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If the buv is in the Pacific Ocean. Doslіgennya pacific ocean

samiy great ocean on Earth - tse Quiet. New has the best niglibsha point the planet - tse Marianska depression. The ocean of the floor is great; The presenters vvazhayut, as well as the oceans began to form in the Mesozoic era, if the continent went to the continents. For an hour in the Jurassic period, the chotiri of the main oceanic tectonic plates... Far in the era of credit, the Uzbek coast of the Pacific Ocean began to form, Of America, And Australia has been seen from Antarctica. At the present moment, the collapse of the slabs is still more common, just to bring earthquakes and tsunamis to Pivdenno-Shidniy Asia.

History of development and development of the Pacific Ocean

To conquer the Pacific Ocean, people rested still in the ancient hours, as the new transport routes passed through the new ones. actively reprimanded natural resources the ocean is the tribes of Inkiv and Aleutians, Malays and Polynesians, Japanese, as well as other peoples and nationalities. The first Europeans, like the ocean, bully Vasco Nunєs і F. Magellan. The members of the expeditions scouted the coastal lines of the islands, the islands, and took a look at the houses about the winds and the currents, the weather changes. Also, the deyaka of information about roslinny and tvarinny light is recorded, the ale velmy is fragmentary. Nadal's naturalists were picked for collections of flora and fauna, and from their vivchati.

Expeditions of Kruzenshtern, O. Kotsebue, E. Lenz and other seafarers conquered the ocean, took different types of houses, changed the temperature of the water and introduced the authorities, carried out the preliminaries under the water. Until the end of the nineteenth century and in the twentieth century, the ocean became a complex one. There were organized special coastal stations and conducted oceanological expeditions, by means of some information about the special features of the ocean:

physical;
geological;
cheeky;
biological.

Naivazhliv_shim straight to the ocean є to continue the system of zholob_v. The number of species of underwater flora and fauna on the floor is majestic, so you can't stand up to see it, but I will approach it. Unimportant for those who have mastered the ocean for immemorial hours, people have accumulated a lot of information about the given aquatoria, even more so abundantly unknown to be found under the water of the Pacific Ocean, which until then are trivial.

The ancient peoples, who inhabited the shores of the Pacific Ocean, have been swimming along the winter waters and have made up for the first reports about the winds, problems, currents and other minds of seafaring, as well as about the nature of the early islands. Ale Europeans became the most popular of the oceans in the first half of the 16th century. - the completion of the round-the-world sailing expedition of F. Magellan (1519-1522).

In the era of great geographic views, in conjunction with the intense jokes of new lands, there was a great factual material about the nature of the Pacific Ocean.

Vіyskovі hikes and trade seafaring during the whole period brought vіdoms and vlasne scientific significance... U 1648 S. І. Dezhnev is the first to pass through the channel, which is from the Pivnichny Lodovitiy and the Pacific Ocean, which I will call Bering. In the XVIII century. a great contribution to the preligens of the order with the French and the English was made by the Russian Expedition of I.I. Beringa and A. I. Chirikova (the stench reached the shores Wine of America, Described a part of the Kuril Islands and ін.).

Until the ear of the XIX century. The first great oceanographic robots to be introduced in the Pacific Ocean.

The hour of the circumnavigation of the world is led by I.F. Kruzenshtern і Yu. F. Lisyansky (1803-1806) vimiruvalasya water on the mountains, was carried out with caution behind the atmospheric grip. Systematic changes in temperature, salinity and salinity of water on the mountain slopes were carried out by the expert O. Yu. Kotzebue (1823-1826), before the hour of the physicist E.L. In 1820 FF Bellingshausen and M.P. A great contribution to the development of science was the sailing on the ships "Bigl" (1831-1836) with the participation of Charles Darwin.

The new period in the prelude to the Holy Ocean came from the English round-the-world expedition on the specially owned vessel "Challenger" (1872-1876), during which a complex oceanographic study was carried out in the Pacific Ocean.

For the laying of the underwater telegraph cable between Pivnich America and Asia since 1873, the United States began to vikoristovuvati its Vyskovo-naval vessels with the help of vivchennya bottom relief. Measurements, which were carried out along the line of Fr. Vancouver - The Japanese Islands allowed to trim the first latitudinal profile of the Pacific Ocean floor. From the end of the XIX century. up to 20s XX century a number of great oceanographic expeditions were organized. As a result, they robustly appeared new underwater ridges and raised, deeply waterlogged and ledge, folded pictures of the bottom and bottom outward, taken great material about organic society the ocean.

З 20-х рр. Pochasya stage of detailed vivchennya Svitovoy ocean. Zasosuvannya ekhozonirovaniya with vimirs on the move of the vessel allowed to make a statement about the superstitious folding of the bottom of the ocean. Victory of seismographs revealed the presence of the Pacific seismic cycle. Bully continued biology, hydrochemistry and development of the Pacific Ocean.

For other light ideas, oceanographic technology is being completed. Along with new possessions, three round-the-world expeditions passed through the Pacific Ocean: Swedish, Danish and British. In 1949, the robots of the science vessel "Vityaz" (SRCP) reigned. Tied to him is the whole era of vivchennya to the bottom. After an hour of numerous voyages of the Vityaz, there was a lot of destruction and great insight, the first for everything in the marine topography and geology of the Okhotsk, Japanese, Bering Seas and the entire ocean. For the first time, they were carried out by stretching a trivial hour of quilting for leaks. In 1957, the oceanographers of "Vityaz" knew nagliebsch sink Svitovoy ocean - Marianskoi (11,022 m). Robots "Vityaz" bully prodovzhenі science ships "Dm. Mendelev "," On "," Akademik Kurchatov ". The warrior rock was developing and international sports in the Pacific Ocean. I wondered about the shipwreck by the ships of Japan, the USA and Canada on the part of the ocean (NORPAK program). Then they sent the social international programs of the International Geophysical Rock (MGY, 1957-1959), EKVAPAK, Kuros, Westpak and IN. Stationary monitoring is carried out in into the ocean, Yakі zdіysnyuyutsya in the adjacent areas in the wake of pre-slіdnitsky ships. The first such stations in the Pacific were organized by Japan and Canada. The most recent example of the 50s. XX Art. - Discovered by the American Expeditionary of Cromwell's clay prototype.

