteria break dead roslini, food and іх extracts for carbon dioxide gas, water and minerals. And here is the cycle of completing the end, which is what the virobniks need to know.

4. Save the table.

Equivalent characteristic of natural and piece ecosystems

5. What is the meaning of agrobiocenoses in the life of people?
Agrobiocenoses give people close to 90% of their food energy.

6. Rehash the main lines of business, how to get used to polishing the camp of ecological systems of places.
Landscaping of the place: a set of parks, squares, green areas, squares, flower beds, green areas around industrial enterprises... Taking into account the principles of equitable and uninterrupted in the distribution of greenery.

Zagalom, such a kharchova lantsyug, is more foldable, which is why it is a lot of people who are happy and happy. In such a rank, the term "kharchova frizzy" is more accurately depicted as descriptive of business. Nature is even more foldable. Destruction in pryvnovazi can be fatal inheritance. Ecosystems are even more sensitive to rapid changes, or if people are involved, they can be a balance: for example, the overworldly promiscuity of the oceans; The eutrophication of the lake can be a fatal heritage.

The lack of balance of all living things in the cycle of the ecosystem can be destroyed. For example, plastic goes into the sea to be refined in small plastic particles, in order to revenge toxic chemicals. The stench is occupied by plankton and the life of the sea, and that is "transferred" to the grub lance to help people.

7. What is the reason for the structure of the dormitory?
tse spivvidnoshennya small groups organisms, to develop for the systematic provisions, for the role, as the stench is seen in the processes of transferring energy and speech, for the small, occupied in the open space, in the grain, or trophic measure, and for the ozone system.

Ecosystems in nature merit zachist. The main sponsor of Bula Naftova is Milyarder Edward Bass. A handful of rich tekhanets stayed in the greenhouse for a unique experiment, which also tricked NASA. Ahim Walter, physicist and biologist, speaks. One who wants to be able to see, what is possible for all people to see right away, right from the outside world. The stench prompted the middle of the habitation of the yakomog, more impenetrable and established the most important ecosystems of light: savannah, ocean, tropical forest, mangrove swamps and willow.

Silskogospodarsky lands were designated for the harvesting of residents, and also a closed water cycle. Inhabitants of Mali had two fate there, they didn’t get a roller for zberigannya, so the stench was pummeled about the stem of the nascent middle ground. The idea of the experiment was also found at the root of such piece ecosystems on foreign planets, for example, on Mars.

8. Save the table.

structure of spirit goods

Harchovy sound, circulation of speech and re-implementation of energy in ecosystems

1. Make the value clear.
Kharchova lantsyug - a number of species of roslin, tvarin, mushrooms and microorganisms, which are knitted one with one type:
Kharchova frizzy - a diagram of all kharchov (trophic) links between types of alcoholic breeding.
trophic rіven- the cost of organisms, such as, depending on the way they live and the type of feed, store the singing lanka of the grub lance.

Yaki boules zyazagali for the last light? The channeled bullet vidkriti, which meant that the inhabitants of the Mali had a telephone, television and radio, and could use the radio. Tse bulo rubleno kіlka razіv. Experiment of buzzing on the first phase? The terrible tabіrny video is not guilty, I want to go to the right to the mіzhosobistіsnogo napruga. Ale oskіlki experiment was carried out by stretching two rocks, we lived with postynoyu shvidkistyu 14 vidsotkiv, and apparently the stench stared at the bottom of the year.

What are the reasons for the bad luck? The main reason for the change in the atmosphere is that the soil is filled with a great amount of organic material for the improvement of the yield of agricultural crops. However, living with microorganisms, how to live in a new one, was greatly underestimated. An experiment that will save you until you are quiet, while you will be able to discover the wild kissen with vantazhivkoy, which, in a very special way, supervised the first idea of absolute acceptance.

2. How does a pastoral lancer turn out to be detrital?
In the pasow of the lantsyug, there is a lot of energy from the roslin through the herbaceous creatures to the small creatures. Potik of energy, so yde see the dead organic speechі pass through the decomposition system, called a detrital lance.

