P. Maccabees Religious and church views of Empress Katerini II. Rule of Katerini II. Political Aspects Yakoyu Bula Religin Politics Katerini 2

(21.04.1729, Stettin (Nini Szczecin, Poland) - 6.11.1796, St. Petersburg), im. All-Russia (from December 25, 1761; on the throne from the 28th worm in 1762), squad of the emp. Peter III. The daughter of Prince Hristian August of Anhalt-Zerbst, the regimental commander in Stettin in the service of the Prussian king, and Princess Johann Alizaveti, she was like a booth from Holstein-Gottorp. Through the mother's day, the Bula was tied by blood ties from December. The royal houses of Europe, the zokrema fell to the niece of the Swede. cor. Adolf Fredrik. Sophia Frederica Augustus was baptized in Lutheranism from im'yam. I got home coverage.

Perebuvannya at the Russian court.

Feb. 1744 r requested ip. Yulizaveti Petrivny Sophia arrived in Russia, to be replaced by her third brother of Holstein-Gottorp Hertz. Karl Petr Ulrikha, who came to Russia, having accepted Orthodoxy from the name of Petro Fedorovich and having been denuded by the despondent of the throne. Foundations of Orthodoxy Sophia Navchav Archimandrite. Simon (Todorsky; later Archbishop of Pskov). On the 28th of 1744, Orthodoxy took over the fate of the won, and was rejected by Katerina Oleksiyivna. 29 worms are engaged, 21 Serpnya. 1745 r. book Petr Fedorovich. However, shlyub viyavivsya not far away, in contact with the cholovіk i іmp. By Єlizaveta Petrivna, the boules are very important. U 1754 r viv. The princess gave birth to Sina Paul (later emp. Pavlo I Petrovich). For under-danimi, daddy child buv one z її lіderiv, gr. S. V. Saltikov, to-riy immediately sent the people to a decline in the direction of the cordon. Ditina Bula was taken from her mother, and Yulizaveta Petrivna took care of her. After. EA Bula was honored by the favorites, the project was negotiated for a whore with G.G. Orlovim, in 1774 she also got married with G.A.Potomkin.

Conducted. the princess diligently vivchal Rus. mova, sodnya po kіlkka. godin was set in Russian. grammar, read books, to-yak otrimuvala from the library of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Vivchala History of Europe, including "History of Genrikh the Great" arch. A. de Perefiksa, "The Home History of Nimechchini" by J. Barr, bit. French littru (create by Sh. L. Montesque, Voltaire, D. Didro, K.A. Gelvetsiya and in.). Itself at the end of the hour they started to fold, look and change the bud. іmperatritsі. EA took the idea of ​​a "philosopher on the throne", a "sanctified monarch", who is guilty of bringing to his people wise laws, sanctifying and multiplying the good-heartedness of the great people.

Come to power

V the rest of the rock Tsaruvannya Alizaveti Petrivny E.A. became more popular than Pyotr Fedorovich at the court, in the capital's suspension and in the guards. On the death of the Empress December 25. 1761 r until the reign of Peter III, but EA practically didn’t get lost. Growth of dissatisfaction with the policy of the Emperor to the aid of the organization, Count N.I. Panin, K. G. Rozumovskiy, G. G. and A. G. Orlov and KNG. E.R.Dashkova. 27 worms in 1762 p. B. Passek, one of the participants in the serpent, accelerated the development of the pod. On the 28th, Ye. A. arrived in St. Petersburg (Peter III was in Oraninbaum at the time), dey swore on the virginity of the Guards unit. The Emperor, bachachi hopelessness support, having signed the order to the throne and the resignation. Through the spike. dnіv vіn died under unrelated circumstances at the mine in Ropsha (near St. Petersburg). For the most extended version, in the assassinations of A.G. Orlovim, they could go on at the will of E.A.Offits. the version of the screw, that Peter III died as a "non-etching shlunnya". 22 Sep 1762 r E. A. Bula was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Internal policy

EA came to power in a folding period for the country. At the "Notes" won’t guessed that in 1762 the belongings were empty, the army hadn’t cut off the toll for a long time, thousands of villagers were “in obvious disbelief”. The empress is small in order to complete the dispatch of the emp. Peter I, the process of forming a regular state and to carry out a number of reforms linked to the ideas of Education: change the legality, formalize the rights and regulations of the new countries, multiply the goodness of the big people. Vona Bula perekonana, so such a great state, like Russia, can be ruled by an autocratic monarch. At the deputy “About the greatness of Russia”, E. A. wrote: “Yakbi hto buv nastilki navіzhny, sob say: ... I don’t mind about the magnitude and the space of Russia, the abi skinny private person lived in abundance; Don't bother more beautifully than you will change; to such a godly I would have responded: you know, well, that your order will transform itself into a republic, spend its strength, and your regions will become the first hijackers. " To arrange a Russian suspension, Edino accepted the structure of the European type, with a certain observance, the rights and privileges of the skin stance would be brought to a single legislative scheme.

I am lawmaker. A. zoseredila at her office, to-riy fooling the Secretary of State. As a result of the reform of 1763 the Senate of the boulevards of divisions into 6 departments, enlightened by the chief prosecutors. The Prosecutor General stood at the Senate. More importantly, establish boules of speed, it took away the legislative initiatives and became a body of control over the power of the state. Apparatus and vishoyu court instantiyu.

I will arrange for the social vice of the social, on the thought of E.A., bulo kriposne right... "Wild noble despotism" won the condemnation of the humanistic t. Zr. I respected the galm of social and economic development of the country. In the "Notes", EA meant: "Fucked up to despotism ... to be pinched from the earliest age to children, like battering, from how hard-hearted their daddy are brutalized by their servants; There are also no home, in which there were no bold stripes, lancers and young tools for rolling with the best provinces, whom nature has placed in a whole non-merciless class, since it is impossible to beat your evil lancer. "

However, the suspension was not ready before the rule of law was passed, the nobility could not bring about the reform, besides, the government was not ready for the economy of the country. Protect the nek-riє croki for the interchange of the capital law, the Empress was still breaking. In 1764, the secularization of church lands was carried out, as a result of up to approx. 2 million monastic villagers have been transferred to the warehouse of sovereigns and have become under-Roman civil rights, for example. could have their deputies in the viborni organi. Since 1771, the right of helpers to sell peasants without land was interconnected, from 1775 to vilny people and letting the peasants free to write in krypaks. For the newly established places, the Vykupov were the ones who became the townspeople, “the villains”. At the same hour, the right to expand to Ukraine was widened; villagers for help, viyshov a number of decrees, which extended the rights of helpers in terms of delivery to krіpakіv. Z sichnya. 1765 r vlachnikov were allowed to rule krіpakіv on hard labor robots, from 22 Serpnya. In 1767, the villagers were fenced off to feed the skargs to the empress, the skargs began to go to the lower courts of the Institute. Before the court went to the right of the help of the Moscow province. D.N.Saltikovoi (Saltychikha), in the region of horrible poodennyas with krypaks. In 1768, the Bula was condemned to death, replaced by pre-existing connections in the Moscow Monastery in the name of St. John the Baptist.

The rule of EA was characterized by the development of the economy and trade. On the 5th birch of 1765, the Bula was founded by the Comisia about the general interconnection, which established a new principle of interconnection of lands. Scho arose in 1766, the general mezhuvannya zakrypilo behind the skin hair of the earth. Landlords denied from the state of the state legal guarantees that the monarch could not be confiscated. In 1765, in St. Petersburg, the bulo was established by the Vilna economic society, in front of the do-Rome there was a department of racionalizuvati silske statehood, Adjustment of its productivity. Since 1766, the production was released "Pratsi". The new trade with the introduction of paper pennies - signatories (1768), the expansion of bank operations (from 1770 introduction of deposits to the bank), the signing of the Manifest about the freedom of the establishment of new loans (1775). ... The number of manufactories and factories has significantly increased. During the hour of the rule of E.A. income, however, the great vitrati (the first for everything on the win) led to a stiff budget deficit, and the paper pennies emaciated inflation.

One of the navazhlivi workers, who stood in front of the possession, was a robot for the ordering of legislation. In 1767 r in Moscow, the Communist Party took over from the folding of a new code - the zvod of laws, which is guilty of the Buv to replace the cathedral. 1649 r. ustanovka, gorodians, ded. villagers, odnodvortsiv, kozatstva, "inorodtsiv"; from the clergy buv presence Tverskiy єp. Gabriel (Petrov), a representative of the villagers-kripakiv not bulo. On the thought of the empress, the new star of the laws is guilty of a kind of "suspension agreement" with the different versions of the suspension.

E. A. turned up to the deputies with the "Order" (PSZ. T. 18. № 12949), a bunch of compilations from the works of encyclopedists "C. Bekkaria), in the new formulated and primed the principle of the sanctified absolutism:" nothing is guilty of being barred by laws, besides, it can be shkidly, either to the skin especially, or to the whole suspension ... "; "Viroki judges are guilty of guilt to the people, so as to prove the evil, the skin of the giants, they say," "People cannot be considered guilty as persh of a Suddivskyi virok, and the laws cannot amuse him to amass his own persh, no punishment ...". Not claiming to be the originality of ideas, E.A. became the 1st monarch in Europe, rewriting the fruits of educational ideas into a specific political document and having tried them in politics. Voltaire took the "Order" from the captors: "Lykurg and Solon would have seized your tvir, but they couldn’t have it, so vividly. Everything is clear, short, fair, vicono of firmness and love of people ”. Franz. cor. Louis XV, having ordered the viluchiti, sent everyone to France to receive the "Order" and burn them on the marketplace, which gained the growing popularity of E.A. among educators. However, some of them criticized the "Order". Zokrem, Dіdro, having respected, that in practice the despotism of the monarch in Russia is not confined.

In the process of robotics, the Comisia of the folding of the new packing 1767-1768 rr. a great number of materials have been accumulated, to-yak in after. vikoristovuvalysya EA at preparatory many. legislative acts. However, the stacking is not folded, the first for everything through the ideas of interest. In 1768, the robot of the comic bullet was interrupted at the link with the war, which rested with Turechchino.

Russian tour. vіyna 1768-1774 rr. hung the resources of the land, the population of the tooth-tooth. Dissatisfaction of the villagers showed up in the number of vistups. At Veres. In 1771, the plague riot was destroyed in Moscow, and the Moscow archbishop was driven in. Ambrosia (Zertis-Kamensky). In 1773, the Pugachov insurrection began to emerge. E. A. rozumіla the severity of the encampment of the population on the outskirts of the empire and called them E. І. Pugachova of the girnichozavodsky working "murmurs for justice." In several times we saw "admonishing" manifestos to ordinary participants in the insurrection, which was sent to the houses and amnesty was guaranteed. In order to tidy up the bullets directed by the punitive army, the commanders of those who were commanded by E.A. punished them not to waste the tortures when they were finished (the knowledge “out of passion” the bullets were sketched in 1774). Remains of bully razgromleni in 1775 r

The suppression of the rebellion E.A. reform. Bulo lіkvіdovano mіstsev kozatske samovryvannya in Ukraine and Don. As early as 1764, the ukr. hetmanate, in 1775 - Zaporizke vіysko, and for the Don vіyska civil administration was introduced. 7 nov. In 1775, the decree "Establish for the administration of the provinces" and the distribution of the lips. reform. The territory of the land was divided into the provinces (until the end of the rule of E.A. he had 50) to the number of governors who were sent to the Senate. The provinces were delayed on the occasion, provinces skasovuvalis. The reform made power in the places of power, allowing the lower administrative authorities to promptly react to the violation of the rule of law. In the provinces, there were orders from the community, there were schools, hospitals, dispensaries, almshouses, orphan, robotic and hammer houses. The punishments were made for the benefit of good deeds. A ship reform was carried out in 1775 r. This made it possible to pick up a large part of the information on the site. For usunennya conflikts, scho were identified as representatives of the rural camps, in the leather province, the general estate of the chamber of criminal and civil court was established. "Statute of the Deanery abo Police" (1 782) legal basis organization of the police.

21 April. 1785 the rock of the Bula saw "A letter of gratitude to the nobility", in which the right to the privilege of the nobility will be fixed: the monopoly right to the land, nadra and krypaks, zealous from the tributes, the recruitment of duty, the unbelievable In the provinces and counties began to rise to the heart of the nobility zbori. One hour I saw "Zhaluvana deed to the mists". It is also a matter of origin to occupy the material camp of the town dwellers for 6 rounds: “the help of the monsters” (the master of the unruly), the “men of the big men”, the landowners and the landowners, the merchants of the 3 dwellers The rights of the townspeople were changed, the foundations of samovryvannya were introduced: the zbori of the "Gradsky suspension", the home town council. The directors of the various documents for the first time in the history of Russia have been legally responsible for the establishment of a number of rights and regulations. Planned to open a similar document for the peasantry, the prototype of the idea was not implemented.

