Open Library - a library of basic information. Do not stick to oxidoreductase. Nucleoside is not є
Сірка - element of VI group periodic systems with atomic number 16. Cirka is a cool style in the wilderness, in the minds of the minds of the S8 molecule, which is great cyclic budova. Natural water is stored in the sum of chotir of stable isotopes in the at. m. 32, 33, 34 and 36. When approved cheery sounds The screen can be used for all the electrons of the new electronic shell (stages of oxidation of the grain: 0, 2, 4 and 6).
Syrka is a crystalline (in viglyadi shіlnoy masi) or amorphous form (other powder). Behind his chimіchny powerliness sіrka є typical metal and go to the bagatma metals.
In nature, water grows like in a native mill, as well as in a warehouse of white and acid minerals (gypsum, pyrite, glauber's sil, lead blisk and in.).
Russian name of the element resembles the ancient Indian (Sanskrit) word "sira" - light-zhovty. The prefix "tio", often stagnates before the z'єdnan sirka, resembles the Greek name sirki - "teyon" (divine, heavenly), as the sirka has long been a symbol of combustibility; vvazhavshis vvazhavsya over the banny of gods, leave Prometheus, as to bring the myth, not brought to people.
SIRKA VIDOMA TO PEOPLE WITH HOURS HAS FIND. They are developing in nature near the wilderness, they won the respect for themselves with the characteristic chewing barbecues, as well as with that pungent smell, which is super-chewy for the fire. There was also a sense of the smell and the blaky half of the spirit, so that it would spread out like a burning fire, see the demons.
Syrchy anhydride is a suffocating gas that can be used in hot weather, which has been victorious for a long time for the removal of fabrics. During the digging of Pompeii, they knew a picture, in which images were deco with a bright and attached to the mother's work over him. For a long time, a sirka and spoluky have been used to prepare cosmetic items and for the treatment of children with illnesses. And for a long time ago, they wanted to be victorious for their goals. Thus, in 670, the landowners of Constantinople burned down the Arab fleet for the help of the "walnut fire". tse bula sumish selіtri, vugіlla і sіrki. These speeches entered the warehouse of black powder, which was stashed in Europe in the middle capital and before end of XIX v.
In the water and sour plants, the water is kept in the warehouses of the early anions, which are rich in acid and salt. Most of the sodium salts are slightly soluble in water.
The syrka is made with sour oxide, which have been chosen from the sour and the sour and the anhidridi. Overbought in one group with acidic, sirka volodyn are more oxidatively powerful. In the water, the gas is good at water - water. The whole gas is even more toxic, for the opening of its health it sounds like cations of honey in the enzymes of the dystopian lantsyug.
Syrchan acid, one of the most important spoluks of gray, bulbs of vidkrit, mabut, up to the 10th century, repaired from the 18th century, and began to play on an industrial scale and have become a valuable chemical product, essential textiles nayr_znoman_tnih galuzi. More intense jokes from the family of sirka, vivchennya cheeky authorities sirki і її spoluk and detailed methods and techniques from natural sirovini.
bіlki - head "laborers" clitini - tse nature-biopolymeri, prompted from surplus 20 aminokis-lot. The warehouse of macromolecules can include from not from dozens to hundreds of thousands of amino acid surpluses, and the power of the protein can lie itself in one order, in some way, in one order. To this, it is obvious that the number of male-female bolsheviks is practically not bounded.
amino acids They are called organic spolucs, in which the carboxylic (acidic) group COOH and the amino group NH 2. are assigned to one and the same atom in carbon.
Fig. 1 Structural formula of amino acids
Budova such a molecule is described by a structural formula (Fig. 1), de R is a radical, which is for other amino acids. In such a rank, before the store of amino acids, all organogen C, O, H, N are included, and in the case of zaradi-potassium may include S.
For goodness, people synthesize amino acids from those in front of them to smell in two groups:
- Indispensable: Tryptophan, Fenylalanin, Lizin, Threonin, Methionin, Leucine, Isoleucine, Valin, Arginin, Histidine;
- Replacements: Tyrosine, Cysteine, Glicin, Alanine, Serin, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Asparaginic acid, Asparagine, Proline
Bilki guilty comes into the organism of a man from a man, so as the stench does not get synthesized by a man, who wants to be synthesized in the organism of a man in a lack of a few or perhaps guilty comes from a man.
chemical formulas 20 standard amino acids:
The structure of a protein molecule, underwent covalent links and amino acid surplus, is called the primary . In other words, the primary structure of the library is due to the downtime of the last amino acid surplus. The surplus can be fully expanded in space, creating a secondary structure. Nycharacteristic secondary structure є α-spiral, if the aminokis-lantry lance yak bi make the gwent grow.
