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Organic spirits. Organic chemistry. Alcohol. Atomic substitution with water in a hydroxyl group

alcohols(Abo alkanols) are called organic speech, the molecules of which replace one or more hydroxyl groups (OH group), which are combined with a carbohydrate radical.

Classification of spirits

For a number of hydroxyl groups(Atomic) alcohols are divided into:

monatomic, For example:

Two-room(Glіkoli), for example:

three-atomic, For example:

Behind the nature of the carbohydrate radical see the offensive alcohol:

borderline To take revenge in the molecules without the boundary in carbohydrate radicals, for example:

non-vicious To place in molecules multiples (sub-and-consumer) links between atoms in carbon, for example:

aromatic, T.E. Alcohol, to place a benzene ring and a hydroxyl group in a molecule, tied one to one not without an average, but through atoms in carbon, for example:

Organizational phrases, which are located in the molecules of hydroxyl groups, tied directly to the atom in the carbon of a benzene ring, are often based on the chemical powers of the alcohol and in that it appears in the organic spoluk-phenols.

for example:

Use polyatomic (polyalcohol) to replace more than three hydroxyl groups in the molecule. For example, the simplest hexaol alcohol (sorbitol)

Nomenclature and isomeria of alcohols

When approved, the name of the alcohol to the name of the carbohydrate, the type of alcohol, add (rhodovium) suffix- ol.

The numbers written by the suffix indicate the position of the hydroxyl group in the head lance, and the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra- etc. - their number:

In the numbering of atoms in the carbon in the head lance, the position of the hydroxyl group takes precedence over the establishment of multiple rings:

Correcting from the third member of the homologous series, alcohols have the isomerism of the functional group (propanol-1 and propanol-2), and from the fourth - the isomeria of the carbon skeleton (butanol-1, 2-methylpropanol-1). They are characterized by і interclass іzomerіya - alcohol іzomernye prostim efіrіv:

Let's give the name to alcohol, the formula for which is indicated below:

The order of induce name:

1. Vugletseva lantsyug are numbered from the end to the nearest OH group.
2. Basically, the lancet is to take revenge on 7 C atoms, which means heptane is a type of carbohydrate.
3. The number of OH groups is one 2, prefix - "di".
4. Hydroxyl groups are found at 2 і 3 atoms in carbon, n = 2 і 4.

The name of the alcohol: heptandiol-2,4

Physical power of spirits

Alcohol can fix water bonds between alcohol molecules and alcohol and water molecules. Water bonds arise during the interaction of a fractionally positively charged atom with one molecule of alcohol and a fractionally negatively charged atom of acidic molecules. 44 with extraordinary minds - gas, and the simplest one with alcohols - methanol, may have an obvious molecular weight of 32, in extraordinary minds - ridin.

The lower and middle segments of a number of boundary monohydric alcohols, from 1 to 11 atoms in the carbon-liquid. C 12 H 25 OH) at room temperature-solid speech. Lower alcohols may smell an alcoholic smell and a baking savor, the stench is good in the water. By the world of the increase in the carbon radical, the alcohol content in water is going down, and the octanol is no longer a problem with water.

Chemistry of power of spirits

power organic speeches It starts from a warehouse and a budget. alcohol bogey rule... Їх molecules include carbohydrate and hydroxyl groups, thus Cheerful authorities spirits viznachayutsya interchangeably one on one cich groups.

The characteristic for the given class is based on the power of the knowledge of the hydroxyl group.

Interaction of alcohols with puddle and puddle-earth metals. For the infusion of a carbohydrate radical onto the hydroxyl group, it is necessary to change the power of the speech, so that the hydroxyl group and the carbohydrate radical are to be swept from one side, and the words are to be removed from the hydroxyl group. Such words can be, for example, ethanol (or other alcohol) and water. The water of the hydroxyl group of alcohol molecules and water molecules is absorbed by puddle and puddle-earth metals (substitute for them)
Interaction of alcohols with hydrogen halides. Substitution of hydroxyl groups for halogen to produce halogenated alkanes. for example:
The given reaction is reversible.
intermolecular dehydrationspirtov- separation of a molecule of water from two molecules of alcohols when heated in the presence of drainage pans:
As a result of intermolecular dehydration of alcohols, simple efiri. So, when heating ethyl alcohol with sirchanic acid up to a temperature of 100 to 140 ° C, diethyl (sirchaniy) ether is established.
Interaction of alcohols with organic and inorganic acids from the solutions of folding ethers (reaction of etherification)

The reaction of etherification is catalyzed by strong inorganic acids. For example, in the case of the interaction of ethyl alcohol and acetic acid, methyl acetate is established:
Intramolecular dehydration of alcohols When heated in the presence of dehydrating alcohols, it should be taken to a higher temperature, lower temperature of molecular dehydration. The result is alkeny. The whole reaction is zoomed in with the presence of an atom of water and hydroxyl group with the presence of atoms in carbon. Yak butt can lead to the reaction of removing ethene (ethylene) when ethanol is heated at 140 ° C in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid:
oxidized alcohols zvychay to carry out strong oxidizing agents, for example, dichromate of calium or permanganate of calium in a sour environment. At the same time, the oxidizing agent is directed to that atom in the carbon, which is the same as in the dressings with the hydroxyl group. Due to the nature of alcohol and minds, the reaction can be carried out by developing a variety of products. So, first alcohol oxidized with a mixture in aldehyde, and sometimes in carboxylic acids:
With oxidized secondary alcohols, ketones are established:

Tighten the third alcohol until it is oxidized. However, in hard minds (strong oxidation, high temperature), theoretical alcohols can be oxidized easily, as they are used to dissolve in carbon-carbon compounds, which are closest to the hydroxyl group.
Dehydrogenation of alcohols. When steam is passed in alcohol at 200-300 ° C over a metal catalyst, for example, middy, medium or platinum, the first alcohol is converted into aldehyde, and the second into ketony:
Yak_sna reaction on richatomic alcohol.
I am present in the alcohol molecule for one hour declinic hydroxyl groups (specific power of high-atomic alcohols), as it is established that the water has a strong-blue complex spoluca in the case of freshly modified sludge For ethylene glycol, you can write:

Monohydric alcohols do not need to enter into a reaction. Tom won є a strong reaction to high-quality alcohol.

Otrimannya spirits:

collection of spirits

methanol(Methyl alcohol СН 3 ОН) is barren-free with a characteristic odor and a bale temperature of 64.7 ° С. The historical name of methanol - the village of alcohol is explained by one of the ways of distilling hard wood (Greek Methy - wine, sp'yaniti; hule - speech, wood).

Methanol requires a quick glance when working with it. When the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme is transformed into the body in formaldehyde and goosebump acid, I will be able to see the ghost of the eye, I will wick the bend of the healthy nerve, and I will revert to the loss. If more than 50 ml of methanol gets into the body, death.

ethanol(Ethanol alcohol С 2 Н 5 ОН) - without barren rіdina with a characteristic odor and temperature of boiling point 78.3 ° C. Combustible. Zmіshuєtsya with water in any spіvvіdnoshennyah. Concentration (fortetsya) to alcohol, start hanging out in a wide variety of ways. "We clean" (medicinal) alcohol to name the product, otrimany from grub і revenge 96% (for a meal) ethanol and 4% (for a meal) for water. To reject anhydrous ethanol - "absolute alcohol", the product is sprinkled with chaffs, chemically sounding water (calcium oxide, anhydrous sulphate midi (II) and in.).

In order to make alcohol, which is vicarious for technical purposes, unsuitable for a pitty, in new additions there are small quantities of hard-to-separate bran, it smells foul and may smell like a great relish of words and fumes. To betray such additives, alcohol is called denatured, or denatured alcohol.

Ethanol is widely used in the industry for the production of synthetic rubber, pharmaceutical preparations, storing it as a distributor, entering the warehouse of varnishes and farbs, perfumery supplies. In medical ethyl alcohol, it is most likely to be disinfected. Vikoristovuєtsya for preparing alcoholic beverages.

Small amounts of ethyl alcohol, if it enters the human body, will reduce the pain of sensitivity and block the processes of galvanization in the cerebral cortex, causing the brain to burn. At the th stage of ethanol, water separation in the cells increases, and urine formation accelerates, as a result of which the organisms become irritated.

In addition, ethanol wiklica is the expansion of blood-bearing sudins. Strengthening the flow of blood in the small capillaries to produce warmth and warmth.

V great numbers ethanol is responsible for the malfunction of the brain (galvanization stage); An intermediate product oxidized to ethanol in organism - acetaldehyde - in the edge of the bran and vicliky in the form of the bran.

The systematic implantation of ethyl alcohol and revenge on those drinks to produce a drastic decrease in the productivity of the robot's brain, bend the liver cells and replace them with the resulting tissue - liver cirrhosis.

Etandil -1.2(Etilenglіkol) - no barn connection of rіdin. Otruyniy. Nemezheno razchinniy at the water. Water solutions do not crystallize at temperatures significantly lower than Pro ° C, which allows the freezing of this component of non-freezing cooling agents - antifreezes for internal combustion engines.

Prolactriol-1,2,3(Glycerin) - syrupy bunch of ridina, licorice for relish. Unmetered outlet at the water. Non-volatile. In the warehouse part of the folding efirіv enter before the warehouse of fats and oils.

It is widely used in cosmetics, pharmaceutical and food industries. In cosmetic products, glucerin plays a role in helping and aspokylivy. Yogo can be brought to the mouth, and you can get it.

To confectionery virobes I add glycerin to make them more crystalline. Їm obpriyuyut tyutyun, in a whole vipad vin diє yak zvolozhuvach, which zapobіgє hanging tyutyun leaves and іх crumbling before recycling. Yogo to add to the glues, to protect them from above and beyond, to the plastic, especially to the cellophane. In the last resort, glucerin is a viscous function of a plasticizer, and it is easy to use polymeric molecules and, in such a rank, that plastics need flexibility and elasticity.