EA proteguvala to education, sciences, arts. With them, the systemic development of the squads began to grow. Illuminated, in 1764, the building of the noble family was opened, in 1764, a pledge for noblewomen at the St. Petersburg Smolny in honor of the Resurrection of the Lord Monastery. In 1765, during the pro-ve, there was a separate one for the "township girls". St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences has become one of the leading scientific bases in Europe, with an observatory, a physics room, an anatomical theater, a botanical garden, an instrumental maistern, a friend, a library, an archiv. In 1783, Dashkova chalked up the Academy of Sciences and the school in the same year Russian Academy, Yaka from 1789 to 1794 r vipuskala tlushy vocabulary Russian movi. In the lips. In the occasional places, there were heads and small folk schools, they took children of all countries, except for the children, the lessons were conducted under the typical state. programs and handcuffs. U 1786 r bouv of hardening "Statute public schools". In 1795, the boole was established in the Public Library in St. Petersburg.

O. I. Єlisєєva

religious policy

Ye. A. Bula was vikhovana by dad as a Lutheran and I didn’t go to school, I didn’t go to Orthodoxy. Aleksey was seriously ill in 1744, and the Lutherans were proponated. pastor, she yearned for support for Archimandrite. Simon (Todorskiy), who gave him popularity at the court. On the vidminu of Peter III, Ye. A. was magical to demonstrate his relevance. The Empress took care of the fasting and church rituals, and even allowed her to come for an hour of the Divine Service, sit in the choir, play solitaire or discuss it with the officials of the state. please. With a lot of z rokami, she learned all the more mystically meaning of her vibor. At the note "About the Signs" Vona wrote: "In 1744 rotsi on June 28 ... I accepted the Grekorossiysk Orthodox Law. In 1762, on June 28 ... I accepted the All-Russian throne ... On this day ... the Apostle will obey with the words: "I entrust you my sister Thebes, I am a servant."

In the XVIII century. In Russia, the idea of ​​secularization of church lands is popular, the idea of ​​the secularization of church lands was popular, and it was taken by EA Pislya to the parish before the rulership, and the image of the Church of the Church, Empress 12 Serpnya, is popular. In 1762, Peter III lived through secularization, and the dissatisfaction of the clergy was voiced. However, the idea itself was not seen, but a special committee was sent to solve the problem. secularization reforms and development of normative documents. At the falling leaves. 1762 by decree of Є. A. Bula is photographed by the Comisia about church mattresses on the choli of the Novgorod Metropolitan. Dimitriєm (Sechenovim), who is actually the secretary of state, G.N. Teplov. Inventories of monastic and archireyskys, which were carried out by the army officers, became the most important step in the preparation of the reforms. On May 12, 1763, the College of Economics was adopted by the Board of Economics, on which the requirements for the preparation and reform of church volodin and villagers were laid down.

26 Feb 1764 rots viyshov decree "About the podil of spiritual masters" with the manifesto "About the pedagogues of all archireysk and monastic villagers of the College of Economics" (PSZ. T. 16. No. 12060). That. secularization of church lands was legally formalized. All the masters of the Synod, archbishop's offices and mon-rays were transferred from the authority of the de-vie and were sent to the administration of the College of Economics, buvshi. monastic villagers became economical and began to pay quitrent to the treasury in the amount of 1 p. 50 k. With souls, mon-ryam boules are deprived of only small gardens, towns and pastures. The skarbnitsu passed 8.5 million dessiatins. land, approx. 2 million villagers (people and women) and more than 1.5 million rubles. small income. Immediately, the treasury was charged with the material of the archbishop's buddinks, monasteries and spiritual schools (in the sum they saw a deprivation of 188 thousand. R. Shchorichno). The parishes of the boules were divided into 3 classes: up to the 1st boule of the 3 parishes, up to the 2 nd - 8, up to the 3rd - 15. Also, the 3 dwellers were divided into 3 classes. According to the class, the sumi began for utrimannya, and in mon-ryakh - the number of Chents. Cholovik mon-r 1st class mav prav right schoorichno otrimuvati s execution 2017.5 p. і revenge up to 33 cents, 2nd class - 1311.9 rubles. і revenge up to 17 chol., mon-r of the 3rd class - 806.3 rubles. and events up to 12 chol. The pose of the boules was delivered to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, as well as the cathedral mon-ri: Oleksandro-Nevsky (after the Lavra), Volodymyr in honor of the Holy Mother of God, the New Town of St. The Transfiguration of the Lord, Chernigivsky Borisoglebsky and Miracles in honor of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael in Khonekh. Lavriv marked the beginning of the growth in the size of 10,070 rubles. in rіk (the sum of money was added to the donation for the rakhunok from the emp. yard). Reshta inhabited absent-minded (the stench of the bully was distributed in 1764 to the 3rd class in the absence of the number of cents and was numbered for donation and for the sale of young viruses, and also on the income of monastic gardens), in the cities in the parish church. 10 April. 1786 r secularized reform of the Bula was carried out on the territory of Kiev, Chernigiv and Novgorod-Siversky nominations on 26 April. 1788 r. - in Kharkiv, Katerinoslav, Kursk and Voronez namisnitstva, and in 1793-1795 r. - in the adjoining provinces of Lithuania, West. Bilorusia and Zap. Ukraine. All in all, as a result of the secularization of the state budget, 272 mon-ry were removed, 500 were canceled, the number of changes in speed was 2 times higher.

The reform set in motion a blow to the Church, and only a few individuals were protesting. Secularization was criticized by the Rostov Metropolitan. svsmch. Arseniy (Matseevich), in 1763 he was sentenced, deducted to the rank, and in 1767 he was killed by the black call and died in confusion; Tbilisi Metropolitan St. Pavlo (Konyuskevich), who were invited to the spokiy in 1768. When choosing candidates for the Archbishop's Department, E.

Ye.A. Platon (Levshin) і Novgorodsky and St. Petersburg Metropolitan. Gabriel (Petrov). Maybutniy Met. Plato vigolosiv in private prominence for the hour of seeing the Empress of the Trinity-Sergius Lavri in 1763 E. A. Bula was drowned and unbeknownst to recognize him as the lawmaker of the decline. book Pavel Petrovich. Vona approached the problems of reforming the spiritual and principal pledges. In 1762, the commune was set up for the development of the plan for the re-implementation of spiritual schools. The project of reform (1766), which transferred the distribution of the spiritual and primary pledges to the temples, middle and lower, to introduce new subjects, is also important. methods of creation. The project has not been implemented. For the preparation of the Vikladachiv, E.A. Mala Namir was able to see the theological faculty at the Moscow University, however, the idea did not go well either.

Protest the system of primary pledges developed. In the seminars, colossal educational disciplines have expanded, and the philosophical and theological classes have come to light. Russian yak mov vikladannya becoming vitisnyati latin. The leaders of Met. For Plato, the rivale of Victory in the Slovenian-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow and in the Troitsk Seminary has been growing. In 1788, on the basis of the Slovenian-Greek-Latin Seminary in Oleksandro-Nevsky Monastery, the Golovna Seminary was launched, poklikana gotuvati vicladachiv for spiritual schools.

Continuing the policy of Alizaveti Petrivna and Peter III, Ye. A. pushed to include the Old Believers in the formation of a community suspension. Until the post. 60s pp. XVIII Art. the center of the Old Believers was laid out: Pomor'ya, Starodub, Kerzhenets, Irgiz. Moscow became the main center in the whole period, de іnuvali great swarms of bіglopopovtsіv, as well as bespopovtsіv: fedosіїvtsіv, pomortsіv and fіlіppovtsіv. In addition, a few of the Old Believers have gone to Vєtsi in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1762, E. A. lost her mind to turn to Russia and settle in any kind of mission that she didn’t know anymore. In 1764 r on Gilka bouly sent a vіyska, more than 20 yew. Bespopovtsev were forcibly sent to settle down to Siberia. Ruynuvannya was conceived і ін. Old Believer centers, for example. Starodub. Obviously, Vlad's bigopopovtsy finished the course. The Biglopopovtsi were afraid 7 times to try to know the bishop, they turned to the Holy Synod, but they didn’t achieve anything. In 1788, the Old Believers were given a deyak of freedom, officially called "rozkolniki", skasovavsya sub-annual salary. The Old Believers were allowed to rob the community. In the 80-90s, pp. XVIII Art. in Starodub, on Irgiz, on Іnguli there was an expansion of єdinovirstvo yak a form of reconciliation from the Orthodox Church. To the church with the saved rituals of the elderly.

E. A. іnіtsіyuvala mass resettlement of foreign colonists (nasampere nіmtsіv) in the rural region of the country (Volga region, Ukraine, Crimea, Baltic). The number of Protestants (mainly Lutherans), as well as Catholics in Russia, has increased significantly. I was allowed to build schools, churches, and worship services. Dec 14. 1772 to the rock of the Bula, Catholic. The diocese in Mohilov, in the jurisdiction of which all Catholic was treated. paraphies and mon-ri lat. rite on the territory of the empire. Zberigalasya uniat. Parish in Polotsk. Watching the Catholics, the Justic-collegium of Livonia, Estland and Finnish references. Pops' bulls could not be populated in Russia without the hardened empress. In 1794, the second part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was sent to the Right-Bank Ukraine, the mass process of bringing uniatis to Orthodox Christianity began. Churches.

By the decree from the 17th day of 1773 (PSZ. V. 19. № 13996), EA voted the principle of tolerance, and the "inovirts" were transferred from the archives of the archives to the jurisdiction of the state administration. Especially meaningful is not enough for Muslims. population. Bulo is allowed to fence in the future of mosques, at which madrassas were built. Z 1783 r allowed to receive on to the service Tatars. Murz і "bureaucratic people" і assignment to їm official rank, which gave the ability to reject the nobility. However, for the rejection of the call of the premier-major, there is a need for a call to the empress. Under E.A., a decree was issued about those who are all Muslims, who showed themselves a kind of empire and nobility, were accustomed to the privileges of the nobility. Tsei decree, which was signed only by Paul I in 1797 r The active fate of the Bashkirs in the Pugachov insurrection was victorious over the control of these communities. In 1782, the Bashkir family was born. foremen bulo vilucheno court on other criminal and civil rights, transmissions of the lower rights, which were passed in parallel with the same rights, as they were engaged on the right rus. villagers. By decree from 22 veres. 1788 The rock in Ufa Bulo is established by the Muslims. Spiritually zbori on the chole of muftin, having become a mullah (krym mull of the Taurian Region, I West Guberniy) and after the Ufimskoy ministry, and after the office of the Orenburz governor. By decree from 23 Sichnya. 1794 to the Rock in Simferopoli Bulo the Muslim. Spiritual administration for the Taurian region. і zap. provinces on choli z mufієm. As a result of the mullah boulo, der. zmіst, svіtska adminіstratіya became vyrіshuvati nutrition about the sign of mullahs, and also argue і for the sake of it, wіdly fοr іdіgayut, іt wіth іtіdіd, іn thе council іn thе mullahs аn elders. Vona followed the Bashkir visons of the military service (prikordona service and the fate of the winners). As early as 1769, Vikladati of the Tatars came to the Kazan Gymnasium. mova and the basics of islam. Zahochuvalnoy policy on the introduction to Muslims. the culture of the Tatars is tied to the educational activity of S. Kh. Khalfin and yogo sina I. S. Khalfin, the 1st Drukovan Tatars were killed abetka (1778), Russian-Tatars. vocabulary (more than 20 thousand words) and ін. help. In 1787, in St. Petersburg, there was an Arab overlord. the text of the Koran with notes.

The principle of micro-tolerance has been extended to the Jews, the number of which has taken a significant increase in Russia as it grows in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. By decrees of one thousand seven hundred ninety-one and 1794 rubles. in the places of compact living of the Jews of Bula, a smog of osilosti was established, beyond the boundaries of which the stench could not live. The transition of the Jews to Christianity, recognizing all the intercourse.

The development of Siberia took over the expansion of Orthodoxy in the middle of the city. A whole village appeared on the land of the christening Buryats. On the Buryats and evens, the order was laid to carry out near-Cordon service, seizing the territory of the Mongols. haniv and taisha. At the same time, a widening of the Middle Buryats, especially the Transbaikal, Buddhism in the form of Lamaism took place. In 1771, a part of the Kalmiks was significant, they lived in the inter-Irish region of Yaika (Ural), the Volga and Don, on the Terek and they promoted lamaism, migrated to China, to the Astrakhan province. overflowed bl. 13 yew. Semey. Some of them (Ch. Obr. Z Pridonya) boules were attributed to the Cossack camp of the land of Vijska Donskoy, and a part of them step by step passed into Orthodoxy.