One of the founding authorities macromoleculesє those who are α-spirals from the left and right "rozbiy" are being developed in living nature with quite a growing image: macromolecules, "swirling" to the right, may be dumb. Asimmet-riyu biological speeches the great french vchenyh-niy vyaviv in 1848 L. Pasteur... Years later, the asymmetry of power is not limited to macromolecules (nucleic acids, nucleic acids), but to organisms as a whole. As a matter of fact, the spirits of macromolecules can be changed, and as a matter of fact, it has become firmly established in the course of biological evolution - food until the end of the day, discussion-onnimi, and does not seem to be unambiguous.
Most folding and thin specialties structures, where one block is created from the one tertiary structure... In fact, mova yde about those spira-left lancets of amino acid surpluses burnt into a bunch of threads; As a result, quite a few lantsyuzhki take up an altogether small amount of space. The nature of the throat in a tangle of vid-nude is not vypadkovy. Navpaki, vin is uniquely designated for skin blemishes. The founders of the third-party structure of the building have their own unique catalytic, enzymatic functions, if, as a result of the direct burning of the reagents, the synthesis can be made in the folding chemical, folding processes. Zhodna from the cheeky re-actions, which were created by the bills, cannot be attributed to the great rank.
Krim tretinoy structure, the block can have a quadruple-vertical structure; if there is little structured links, there are two or more bricks. Factual-skі mova yde about the unification of kіlkoh "klubkіv" from polypeptide lantsyuzhkіv.
nucleic acids(From lat. nucleus- core) - high-molecular organic phosphorus-containing compounds, biopolymers. Polymeric forms of nucleic acids are called polynucleotides. Lantsyuzhki of nucleotides are absorbed through the surplus of phosphoric acid (phosphodiester link). Oscillations in nucleotides are only two types of heterocyclic molecules, ribose and deoxyribose, then there are only two types of nucleic acids - deoxyribonucleic ( DNA) І ribonuclein ( RNA). Nucleic acids and DNA and RNA are present in the cells of all living organisms and determine the most important functions of the recovery, transmission and implementation of decay information. One of the main axioms of biology of the tree, spadkov's information about the structure and function of the bio-logical object is transmitted from generation to generation by matrix paths, and by means of a chain of information and nucleic acid.
Tsі biopolymeri for the first glance simpler, nіzh bіlki. "Alpha-vit" of nucleic acids is composed of all "letters", in the role of which nucleotides are played - zucru-pentozy, up to which are taken from one of five nitrogenous bases: guanin (G), adenin (A), cytosine C), thymine (T) and uracil (U).
 |
|||
| adenine | guanin | timin | cytosine |
Small. 2 Structures are often deployed in DNA warehouses
In ribonucleic acid (RNA), zucrome є-is in the ribose carbohydrate (C 5 H 10 O 5), and in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - in the deoxyribose carbohydrate (C 5 H 10 O 4), which is not known to be similar to arabic, -th from atoms in carbon OH-group is replaced by an atom of algae-yes. Three of the meanings of nitrogenous bases - G, A and C - enter before the store of і RNA, і DNA. A quarter of a nitrogenous base in cich acids is small - T enter only into DNA, and U-only into RNA. The lanks of the nucleotides in phosphodiester are linked by the links of an excess of phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4.
The typical molecular weight of nucleic acids reaches the value of 1,500,000-2,000,000 or more. The second structure of the boolean DNA was established by methods of X-ray structural analysis in 1953 by R. Franklin, M. Vilkins, J. Watson and F. Crick. It turned out that the DNA is spontaneously twisted strings, and the azo-Tist is tied with water links from the singing thread of the DNA, and the azo-Tist is tied with water ties with the singing strings: adenine can be tied only with thymine, azo-Tist is with guanin (Fig. 3). Such calls are called complementary(Dodat-Transfers). Looks like the order in which the order is delivered in one thread uniquely determines the order in the same thread. The very power of DNA is not tied up to the point of self-reproduction (replication). RNA is not a sub-spinal structure, but only one strand of DNA. They develop ribosomal (rRNA), matrix (mRNA) and transport (tRNA). Smells are seen in these roles, like playing in clits.