(Alcohol) class of organic spoluks, where one or more coarse grouts are taken from OH, when the hydroxyl group OH is tied to an aliphatic atom in carbon

The classification of spirits is versatile and should be used as a basis.

1. In the presence of a number of hydroxyl groups in alcohol molecules, it is divided into:

a) monoatomic (replace one hydroxyl OH-group), for example, methanol CH 3 OH, ethanol C 2 H 5 OH, propanol Z 3 H 7 OH

b) high-grade (two and more hydroxyl groups), for example, ethylene glycol

HO З H 2 CH 2 OH , Glycerin HO CH 2 CH (OH) CH 2 OH, pentaerythritol C (CH 2 OH) 4.

Z'єdnannya, in which one atom is in carbon

є two hydroxyl groups, in most cases unstable and easy to transform into aldehyde, splitting off water at the same time: RCH (OH) 2 ® RCH = O + H 2 O , not існує.

2. Behind the type of atom in carbon, the OH group is tied, alcohol is divided into:

a) primary, in which the OH-group is tied to the primary atom in carbon. The first name is the atom in the carbon (seen by the worm color), the banding of everything with one carbon atom. Add the first alcohol to ethanol C

H 3 CH 2 OH, propanol 3 H 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH. b) second, in which the OH-group is tied to the second atom in carbon. The second carbon atom (seen in blue color) is tied at once with two carbon atoms, for example, second propanol, second butanol (Fig. 1).

Small. 1. BUDOVA SECONDARY SPIRITIV

c) tertiary, in which the OH-group is tied to a tertiary atom in carbon. The tertiary carbon atom (seen in green color) is tied at once with three bearing atoms in carbon, for example, tertiary butanol and pentanol (Fig. 2).

Small. 2. BUDOVA from tretinated alcohol

According to the type of carbon atom, assigned to the new alcohol group, it is also called primary, secondary or tertiary.

In richatomic alcohols, where there are two or more OH-groups, there can be present at once as the first and second HO-groups, for example, in the glycerin or xylite (Fig. 3).

Small. 3. UNDERSTANDING IN THE STRUCTURE OF BAGATO ATOMIC ALCOHOLS IN THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ON-GROUP.

3. For organic groups tied with an OH-group, alcohols are added to the boundary (methanol, ethanol, propanol), non-saturated, for example, alilium alcohol CH 2 = CH CH 2 OH, aromatic (for example, benzyl alcohol Z 6 H 5 CH 2 OH)

R aromatic group.

Non-contaminated alcohols, in some OH-group "primed" to the sub-link, is tied to the carbon atom, as it takes part in one hour in the illumination of the sub-link (for example, vinyl alcohol CH 2 = CH_ OH), immediately and isomerized ( cm.IZOMERIZATION) in aldehyde or ketone:

CH 2 = CH OH ® CH 3 CH = O Nomenclature of spirits. For wider spirits, which may mean the simplest of Budov, vicoristoyuyut the nomenclature: the name of the organ_group is transformed into a primer ovy") I add the word" alcohol ":For that matter, since the buds' organic groups are more foldable, they can be vicious for all the organic chemistry rules. Name, the storage for such rules, call them systematic. According to the rules, the carbohydrate lancet is numbered from that point, to which OH-group is located closest. Let the numbering be given, so that the position of the patron saints of the main lanceuga should be given, in the beginning, name the suffix "ol" and the number, which will order the position of the OH-group (Fig. 4):

4. SYSTEMATIC NAME SPIRITIV... Functional (OH) and substitute (CH 3) groups, as well as various digital video indexes are displayed in quotations.Systematic names of the simplest alcohols are stored according to the same rules: methanol, ethanol, butanol. For some alcohols, a trivial (forgiven) name was saved, but it was historically said: propargyl alcohol NSє 3 CH 2 OH, glycerin HO CH 2 CH (OH) CH 2 OH, pentaerythritol C (CH 2 OH) 4, phenethyl alcohol C 6 H 5 CH 2 CH 2 OH.Physical power of alcohol. Alcohol is available in a large number of organic products, the first three of the simplest representatives are methanol, ethanol and propanol, as well as tertiary butanol (H 3 C) 3 SON to wander with water in any kind of children. With an increase in the number of C atoms in an organic group, a hydrophobic (water-discharging) effect will appear, R It’s practical to take revenge on 9 atoms in the coal.

The habits of the presence of OH-groups between the molecules of alcohols give rise to a watery sound.

Small. 5. Water ties in alcohol(Shown by dotted line)

As a result, all alcohols have a higher boiling point, but not all alcohols, for example, T. bale. ethanol + 78 ° C, and T. bp. ethane 88.63 ° C; T. kip. butanol and butane as per + 117.4 ° C and 0.5 ° C.

Chemistry of power of alcohol. Alcohol is developed as a versatile re-enactment. Reactions of alcohols may be similar to the basic laws: the reactivity of the first monohydric alcohols, not the second ones, in its own right, the second alcohols chemically active, not the third ones. For diatomic alcohols, in that case, since the VIN-groups are found near the secondary atoms in the carbon, it is more likely that the reaction (in the case of monohydric alcohols) is changed through the addition of these groups. For alcohols, reactions are possible, which can pass through the opening with both C O and O H zv'yazkiv.