A. I. Komisarenko

Zovnishnya policy

On the ear of the tsar, Ye. A., a special keruval of callous policy, they do not transfer the control of it to those who are found among the Russian diplomats of that hour (for example, Panin, A. A. Bezborodko). A new zvnіshnіpolіtichny course, on the thought of EA, having glanced at the fact that Russia was guilty of the blame, followed vigorous interests, did not fall into the flood of do.-l. Europe. state-va.

Najazhchy food new policy lost Polish and Turkish. First, an hour before EA, the floor stood up. food, wikipedia about the interests of Russia, Prussia and Austria. Russia magalasia pidporodkuvati Rich Pospolit its own injected. EA pushed to the floor. the throne of his own appointee. In 1764 r, after the death of the cor. August III, in the instructions of the Russian. For diplomats in Warsaw, the Empress Vimagala received a contender for the crown, “The interests of the empire of Korisny, like bi, except for us, do not see any hope in reaching a mother’s life.” Having become such a human being a new floor. cor. Stanislav Ponyatovskiy, last one of the favorites of E.A. Winn was successful, so that the coronation of the Russian Empress came out for a new change, it didn’t become a protein. Russia together with Prussia fought for equal rights of dissidents of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Orthodox and Protestants) with the rights of Catholics. 13 Feb In 1768, the Warsaw Treaty was laid down between Russia and the Rich Pospolita, which transferred the equality of dissidents with Catholics, as well as the right of Russia to seize the interests of Orthodox Christians in the Rzeczpospolita. The Bars'ka Confederation - a Viyskiy union, which had voiced against the agreement, was opened at the end of the central market in the metro Bar (Podillya).

The problem of the view of the Ukrainian. i bilorus. lands from Russia Bula was revived by the path of razdiliv in 1772, 1793 and 1795 rr. The Commonwealth of Independent States, Russia, Prussia and Austria. Before Russian Empire left the Right Bank Ukraine, Bilorus and Lithuania. Characteristically, when E.A. was born, he was prompted to accept the title of Queen of Poland, by himself, when Russia turned the earth, when they entered the warehouse of the Old Town. The Empress grafted the nabutts with "Russian coliski", that is, Quiet lands, where Russia was born. At the birch tree in 1794, an insurrection began in Poland. T. Kostyushka, do-roy in the zhovtni. Bulo strangled gr. A. V. Suvorov.

Zagostrennya vіdnosin with the Krymsky Khanate and Turechchinoyu called up to 2 Russian-tour. vіyinam. EA adopted the rules about "the first to build" - the guilty ones will destroy the opponents of Russia; offended vіyni resigned from the attack of Turechchini, behind which stood the great Europe. Powers: a handful of France, but also Great Britain, Prussia and Switzerland, which did not bother Russia at all. The offense is over for Russia.

26 nov. 1769 r E.A. fell asleep with the order of St. George for the nominated generals and officers for their services, also wore the insignia of the order of the 1st degree. In the course of the Russian-tour. vіyni 1768-1774 rr. Russia started Turechchin a number of strikes, the spring in the middle of 1770 in the Chesme Sea battle (commander A.G. Orlov) and in lime in the battle of Cahul (commander P.A.Rumyantsev). Rus. Baltic Fleet with overflights in Seredzemne m. and practical tour. fleet. The occupation of the territory of the Danube principalities was allowed by the Russian. vіyskam nadati pіdtrimku visvolny ruku Balkan peoples against the Ottoman Empire. Signed in 1774 by the Kyuchyuk-Kaynardzhiysk peace treaty, Russia condemned the lands of Novorossiya (Sivshi. Pricornomor'ya), the mother's right Russian fleet on the Chornyi metro station, as well as becoming a Zahist Christian of the Ottoman Empire and the fallen forms of the Danube princes, the Krymske Khanate became naked as an independent. There was a wide range of possibilities for a small drying out on a weekday. Bulo was delivered to the head of the Krymska Khanate. From the grip of Russia, Khan Buv turned Shagin-Girey, and the Manifest from the 8th April. 1783 p Win became actively populated by colonists and transformed into a Vis'kovy outpost. In 1787 r E.A. with a number of mail from courtiers and foreign diplomats went up the road to Krimu to demonstrate the readiness of the country to go beyond Chorne m. 24 linnya 1783 r E.A. and vantage. Tsar Iraclius II laid down the Georgievsky treatise, according to the way Russia established a protectorate over the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, seizing it from Turechchina and Persia.

Russian tour. vіyna 1787-1791 rr., to-ruyu Russia led in the union with Austria, was marked by the great changes of the Russian. armies under the command of Suvorov, Potomkin, Rumyantsev and the fleet in choli with adm. right. Feodor Ushakov. Yassky svit, laying at the chest. 1791 r grafted to the consolidation of Russia on the banks of the Chorny m., The Kordoni empire reached the Dniester, and Turechchina viznannya Krimu to Russia. At the same time, a Russian-Swede was being conducted. vіyna 1788-1790 r. territory. Attacks of the Swedes in the bully and in the serpent. 1790 bouv of laying Verelsky light, which confirmed the territory of Russia. On the attached lands in Sivshi. Prichernomor in the 1770s and 80s. winikli novі mіsta: Odessa, Kherson, Mykolaiv, Sevastopol, Simferopol and ін.

In 1779, E.A. became the middleman between Prussia and Austria in the Bavarian recession and became the guarantor of Teshensky svit, which established the balance of power in Holy. Roman Empire. E.A., natkhnenna successes 70-80-ies, Mala namir ob'adnati Zusilla Evrop. powers for the spilnoy expelling of Turks from Europe, to bring the Vizantiysk empire and to establish the throne of his onuka on the eve. book Kostyantin Pavlovich. "The Greek project" E. A. discussed in the list of Austr. im. Yosip II, However, there were no specific crocs for the implementation of the project, since K. Win has been building insurance on the spilnas of St. Petersburg, London and Paris, which are not interesting.

Ye. A. did not allow herself to be drawn into the foreign interests of Russia conflcti. So, it’s an hour to blame for the independence of the Amer. Colonies (1775-1783) Great Britain got magalized by EA on its side and asked to send Russian overseas. expeditionary building. The Empress did not only formulate Great Britain at the time of the war, but in 1780 she issued a declaration about maritime neutrality. tsey act international law giving the opportunity to neutral powers to seize their ships in the zone of military action for additional security. Prior to the declaration, there was a large number of Europe. state-in, scho has surpassed Britain in factual isolation.

As a result of the new policy, conducted by E.A., the Russian Empire, spiraling towards the army and the navy, attaining the hostile successes, gained significant territory and rejected the great voice in the Western European right. Behind the words of Ye. A., Vona could have been singing, but without her, “in Europe, she could shoot the garmat”.

literary activity

E. A. Bula is funny. Vona wrote p'єsi (comedy "About the hour!" shodo Russian history"(1783-1787), the storehouse of the Life of St. Sergiy Radonezky.

The most inflow for the development of Russian. suspensions nadali її until in journalism. From 1769 r E.A. anonymously saw the train. "All sorts of things", in which in a meek form there were few people: frivolity, fancy, sacredness, horrendous family names and thoughtless copying of earthly sounds. With a lot of bulo, the rule is stated "do not call weaknesses vices". Behind the butt of "all sorts of things" came satirical magazines, but the lack of hospitality, the tone of the neobar ceased to satisfy the young galaxy of vidavts, "All sorts of things" were criticized. Zokrem, polemic with the journal V.I. Novikov, having seen "Truten", "Trotsky", "Painting" and in.

Z 50's Е. А. became autobiographical "Notes" and additional sketches before them. The stinks were not recognized for the wider public and they portrayed the early rock of the life of E.A. and cob period tsaruvannya. Vona led the majesty of leafing, including Ch. Z Voltaire, Dіdro, Stanislav Ponyatovskiy.

kinets tsaruvannya

In the rest of the rocky governing E.A., there were such podії, like the French Revolution of 1789 rock and carac. Louis XVI, which was brought to the rozcharuvannya E.A. in educational ideals. Beruchi's fate in the anti-French. coalition, won’t be seen from the idea of ​​fighting against the revolution by the intervention to France, vvazhayuchi, well to ruin the right of the French. monarchy and make the revolution more popular. In Russia, EA began to pursue a repressive policy. Especially її dissatisfaction was shouted by the Masons. Criticizing їkh, EA wrote polemic op. "The Tanemnytsia of the Anti-Blind Suspension", as well as the comedies "The Deceiver", "Deception" and "Shaman of Siberia". 3 ser. 80s pp. Freemasons became conceited pereslіduvan, having closed a number of lodges, behind the "vilnyi kamenyarami" there was an unspoken observation. The decree of 1787 r zaboronyaє to svitsky persons drukuvati books of the spiritual serpent, also having a lot of recourse against masons. With the pursuit of them, A.N. Radishchev buv zareshtovany in 1790 r sent to the svit book. "Increase from St. Petersburg to Moscow", convictions to death, replaced by those sent to Siberia. Novikov bulo completed "viprobuvati u viri" archiєp. Plato (Levshin). Unimportant for the first time, at Novikov's boules all the other friends were recognized, and in 1792 there were a number of failures and connections to the Shlisselburzkoy fortress.

The Empress was afraid of transferring the power of the fallout to Pavel Petrovich, who was a great neurologist. See information about those who E. A. wanted, but vlada passed to onuk, viv. book Oleksandr Pavlovich (later Imp. Oleksandr I), minayuchi Sina, and was preparing a document, but death changed the plan. Ye. A. asked him to be grateful in the closest one before the death of the mon-ri, or in the city's treasury, and to wear the mourning of the yakomog less. Vaughn Bula was captured on December 18. 1796 r The Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg, immediately there was a bully and the remains of Peter III.

O. I. Єlisєєva

Works: Works. SPb., 1901-1907. 12 t.; Op. M., 1990; Leaves to the chief prosecutors Svyat. Synod // RA. 1870. No. 4-5; IMP Notes. Katerini II. M., 1990; Life of St. Sergia: Іst. vipis // ZhMP. 1992. No. 10. S. 37-42.

Lit.: Project of the theologian. fact-that under Catherine II: 1773 r // BE. 1873. T. 6. No. 11. S. 300-317; Znamenskiy P.V. Churches in the Hour of Tsar Katerini II // PS. 1875. Part 1. S. 3-22, 99-143, 228-254, 392-418; Part 2. S. 3-44, 327-347; Part 3.S. 87-109, 354-411; Report Zusil E.M. Synod to the Katerininsky Committee about the creation of the new code // KhCh. 1876. Part 2. No. 9/10. S. 223-265; Chudetskiy P. Dosvid ist. a message about a number of Russian monasteries, which were crushed in the 18th and 19th centuries. K., 1877; Ikonnikov V.S. Hour of Katerini II. K., 1881-1882. 4 vip.; Semevsky V.I. Villagers for the king's empire. Katerini II. SPb., 1881-1901. 2 t.; Brickner A.G. The History of Katerini II. SPb., 1885.5 h. M., 1996.3 t.; Bilbasov V. A. History of Katerini II. SPb., 1890 1896. T. 1-2, 12; Arkhangelskiy A.S.Іmp. Katerina II in the history of Rus. lit-ri and education. Kaz., 1897; Lappo-Danilevsky A.S. Draw the internal policy of the IMP. Katerini II. SPb., 1898; Zav'yalov A.A. Pitannya about the church. t-shirts with ip. Catherine II. SPb., 1900; Klimov N.F. Churches and clergy in the royal empire. Katerini II. SPb., 1902; A. Milovidov Pedagogical look emp. Katerini II and injected into the reform of the spiritual school. Vilna, 1905; Petrov N.I. Kyivska Acad. for Tsar Katerini II // TKDA. 1906. No. 7. S. 453-494; No. 8/9. S. 582-609; No. 11. S. 245-297; Pokrovsky І. M. Katerininska komis_ya about the folding of the new arrangement and the church. food in niy. Kaz., 1910; Pokrovsky V. І. Catherine II: Life and create. M., 1910; Chechulin N. D. Catherine II in the fight for the throne: (For the new material of the lamas). L., 1924; Tarle E. V. Catherine II and Diplomacy. M., 1945.2 hours; Madariaga de I. Russia in the Age of Catherine the great... L., 1981 (Russian translation: Madariaga I. Russia in the era of Katerini the Great. M., 2002); Alexander J. T. Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Oxf .; N. Y. 1989; Kamenskiy A.B. Katerina the Great // ВІ. 1989. No. 3. S. 62-89; win the same. "Go to the zahist Katerini ...": 2nd floor. XVIII Art. SPb., 1992; Komisarenko A.I. Rus. absolutism and clergy in the 18th century: Narisi history of secularization reforms 1764 r M., 1990; Omelchenko O. A. “Monarchy is legal” by Katerini II: Consecration of absolutism in Russia. M., 1993; Old Believers in Russia: (XVII-XVIII centuries): Zb. scientific. tr. M., 1994; Katerina Velika: Epoha pic. History: Міжнар. conf. Abstracts. add. SPb., 1996; Anisimov Є. V. Women on pic. thrones. SPb., 1998; Pavlenko N. І. Katherine the Great. M., 2000., 2006. (ZhZL); Catherine II: Annot. bibliography publication / Order. І. V. Babich, M. V. Babich, T. A. Laptava. M., 2004; Sereda N. V. Management reform of Katerini the Great. M., 2004; Bessarabova N.V. The road to Katerini II in Russia. M., 2005; Catherine II: Pro et contra. SPb., 2006; O. lisєєva І. Potomkin. M., 2006. (ZhZL).