Small. 3 Determinants of the sub-spiral DNA
What does it mean by the sequence of nucleotides in nucleic acids? Skin three nucleotide triplet abo codons) code that chi іnshu amino acid in a bottle. For example, the follow-up of the UCH gives a signal for the synthesis of the amino acid serine. At a glance, nutritional advice: can you ritimate the children of the three "letters"? It’s easy to greet, how such three can be 4 3 = 64. Alle, in the approved bіlkіv can take the fate of all 20 amino acid surpluses, which means that they can be blown out in different tricks, which is sposterіga.
For example, leu-cine, serine, arginin are encoded in three triplets, proline, valin and glucin - chotirma and etc. genetic code be called virginity abo overworld. Slid also means that for all living organisms, the code of bricks will be shown the same way (Universality of code). At the same time, the nucleotide end-to-endness in DNA cannot be modified in any way (Unrecognizable codons).
Yaka amino acid is aromatic
B) aspartic acid
C) cysteine
D) tryptophan +
E) histidine
109. Yaka amino acid is heterocyclic:
A) histidine +
Yaka amino acid shows basic power
B) aspartic acid
D) phenylalanin
111. Add aminic acid color:
B) 
C) 
D) 
+
E) 
112. Yaky peptide link:
A) 
113. Amino acid, in a molecule of a non-asymmetric atom in carbon:
A) tyrosine
C) glucin +
D) phenylalanin
Before the warehouse of amino acids, enter sirka
A) arginin
B) tryptophan
C) histidine
D) cysteine +
115. Amino acid, in a molecule of a non-alcoholic amino acid:
A) proline +
B) cysteine
C) glutamic acid
D) tryptophan
E) phenylalanin
116. At the same time, the pH range of the amino acid is the most important value of the isoelectric point, todi:
A) the amino acid molecule is negatively charged
B) the amino acid molecule is positively charged
C) the amino acid molecule is neutral +
D) the amino acid is good at water
E) the amino acid molecule is easy to collapse
117. For the pH range of amino acids, the value of the iso-electric point, todi:
A) an amino acid molecule in a bipolar ion +
B) an amino acid molecule in anion
C) an amino acid molecule in the viglyad cation
D) the amino acid molecule is not charged
E) the amino acid molecule collapses
118. In the warehouse, the library does not contain molecules:
A) creatine phosphate +
B) glutamine
D) histidine
E) tyrosine
119. glycin = 2.4, PK2 glucine = 9.7, iso-electric point to glucine:
120. To the warehouse of the molecule of the library it is necessary to enter:
B) D- amino acids
C) D- amino acids
D) L-amino acid
E) L-amino acids +
121. Amino acid, as it does not appear in the warehouse of a molecule of a bottle:
A) tryptophan
B) aspartic acid
D) ornіtin +
E) histidine
122. Do not build up until the replacement amino acids:
C) glutamic acid
D) tryptophan +
123. Do not build up to essential amino acids:
B) phenylalanin
D) proline +
E) threonine
124. Prior to replacement amino acids, the following should be applied:
B) isoleucine
C) aspartic acid +
D) methionin
E) tryptophan
125. To essential amino acids are:
B) glutamic acid
D) asparagine
E) cysteine
126. Ningidrinova reaction is a reaction to:
A) wine aminogroup +
B) vilny carboxyl groups
C) for the value hydroxyl groups
D) for assigning SH-groups
E) for the identification of aromatic amino acids
127. For viznachennya bіlka in rozchinі vikoristovuyu:
A) Selivanov's reaction
B) biuret reaction +
C) Sakaguchi's reaction
D) nitroprussian reaction
E) Millon's reaction
128. The reaction of Millon is victorious: for the purpose:
A) excess tyrosine in the protein +
B) guanidine group and arginine
C) imidazole group and histidine
D) aromatic amino acids
E) SH-group cysteine
129. Yaka amino acid dicarboxylic:
A) tyrosine
B) glutamic acid +
D) tryptophan
130. Hemoglobin molecules in the warehouse:
A) 1 subunit
B) 3 subunits
C) 6 subunits
D) 4 subunits +
E) 2 subunits
131. Skіls subunits in albumin molecules:
132. If the pH value of the range is equal to the value of the isoelectric point of the protein, todi:
A) the protein molecule is negatively charged +
B) the protein molecule is positively charged
C) the bilka molecule is uncharged
D) denatured protein molecule
E) the lock cannot be cleared
133. Do not apply to globular labels:
A) trypsin
B) hemoglobin
C) keratin +
D) albumin
E) myoglobin
134. Fibrillary bills shall not be entered:
A) collagen
B) insulin +
C) keratin
E) elastin
135. Before the warehouse of glucoproteins, enter:
A) phosphate
B) in carbohydrate +
E) They are metals
136. A molecule of a protein in an isoelectric point:
A) negatively charged
B) positively charged
C) zalny charge to zero +
D) denatured
E) out of range
137. For enzymatic activation of amino acids it is necessary:
138. Hemoglobin to enter the warehouse:
A) manganese
B) molybdenum
E) zalizo +
139. prosthetic group myoglobin - tse:
B) molybdenum
C) they are magnesium
D) іony міді
E) thiaminpyrophosphate
140. In the formulated tertiary structure of the molecule, the link takes part:
A) covalent link
B) water ties
C) hydrophobic interaction
D) іонні vzaєmodії
E) all meaningful links +
141. Bilok, which has a quarter structure:
A) hemoglobin +
B) ribonuclease
C) albumin
D) myoglobin
E) insulin
142. A carrier of molecular sourness in organism:
A) amylase
B) albumin
C) hemoglobin +
E) collagen
143. Before the warehouse of phosphoproteins include:
B) phosphate +
C) in carbohydrates
E) They are metals
144. I will use the function of the organizm:
A) immunoglobulin +
B) albumin
C) gistoni
D) phosphatase
145. Functions, like bіlki vikonuyut in organіzmі:
A) transport
B) zakisna
C) regulatory
D) structural
E) all functions +
146. lipoprotein є block, which is to take revenge at your warehouse:
B) They are metals
C) in carbohydrates
D) lіpіdi +
E) phosphate
147. Nucleoprotein - tse:
A) folding bins, before the warehouse where you can enter
B) complexes of nucleic acids with proteins +
C) folding bottles
D) folding bricks, before the warehouse, which includes phosphates
E) folding bricks, before the warehouse which includes metal
148. For the activity of pepsin:
A) pH of the middle of the ma dor_vnyuvati pH 1.5-3.0 +
B) the middle of the ma buti neutral
C) the middle ground
D) in the middle of the world, the presence of metals
E) in the middle of the world there is a presence of amino acids
149. Blood block, which is associated with fatty acids:
A) hemoglobin
B) albumin +
C) orosomucoid
D) haptoglobin
E) immunoglobulin
150. In the course of the reaction of the amino acid change, the following is established:
A) -ketoacids +
B) aldehyde
D) non-toxic in carbohydrates
E) hydroxy acids
151. buffer of power amino acids accumulated:
A) the presence of a carboxyl group
B) the presence of an aminogroup
C) good disparity
D) the nature of the radical
E) the presence of carboxylic and amino group in molecules at once +
152. Tyrosine is established in the oven from:
A) tryptophan
B) phenylalanin +
D) histidine
E) arginin
153. Amino acids vikoristoyutsya in the body:
A) for the synthesis of bilkiv
B) for the synthesis of hormones
C) for osvit-keto acids
D) as a source of nitrogen for the synthesis of nitrogenous substances of non-amino acid nature
E) for all meanings in the drop +
154. In the cycle of the sechovini, to pretend:
B) isoleucine
C) histidine
D) arginine +
E) tryptophan
155. In the body of enzymes:
A) catalyze the speed of chemical reactions +
B) show the structural function
C) reserve fund of chemical energy for anabolic reactions
D) vikonuyut I'll write down the function
E) adjust the osmotic vice
156. Oxidation-leading reactions catalyze:
A) oxidoreductase +
C) hydrolase
D) transferase
157. Enzymes that catalyze the transferred atoms and atomic groups:
B) transferase +
C) oxidoreductase
D) hydrolase
158. Enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of chemical compounds:
A) oxidoreductase
B) transferase
D) hydrolase +
159. Enzymes that catalyze isomerization reactions:
A) oxidoreductase
B) transferase
C) isomerase +