1. Reactions that go through the call about N.

When interacting with active metals (Na, K, Mg, Al), alcohols exhibit the power of weak acids and form salts, called alcoholates or alkoxides:

CH 3 OH + 2 Na ® 2 CH 3 OK + H 2

Alcohol is chemically unstable, and when water is used to hydrolyze with alcohol and metal hydroxide:

C 2 H 5 OK + H 2 O

® C 2 H 5 OH + KOH

This reaction shows that alcohols in diluted water are more weak acids (strong acid is weak), moreover, with the interaction of meadows, spirits cannot be alcoholic. Protein, in high-grade alcohols (in the same way, if the BIN-groups are added to the middle C atoms), the acidity of the alcohol groups is a lot, and the stench can make alcohol use not only with the use of metals:

HO CH 2 CH 2 OH + 2NaOH ® NaO CH 2 CH 2 ONa + 2H 2 OIf in high-grade alcohols, the HO-group is reduced to NOT susceptible to C atoms, the power of the alcohols is close to monoatomic, some fragments of the HO-group fuel will not appear.

When interacting with mineral abnormal organic acids, alcohols can be used to create folding esters with a fragment

R O A (And excess acid). Osvita of folding efirіv vіdbuvatsya i in the interaction of alcohols with anhydrides and acid chlorides carboxylic acids (Fig. 6).

When oxidizing (К 2 Cr 2 O 7, KMnO 4), the primary alcohols are aldehyde, and the secondary ketones (Fig. 7)

Small. 7. OSVITA ALDEGIDIV І KETONIV WITH OXIDATION WITH SPIRIT

Alcohol renewal should be made up to carbohydrate approval, then the same number of C atoms should be replaced with a molecule of the alcoholic alcohol (Fig. 8).

8. UPDATED butanol

2. Reactions that flow through the call with O.

In the presence of catalysts, or strong mineral acids, the dehydration of alcohols (added water) occurs, and the reaction can take place in two directions:

a) intermolecular dehydration due to the participation of two molecules of alcohol, at the same C Pro link, one of the molecules degrades, as a result of which simple ethers appear, so that the fragment is removed

R Pro R (Fig.9A).

b) with intramolecular dehydration, alkenes form - in carbohydrates with a sub-link. Often, the offensive processes of establishing a simple ether and alkene flow in parallel (Fig. 9B).

In the case of secondary alcohols, when an alkene is approved, there are two reactions (Fig. 9B), but in the process of condensation, water is removed from the change of a hydrogenated atom in carbon (in the meanings of the number 3), to 1). Shown in fig. 10 reactions of viciousness for the acquisition of alkene and simple ethers.

Razryv zv'yazy ZO in alcohols is also added when OH-group is replaced by a halogen, or an amino group (Fig. 10).

Small. ten. REPLACEMENT ON-GROUP In alcohol halogen or aminogroup

The reactions are shown in Fig. 10, for the removal of halogenated hydrocarbons and aminiv.

Otrimannya spirits. Deyakі from the indications of food reactions (Fig. 6, 9, 10), turnover and when the mind changes, there can be contractions in the opposite direction, leading to the removal of alcohol, for example, when hydrolysis of folding efіrіv and halogenated carbohydrates, such as alkenes to water supply (pic.11B).

Small. eleven. REMOVAL OF ALCOHOL IN the hydrolysis and hydration of organic spoluks

The reaction to hydrolysis of alkenes (Fig. 11, Scheme B) is the basis of the industrial production of lower alcohols, up to 4 C atoms.

Ethanol is established in the case of the so-called alcoholic fermentation, for example, glucose С 6 Н 12 О 6. The process of countering in the presence of other fungi and producing ethanol and СО 2 to achieve the approval:

® 2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2

Brodinnyas can take no more than 15% water solution to alcohol; Razchini alcohol with a high concentration, obsess over distillation.

Methanol is stripped off in industrial form with monoxide in carbon at 400

° With a 20-30 MPa grip in the presence of a catalyst, it is possible to store from oxides of medium, chromium, and aluminum:® H 3 SON If the hydrolysis of alkenes (Fig. 11) is replaced by oxidation, then diatomic alcohol is established (Fig. 12) 12. Negative dihydric alcoholZasosuvannya spirits. Health of spirits brother share in the chemical reactions Allowing all types of organic spoluces to remove all organic substances: aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids of simple and folding esters, which can become stagnant in the quality of organic substances, when polymerizing polymers, barrels.

Methanol CH 3 OH vikoristovuyut as a razchinnik, as well as at virobnitstvі formaldehyde, which is stagnated for removing phenolformaldehyde resins, in the last hour methanol looks like a promising motor fired. Great service for methanol vykoristovoyt at the form of transport and transport natural gas... Methanol is the most toxic in the middle of all alcohols, a lethal dose when it is taken in the middle of 100 ml.