In the history of the church under Katherine II, two flagship events were introduced - the secularization of the clergy's volition and the outburst of tolerance, in order to refer to the policy of violent Christianization and the transfer of those of different faith.

When she came to the throne, Kateryna gave an obedience not to swing at the volodinnya of the church. Tse buv tactful croc of the Empress, insurance for the pacification of the clergy, if not explicitly, it was coveted better by the manifesto of Peter III. Yak tilki Kateryna saw the lack of clergy earnestly fix the secularization plans, she opened the comic of the Holy and Spiritual people, as the message was given about the share of church land. Vona navit prepared an emotively vicious promulgation in front of the members of the Synod, ending with the words: "Do not bother turning my crown on those who have been vicious from her in an unprecedented manner." The need for pathetic movement was seen, the synodalists showed submission and hearing. By the name of the Apostle, who has taken the trouble to openly raise the voice of anti-secularization, the former Metropolitan of Rostov Arseniy Matseevich.

Zirvati secularized plans of the Empress Arseniy not at once, and the price is great. First, if Kateryna gave punishment to the rebel, then the share of the action is small, better for everything, especially for the special reason - no fortune. The unrestrained Arseniy (yakim win and paid) allowing himself to be quick and unattractive about the Empress and Tsei vidguk appeared in the vidomy.

Realization of Manifest on 26 February 1764 "About the secularization of church volodin" is a small heritage. The Manifest was left out of the vikovy superperechka about the share of church estates for the saint's power. Establishments of the pіvtora-ruble obrok from the colish monastic villagers (they were called "economical"), having secured a proper storehouse in the 1764-1768 rr. 1 million 366 thousand rubles for a small quitrent, for which only a third was admitted to monasteries and churches, 250 thousand rubles. We were confronted with hospitals and bogadіlny, and a penny (ponad 644 thousand rubles.) The budget of the state was changed. In the 1780s, the quitrent sum consumed 3 million rubles, and at the same time the state's incomes - 4 million, three of which were lost to the clergy for the deprivation of pivmilyon, and 7/8 of the income went to the state.

Vidteper kozhen monastir mav hardened by the district of the states of Chents and "pochatkovyh" individuals, the sum was strictly imposed on those who were admitted. The clergy, in such a rank, appeared in the growing abandonment of the state, both in the economic, and in the administrative one, to be raised to the rank of officials in the robes.

The largest legacy of secularization was the polishing of the camp of the colish monastic villagers. The robot for the monastic pan-school was replaced by a penny rent, which in the menshy world interfered with the state-sponsored activity of the villagers. The economic peasants of the Crimea earlier, the plots that had been plowed by them, turned into a part of the monastic lands in the koristuvannya. Nareshty stinks were caused by patrimonial jurisdiction - the court of the monastic authorities, Katuvan and ін.

According to the ideas of Education, Kateryna understood the attitude to those of other believers in the policy of tolerance. So, as if at the time of the godly Alizaveta Peter, the Old Believers prodovzhuvati in the sub-basement a pillow of tax, they were afraid to try to turn them into the bosom of the true Orthodoxy, they saw in the church, in the distance there were such For example, outside the borders of the country, then Peter III allowed the Old Believers to do divine services, and the tolerance of Katherine II was spread far away - in 1763 she sent the Rozkolnitskys' office, set up in 1725 for the collection of subordinates, the poll tax. At the same time, from 1764 Old Believers have been ringing out of the subordinate per capita tax since 1764, but they didn’t cuddle "the mysteries of the church from the Orthodox priests." Tolerantly, the position of the Old Believers to the Old Believers received the economic prosperity of the Old Believers' centers near Starodubi (Nini Bryansk region), Kerzhents (Nini Nizhegorodskaya oblast). Moscow merchants-Old Believers on the ear of the 70s of the 18th century they opened Rogozhsky and Preobrazhensky communities - organizing, as volodya great capitals and step-by-step ordering their inflow of Old Believers communities on the outskirts of Russia.

The property of the Empress appeared in the reference to the rights of Muslims. So, those of them, who accepted Orthodoxy, gave more overvag when the power declined. Tatars Kateryna allowed the construction of mosques and madrassas, as the kadri of the Muslim clergy were trained.

VISNOVOK

From the middle of the XVII century. the stavo-representative monarchy grew into an absolute one, which imagines the entry of feudalism into a new stage of its own development - into the era of transitional feudalism. The class subdivision of the suspension is formed in the form of a camp. The standard way of nabuva rice is closedness, conservatism. The form of rule under absolutism is to be considered, in principle, the kolishnya is monarchical, but the change in attributes changes. Vlada the monarch becomes unbound, the emperor can’t get rid of it, both in the call, and in the inner spheres.

For the formation of absolutism, the role of the reforms of Peter I is important. In the first place, it is necessary to see the status of reforms only because the stink of the global scale and the status of the countries have become.

The nobility became a new ruin. Between him and the boyars bully rubbed, and as a result of the reforms, the offense of the class was denied the patrimony of the matki. Petro pushed to destroy all state services and to change the order of the decline. I have seen the Decree "On the Single Disintegration", so that now the land has been settled for only one sin (at the same time, the right to sell non-dexterity, etc.), and did not discard the decline of nothing, did not abandon the rest of the country to serve in the sovereign's service (though in 30-tі rocky іd іdinospadkuvannya vіdmovilsya).

In 1722, the rotsi bullet issued the "Table of Ranks", which began the order of service and, in fact, the hierarchy of the suspension as a whole. The significance of this document is not only in the whole - the report card allowed people from the lower ranks to serve the nobility. For example, at the service of Vіyskovі, having reached the lower rank of officer Lyudin, automatically eliminating the special nobility, albeit without land, and having reached the 6th rank - waning, altogether without affecting the earth. In such a rank, in the whole period of growth between the nobility and the boyars, I grow up.

The clergy will become a part of the sovereign apparatus, we will accept and supervise their interests. Peter I opening the door The Great Synod.

Miske's stan may have changed, ale it was not bulo edinim, but was drifted to the guild. Boules of the town halls and of the organisms of the self-assembly.

The social characteristics of the peasantry have changed. A large part of the peasants became fallow among the nobles, and the villagers were now called the sovereign peasants, and the palace peasants were deprived of them. For three hours I met peasants and serfs, whom the Reform of Peter I "About the capitation tax" received from Peter I, as it may not have intervened.

Changes have been made in the structures and activities of state governing bodies. Russia became the empire in 1721, and Peter I became the Emperor. Buv the law, in which it spoke about the impermanence and not controllability of the imperial power. The order of settling down to the throne is so self-enclosed by law, as it is witty, that the Emperor would have lost the possession to someone who is willing to go to his own investigation and without being obsessed.

For Peter I, the Boyarska Duma ceased to go, but there was no need for a pre-revolutionary body, that the number of won bulls was replaced by the Council of Ministers, and as a legacy in 1711 - by the Senate. The Senate of the building of Peter the Great for the hour on the way into the disappearance of the organ, replacing him for the hour on the day, and even if it became dignified. The Senate has become the organ of Volodya's do-gooder, viconious and judiciary newcomers, and it is easy to act as a law and order to become a visitor, although the tsar is still very easy to skassuvati.

U 1717-1719 rr. in galuzevom management on the change of the ordering system and management to come collegial. The colleagues of Mali are not only administrative, but rather a court ruler. On a number of colleagues, having replaced the president, ale vin would be more heady and not more. On the basis of instructions from the Mali collegium, there is a regulation on the structure. A collection of colleges is close to 10 and from the bottom there are three navazhlivshih - vijskov, vyskovo-morska and zakordonnyh refs. Representatives of these three colleges went to the Senate to see if representatives of all the boules were in their warehouse.

For Peter I in 1708, the provinces were organized, which changed the order in Russia into territorial and administrative units. Provinces bully were distributed in provinces (in which they were ruled by the governors), and those in their own house in the world.

People are judged and judged from them - overwhelming, as they were in the skin. Moreover, in some places the magistrates became more and more judged, and dey didn’t. Petro opened the system of military and marine vessels. Prosecutor's office will be organized, as it happened. In 1722, he was given the rank of Prosecutor General, and then he was sent (in 1711 he was sent to the office of the local observer). The prosecutor’s office had a chance to see the body of the gazebo, besides, the Prosecutor General looked at the Senate. I am the advocacy.

At the same time, Peter I took over the magic of the process. Qiu tried to win, having seen in 1697 the decree about the transfer of all the righteous statements (so that there were no confrontations with the certificates, etc.), but in reality it didn’t get too far. In 1715, a part of the maybutny vіyskogo statute was called "A short image of the process" In 1723, another decree was adopted, "On the Formi of the Court", in which the order of keeping information on private applications was issued.

The development of law in the period is characterized by the development of sovereign and administrative law yak galuzy. Bully introduced regulations. At the same time, in civil law, no significant damage can be seen. The criminal law has a codification in the field of criminal law. Vidano "Vіyskovі artikli".

The period of "sanctified to absolutism" and the 34th reign of Katherine II, the zokrem, have deprived the yaskraviy track in the history of Russia. Falling into the eyes of the uncommonness of the specialness of the empress, the kind of power of the sovereign and the magnitude of her speedy. Yaksho Petro the Great established himself on the shores of the Baltic, Katerina Velika - on the shores of the Black Sea, having set up a cordon for the day and turned on Krimskiy pvostriv to the Imperia warehouse. Just enough, the site was filled with the name of Katerini II. Under Katherine of the high rivnya, the widening of education became widespread, the first journals began to appear, writers appeared, whose work sounds relevant in our days, great achievements have reached historical science. Katerina was informed by her patronage: "I still love being busy and know how, if only people are happy, if they are busy." At the same time she wrote: “I love nature and nature more, and more fun for the flock”. To get a glance at the order of the day of the Empress, you will turn over, like, for an hour or so, I have assigned the government to the right. Kateryna energіyno and gradually legislate, її ї ї ї ї ї there is such navazhіvіshі acti tsaruvannya, such as "Order" of the Commission's reports, Establish about the provinces, Complaints of letters to the nobility and localities, and a lot of them. Ale Kateryna did not store only decrees, instructions and instructions. Vona was overshadowed by a colossal epistolary decline. For її zіznannya їy bulo absolutely inaccessible vіrshuvannya, won’t wondered the music, ale more willingly put p'usi, vaudeville.

The Ideas of the Pomeranian educators were raised not only by the Empress. The deyakі Russian grandees stood up to the especialists of the school with the French educators and were, like Katerina, in the list with them.

The French revolution won over the land of Zagravan with the ideas of Education, like Katerina herself, and so її ї ї. The storming of the Bastille, the triumphant views about the bedroom of the noble castles and feudal letters were given to the Russian noblemen of the Selyanskoy Vinyi in Russia. Orders were falling, for example, as the favorite of Katerini, Platon Zubov, wrote, “it’s filled with spoky, singing and prosperity”. A new era was approaching - the era of the deployment of capital and new development of capitalist news.

FOOD FOR SELF-CONTROL

1. The main changes in the formation of an absolute monarchy in Russia. The main features of the Russian absolutism.

2. Development of the state system in the first half of the XVIII century.

3. State reforms of the first quarter of the 18th century.

4. Beginning of the reforms of Peter I. Legal status of the nobility. Table about ranks.

5. Give a short description of the social and political harmony of Russia in the 2nd half of the XVIII century.

6. Scho to yours means viraz: "Consecration" absolutism as a special political regime.

7. "Order" by Katerini II. Commissia of 1767 was deposited

8. Who was the main principle of the Provincial reform of 1775

9. Significance of the church policy of Katerini II for the further development of the Russian administration.

literature

1. Article Viyskiy // Reader from the history of power and law / Order. Yu.P. Titov. M., 1997.
2. Bakaev Yu.N. History of sovereign and ecclesiastical denominations in Russia. Khabarovsk, 1994.
3. Demidova N.F. Serving bureaucracy in Russia in the 17th century. і її role in the formulation of absolutism. M., 1987.
4. Fimov S.V. Petrovsky re-creation and Russian suspension in the first half of the 18th century // History of Russia: people and vlada. SPB., 1997 ..