D) hydrolase
160. Enzymes that catalyze the reaction of establishing a new connection:
A) ligazi +
B) hydrolase
C) transferase
D) isomerase
E) oxidoreductase
161. Enzymes that catalyze reactions of nonhydrolytic splitting and education of the linkage:
A) hydrolase
B) transferase
C) isomerase
D) oxidoreductase
162. To the class of hydrolases it should be mentioned:
A) esterasi
B) proteinazi
C) glucose
E) all values of the class of enzymes +
163. Do not stick to Oxidoreductase:
A) lactate dehydrogenase
B) alcohol dehydrogenase
C) peroxidase
D) cytochrome oxidase
E) ribonuclease +
164. Apoenzyme - tse:
A) prosthetic group
B) bricks, dressings with a prosthetic group +
C) the protein part of the enzyme, the active form is to take revenge on the coenzyme
D) organic cofactor to the enzyme
E) simple block
165. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a coenzyme that can transfer:
A) methyl groups
B) alkyli
C) acyl groups
D) amіnniє group
E) atomi vodnu +
166. Coenzymes are not admitted:
A) flavin mononucleotide
B) pyridoxal phosphate
C) thyroxine +
D) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
E) thiaminpyrophosphate
167. Coenzyme capable of transferring acyl groups:
A) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
B) pyridoxal phosphate
C) flavin mononucleotide
D) coenzyme A +
E) folic acid
168. The power of enzymes is not carried:
A) do not reduce the energy of activation of chemical reactions +
B) the effectiveness of the game
C) temporal specificity in terms of delivery to the substrate
D) lowering the energy of activation of chemical reactions
E) the specificity of the type of chemical reaction
169. Hydrolysis of folding efirіv to catalyze:
A) esterasi +
B) glucosidase
C) hydrolase
D) proteinazi
E) synthetase
170. To coenzymes are introduced:
A) tetrahydrofolic acid
B) thiaminpyrophosphate
C) flavіnadenіndіnucleotid
D) lipoamid
E) all meanings of the half +
171. Chi is not admitted to proteolytic enzymes:
A) trypsin
B) lipase +
D) elastasis
E) chimotpsin
172. Proteolytic enzymes catalyze:
A) hydrolysis peptide link +
B) hydrolysis of the glycosidic link
C) Hydrolysis Foldable
D) hydrolysis phosphoether compound
E) hydrolysis of the etheric connection
173. Fermenti - tse:
A) biological catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions +
B) basic building material of cell membranes
C) speeches to detoxify the body
D) Ingibitories of chemical reactions
E) speeches take part in the transmission of signal information
174. Competitive Ingibitories:
A) cling to substrates
B) connect to the active center of the enzyme +
C) binds to the enzyme-substrate complex
D) does not bind to the active center of the enzyme, binds to the enzyme
E) the enzyme is non-negotiable with the allosteric center
175. Non-competitive Ingibitories:
A) details for its structure of the substrate
B) be aware of their structure as a substratum +
C) communicate with the active center of the enzyme
D) denature the enzyme
E) cling to the substrate
176. Proteolytic enzyme pepsin:
A) function in slurry juice at pH 1.5-3.0 +
B) function in slurry juice at pH 9.0-11.0
C) enter the intestinal mucosa storage
D) functions in the small intestine
E) prevent hydrolysis of triacylglycerides in adipose tissue
177. Trypsin is synthesized at the crosshead in:
B) slurry sand +
C) small intestine
D) adipose tissue
E) slime slunk
178. The activity of enzymes is linked to:
A) middle temperature
B) pH of the middle
C) the presence in the middle of the winter chemistry spoluks
D) the nature of the substrate
E) from the use of the meanings of the mind +
179. Enzymes accelerate the progression of chemical reactions, as follows:
A) reduce the energy of activation of chemical reactions +
B) increase the energy of the activation reaction
C) reduce the concentration of the reaction product
D) change the structure of the substrate
E) change the concentration of outgoing conversations
180. Do not enter the nucleotide store:
A) excess phosphoric acid