Ethanol Z 2 H 5 OH is useful for removing acetaldehyde, acetaldehyde acid, as well as for the production of folding ethers of carboxylic acids, such as vicorisation in the yield strength. In addition, ethanol is the main component of all alcoholic beverages, which is widely used in medicine and disinfected.

Butanol is vicious as a source of fats and resins, in addition, it is used to serve as a syruvina for removing odor rechovins (butyl acetate, butyl salicylate and in.). In shampoos, winery is a component that increases the visibility of changes.

Benzyl alcohol Z 6 H 5 CH 2 OH in vіlny stanі (and in viglyadі folding ephіrіv) takes place in essential oils jasmine and hyacinth. Win is antiseptic (zezazrazhuvalny) authorities, in cosmetics wine is vicorized as a preservative for creams, lotions, dental elixirs, and in perfumery - as a preservative of speech.

Phenethyl alcohol Z 6 H 5 CH 2 CH 2 OH Volodya smell of Trojand, to be found in horny oil, it is vicious in perfumery.

Etilenglіkol HOCH 2 CH 2 OH vicoriste at virobnitstvі plastic and yak antifreeze (an additive that would lower the freezing temperature of water solutions), moreover, when preparing textile and other farbs.

Diethylene glycol HOCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH vicious food for storage of galvanized hydraulics, as well as in textile industry when processing and farbuvanny fabrics.

glucerin

HOCH 2 CH (OH) CH 2 OH zasosovyut for the removal of polyether glyphtal resins, in addition, wine is a component of bagatokh cosmetic preparations. Nitroglycerin (Fig. 6) is the main component of dynamite, which stagnates in the private business yak vibukhova speech.

Pentaerythritol (

HOCH 2) 4 C stagnation for removing polyethers (pentaphthalene resins), in the capacity of hardening synthetic resins, like a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride, and also for virobiting vibuchovia tetranithropentaeritis.

Polyalcohol xylit nasally 2 (CHOH) 3 CH 2 OH and sorbitol neOH 2 (CHOH) 4 CH 2 OH may produce a malty relish, їх vicoristy to replace zucru from virgin confectionery viruses for obesity on children who are sick. Sorbit takes place in the berries of the mountain bean and cherry.

Mikhailo Levitsky

LITERATURE Shabarov Yu.S. Organizational chemistry... Moscow, "Khimiya", 1994

VALUE

alcohol- spoluki, scho to replace one or more hydroxyl OH groups, tied with a carbohydrate radical.

The initial formula is homologous to a series of boundary monohydric alcohols C n H 2 n +1 OH. In the name of spirits in the presence of Sufix - ol.

Depending on the number of hydroxyl groups of alcohol, divide into one- (CH 3 OH - methanol, C 2 H 5 OH - ethanol), two- (CH 2 (OH) -CH 2 -OH - ethylene glycol) and trioxatomic (CH 2 (OH) -CH (OH) -CH 2 -OH - glucerin). This is due to the fact that with any carbon atom there is a hydroxyl group, which develops first (R-CH 2 -OH), second (R 2 CH-OH) and tertiary alcohol (R 3 C-OH).

For boundary monohydric alcohols, the isomerism of the carbon skeleton (repairing with butanol) is characteristic, as well as the isomerism of the position of the hydroxyl group (repairing with propanol) and the interclass isomerism with simple ethers.

CH 3-CH 2-CH 2-CH 2-OH (butanol - 1)

CH 3-CH (CH 3) - CH 2-OH (2-methylpropanol - 1)

CH 3-CH (OH) CH 2-CH 3 (butanol - 2)

CH 3-CH 2 -O-CH 2-CH 3 (diethyl ether)

Chemistry of power of spirits

1. The reaction, which is carried out with a break link O-N:

- the acidity of the alcohol in the turn is even weak. Alcohol react with puddle metals

2C 2 H 5 OH + 2K → 2C 2 H 5 OK + H 2

Do not react further in the meadows. In the presence of water and alcohol, the following are more frequent:

C 2 H 5 OK + H 2 O → C 2 H 5 OH + KOH

Tse means, alcohol is more weak acid, less water

- approval of folding ethers for mineral and organic acids:

CH 3 -CO-OH + H-OCH 3 ↔ CH 3 COOCH 3 + H 2 O

- oxidation of alcohols from dichromate to calcium permanganate to carbonyl spolucs. Primary alcohols are oxidized in aldehyde, which, in its turn, can be oxidized in carboxylic acids.

R-CH 2 -OH + [O] → R-CH = O + [O] → R-COOH

Secondary alcohols are oxidized into ketones:

R-CH (OH) -R '+ [O] → R-C (R') = O

The third alcohol is more stable to oxidized.