5. History of the vital state and law: Pidruchnik. Part 1 / Ed. O.I. Chistyakov. 3rd ed., Partitions. і add. M. MSU. 2007.

6. Certificate for the rights, liberties and reigns of the noble Russian nobility //

7. Reader from the history of power and law / Order. Yu.P. Titov. M., 1997.

8. Moiseev V.V. History of the sovereign government of Russia. M., 2010 rock.

Talion LAW (in Latin Talio, born P. Talionis - payment, equal to the strength of the grain) - the principle of punishment, which is formed in the family suspension. Frying in a wine zapodiyannі such a shkodi, like applying їm ("an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth").

Fragment of statti z v. 18 "Orthodox encyclopedia". Moscow, 2008

E. A. Bula was vikhovani by her father in strict Lutheranism and dovgo ko-Leba, persh not go to Orthodoxy. Aleksei in 1744, E.A. vazhki-lo fell ill and was proponated by the dictator. pastor, she yearned for support for Archimandrite. Simon (Todorskiy), who gave him popularity at the court. On the vidminu of Peter III, Ye. A. was magical to demonstrate his relevance. The empire took the post and church rituals, even allowed them for an hour of liturgy, sitting in the choirs, playing solitaire-Yans or discussing with the officials of the state. please. With a lot of z rokami, she learned all the more mystically meaning of her vibor. At the note “About the Signs,” Vona wrote: “At 1744 June 28 ... I accepted the Grekorossiysk Orthodox Law. In 1762, on June 28 ... I accepted the All-Russian throne ... On this day ... the Apostle will obey with the words: "I entrust you my sister Thebes, I am a servant."

In the XVIII century. In Russia, the idea of ​​secularization of church lands is popular, the idea of ​​the secularization of church lands was popular, and it was taken by EA Pislya to the parish before the rulership, and the image of the Church of the Church, Empress 12 Serpnya, is popular. In 1762, Peter III lived through secularization, and the dissatisfaction of the clergy was voiced. However, the idea itself was not seen, but a special committee was sent to solve the problem. secularization reforms and development of normative documents. At the falling leaves. 1762 by decree of Є. A. Bula is photographed by the Comisia about church mattresses on the choli of the Novgorod Metropolitan. Dimitriem (Sechenovim), to-ry actually keruvav State Secretary G.N. Teplov. Inventories of monastic and archireyskiy matkіv, which were carried out by army officers, became the most important step in the preparation of the reforms. On May 12, 1763, the College of Economics was adopted by the Board of Economics, on which the requirements for the preparation and reform of church volodin and villagers were laid down.

26 Feb 1764 rots viyshov decree "About the podil of spiritual masters" with the manifesto "About the pedagogues of all archireysk and monastic villagers of the College of Economics" (PSZ. T. 16. No. 12060). That. secularization of church lands was legally formalized. All the masters of the Synod, archbishop's offices and mon-rays were transferred from the authority of the de-vie and were sent to the administration of the College of Economics, buvshi. monastic villagers began to call themselves "economical" and began to pay dues to the treasury in the amount of 1 p. 50 k. With souls, mon-ryam boules are deprived of only small gardens, towns and pastures. The skarbnitsu passed 8.5 million dessiatins. land, approx. 2 million villagers (people and women) and more than 1.5 million rubles. small income. Immediately, the treasury was charged with the material of the archbishop's buddinks, monasteries and spiritual schools (in the sum of 188 thousand rubles. R. Shchorichno). The parishes of the boules were divided into 3 classes: up to the 1st boule of the 3 parishes, up to the 2 nd - 8, up to the 3rd - 15. Also, the 3 dwellers were divided into 3 classes. According to the class, the sumi began for utrimannya, and in mon-ryakh - the number of Chents. Cholovik. mon-r of the 1st class mav pravo schoorichno otrimuvati from the execution 2017.5 p. і revenge up to 33 cents, mon-r of the 2nd class - 1311.9 rubles. і revenge up to 17 chol., 3rd class - 806.3 rubles. and events up to 12 chol. Pose rozryadiv boules delivered Trinity-Sergiyev Lavra, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, as well as cathedral mon-ri: Oleksandro-Nevsky (after the Lavra), Volodymyrsky in honor of the Rizdva Presv. Theotokos, Іpatіїvskiy in іm'ya St. Tіytsі, Novgorod-Siverskiy in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord, Chernigivsky Borisoglebsky i Miracles in honor of the Miracle of arch. Michael in Honeh... Lavriv was recognized as the beginning of the growth in the size of 10070 r. in rіk (the sum of money was added to the donation for the rakhunok from the emp. yard). Reshta of the inhabited was not ordinary (the smell was probably distributed in 1764 to the 3rd class in the number of churches and was given for donation and for the sale of young virobates), or if it was lost, it was attributed to the churches that had grown up. 10 April. 1786 r secularized reform of the Bula was carried out on the territory of Kiev, Chernigiv and Novgorod-Siversky nominations on 26 April. 1788 r. - in Kharkiv, Katerinoslav, Kursk and Voronez namisnitstva, and in 1793-1795 r. - in the adjoining provinces of Lithuania, West. Bilorusia and Zap. Ukraine. As a result of secularization, 272 monitors were rejected, 500 monitors were canceled;

The reform gave a blow to the Church, but the protest of the clergy became weak. With the selection of candidates for the Archbishop's Department, E.A. Secularization was criticized by the Rostov Metropolitan. svsmch. Arseniy (Matseevich), in 1763 he was sentenced, deducted to the dignity, and in 1767, he was deceived and died in connection; Tbilisi Metropolitan St. Pavlo (Konyuskevich), spokiy in 1768 p

Elena A. came to respect the problems of reforming the spiritual and principal pledges. In 1762, the commune was set up for the development of the plan for the re-implementation of spiritual schools. The project of reform (1766), which transferred the distribution of the spiritual and primary pledges to the temples, middle and lower, to introduce new subjects, is also important. methods of creation. The project has not been implemented. For the preparation of the Vikladachiv, E.A. Mala Namir was able to see the theological faculty at the Moscow University, however, the idea did not go well either.

Continuing the policy of Alizaveti Petrivna and Peter III, Ye. A. pushed to include the Old Believers in the formation of a community suspension. Until the post. 60s pp. XVIII Art. the center of the Old Believers was laid out: Pomor'ya, Starodub, Kerzhenets, Irgiz. Moscow became the main center in the whole period, de іnuvali great swarms of bіglopopovtsіv, as well as bespopovtsіv: fedosіїvtsіv, pomortsіv and fіlіppovtsіv. In addition, a few of the Old Believers have gone to Vєtsi in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1762, E. A. lost her mind to turn to Russia and settle in any kind of mission that she didn’t know anymore. In 1764 r on Gilka bouly sent a vіyska, more than 20 yew. Bespopovtsev were forcibly sent to settle down to Siberia. Ruynuvannya was conceived і ін. Old Believer centers, for example. Starodub. Obviously, Vlad's bigopopovtsy finished the course. The Biglopopovtsi were afraid 7 times to try to know the bishop, they turned to the Holy Synod, but they didn’t achieve anything. In 1788, the Old Believers were given a nek-ry of freedom, officially called "rozkolniki", skasovavsya sub-annual salary. The Old Believers were allowed to rob the community. In the 80-90s, pp. XVIII Art. in Starodub, on Irgiz, on Іnguli nabulo widening unity yak is the form of reconciliation from the Orthodox Church. To the church with the saved rituals of the elderly.

E. A. іnіtsіyuvala mass resettlement of foreign colonists (nasampere nіmtsіv) in the rural region of the country (Volga region, Ukraine, Crimea, Baltic). The number of Protestants (mainly Lutherans), as well as Catholics in Russia, has increased significantly. I was allowed to build schools, churches, and worship services. Dec 14. 1772 to the rock of the Bula, Catholic. The diocese in Mogilov, in the jurisdiction of the to-ri, was consumed by all Catholic. paraphies and mon-ri lat. rite on the territory of the empire. Zberigalasya uniat. Parish in Polotsk. Watching the Catholics, the Justic-collegium of Livonia, Estland and Finnish references. Pops' bulls could not be populated in Russia without the hardened empress. Since 1794, the Masovian process of bringing the uniats to Orthodoxy began. Churches.

By the decree from the 17th day of 1773 (PSZ. V. 19. № 13996), EA voted the principle of tolerance, and the "inovirts" were transferred from the archives of the archives to the jurisdiction of the state administration. Especially meaningful is not enough for Muslims. population. Bulo is allowed to fence in the future of mosques, at which madrassas were built. In 1783 he was allowed to enter the service of the Tatars. Murz і "bureaucratic people" і assignment to їm official rank, which gave the ability to reject the nobility. However, for the rejection of the call of the premier-major, there is a need for a call to the empress. Under E.A., a decree was issued about those who are all Muslims, who showed themselves a kind of empire and nobility, were accustomed to the privileges of the nobility. Tsei decree, which was signed by Pavel I in 1797 r The active fate of the Bashkirs in the Pugachov insurrection was victorious over the control over these communities. In 1782, the Bashkir family was born. foremen bulo vilucheno court on other criminal and civil rights, transmissions of the lower rights, which were passed in parallel with the same rights, as they were engaged on the right rus. villagers. By decree from 22 veres. 1788 The rock in Ufa Bulo is established by the Muslims. Spiritually zbori on the chole of muftin, having become a mullah (krym mull of the Taurian Region, I West Guberniy) and after the Ufimskoy ministry, and after the office of the Orenburz governor. By decree from 23 Sichnya. 1794 to the Rock in Simferopoli Bulo the Muslim. Spiritual administration for the Taurian region. і zap. provinces on choli z mufієm. As a result of the mullah boulo, der. zmіst, svіtska adminіstratіya became vyrіshuvati nutrition about the sign of mullahs, and also argue і for the sake of it, wіdly fοr іdіgayut, іt wіth іtіdіd, іn thе council іn thе mullahs аn elders. Vona followed the Bashkir visons of the military service (prikordona service and the fate of the winners). As early as 1769, Vikladati of the Tatars came to the Kazan Gymnasium. mova and the basics of islam. Zahochuvalnoy policy on the introduction to Muslims. the culture of the Tatars is tied to the educational activity of S. Kh. Khalfin and yogo sina I. S. Khalfin, the 1st Drukovan Tatars were killed abetka (1778), Russian-Tatars. vocabulary (more than 20 thousand words) and ін. help. In 1787, in St. Petersburg, there was an Arab overlord. the text of the Koran with notes.

The principle of micro-tolerance has been extended to the Jews, the number of which has taken a significant increase in Russia as it grows in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. By decrees of one thousand seven hundred ninety-one and 1794 rubles. in the places of compact living of the Jews of Bula, a smog of osilosti was established, beyond the boundaries of which the stench could not live. The transition of the Jews to Christianity, recognizing all the intercourse.

The development of Siberia took over the expansion of Orthodoxy in the middle of the city. A whole village appeared on the land of the christening Buryats. On the Buryats and evens, the order was laid to carry out near-Cordon service, seizing the territory of the Mongols. haniv and taisha. At the same time, a widening of the Middle Buryats, especially the Transbaikal, Buddhism in the form of Lamaism took place. In 1771, a part of the Kalmiks was significant, they lived in the inter-Irish region of Yaika (Ural), the Volga and Don, on the Terek and they promoted lamaism, migrated to China, to the Astrakhan province. overflowed bl. 13 yew. Semey. Some of them (Ch. Obr. Z in Pridonya) boules were assigned to the Cossack camp of the land of Vijska Don and moved to Orthodoxy.