3. Save the table.

Trophical Rivne Ecosystems

Chi bulo scho-nebud shche? It’s clear that it’s impossible to save ecology. However, you see the goosebumps expanding especially sharply. Tsey so ranks "Godly goofs" having buried all food supplies and a lot of coma wimerli. The Bjoli also quickly quickened, so it could not be far away for the ecosystem, and, for everything, it meant a great work for people: I have been able to drink it all and see it by hand. Have a bag in a stuck bul working day 66 years

What are the ideas for bully available for advancement in the project? As a matter of fact, it became clear that for the replication of our natural system, it was for the serious scientific doslіdzhen, There will be great needs for financial vitrati. The price of a new project was picked up. To that, it is a political implication in repeating such an experiment, I know it will be enough for a given moment, but if we try to move our ecosystem to the planet with a loan of at least 100 years of development, and not ten or twenty.

4. Why is it that there is a day-to-day cycle of speech in the ecosystem?
Energy cannot be transmitted through a closed stake; cheery sounds and warmth. The river can be transmitted through closed cycles, bagatorazovy circulating between living organisms and navkolishnim middle.

Why won't you “replace the earth”? Yakby tse buv is a strict science experiment, from the very ear of bulo it is more important to go to scientific organizations. The cob background will be more spiritual, less scientific, with the mark " short life on the ground ".

At the empty room, you saw the smell of the familiar empty empty rooms, in tropical forest we got bored in the ciu vologu vologist, and the sea washed away me solonim povitryam. However, in the miraculous landscapes, we could bachiti technologies on the skin. First and foremost, flies and targani, the population of which was no longer controlled. Tse came from the great shanuvalniks, as they turned the turn over. So, if two people have spent more than ten meters, one in one, you need a radio or a manual signal for one to one.

5. Make a practical robot.
1.Composition of schemes of transmission of speech and energy
Name the organisms that are guilty of being on the stewed missions in the offensive grub lancers.

2. From the proponent list of organisms to store detrital and pasture trophic hedge: grass, berry chagarnik, fly, titmouse, vzhe, bunny, vovk, gnitta bacteria, mosquito, bony.

The last autumn project was made by Columbia University. Does Chi mean the final result? At the present moment, there is only a tourist memorial and pratsyu for a little half. Budіvlya turned to its own wake-up call, naphtha billionaire Edward Bass, who is also an inspiration for scientific goals. For vivchennya ecosystems isnu lishe is a small fraction of the pennies, contributing, for example, to the physics of high energy.

Sandra Müller is a student of the Berlin School of Journalism. Vona is a great independent writer for newspapers and Internet-ZMI and live not far from Frankfurt. with the best wins steel reinvention of leaves and meadows in the Silk-Gospodar region, transfer and recovery of clear water in rowing, as well as the loss of mangrove leaves and coral reefs. For an ear of industrial industry, the vast mass of marine species, which are exploited for commercial purposes, has decreased by about 90% in the greater part of the country. The rowing rowing and the flooding of water for the victorious people changed the freshwater ecosystems, which summoned up to change in the streams of the great river systems.

6. What will I round off the skin of a grub lancer in the ecosystem?
Alive organisms, representatives of the forefront, receive energy accumulated in their cells and tissues. Significant part of the price of energy (up to 90%) is vin vitrachak on rukh, dikhannya, heating tila, etc. and only 10% is accumulated in its own type of wine (ointment), fat (adipose tissue). In such a rank, only 10% of the energy accumulated in advance will be transferred to the onset of the level. The very same grub lantsyugi can not be even worse.

Tse, in its own turn, has called to the іnshh efects, such as fast streams of fallen, as the main dzherel of lively words for the traditional ecosystems. Improving the productivity of the Silskoy government will also reduce the need for big number silskogospodarskikh ugіd.

In the whole sense of the village, the rural areas in the surrounding regions will be transformed into the fossil or not growing. The growth of species on the Earth grows more and more one-year-old. The price is tied to the knowledge of species or the second of specific populations of a particular region and invasions or the introduction of species in new areas. For example, z m_stsevykh vid_v Baltic Sea the part є is significant for the Great Lakes Wine of America... In the same way, the species of the species that have emerged in the Great Lakes can be a natural order of the presence in the Baltic Sea.

7. What is the reason for ecological pirids? How do you see them?
The process of graphical representation of the presentation of the growing trophies in the ecosystem. There can be three types:
1) the number of organisms - the representation of the number of organisms on the cutaneous trophic ryvn;
2) pіramіda biomasi - imaging biomasu of the cutaneous trophic ryvnya;
3) pіramіda of energy - showing a bit of energy, which passed through the skin trophic rіvn by stretching the singing interval for an hour.