2. Reaction with the opening of the C-O link.

- intramolecular dehydration with the alkenes formulations (it is recovered with strong heating of alcohols from water-soluble fluids (concentrated sirchan acid)):

CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -OH → CH 3 -CH = CH 2 + H 2 O

- intermolecular dehydration of alcohols from the statements of simple ethers (dehydrated with weak heating of alcohols from water-soluble fluids (concentrated acid)):

2C 2 H 5 OH → C 2 H 5 -O-C 2 H 5 + H 2 O

- weak basic power of alcohols is manifested in reverse reactions with hydrogen halides:

C 2 H 5 OH + HBr → C 2 H 5 Br + H 2 O

Physical power of spirits

Lower spirits (up to C 15) - rіdini, vischі - solid speeches. Methanol and ethanol ripple with water in any kind of sport. With the growth of molecular weight, the difference in alcohols in one drop. Alcohol can cause high temperature and melt for the preparation of water ties.

otrimannya spirits

Otrimannya spirits can be done with the help of biotechnological (brodinnya) method from wood or zukru.

Prior to laboratory methods for eliminating alcohols, include:

- hydration of alkene (reaction against heating and in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid)

CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 O → CH 3 OH

- hydrolysis of alkyl halides from water solutions in meadows

CH 3 Br + NaOH → CH 3 OH + NaBr

CH 3 Br + H 2 O → CH 3 OH + HBr

- renewal of carbonyl spoluks

CH 3 -CH-O + 2 [H] → CH 3 - CH 2 -OH

Set up tasks

APPENDIX 1

zavdannya

Mass particles in coal, water and sour in molecules of boundary monoatomic alcohol 51.18, 13.04 and 31, 18%, as applicable. Give the formula to alcohol.

Decision

Apparently, there are a number of elements that enter into the alcohol molecule with indices x, y, z. Todi, the formula for alcohol in Zagalom viglyadі will be viglyadati - С x H y O z.

Recordable status:

x: y: z = ω (C) / Ar (C): ω (H) / Ar (H): ω (O) / Ar (O);

x: y: z = 51.18 / 12: 13.04 / 1: 31.18 / 16;

x: y: z = 4.208: 13.04: 1.949.

Rozdilimo otrimanі value at the least, tobto at 1,949. otrimaєmo:

x: y: z = 2: 6: 1.

Otzhe, the formula for alcohol - C 2 H 6 O 1. Abo C 2 H 5 OH - cethanol.

vidpovid

The formula for the boundary monoatomic alcohol is C 2 H 5 OH.

tsіlі:

Navchalny: learn about the classification of spirits, their nomenclature and isomeric. Look at the pouring of budov and spirits on the power. Razvivayuchі: Zakrіpiti navichki robots in groups, developing vmіnnya for a joke in conjunction with a new and vivcheny material. Vikhovni: Formation of a robotizing tool in the collective Learner - learner, Learner - teacher. Vmіti analizuvati discarded information.

Lesson type: combinations

Organizational form: frontal experience, Laboratory robot, Self-reliance of the robot, confusion about problematic food, analysis of information.

ustatkuvannya:

1. A set of slides ( Dodatok 1) Tables, individual sheets from the factory for independent robots, Zavdannya for laboratory robots.
2. On scientific tables: flasks with alcohols (ethylovym, isopropyl alcohol, glucerin), sodium, oxide midi (2), octic acid, phenolphthalein, potassium permanganate, juice, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, water ...

Lesson plan:

1. 1. Viznachennya class of alcohols, budova molecules of monoatomic boundary alcohols.
2. Classification of spirits for three signs.
3. Nomenclature of spirits.
4. Kinds of isomers of monoatomic boundary alcohols.
5. Physical power of alcohol. Injection of water on Physical power alcohol.

2. 6. Chemical power.
7. Closing the new material.

XID LESSON

I. Organizational moment

teacher: We have finished the great class of organic spoluks, where only two chemical elements are stored - in coal and water. Yaki shche chemistry elements most often to enter the warehouse of organic spoluks?

scholar: Kisen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sirka and іnshі.

II. Vivchennya new material

teacher: We will start a new class of organic spoluks, to the warehouse of which, in the middle of coal and water, enter kissen. The stench is called kisnevm_snimi. (Slide number 1).
Yak bachimo organic spoluks are stored in coal, water and sour kelka classes. This year we will start a class that will be called "Spirti". Molecules of alcohols replace the hydroxyl group, which is a functional group (FG) for the whole class. What is called FG? (Slide number 1).

scholar: A group of atoms (or an atom) is called FG.

teacher: Great alcohol for the versatility and power of the organic classes other areas people's statehood. (Slide number 2-8)
Yak bacimo tse pharmaceuticals, cosmetics production, food industry, as well as distributors, for plastic materials, varnishes, farbs and іn. The table is understandable.

Table 1.

DEYAKI NAYVAZHLIVISHI REPRESENTATIVES OF CLASU SPIRITIV

teacher: If you talk about going to the organism of people, then take away all the spirits. Molecules of alcohol are poisonous on the living cells. (Slide number 9) to sleep - alkani may be called alcohol. Alcohols are not consumed in carbohydrates, in which one or a few atoms are substituted for hydroxyl groups - OH.
In the simplest vipad of Budov, alcohol can be violated with the offensive formula:

R - OH,

de R is a carbohydrate radical.

Alcohol can be classified for three signs:

1. The number of hydroxyl groups (monoatomic, doubleatom, polyatomic).

Table 2.