A. I. Komisarenko

The statti provides a characteristic of the political policy of Katerini II. Proanalіzovano robot sekulyarizatsіynih komіsії 1764 p zmіni pіdboru kandidatіv on vischі tserkovnі Posada, sproba The Teaching Reform of spirituality zakladіv, representation before rіznih konfesіynih group in rіznih regіonah іmperіі.Klyuchevie words: relіgіyna polіtika, sekulyarizatsіya, clergy, pravoslavіe.Razvіtіe rosіyskoї derzhavnostі of kіntsya XV to kіnets XVII Art. suprovodzhuvalosya to the power of the autocratic ear and the application of the political meaning of the camp-feudal groups. Itself is so awful until middle XVIII v. - in the absence of the residual root of the absolutist system of power land power the Orthodox clergy, which is based on the secularization course of the order of Russia. Carrying out secularization, the sovereign vlada completed the trivial struggle with the clergy for political hegemony, eliminating their claims to the vlady function. Under the current ruling regime, having pushed back the tension of the confrontations, they became a permanent factor in the social and political country of the country in the 17th century, as well as in the 18th centuries. -Cerbska, the bully was given up to the Protestantism of the Lutheran straightforward of the child. Requested in Russia by the Empress Alizaveta Petrivna in her name, and because of the retinue of the Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich (the Maybut Emperor Peter III), in 1744, she was baptized by Duke Olexa for the Orthodox rite and became the Grand Duke Katharine. Vona shrewdly insightful the meaning of Orthodoxy for the Russian people and, at the sight of the cholovik, she demonstrated her piety, she was vikhovana on the ideas of rationalism of educational philosophy, she was not a believer in Orthodoxy. Protest, Katerina rose the meaning of the church for the sovereign power and management and strictly vikonuvala the religious rituals. put a part of the revenues of the spiritual rulers under the control of the state, the monastic and archbishop's administration, speeding up the weakness of the supreme power under the Petrovsk offensives and wiping in the middle of the middle-class landowners, 40 XVIII Art. may I increase my renewal. "". ".ppo © Komisarenko A.I., Chekunova A.E., 2008 In 1757, a new step was instructed by the ministers of the state and the church, viclikanii at the Persh of Chergu, who were not safe for the absolutism of the development of social protest of the peasantry in the spiritual patrimony. "Monastic servants", the establishment of a "regular servant" of monasteries, monastic and archpriest villagers in tribute from the helpers. The most important principles were formed before the end of 1761 until the end of 1761, the fate and the secularization decrees of Peter III (lutiy 1762) were known. At the same time, take the orders until they are issued, and enter the boules of the scale and not to the point of being thought out. Zapanuvala on the Russian throne 28 chervnya 1762 Kateryna II, do not feel the love of themselves on the heights of the power and do not bother with the saints of the sisters of the Orthodox Church, and also praise the churches of the churches of the unbelievable roses Cholovika - Peter III, won 12 serpnya 1762 signed a decree about the transfer of all estates of the clergy, turning, in such a rank, in favor of the absolute powers and clergy until 1757. They showed a new series, there will not be a new turn until recently. The tactics were deprived, so that the meta became unconscious, and in the time of the Elizaveta of Peter the Great, and Peter III, wondered more understanding of the character as the Emperor Catherine II herself, and so on. At the same time, in 1762, the new volodarka handed over to Prince Ya.P. Shakhovsky's order of<.. .>and monastic estates. " Teplov and Metropolitan of Novgorod D. Sechenov, actively fought a worm coup. At the paperwork of G.N. Teplova was saved by a great collection new materials , They are involved in the preparation and secularization of spiritual volodin. G.N. Teplov, in the order he wrote in 1769, looking at the order for the cob period of the new rule, having entered the new rule until the reform of the 27 leaf fall 1762 r Comisia about spiritual (church) volodinnyakh. The members of the Committee were: the clergy - the Novgorod Metropolitan Dmitro (Suchenov), the St. Petersburg Archbishop Gavril, the Pereyaslavl Bishop Sylvester, from the Holy Power - Senator Count I. Vorontsov, prince B. Kurakin, prince S. Gagarin, chief prosecutor of the Synod, prince A. Kozlovsky and state radnik G.M. Teplov, which is actually її and ocholyuv. Control over the state's life in the estates was pledged according to the instructions given on the 29th leaf fall in 1762, on the "feasible ob'yeschikov or ob'yzhdzhayu ekonomiv". Tim himself at the church volodinnyah introduced a regime of uryadovy look and opyka. Stvoryuyuchi Komіsіyu about duhovnі maєtkah i nakreslivshi її dіyalnostі plan absolyutistska Uryadov not ogoloshuyuchi vіdkrito about svoї namіri spend viluchennya tserkovnoї zemelnoї vlasnostі i villagers spirituality land stverdzhuvalo solid Bazhannya pіdporyadkuvati svoєmu enough about all ekonomіchne Zhittya Church monastirskoї village i sotsіalnu polіtiku spirituality feudal zemlevlasnikіv. Immediately on the verdict of the Communist Party, it was engaged in a joke of entering on the western side of the social world in the spiritual fiefdoms. Until the end of 1763, the Communist Party, in its own order of the clergy of the town of the city of the city of the clergy in 42 estates of 5 archbishops and 23 monasteries; ... Teplova 12 May 1763 r The collection of economics, ordered in the direction of the other central bodies of the Empire, not to the Senate, but directly to the Empress herself, which especially took the significance of this direct course. Quite on the point, right the oversight pledge zrobiv chimalo zusil schodo nagodzhennya I will describe the state’s pobut in spiritual volodinnya. By the end of 1764, the Collegium had over 1,500 reports - "official descriptions", which in the collegiate one the collegiate student of the collegiate radar Andreyan Pozdnyakov was involved in. In 1763, a conflict between the Colleges of the Economy and the Moscow Synodal Office, as a result of the nepotism of the synodal authorities, gave me more information about my rent. React to the skarga with the drive of Prince B. Kurakin - President of the College and M. Dmіtriyeva-Mamonov, served 31 linden 1763 r Emperatress 9 serpnya 1763 threw a sharp dogan to the Krutitsky Metropolitan, the head of the Moscow Synodal Office Ambrose, who was<...>it is the strength of our decrees<...>with colleagues<...>the weather will be so jealous and diligent. " To support the ambitions of the Moscow church leadership on the 8th day of 1764, the office of the Collegiate of Economy on Choly with Chikhachev's state radar was established by the imperial decree of the Bula. Zusillami kolezkie officials in the state treasury in 1763 - a cob 1 764 pp. Bulo was taken from the spiritual lands 612677 rubles. 20 kopecks from ochіkuvanih 940 758 rubles, or 65.12%. The collegium of economy, with the obvious, and often accustomed, prototype of the clergy could not be an effective instrument in the hands of the absolutist state in the right for pennies (feudal rent) while preserving the great legal status of spiritual lands. An important role in the whole picture of the writings of G.N. We heat the document - "A thought about monastic villages", representations to him of Katherine II and her confessions. The lack of safety in the state of spiritual land power was formulated by the author by the offensive rank:<...> behind the monasteries, the archbishop's booths .., did not bring the state any additional help .., all the more it would have served until it was tight, it would have served you as much as it did. ” "Dumka" was a retaliatory preparation project for the secularization of spiritual powers (from political, social, financial, administrative sides). In numerical supplements to the document (letters Z, F, I, I, K, L, M, N), the principle of hiding a large part of monasteries and states was not grounded in the idea of ​​being given to the Synod. The main idea of ​​the project was laid on the basis of the secularization of the spiritual land power carried out according to the Manifesto of the 26th of 1764. The church (monastic and archpriest) lands and villagers were transferred from the power of the state and were transferred to the administration of the College of Economy. We have transferred 8.5 million dess. earth, ponad 910 souls m. і more than 5 million rubles. small income. The monasteries of the monasteries were divided into three "classes", and before the first boule there were 3 eparchies, to the other - 8, to the third - 15. Apparently, the sumi started at the first. So, just as the monaster of the 1st class has the right to cut off 2017 rubles from the state treasury, then the monaster of the 3rd class is only 806 rubles. The pose was set to the Trinity Sergiyeviy Lavra, which was awarded a price of 10,070 rubles, the Tsia sum was promoted and donated to the Imperial court, the aristocracy of the nobility and a wealthy merchant. In general, not all monasteries were dismissed from the staff member (їkh bulo ponad 900), but less than half of the їkh number. Rashta buli or zakriti or blame bully go to the encampment of the parafialny churches. In general, the secularization of 1764 gave a sensitive gift for the church and monastic land. Lands and peasants went down to the date of the Collective and became called "economical". In 1786, the secularized reform of the Bula was carried out in Ukraine - in the territories of Kiev, Chernigiv and Novgorod-Siverskoy Eparchy, in 1788 - in Kharkiv, Katerinoslavsky, Katerinoslavsky, Kursk and Voronezsky Aries. - in the attached provinces of Lithuania, Western Bilorus and Western Ukraine. All as a result of the secularization of the government, 272 monasteries were rejected, 500 were canceled, the number of chants was slowed down by a factor of 2. The secularization was criticized by the vikhovans of the Kiev Academy - the Rostov metropolitan Arseniy (Matseevich), in 1763, the convictions, dedication, and in 1767, the black call and the deaths in the St. The important thing in the pidsumkom is to reform the ball of spiritual feudal lords from the first and the most distant state, when the absolute power passed about 8.5 million. Des. land and mayzhe million souls m. The secularized ones came to see about the crisis of the patrimonial system in the minds of the development of capitalist reports and the attempts of namatsati the first step to the sound of the villagers "from the top of the church." With the selection of candidates for the Archbishop's Department, Katerina II, on the basis of the previous leaders, put her bet on victories not from Little Russia, but from Great Russia, as the bully were more loyal to the policy of the Empress. Among them I play the first role in the Synod of gravitational archbishop of Novgorod Dmitro (Suchenov), who did not lose the archbishop's cathedra under Emperor Peter III for the opposite plans to carry out the secularization of church masters, and under Katherine II Judge Arseniyam Matseevich. ”Apparently a member of the Synod, he also graduated from the Moscow Academy, Bishop Gedeon of Pskov (Krinovskiy), when he became archimandrite of the Trinity-Sergius Lavri and a court prophet under Katherine II. Archbishops Dmitro and Gedeon gave "protection" to Vikhovants of the Academy of Sciences Gavriil (Petrov), who took over the department of the Tver Bishop (from 1770 - Archbishop of St. teacher of the Maybut emperor Pavel Petrovich. In the spring of 1771, the hour of the "plague riot" fell into oblivion "z kiyan", and the Moscow archbishop Amvrosiy (Zertis-Kamenskiy) came to the Russian church during the period of the Petrovsky reforms. At the same time, we will not be interested in telling about those who were able to pass the test of the great Russians in the Archbishop's Department, Empress Catherine II was put before the prophesying and religious talents of the Archbishop - "to the early Kiyanians" chief prosecutor. They were for the Tsar Katerini II: Prince A. Kozlovsky, І. Melissino, P. Chebishev, S. Akchurin, A. Naumov, Count. A. Musin-Pushkin (yaky vidkriv "Word about the regiment of Igor"). The deyak from them took anticlerical, educational positions, for example, I. Melissino, and P. Chebishev, being a Freemason, witnessed the preaching of atheism). The government of Katerini II paused to “destroy the spiritual power of the public and hearing people in the reach of political goals”. Vvazhayu yourself, for the words in the sheet to Voltaire, "the head of the Greek church", Catherine II vimagala and all of the Holy, and the spiritual authorities bezaprechno subjugate. In the archives, the won was a bachelor of high-ranking officials, who could get close to themselves, or even let their own lustiness. At the same time, the empress of intelligence and the need to advise the understanding and morality of the spiritual reform of the Orthodox clergy, the problem of bringing In 1762 r, the Bula was founded by the Comisia for the development of the plan for the re-implementation of spiritual schools. For the sake of the reform project (1766), the distribution of the spiritual and primary pledges was transferred to the temples, middle and lower, to introduce new objects, modern methods navchannya. The project has not been implemented. For the preparation of the victories, Katerina II admitted to the theological faculty at the Moscow University, but the idea was not successful. XVIII Art. uryad zd_ysniv "rozbir clergy." In 1778 the spiritual states were consolidated. At the call of cims of senior churchmen and children over 15 years of age, who have not studied in spiritual seminaries, it was punished for the importance of “in the light of the command for the development of those in the old camps, as soon as possible”. Navchannya in spiritual mortgages bulo utrudneno i Uryadova rozporyadzhennyami about priznachennya semіnarіyam penny okladіv clearly nedostatnіh for їh povnotsіnnoї The Teaching-vihovnoї dіyalnostі .Po vіdnoshennyu to rozkolu Uryadov Katerini II prodovzhuvav polіtiku іmperatritsі Єlizaveti Petrіvni i іmperatora Peter III, pragnuchi vklyuchiti rozkolnikіv in formuєtsya Gromadyanska suspіlstvo. On the cob of the 60s, pp. XVIII Art. The centers of the Old Believers were located: Pomor'ya, Starodub (Chernigivska province), Kerzhenets (Nizhegorodska province), Irgiz. Vinikli їkh communities in Moscow - Rogozhskoe treasures, denoted by POPOVTSI, Preobrazhenskoe treasury - the center of non-popovtsy, Pokrovska chapel - uniting feodosievtsy and pomortsіv. Chimalo rozkolnikiv went outside the cordon. The Hilki region in Poland became a special attraction for them. Also, for the reign of the Empress Annie Ioanivny in the course of the Russian-Polish war by the forces of the army regiments, the bullet was turned from Gilka to Russia and it was moved in the Russian provinces close to 40 thousand. Chol. Ale to the cob 40-x ° pp. XVIII Art. Gilka has already become a lot of people through not catching the tide in the old days. In 1762 r and in the offensive of rock, the district of Katerini II rozkolnikiv (I call myself old people, but the wanderings were fenced off in 1745 by the decree of the Empress Elizabeth of Petrivna), I went to Russia and settled for the blessing Maije did not know the clicks. In 1764 r on Gilka boules sent viyyska, which were rosorized її, more than 20 yew. Bezpopovtsev - rozkolnikiv bully forcibly hung up to settle down to Siberia. Ruynuvannya was aware of the іnshі centri rozkolu, for example Starodub, a part of rozkolnikіv hidden from uryadovyh repressions, pishovshi on the river. Іngul. It’s no surprise that the students are popovts_v ryad after taking a longer course. People saw great difficulties with the prizes of the bishops. At Tsar Katerini II, the stench of these times was robbed to try to know ("by the way") the bishop, they turned to visit the Synod, but they didn’t covet anything. In 1787, the rozkolniks were given more freedom, with the addition of the subordinate salary and special lists. Officially, the bulo was cut off and the name itself was "rozkolnik". Prihilniks of old people were allowed to be picked up on the community’s landings. Signs of reconciliation between the Old Believers and the official Orthodox Christians appeared in the form of "Edinovir". Rukh of one and the same time expanded in 80-90-і pp. XVIII Art. in Starodub, Irgiz, Ingults. At 1800 r the Synod seized the rules of Edinovir, folded by Metropolitans Gabriel and Platon. The henchmen of the elderly were allowed to see churches, cathedrals, chapels. The question of being raised to Catholics, adding special relevance to the connection with Poland in the 7090s rr. XVIII Art. As a result of the first break in 1772 before the Russian Empire, the territory of the Western Bilorus was established. In 1772, the bulwark was sent to Pskov and Mogilev province. To the cheruyuch "transferred from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth" lands to the President of the Vіyskovo Collegiate CountZ.G. Chernishov was also punished by the same decree from the 13th serpnya of 1772 to the fate of it, because of its own name because of the fact that “no one has been surrounded by freedom in the published version”. 