Abiotic factors are referred to inanimate physical and chemical elements in the ecosystem. Abiotic resources get ready for the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere. Supplements of abiotic factors є water, food, soil, sleepy light and minerals. Biotic factors are organisms that live or live in the ecosystem. The stench is taken away from the biosphere and built up to reproduction. Supplements of biological factors є creatures, birds, roslin, mushrooms and other organisms.

Who are biotic and abiotic officials?

Biotic components are all living organisms in the ecosystem. The biotic factor is a whole living organism, which is infused into the body's own organism into its ecosystem. Attachments include roslin and tvarin, which organism lives in the living, and creatures, which live organism.

8. How can an ecologic pyramid be turned upside down? Take a specific butt.
As soon as there is a high rate of growth in the population of the victim, then, with low biomas, such a population can be a sufficient dwarf for huts, which may be more high in the population, ale is low in the low. Because of the reasons for the number of small ones, because biomas can be inverted, that is. Low trophies can be less powerful and biomas, less big.
for example:
1) On one tree, there can be life and years of life without coma.
2) The pyramid of biomass powering marine ecosystems is turned upside down, the primary producers (phytoplankton of water growth) continue to grow rapidly, and the survivors (zooplankton, cancer-like) are growing more and more, a little more significantly. Morsk ridge may be even more masu and a trivial cycle of creation.

The stage of biological and abiotic factors expands across the entire biosphere, or to the global sum of all ecosystems. Such factors can be attributed to people in the boundaries of the mind, and the spirit of the whole population. For example, ailments are a biological factor, which is infused into the vision of people and their spirits. Temperature is an abiotic factor with the same significance.

Deyaki factor may be of great relevance for the entire ecosystem. Abiotic and biological factors are combined for the establishment of the system, or, more precisely, the ecosystem, so that the spirit of living and non-living speeches is looked at as one goal. In general, abiotic officials include the pH of the soil and water, the availability of vivid speeches and even the evening of the day. Biotic factors, such as the manifestation of autotrophic organisms, or self-conscious organisms, such as growth and versatility, are also infused into the entire ecosystem.

9. Virishit ecologic zavdannya.
Supervising 1. Raise the amount of plankton (in kg), it is necessary for a dolphin weight of 350 kg in the sea.

Decision. Dolphin, eating hut ribs, having accumulated 10% of the foreign weight in his drink, I know that it’s worth 350 kg, in a proportionate proportion.
350kg - 10%,
X - 100%.
We know what kind of road is X. X = 3500 kg. (Hiji ribi). Qia vaga to become deprived of 10% of the mass of unwholesome ribs, such as the stench of grubbing. I know a foldable proportion.
3500kg - 10%
X - 100%
X = 35,000 kg (mass of non-living ribs)
How much did the plankton get in the way of the mother taku wagu? Warehouse proportion.
35,000 kg - 10%
X = 100%
X = 350,000 kg
Suggestion: For a dolphin weight of 350 kg, 350,000 kg of plankton is needed.

Abiotic officials infuse vision and vision into the health of organisms. Abiotic flanking factors flank the growing populations. Smells additionally help the type and number of organisms that were built before in the midst of the midst... Biotic factor - the center, which is directly infused into the organisms in the living middle. This includes the organisms themselves, the organisms themselves, the interaction between the living organisms and the surplus. Our biological officials include parasitism, ailments and households.

The importance of biological and abiotic factors in winners in their relationships with others. You will be able to see in the community or the ecosystem, you are guilty of being in the right relationship. Forgive butt can be an abiotic interaction in roslin. Water, sleepy light and carbon dioxide gas are necessary for the growth of dews. The biotic interaction of the field is in the fact that the growth of vikoristovyu water, sleepy light and carbonic acid gas for the growth of moisture through the processes, the title of photosynthesis.

Head 2. At the result of the previous session, the number of feathered game, which had been dominated by them earlier, was quickly grown, but rather quickly fell. How can you explain the law?

Vіdpovіd: For vіdpovіdі on tse power neobhіdno vrahovuvati nastupnі status: "uncontrolled" zbіlshennya chiselnostі pernatoї Dichin only be sold to visnazhennya kormovoї bazi, weakening stіykostі organіzmіv ptahіv to hvorob, Shvidky poshirennyu іnfektsії, virodzhennya, zmenshennyu plodyuchostі i masovoї zagibelі ptahіv od hvorob.

Zavdannya 3. Daphne was planted to gnaw at them by a vessel with planktonic weeds. As the number of algae decreased, the ale production of biomass and algae (vimiryana for shvidkistyu podil klin) grew up. How can you explain this phenomenon?