B) primіdinovі pіdavi
C) purine bases
D) deoxyribose
E) glucose +
181. Prior to the ribonucleoside warehouse, include:
B) nitrogenous bases і ribose +
E) excess phosphoric acid and ribose
182. Do not enter the DNA warehouse:
B) uracil +
E) cytosine
183. Prior to the RNA warehouse, include:
A) 2-D-deoxyribofuranose
B) glucopyranosis
C) D-ribofuranose +
D) fructofuranosi
E) arabinose
184. nucleotide є:
A) adenosine
C) adenilic acid +
E) cytosine
185. Before the warehouse of deoxyribonucleotides include:
A) excess phosphoric acid and nitrogenous bases
B) nitrogenous bases and ribose
C) nitrogenous bases and deoxyribose
D) excess phosphoric acid and deoxyribose
E) excess phosphoric acid, deoxyribose and nitrogenous bases +
186. Nitrogen podstavu, yak do not enter the warehouse of RNA:
E) cytosine
187. In DNA warehouses to take place:
A) galactopyranosis
B) glucopyranosis
C) D-ribofuranose
D) fructofuranosi
E) 2-D-deoxyribofuranose +
188. nucleosides not є:
A) guanosine
B) ribose-5-phosphate +
C) adenosine
E) Цітідін
189. monomer units of nucleic acids є:
A) nucleotide +
B) nitrogen base
C) amino acids
D) ribose phosphate
E) monosaccharide
190. In nucleic acid molecules, nucleotides are linked:
A) disulfide links
oligosaccharides
monosaccharides
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
- mannose
- disaccharidi
- sucrose (zvichiny zukor)
- maltose
- isomaltose
- lactose
- lactulose
- dextrin
- glycogen
- starch
- cellulose
bіlki - head "laborers" cells - the price of natural biopolymers, prompted from surplus 20 amino acids. The warehouse of macromolecules can include tens of tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands, and there are millions of amino acid surpluses. For a number of reasons, it is obvious that the number of young people is practically not limited.
amino acids I call it organics, in which the carboxylic (acidic) group COOH and aminogroup NH 2. Come to one and the same atom in carbon.
Fig. 1 Structural formula of amino acids
Budova such a molecule is described by a structural formula (Fig. 1), de R is a radical, which is suitable for other amino acids. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, before the store of amino acids, there should be some organogen C, O, H, N, and the radicals may include S.
For goodness, people synthesize amino acids from those in front of them to smell in two groups:
- Indispensable: Tryptophan, Fenylalanin, Lizin, Threonin, Methionin, Leucine, Isoleucine, Valin, Arginin, Histidine;
- Replacements: Tyrosine, Cysteine, Glycin, Alanine, Serin, Glutamic acid Glutamine, Asparaginova acid Asparagin, Proline
Bilki guilty comes into the organism of a man from a man, so as the stench does not get synthesized by a man, who wants to be synthesized in the organism of a man in a lack of a few or perhaps guilty comes from a man.
Chemical formulas of 20 standard amino acids:
The structure of a protein molecule, underwent covalent links and amino acid residues, is called primordial. In other words, the primary structure of the library is due to the simple post-production of amino acid surpluses. The surplus can be completely determined by the rank of space to grow up in space, secondly structure. Nycharacteristic secondary structure є α-helix, if amino acid lancers yak bi make the development of gwent. One of the founding powers of macromolecules are those that α-spirals from the left and right "rozby" develop in living nature with a very different imovirnist: macromolecules, "twisted" to the right, may not be much. The asymmetry of biological speeches was shown in 1848 ᴦ. the great French lecture by L. Pasteur. Years later, the asymmetry of power is not only dominated by macromolecules (nucleic acids, nucleic acids), but by organisms as a whole. As a result, the spirits of macromolecules are more important, and as a matter of fact, it has become firmly established in the course of a biological evolution - the nutritional status is discussed and not unambiguous.