22 leaf fall 1773 Byloruska Catholic Diocese was adopted by Biloruska Catholic Diocese in the Cholish Church of the Vilenskoy Diocese by Bishop Stanislav Sestrentsevich-Bogush of Mallsk The Biloruska Catholic Eparchy of the 6th cruel 1774 r denied a special "gratitude", as the guarantor of all Catholic orders the lack of handiness and integrity of their rugged and unruly mine. At the same time, it is necessary to mean that the order of Pope Clement XIV from the 21st of April 1773 about the order of the Ozuites (the Partnership of the Isus, established in 1534 to fight the Reform) was ignored by the Russian uryad. If the Empress did not allow the order in the capital, she expanded its rights and privileges in Bilorusia (due to the payment of the poll tax and the highest powers). The Order of Uzuytiv Buv privablivy for uryadovykh kіlіvіyu іvіlada іyalnіstyu, yaka bula thrashed out by the choirma of yo colleges - in Polotsk, Orshi, Vitebsku and Dіnaburg (Dvіnska) and two in the residences. Navchannya in them was bezkoshtovnyh, and the Polotsk collegium accepted in its auditorium both Orthodox Christians, including Russian noblemen. The Polotsk "collegium" is the artist-medalist Fyodir Petrovich Tolstoy (1783-1873), who is now at the age of eight years of maybutnіy celebrities. Vin zgaduvav: “At the Polotsk Uzuytsky Monastery in the outskirts<...>missta bulo<...>twenty thousand souls of villagers ... in Polotsk<...>- having gone to read to the Uzuytiv, to the pastor, to read nimetskoy movi, Riding the tops, dancing at the balls. " For yogo, in the collegium there were 700 scholars. Winning a course in agronomy and architecture, learning the basics of painting, armchair and painting and<.>read<.>vchiteliv-uzuytiv sciences ". Tolstoy especially buv bindings to the fathers of Gruber, "like a father to the native." For the maybut mayor-medalist, the most significant are those who Father Gruber "malyuvati<...> I am less aware of myself and I know a lot about great building. " At the Uzuytskiy Vitebskiy kollegiya vchuschiy and sin Mogilev's vice-governor, vidomy memoirist - L.M. Engelgardt, however, appreciated the rivin to occupy, which was carried out by the Church of the Great Patriots of Ukraine, which is not even very high. The Russian uryad followed the deed of turning the Unians to Orthodoxy. At the clash of the tsim, they respected that the Ozuity was not satisfied with the act of the tat about the fence of the Order, antipapsy propaganda was fired up. Tsi hopes became primordial. Uryad zroiv vlasny come in. For a different aspect of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1793), the Empress Catherine II announced the need for a new union and came in due to the appreciation of the authority of Orthodoxy in the western regions of the Empire. with references to the fact that the Empress “wanted mothers in her order of people who could be sent to Alaska, or to California, to be victorious in the coming colonies of America.” Yak rightly respecting the Italian pastor S. Pavone, the reasons why they mocked Catherine II to protect the Order of the Ozuyts, did not care about the papal fence, "the great world was interested in the rulers' interest in Europe." Won Bachila in their bastion of conservatism "is before Process ruynuvannya old powers" - іdeya vikoristovuvati Order in antirevolyutsіynih metoyu Bula slit of bіlshoyu energієyu spriynyata Paul I, yaky permitted zasnuvati єzuїtsku kolegіyu navіt in іmperskіy stolyci - Peterburzі of pіdporyadkuvannyam їy bіloruskih єzuїtskih shkіl .Ukazom od On the 17th of 1773 Kateryna II voted the principle of micro-tolerance, the certificates of "inovirts" were transferred from the archival archives to the jurisdiction of the Holy Administrative Office. Especially the value of the price is small for the Muslim population. Bulo is allowed to fence in the future of mosques, at which madrassas were built. Tatar murzas and "bureaucratic people" from 1783 rubles were given permission to be accepted into the service and the assignment of officers' ranks, which gave the opportunity to reject the nobility. However, for the rejection of the call of the premier-major, there is a need for a call to the empress. Under Katherine II, a decree was issued about those who are all Muslims, who showed themselves to be the emperors and the nobility of the gentry, were accustomed to the privileges of the nobility. The order of Katerini II did not overstep the victories in the Kazan Gymnasium and Madrasah of the Tatar, Arab, Turkish and other congregations and the introduction of the Koran. S.Kh. Khalfin (1732-1785 rr.) І th sine of I.S. Help. In 1787 r in St. Petersburg, there was a book of oversight of the Arabic text of the Koran with notes. The active fate of the Bashkirs in the insurrectionary on the wire Є.I. ° Pugachova wicked to gain control over the Bashkir communities. In 1782, from the hands of the foremen, the court was tried on other criminal and civil rights, transmissions of the lower rights, which were passed in parallel with such rights for the Russian villagers. In 1788, in Bashkiria, a spiritual Mohammedan zbori was established on a chol z muftiyom, a part of the Ufimsky namisnitstva, and a change from the office of the Orenburz governor. The svitska administration became a news about the sign of the spiritual Muslim settlements, and also argue and for the sake of it, that it is a good idea to pick up the mullahs and elders in the councils. Vona fled for the Bashkirs' vicissitudes of the vіyskovoi conscription (prikordonnaya service and the fate of the vіynakh). Development of Siberia and the expansion of the ornich lands, developed by the Russian villagers, took the expanded Orthodoxy of the middle of the population. With a breakdown before the blows of the Manchurian-Chinese forces of the Dzungarian state in the middle of the XVIII century. to the warehouse of Russia were transferred to the colishny Dzhungarski Vasali - Zaisangov Pivdennoaltaiska Family Groups (Duchin). Pislya ts'go pozilivsya flooded the Russian villagers, and the middle of the population (for example, the Transbaikal Buryats), the craving has grown to the extent of farming. A whole village of newly baptized Buryats appeared, and they crossed over to the donkey of life. On the Buryats and evens-konyars, the Katerini II district has laid down the obligations to carry out the service, to seize, including their own land from the Mongolian khaniv and Taisha. At the same time, there was a widening of the Middle Buryats, especially of the Trans-Baikal, Buddhism in the viglyad, a special kind of vision - Lamaism. Western Buryats in the 18th century They took over their old religion (shamanism), acted in deed until the end of the Ekaterininsky Orthodox Church. Buddhism in the form of Lamaism from the 17th century In addition to the expansion, they also lived in the middle of Kalmiks, who lived in Mezhirichi Yaik (Ural), Volga, Don in Prikaspiya, on Terek and Kum. From the otchevskaya in 1771, a large part of it to China, in the Astrakhan province, nearly 13 thousand rubles were depleted. Semey. In the end of the XVIII century. A part of them (the head rank lived in the bottom ones) the bull was attributed to the Cossack camp of the region of the Don region and in deed moved to Orthodoxy. The head mass of the Jewish population, who fostered Judaism, lived in quiet areas that went to Russia as a result of the rise of Poland in the end of the 18th century. As a result of these days in the end of the 18th century. on the territory of the Russian Empire, there were close to 676 thousand Jews. A large part of them lived in the Silk city and the towns and cities, engaged in crafts, other trade, trade and middle operations. It was by the decree of Katerini II of 1791 that the uryad surrounded the territory of the Jewish population with the smoky osilost. Then in 1801-1828 rr. In the Russian Empire, more than a few thousand Georgian Jews and 7 thousand Georgian Jews in the Middle Caucasus (Tativ) have gone. According to the Catherine’s legislation, the Jewish population was given the right to speak out to me (іudaism), to open prayer houses - synagogues and new establishments. The government did not fence in all ), the dogma about the arrival of the mes and the іnshі religious position of іdaіzm. The rabbinic preachers were reprimanded by the great authority of the midst of the ancient Jews. The main mass of the Jewish population of Russia was organized in the religious communities, which were known as the hard-core rabbits. In 1783 - 1795 rr. In the course of the crisis of the Rzeczpospolita and її distributed to the warehouse of the Russian Empire, the karaimi were removed, the ancestors of which lived on the territory of the Khazar Kaganate, and until the XIII century. settled in Krima in Solkhat (m. Old Krim). In the end of the XIV Art. A large part of the їkh was relocated to the lands of the Lithuanian principality (in the Trok region, Lutska, Galich) by the orders of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt Bula. Being ethnically Türks, the stench from the X century. They promoted іudaism, seeing in the new one as a special sect, which is the Talmud. The stench was forgotten by the rabbinical іudaism, they called it the sacred book only the Tanakh - holy letter (to the letter Torah), which is stored in three parts of the canon (Tory - the law, Nevim - the appointment of the prophets, Ketuvima - Letters). The price of the karaims evolved from Judaism, based on the tradition of Tlumachennya Tory (Five Books of Moisei) through the Talmud (Tory's sleep is a book of the legal and religious). Religious persecutions in Russia were not met by karaims in the 18th and 19th centuries, Navpaki, in 1863, the stench increased in the rights of Orthodox Christians. - Official Orthodoxy of the Russian Orthodox Church, the establishment of religious tolerance for non-Orthodox ethnic groups for non-Orthodox ethnic groups. - M., 1859; Rostislav D. Dosvyddzhennya about myno and come to our monasteries. - SPb., 1876 Buganov V.I., Preobrazhensky A.A., Tikhonov Yu.A. Evolution of feudalism in Russia. Social and economic problems. - M., 1980. Chekunova A.Є. The patrimonial statehood and the villagers in the end of the 17th - first quarter of the 18th century. (For the materials of the Don Monastery). / Author's abstract. Cand. dis. - M., 1979. - S. 16-17 Buligin I.A. Monastic villagers in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century. - M., 1977. Russian state archives of old acts (dal - RGADA). - F. Senate (No. 248). - Op. 40. - Book. 3066. - L. 482-482 ob.RGADA. - F. Senate ... Op. 42. - Book. 3575 .-- L. 148-171. - F. Senate. Book. 3404. - L. 557 ob.-558. Shakhovskoy Ya.P. Notes of Prince Yakov Petrovich Shakhovsky, police chief under Biron, chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod, prosecutor general and conference minister under Alisavet, senator under Catherine II: 17051777. - St. Petersburg, 1872. - P. 193. RGADA. - State Archives of the Russian Empire. Rank 18. - Op. 1. - D. 197. - L. 1-327. - Derzharhiv. Rank 10 (Cabinet of Katerini II). - Op. 1. - D. 9. - L. 1-11. - F. Komisii church masts (No. 305). - Op. 1. - D. 75. - L. 1-5 rev .; F. Senate. Op. 1. - Book. 3400. - Sheet 2-3 ob. Zavyalov A.A. Food about church masts under Empress Catherine II. - SPb., 1900 .-- S. 215-248. RSAAD. - F. College of Economics (No. 280). - Op. 4. - D. 1775. - L. 119-126. - Derzharhiv. Rank 10. - Op. 3. - D. 432. - L. 5 ob. There f. - F. Senate. Op. 1. - Book. 3400 .-- L. 356-357. There. - Derzharhiv. Rank 10. - Op. 3. - D. 432. - L. 23-29. - Derzharhiv. Rank 18. - Op. 1. - D. 197. - L. 210 Verkhovskiy P.V. The population of the unruly masters of the Holy Synod, the archbishops and monasteries under the closest offenders of Peter the Great: The College of Economics and Chancellery of the Synodal Economic Administration (April 15, 1726 - May 12, 1763): - SPb., 1909 .-- S. 323-345. RGADA. - F. Znosini of the sovereigns of Russia with uryadovy mіtstsi and posadovym individuals for nutrition of internal information (No. 168). - Op. 1. - D. 231. - L. 1. Komissarenko A.I. Russian absolutism and clergy in the 18th century (Narration of the history of the secularized reforms of 1764). - M., 1990 .-- S. 119-120. There. - S. 121-126; Russian Orthodox: the history of history. - M., 1989. - S. 284-286. Komissarenko A.I. Russian absolutism and clergy in the 18th century - S. 125-134. Znamenskiy I. The position of the clergy in the tsar of Katerini II and Paul I. - M., 1880. P. 45. Kartashev A.V. Naris from the history of the Russian church. - T. 2. - M., 1992. - S. 452-453; Rusak V. History of the Russian Church from an hour falling asleep to our days [Nadrukovano in the USA], 1993. - P. 275. Rusak V. History of the Russian Church. - S. 275-276. Znamenskiy I. The position of the clergy in the reign of Katerini II and Paul I. - pp. 59-60. - P. 61. Project of the Theological Faculty under Catherine II in 1773 // Bulletin of Evropi. 1873. - No. 11; A.I. Milovidov The pedagogical glances of Empress Katherine II and the introduction of the reform of the spiritual school. - Vilna, 1905. Znamensky I. The position of the clergy in the reign of Katerini II and Paul I. - pp. 76-98; Dulov A.V. Russian Orthodox: draw the history. - Ulan-Ude, 2000 .-- S. 181-183. Guryanova N.S., Kramm RV. The historical scheme in the writings of the writers of the Vigovsky literary school // Staroobryadnistvo in Russia (XVII-XVIII centuries). - Zb. scientific works. M., 1994. - S. 120-138; Russian Orthodox: the history of history. - S. 306-308. Pavlova M.A. Placement of Katerini II and the best otochenya before the Uzbeks // Russia and Uzbekistan. 1772-1820. - M., 2006 .-- P. 63. Pavlova M.A. Stavlenya to Uzuytiv. - S. 70-71; Urshova I.Yu. Before the food about the reasons for the protection of the Order of the Ozuity in Russia in the rule of Katerini II // Russia and the Ozuity. - S. 91-101. Tolstoy F.P. Notes of Count Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy. Ukladachi A.Є. Chekunov, Є.G. Gorokhov. M., 2001. - S. 61-63, 69; Father Gruber (1740-1805) was a representative of the Ozuytsky Order. Pislya fence by Pope Clement XIV of the Order of the Ozuyts in 1773, having moved to Bilorus. For Emperor Paul I, I sent requests to Petersburg. In 1802 he was rewarded as a general of the Order (Tolstoy F.P. Notes. P. 226). Engelgardt L.N. Notes. M., 1997. - S. 17-20. Moroshkin M.Ya. Ozuity in Russia from the tsar Katerini II to our hour. - SPb., 1867 .-- S. 114-115. Lushpai V.B. Antipapsky vistupu uzuytiv. // Russia and Uzuiti. S. 137-139. Schop Soler A.M. Die Spanisch - russischen Beziehungen im 18 Jahrhundert / Wiesbaden, 1970. S. 101; Alperovich M.S. Fellowship of Issus in the empire of Katerini II // Russia and Kazuity. P. 110. Pavone S. Vizhivannya Uzuytiv in Russia in the publication of that hour: deyaki dumki // Russia and Uzuiti ... pp. 131-134. - Ed. 1. - T. 19. - No. 13996. Gaziz G. History of the Tatars. - M., 1994. Rudenko S.I. Bashkirians. Historical and demographic naris. - M.-L., 1955 Vyatkina K.V. Narisi іstorії and pobutu Buryats. - L., 1969 Batmaev M.M. Kalmiki in ХУІ-ХУШ st. Podії, people, beaten. - Book. 1-2. - Elista, 1992-1993. Domestic history. History of Russia from the found hours to 1917 r Encyclopedia. T. 2. - M., 1996. - pp. 115-116. Dubnov S.M. Zagalna history of the evreiv. - Book. 1-3. - SPb., 1904-1906; Berlin I.Z. The share of the Jewish people in the territory of the Russian state is historical. - Pg., 1919. - S. 12-20. Religious encyclopedia. Minsk, 2007 .-- S. 510, 796-804, 806-818; Karaimska Narodna Encyclopedia. - T. 1. - M., 1995. Domestic history. Encyclopedia. - T. 2. - M., 1996. - S. 496. Arkadij Komisarenko, Antonina Chekunova RELIGIOUS POLITICS OF KATHERINE II The article is devoted to the characteristic of the religious politics of Ketherine II. Work of the secularization committee in 1764, the change of the way of candidate selection for the supreme church posts, the attempt of the reform of seminaries, the attitude towards different confessional groups in different regions of the Empire are analyzed. , secularization, clergy, Orthodoxy. Released on March 5, 2008.