Suggestion: daphne, as a result of metabolism, see words, which accelerate the growth of algae (feed base), thus reaching the eco-balance.

Causes of stiffness and changes in ecosystems

1. Make the value clear.
Success is a regular and last-minute process of changing spirits to singing delights, winking through the fashion of living organisms between themselves and navkolishnim and abiotic middle
Zagalna dikhannya spіlnoti- in the ecology of the sumarny energovitraty, i.e. the total production of autotrophs in the energetic turn is exactly the form of energovitrates, which is needed for securing the life of storage organisms.

2. What is the reason for being reasonable in the spirit of food, and how is it meaningful for you in general?
Biomas of organisms in the ideal succession will become permanent, and the system itself is equally important. As the “home of the dichotomy” is less than the primary gross product, the ecosystem will see the accumulation of organic speech, which is more significant. First and foremost, it will lead to a change in spirituality. If there is an excess of resources, you will be able to see how you can master it, and if there is a lack of resources, you will see a part of the vision. Such changes and become the day of ecological success. The main specialty The whole process of the field is in the fact that the changes in spirits are going to go straight to the equally important camp. The dermal stage of success is the wholeness of the cultivation of quiet species and life forms. Smell smell one alone, until the camp of the st_ykoy rivnovagy comes.

3. Save the table.

see success

4. Where is the triviality of success?
The triviality of succession is abundant in what it is due to the structure of the spirit.
Secondary successes are much better. It’s worth explaining to me that the first place in the art of alcoholism has given itself a number of old-fashioned speeches, the soil has been developed, and that I have opened it up for the accelerated growth and development of new settlers.

5. How old are you of a mature spirit in front of a young spirit?
Zrіle suspіlstvo of Yogo great rіznomanіtnіstyu great kіlkіstyu organіzmіv i, i rozvinenoyu trofіchnoї structure of vrіvnovazhenimi flows energії zdatne protistoyati zmіnam fіzichnih faktorіv (napriklad temperature, vologostі) i navіt deyakim types hіmіchnih zabrudnen in nabagato bіlshomu stupenі, nіzh Young spіvtovaristvo.

6. How important is the ability to manage the processes, how can they be found in the suspension?
Lyudin can pick up a rich harvest from pure products, which are individually prepared at the early stages of success in the production of food. On the other hand, the strength of the mature spirit, its strength against the backdrop of physical factors (and how to manage them) є we are even more important and we are even more powerful. With a great number of destructions of ecosystems of the mature type, it can lead to destructive ecological destructions. Reincarnation of the biosphere into one great kilim of the other lands to conceal in its own great care. It is necessary to know how to properly manage the processes in the suspension, so as not to allow an ecological catastrophe.

Proceeding with those, we are guilty of:

Dates of value: "ecology", "ecological factor", "photoperiodism", "ecologic nisha", "living middle", "population", "biocenosis", "ecosystem", "producer", "consumer", "reducers", "success", "agrocenosis".
Guide the butt of the photoperiodic reactions of the roslin and, if possible, creatures.
Explain the difference between the population and the population. Bring the butt on the skin and understand it.
Proceed with Shelford's law and be aware of the graph of depletion of organisms in terms of abiotic factors of the middle.
Describe the butt of a successful biological method of fighting with students.
Explain the reasons for the demographic vibuhu i may inheritance, And also the value of the decrease in the population, as a rule, followed by the decrease in mortality.
Have a look at the scheme of a grub lance; correctly indicate the traffic level of the skin component of the given ecosystem.
Have a simple circuit diagram of the offensive elements: sour, nitrogen, coal.
Describe the podії, wіdbuvayutsya during the overgrowth of the lake; send the virus to the lisu.
Specify the differences between agrocenoses and biocenoses.
Information about the structures of the biosphere.
Explain, yakim rank silske statehood, Vikoristannya wikopnogo firing і wirobnіstvo plastic wіll hаνе tο hаνе mаdе іn thе middle і proponuvati come in to get a tsomu.

Ivanova T.V., Kalinova G.S., Myagkova O.M. "Zagalna biology". Moscow, "Education", 2000

Topic 18. "Navkolishnє center. ecological factors... "Chapter 1; pp. 10-58
Topic 19. "Populations. Typical relationships between single organisms." chapter 2 §8-14; p. 60-99; chapter 5 § 30-33
Topic 20. "Ecosystems." chapter 2 §15-22; pp. 106-137
Topic 21. "Biosphere. Circuit of speech." chapter 6 §34-42; pp. 217-290