KLASIFIKATSIYA SPIRITIV ON a number of hydroxyl groups (OH)

2. The nature of the HC of the radical (borderline, non-borderline, aromatic).

Table 3.

KLASIFIKATSIYA SPIRITIV BY NATURE radical

3. The character of the atom is in carbon, with a hydroxyl group tied to it (first, second, third)

Table 4.

KLASIFIKATSIYA SPIRITIV BY THE CHARACTER OF THE ATOM VUGLETS IS BONDED WITH THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP ON

Quarter alcohols are not ichnuє, since the fourth atom C is bonded with 4 lower C atoms;

The basic principle is easy to understand and the name of the spirits is based on the different nomenclature, the vikorist scheme:

Name alcohol = name HC + (prefix) + - OL +(N1, n2 ..., nn), de prefix meaning the number of OH groups in the molecule: 2 - "dі", 3 - "three", 4 - "tetra", etc.
n placing hydroxyl groups in a carbon lance, for example:

The order of induce name:

1. Vugletseva lantsyug are numbered from the end to the nearest OH group.
2. Basically, the lancet is to take the 7 C atoms, which means the type HC heptane.
3. The number of OH groups is one 2, prefix - "di".
4. Hydroxyl groups are found at 2 і 3 atoms in carbon, n = 2 і 4.

The name of the alcohol is heptandiol-2,4

In the school course, we will discuss in detail the monoatomic boundary spirits by the formula: CnH2n + 1OH

Models of molecules are visible from representatives of cich alcohols (methyl, ethyl, glycerin). (Slide number 10-13)

View row cich alcohol to repair with methyl alcohol:

CH3 - OH - methyl alcohol
CH3 - CH2 - OH - ethyl alcohol
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - OH - propyl alcohol
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - OH - butyl alcohol
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - OH - amilovy alcohol abo pentanol

isomeria

For boundary monohydric alcohols, it is characteristic see izomeria:

1) the position of functional groups

2) in the carbon skeleton.

Respect- the numbering of atoms in the coal is repaired from the point close to the ON group.

3) interclass isomeria (with simple letters R - O - R)

Physical power of spirits

The first ten members of the homologous series are representatives of monohydric alcohols - ridinas, vischі spirits of solid speech. (Slide 14, 15)
A strong inflow on the physical power of alcohols is necessary for a water connection to be established between the molecules of alcohols. We know with a vodnem sound for the program of the 9th grade, the theme "Amiak". Infected your classmate, who at the last urotsі indivіdualne zavdannya, guessed to us the same vodneva zyvyazyv.

assessed by the scholar

A water link is a link between atoms of one molecule and atoms of even electronegative elements of the same molecule. (F, O, N, CL). On letters it is denoted by three specks. (Slide 16.17). Vodneva link is a special type of intermolecular link, as it is weakly covalently covalent link in 10-20 times, but it is even more infused into physical power with a spoluk.
There are two consequences of a water connection: 1) there is a good difference between the words in the water; 2) adjustable melting and boiling temperatures. For example: the accumulation of temperature in the heat of the day is due to the presence of a water connection.

teacher: Yakі visnovka can we change about the infusion of water a link to the physical power of spirits?

studies: 1) With the presence of water, the temperature of the boil increases greatly.
2) The more valence of alcohol, the more the valence of the vapors, to be accepted.

It also helps to increase the temperature of the boil.

Chemistry of government SPIRITIV

(Repeat PTB)

Mountain spirits.

2. Interaction of alcohols with puddles.

3. Oxidation of alcohols (yakisna reaction) - rejection of aldehydes.

4.. Interaction of alcohols with acids in the formulation of folding ethers (reaction of etherification).

5. internal molecular dehydration of alcohols from the formulation of non-contaminated carbohydrates.

6. Intermolecular dehydration of alcohols from the statements of simple ethers.

7. Dehydrogenation of alcohols - removal of aldehydes.

teacher: folds in five rows (Sinkwine)

1st key word

2nd two prikmetnik_v

3 three words

4th proposition

The 5th word is associated with the key word.

The scholar. Alcohol.

Otruynі, рідкі

To fight, to run, to be poor

Nadayut drug addiction to the organism of people.

Drugs.

IV. Home zavdannya: paragraph No. 9, pp. 66-70, ex. No. 13 b.

Individual staff. Vikoristovuchi additional literature: 1) reports on the spheres of glucerin and ethylene glycol; 2) distribution of alcohol from cellulose and fat; 3) how does alcohol affect the body of people?

V. Take a lesson let’s go to the viglyad to show the self-styled robots in two versions

literature:

1. Хімія 10 class. Pidruchnik for outgoing chief pledges... Bustard Moscow 2008 rіk. Basic level. 4th ed. stereotyped.
2. Хімія 100 class robotic sews up before the handler. Basic r_ven. Bustard, 2007 рік.
3. Timed boxes from chemistry. Prior to the employees of O. S. Gabrielian ,. Class 10
4.,. Хімія 9 class Smolensk Association of the XXI century 2006
5 .. ХІМІЯ. New uch. checklist for applicants to universities. View. 4th, corrected and updated. Rostov-on-Don. Fenix 2007.