Yaky go to the development of the Conquerors to proponє vibrate to Oleksandr III? What were the forecasts of the inheritance of the choice?

The victors of the town hall for a conservative path, they are promoted from the ancient inflows, and especially from the backward system of education.

From the point of view of a part of the Russian intellectuals, which bully inherited the course of Oleksandr III for Russia? Check the forecast and estimate the inheritance and formulate the problem (author's version - p. 368).

From the point of view of the liberal intellectuals, the ruling of the emperor turned into a catastrophe.

Pitannya: The course of Oleksandr III - is it really tragic for Russia?

Suggestion: As a rule, in reality, not one of the inputs is only possible. If you feel good about the way of Oleksandr III, then it’s because of conservatism. The twentieth century has shown the versatility of the road. Russia itself has been vaccinated before the revolution. To that the ruling of the Tsi Emperor became a disaster. Ale in the 1880s, the rock in the rural world was the successful boules of the land, both with the liberal state structures (for example, Great Britain), and with the conservative ones (for example, Nimechchina). To that, Oleksandr III's vibe was efficiently built, and at that hour not everyone was respected by the grave.

Test the management systems of Oleksandr II (p. 188) and Oleksandr III.

The systems during the cycle of emperors do not develop much more strongly. Under Oleksandr III, the University was subordinated to the Ministry of Education, Press, Education, Science, and the Creative Commons of the Administration. When they came in, they created the Mikoli I system, but Oleksandr II's system got lost without changes, they did not reform, they didn’t get scored.

If more often they could win conflicts of power and suspensions

Dissatisfaction could often be victorious in the system of Oleksandr III, especially among the intelligentsia, whose rights in the press, partnerships and universities became more common. If not, with a lot of overgrowth in confl ict, dissatisfaction could have come sooner, so the protest was smothered in the embryos. That dissatisfaction went without the ability to "let the steam".

Why, in your opinion, is political food being formed in Russia?

A conservative course in a row has been defeated in a way that is unbearable legally and in the case of a turn of dissatisfaction. That was taken in the nadra of the suspension, was satisfied with the supernaturalness of both the moisture and the suspension, and not only the liberal and social intellectuals. The success more and more pushed to the political reforms. Tse pragnennya did not appear, left weak, but on the throne a strong ruler was able to endure, but at this change everything changed.

How can Oleksandr III be able to take conservative counter-reforms? (Create a picture from a problem and a lesson.)

The new emperor most often did not see the reforms (behind the vignette of the autonomy of the universities), but introducing additional ones, as they changed the essence of the law. So the reform of education did not skasovuvalas, but the access to the school ceased to be all-estate through the circular "About kukhovarchinikhditey". The Zemska reform has been taken care of, ale Zemskikh chiefs have now designated the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The very same tsi come in, they hated the liberal way for Russia, which was dominated by the master. And even the same way, yak showed the history, added to the bi uniqueness of the problems.

To inform that the activities of the Ministry of Finance have encouraged the modernization of the economy of Russia.

The number of industrial enterprises has significantly increased, foreign investments have arrived in Russia. The country took one of the leading positions in the middle of grain exporters. The breeders of the cim and those who succeeded in getting their belongings scrupulously for 60-70 million rubles were getting vitrati. Economics as a whole significantly changed, promislovy coup, having broken a significant croc forward.

Oleksandr III intelligence: economics is a posture of politics. In the whole region, Russia is not so conservative as in politics, so Russia has achieved significant successes. All the stinks of the bullets were created by the onset of revolutions, which were brought in through the conservatism of the political course of the emperor.

It was discovered that two students of the 1890s were educated at the university - the Russian nationalist and the participant of the national movement, one from the outskirts of the Empire (in vibir: Ukrainian, Yevrey, Georgian, etc.) Describe їх supercheck about national food in Russia.

Hebrew, at the beginning, streaming, once you talk about confusion in the field of education, it was introduced for people of your age, then you go to the border, and then, having burst into flames, becoming a biologist against the Russian pogroms, the unlawfulness of the laws of law from ale bezkarnі, unaffected by the price.

At the price of the nationalist of migrants, say that the gates of Russia can be better able to skode it, as it will be rose-red throughout the whole territory, and if the stench of soil-reddening is behind the border, you can look after them. On a yogo thought, I will cover the paths of the empire, it will also be necessary for the purpose of shkoditi їy. I, nareshty, if there are too many people to reimagine the cup of patience, in principle, to finish the chicky Russians, the reaction at the sight of the pogroms is entirely natural.

Yakby vi found their way to the scene of one of these students, for yaky actions, the attention of representatives of the government and national rulers to you - the people of the XXI century - will it be disgraceful?

Arguments of the nationalist who are very clever behind the blame of the right point: Were not like Russia for its very nature, which cannot be attributed to the same nation; , without the self-awareness of the deprivation of Russian language, the fence for a friend on the old moves, the unspoken fence for the service of quiet Poles, and, obviously, Jewish pogroms).

To create some new ideas about the course of Oleksandr III for Russia.

The conservative course of Oleksandr III was vaccinated before the appearance of a political and also national nutrition.

Judging by the tsimi Danimi, what kind of a boulevard of modernization of Russia and the development of capitalist brands?

The level of development of capitalist households is low, as many as 81% of the population prodovuzhuvali the villagers, and the robots - only 8% (5.2% - mischievous, 2.8% - silski); with a large number of small peasants (33%) and middle peasants (21.6%), they didn’t move to the market. Modernization has also fallen into a low level, 74% of the population became a few of the villagers, and 79% became illiterate.

Spiraling on the vchinki of Oleksandr III, formulate his specialty.

Oleksandr III is a man who is ludicrous, it can be seen from the fact that you come in and take it against the revolutionaries. Vin is practically ignorant of huge discussions, so you can not tolerate this. Ale at a ts'mu vin mav rozum, which is for a liberal course in economics.

Describe the super-spoken word, which is being seen as a conservative, liberal and socialist from the offensive nutrition: "How little does Oleksandr III's rule mean for Russia?"

Conservator mav bi zakoplyuvatisya tsі pravlіnnyam. Vono wandered from the revolt of the revolution, the driving of the front emperor, and ended with the pacification of the suspension, the revolt of the People's Will. At presi and then discussions have ceased to be so hospitable. So, a lot of it reached for the censorship, or even for the out-of-town restraint of the suspension.

Sotsialist mav bi, with the metaphor of Oleksandr III himself, about those that Russia is similar to a majestic cauldron, for which couples have a strong grip. Periodic pairs are called. People walk around with great hammers, as they immediately rivet and break. Ale, if it’s not possible to pretend to be such a big breach, it’s okay to close it up and not go out. True, the tsar said in a private setting, protest in Russia, as it seems, everything is a secret, but nothing else is not a secret. On the thought of the socialist, the tsar must visit, but the revolution is inevitable. Well, if the grip of steam will be so strong, the majestic dirka will come out of what kind of cauldron rose. І Oleksandr III only smoothed the price, punished not to let the couples named.

Liberal at the tse is very important, also the boiler is efficiently rosy, which in metaphor means the end of Russia. To his supporters the liberal message about the idea of ​​giving the constitutional monarchy the freedom of specialness and speech, the parliament with the representative of the zemstvos and T. D. Vin, singingly, becoming bi 'languages, protection, stabilization of the ruble and in. Yomu lost his mind, but the emperor didn’t show such liberalism in politics, he could even bring no less good results.