Most folding and subtle features of the structure, so that one block from the other is displayed, connected with a spacious organization, which is called tretine structure. Actually, mova yde about those spiralepodibnі lancet of amino acid surpluses burnt into a schoos, scho a ball of thread; As a result, dovgі lantsyuzhki take up an arbitrarily small amount of space. The character of the throat in a tangle is not vague. Navpaki, vin is uniquely defined for a skin flaccid. The founders of the tertiary structures of the building have their own unique catalytic, enzymatic functions, since as a result of the directed suntanning of the reagents, the synthesis can be made in the foldable chemical It’s because of the cheeky reactions, which were brought up by the bottles, which cannot be seen as an extravagant rank.
Crim tert structure, block can be used quaternary structure; if there is little structured links, there are two or more bricks. In fact, I’m talking about a common eni kіlkoh "tangle" of polypeptide lantsyuzhkіv.
nucleic acids(From lat. nucleus- core) - high-molecular organic phosphorus-containing compounds, biopolymers. Polymeric forms of nucleic acids are called polynucleotides. Lantsyuzhki of nucleotides are absorbed through the surplus of phosphoric acid (phosphodiester link). Oscillations in nucleotides are only two types of heterocyclic molecules, ribose and deoxyribose, then there are only two types of nucleic acids - deoxyribonucleic ( DNA) І ribonuclein ( RNA). Nucleic acids and DNA and RNA are present in cells of all living organisms and determine the most important functions of the recovery, transmission and implementation of decay information. One of the basic axioms of the biology of stverdzhu, spadkov's information about the structure and function of the biological object is transmitted from generation to generation by matrix paths, and through the nucleic acids.
Tsі biopolymeri for the first glance simpler, nіzh bіlki. The "alphabet" of nucleic acids is composed of the number of "letters", in the role of which nucleotides are played - zucru-pentozy, up to which came from one of five nitrogenous bases: guanin (G), adenin (A), cytosine , thymine (T) і uracil (Y).
 | |||
| adenine | guanin | timin | cytosine |
Fig. 2 Structures are often found in DNA warehouses
In ribonucleic acid (RNA), zucrom is a ribose carbohydrate (C 5 H 10 O 5), and in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), deoxyribose carbohydrate (C 5 H 10 O 4) in carbon, the OH-group is replaced by an atom of water. Three of the meanings of nitrogenous bases - G, A and C - enter before the store of і RNA, і DNA. A quarter of nitrogenous bases in cich acids are small - T enter only into DNA, and U-only into RNA. Lanks of nucleotides in phosphodiesteric bonds are linked with an excess of phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4. The molecular weight of nucleic acids reaches a value of 1500 000-2 000 000 and more. The secondary structure of the boolean DNA was established by the methods of X-ray structural analysis in 1953. R. Franklin, M. Wilkins, J. Watson and F. Crick. It appeared that DNA was formed spirally twisted strings, and the nitrogenous bases of one strand of DNA were tied with water ties as determined by the first thread: adenine can be bound only with thymine, and cytosine - thymine. ... Such calls are called complementary(Dodatkovim). Looks like the order in which the order is delivered in one thread is uniquely the order in the first thread. The very power of DNA is not tied together - the power to self-creation (replication). RNA is not a small sub-spinal structure and is stimulated as one of the DNA strands. They develop ribosomal (rRNA), matrix (mRNA) and transport (tRNA). Οʜᴎ take on these roles, like playing in clientele.
Small. 3 Determinants of the sub-spiral DNA
What does it mean by the sequence of nucleotides in nucleic acids? Skin three nucleotide (їх name triplet abo codons) code that chi іnshu amino acid in a bottle. For example, the sequence of the UCH gives a signal for the synthesis of the amino acid serine. At a glance, nutritional advice: can you ritimate the children of the three "letters"? It’s easy to say that there can be 4 3 = 64 of such three. But in the case of the approved bile, the fate of all 20 amino-acid surpluses can take place, which means that some of them can be blown up in different ways, so that they can be promoted in nature. For example, leucine, serine, arginin are encoded in a number of triplets, proline, valin and glucin - chotirma, etc. The power of the triplet genetic code is accepted virginity abo overworld. Slid also means that for all living organisms, the code is displayed the same way (Universality of code). At the same hour, the last of the nucleotides in the DNA does not show any changes, as in the same way (Non-overlapping codons).