VALUE

alcohol- spoluki, scho to replace one or more hydroxyl OH groups, tied with a carbohydrate radical.

Depending on the number of hydroxyl groups of alcohol, it is divided into one- (CH 3 OH - methanol, 2 H 5 OH - ethanol), two- (CH 2 (OH) -CH 2 -OH - ethylene glycol) and trioxatomic (CH 2 (OH) - CH (OH) -CH 2 -OH - glucerin). This is due to the fact that with any carbon atom there is a hydroxyl group, which develops first (R-CH 2 -OH), second (R 2 CH-OH) and tertiary alcohol (R 3 C-OH). In the name of spirits in the presence of Sufix - ol.

monohydric alcohol

The initial formula is homologous to a series of boundary monohydric alcohols C n H 2 n +1 OH.

isomeria

CH 3-CH 2-CH 2-CH 2-OH (butanol - 1)

CH 3-CH (CH 3) - CH 2-OH (2-methylpropanol - 1)

CH 3-CH (OH) CH 2-CH 3 (butanol - 2)

CH 3-CH 2 -O-CH 2-CH 3 (diethyl ether)

Physical power

otrimannya spirits

Otrimannya spirits can be done with the help of biotechnological (brodinnya) method from wood or zukru.

Prior to laboratory methods for eliminating alcohols, include:

- hydration of alkene (reaction against heating and in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid)

CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 O → CH 3 OH

- hydrolysis of alkyl halides from water solutions in meadows

CH 3 Br + NaOH → CH 3 OH + NaBr

CH 3 Br + H 2 O → CH 3 OH + HBr

- renewal of carbonyl spoluks

CH 3 -CH-O + 2 [H] → CH 3 - CH 2 -OH

Cheerful authorities

1. The reaction, which passes the O-H sound with a break:

- the acidity of the alcohol in the turn is even weak. Alcohol react with puddle metals

2C 2 H 5 OH + 2K → 2C 2 H 5 OK + H 2

Do not react further in the meadows. In the presence of water and alcohol, the following are more frequent:

C 2 H 5 OK + H 2 O → C 2 H 5 OH + KOH

Tse means, alcohol is more weak acid, less water

- approval of folding ethers for mineral and organic acids:

CH 3 -CO-OH + H-OCH 3 ↔ CH 3 COOCH 3 + H 2 O

- oxidation of alcohols from dichromate to calcium permanganate to carbonyl spolucs. Primary alcohols are oxidized in aldehyde, which, in its turn, can be oxidized in carboxylic acids.

R-CH 2 -OH + [O] → R-CH = O + [O] → R-COOH

Secondary alcohols are oxidized into ketones:

R-CH (OH) -R '+ [O] → R-C (R') = O

The third alcohol is more stable to oxidized.

2. Reaction with the opening of the C-O link.

- intramolecular dehydration with the alkenes formulations (it is recovered with strong heating of alcohols from water-soluble fluids (concentrated sirchan acid)):

CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -OH → CH 3 -CH = CH 2 + H 2 O

- intermolecular dehydration of alcohols from the statements of simple ethers (dehydrated with weak heating of alcohols from water-soluble fluids (concentrated acid)):

2C 2 H 5 OH → C 2 H 5 -O-C 2 H 5 + H 2 O

- weak basic power of alcohols is manifested in reverse reactions with hydrogen halides:

C 2 H 5 OH + HBr → C 2 H 5 Br + H 2 O

Set up tasks

APPENDIX 1

zavdannya

First, start molar mass and alcohol, which seems to be, when you add 7.4 g of alcohol with metal sodium, you see 1.12 liters of gas (n.o.), and when oxidized with oxide (II), it’s okay. reaction of the "social mirror".

Decision

Warehouse reaction to alcohol ROH s: a) sodium; b) we oxidize CuO:

Rivnyannya (a) by the method of vernacular, the molar mass of undesirable alcohol is significant:

7,4/2NS = 1,12/22,4,

NS = M(ROH) = 74 g / mol.

This molar mass can produce alcohol Z 4 H 10 O. 2 SNCH 2 OH.

vidpovid

М (С 4 Н 10 О) = 74 g / mol, ce butanol-1 or 2-methylpropanol-1

APPENDIX 2

zavdannya

How many grams (in l) sour (n.o.) is needed for the re-burning of 31.25 ml of ethyl alcohol (strength 0.8 g / ml) and how many grams of siege will be removed when the reaction products are passed through the water?

Decision

We know masu ethanol:

m = × V= 0.8 × 31.25 = 25 m

Number of speeches, such as:

(Z 2 H 5 OH) = m / M = 25/46 = 0.543 mol.

Let's write down the reaction of the ethanol mines:

Obsyag kisnyu, how to stain when burning ethanol:

V(O 2) = 25 × 3 × 22.4 / 46 = 36.5 liters.

As a matter of fact, up to performance in the standard reaction:

(O 2) = 3 (C 2 H 5 OH) = 1.63 mol,

(CO 2) = 2 (C 2 H 5 OH) = 1.09 mol.