Xylose (village tsukor) take revenge in the bavovnya lushpinna, maize roach. Xylose enter before the pentosan store. Together with phosphorus, xylose goes into active spoluces, as it plays an important role in the interconversions of suckers. Arabinose to take revenge in the conifers ... [read more]
Laws of establishment and accumulation of polysaccharides in roslins. Role in the life of the roslin Polysaccharides become 80% of the organic speech of the planet, and some of it becomes a larger part of the dry speech of the roslin. Roslin has monosaccharides and їх disappeared, ... [read more]
The main reserve polysaccharide in roslin cells is starch. Krochmal is established in the dewlins during photosynthesis and deposited in the "reserve" carbohydrate in the roots, bulbs and nasinni. For example, grains of rice, wheat, grain and other cereals have 60-80% starch, ...
Сірка - Enter the warehouse of amino acids (cysteine, methionin), vitamin B1 and other enzymes. Kaliy - to take revenge in the cells of the viglyad + ions, activating the life of the cell, activating the enzyme's work, infusing it into the rhythm of the heart's activity. Zalizo - to enter the storehouse of hemoglobin and bagatoch enzymes, take care of the fate of the economy, photosynthesis. Iodine - to enter the storehouse of thyroid hormones, take the part in the regulation of the exchange of speech. Chlorine - takes care of the water-salt exchange, in the transmission of nerve impulses, in the storage of hydrochloric acid and slurry juice, activates the enzyme pepsin.
Picture 14 from the presentation « Chemistry speeches klitini " before lessons in biology on the topic “ Chemistry warehouse klitini "Size: 960 x 720 pixels, format: jpg. Schob bezkoshtovno zavantazhit picture for a lesson in biology, click on the image with the right button of the bear and draw "Save the image yak ...". To display the pictures on the video level, you can also download the presentation "Chemistry of the cell.ppt" with pictures in a zip-archive. Rosemir archive - 333 KB.
add a presentationChemist warehouse of klitini
"Khimichny speeches of klitini" - inorganic speeches... Functions of the water. River transport. Spіvіdnoshennya chemіchnіkh spoluk u kіtiny. Cation (+ ion). Macroelement. Revenge in the walls of inanimate and living nature. take the fate of chemical reactions... Water and salt. Gidrophilny kindly at the water. Zachist to the body from overheating and overcooling.
"Budova cells and functions" - Function of mitochondria. Mitochondria. Functions: Provides biosynthesis of a protein (folding of a protein molecule from amino acids). Vії (numerical cytoplasmic virility on the membrane). CYTOLOGY (as cyto ... i ... logia) is a science about clytina. Clinical theory. gene (dlyanka DNA). Apparat Golgi. Jiguties (single cytoplasmic viries on the membrane).
"The nucleus of the cellini" - Endoplasmic reticulum of the folds. Eukarotic cultini. DNA. 0.25 μm. Features of Budovi. Mitochondria. Plasma - small rings of DNA in the cytoplasm. Vacuoles. Odnoklіtinnі (bacteria, simplest). Core. Zovnishnya obolonka... Dzhgutik. 0.1 μm. DNA mitochondria, chloroplasts. The functions of the nucleus in the prokaryotic cell show the Golgi apparatus.
"Organіchnі speeches kіtiny" - Organizational speeches, Scho to enter the storehouse. Visnovok. RNA: i-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA. Carbohydrates are stored from atoms in carbon and molecules of water. What are the functions in carbohydrates and lipids? Plan. Zrobiti visnovok. Roslinnі and tvarinnі bіlki. Overhaul the functions of the library. Close. Organic spoluks of blood vessels: wine, fat, carbohydrates.
"Budova roslinnoi klitini" - Tsili and zavdanya lesson. Baked cells. The result is cutaneous vidomy, which is right with sprinkling. The worms of the plugs are dead and squeezed out by the words, as they do not let the water in and out. root hairs. Home zavdannya... They put the microscope, the Preparation - on the table, the Ob'єktiv was sent, Zirk, and the tsibulya - from a piece! Vacuoles. L. r.№2 "Plastida in the cells of the leaf of Elodie".
"Biology Budova klitini" - Primary subjects: biology, physics Participants in the project: 10th grade scholars. OPV: WHY DO I NOT RISE A CELL? Z'yasuvati mechanisms for the transport of rivers through the cell membrane. cell membrane... Theme for the initial project: structural organization klitini. Web site. Didactic materials. Transport of rivers in klіtynі.
All in all 15 presentations