weird technical achievementsє glibokovodne burinnya. Since 1968, the American ship "Glomar Challenger" has been specially motivated without interruption. In the pre-sludges of the ocean, it is highly promising to secure autonomous sub-water apparatuses - bathyscaphs. The stench may seem to be overwhelming great glibini, Scho and vikoristovyut oceanologists for the vivchennya of young glibokovodnykh zholobiv, zokrem Marian trap... Conducting direct caution for the "rozpovzannya" lithospheric plates... The breeders of the bathyscaphes have a wild fauna near the hydrothermal waters.

The era of great geographic views and continuation of the ocean.

15. Witness to the Pacific Ocean and the first round-the-world trip.

Now our readers are told about two of the most important stages in the history of the ocean space - about the rise of the Pacific Ocean and about the first new roads.

Already in the ancient hours of the financial and Arabian merchants through the Malak channel they penetrated into I'll go to a part The Pacific Ocean. They did not have a need to fill the coastal waters, and stretching out two thousand years, the majestic water basin was overshadowed. View of the Pacific Ocean has been a direct heritage of America Christopher Columbus... Yak Columbus, both of them fellows, having spent time on the western Uzbek coast of America, boules in front of them are the Indian coast and the western edge of Asia. Not at once came a thought about those who, beyond the boundaries of the new continent, is the one ocean.

The first European, like having thrashed the Pacific Ocean in the wild, Buv Spanish Vasco Nunєs de Balboa. About the life of Balboa until 1501, there is nothing to be seen. In 1501, at the same time with the first Spanish sailor, Rodrigo de Bastidas, central America and for the most part, it is useful to hang out in Darien (the area of the Ninish Panama Canal). Penetrating rosum and great goodness allowed Balboa to occupy the camp of the middle of the Tubers. Uncompromisingly in order to order in the Spanish panuvannya of the rich Indian tribes. From the tubulars, it’s known that there’s not a great expanse of water to lie behind the impassable jungle, and beyond it there is a lot of gold land (maybe, I’m talking about Peru). Balboa, having ordered the expedition and after the 25-day march, on the 25th of 513 threw the rock, leaving the Pacific Ocean nearby. For reloads, through a few days of wine in the main cloud, we went into the water and, having pulled our hand and bare our sword, as a sign that the king of Spain should have entered the ocean. So, as a matter of fact, the knowledge of Europeans with the greatest from the oceans to the world has been cherished. Nezabarom ships from bagatokh krayn became sailing uzdovzh shidny uzberezhzh America, being able to know the passage in the Great Pivdennaya Sea, like Balboa calling the Pacific Ocean.

First, having gotten overwhelmed by the virus on the road to the ocean that has not yet been plotted on one map, and by the very same time, see the world of Columbus about the introduction of the western sea route to Asia, by the Portuguese seafarer Fernand Magellan.

Vin was born close to 1480 rock in Sabroza, at a party in the family of a noble nobleman. Ale, modestly, did not shy away from life: in 12 years, Fernand became a court page in Lisbon. In his youth, he was sent to serve in the Portuguese Navy. Some of them served on the ships of the flotilla of the Viceroy of the Indies - the Portuguese nicholas Francisco de Almeida, de in the 25th century, having repaired his first wound in the naval battle of Cannanor in the Indies. In order to win the good fortune and to serve on Portuguese ships in Malaysia, because of the fate of the European campaign in Morocco, we will be wounded with a list in the leg.

However, his merits were not judged by the proper rank in Batkivshchyna. Moreover, when arriving from Africa to Lisbon, Magellana was brought in by the court of appeals for food in connection with the mischievous grievances in evil, as they were allowed, being in the seat of the Quartermaster of Marocco one of them. Having renounced the verdict of the court, Magellan ask King Manuel the First to advise him for a fee and proponate his servants as a seafarer, who is also kind to geometry, astronomy and navigation. Ale the king is viprovajuє yogo get. With an unprecedented song, at the spring of 1517, I lost my father's land and became the father of the Spanish king Karl the First. Having kindly studied before the king's audition, I won over in good perspectives sailing to the Moluccan Islands across the Atlantic Ocean and further afield to the north of America. Karl grasped Magellan's plan in hopes of arriving, as it would appeal to the kingdom of the Spice Island, which they called the Molukski Islands.

22 Bereznya 1518 Karl the First signed a contract, for the yak Magellan zobov'yat shukati zhidniy way to the Molucca Islands, as well as to see the "islands and continents, roztasovanі in the boundaries of Our Volodin." The king will instruct to order five ships with provisions for two fate. Portugal protested, but Karl did not understand his decision. At the order of Magellan, five old people are transferred, or they are not in the good camp of the Trischoglov ships. Pivtora roku yde on the preparation of the flotilla: ships zmіtsnyuyut, grind, equip with additional garmat. Magellan strictly monitors the skin stage of training. Nareshty ships will be booked with provisions, stock, embellishments and dibs for future entertainment with tubes.

20 spring 1519 rik "Moluccas flotilla" Magellan's anchor. 265 sailors have a crew of five sailors: "Victoria", "Trinidad", "San Antonio", "Concepcion" and "Santiago". The flotilla will sail from the port of San Lucaras and take a course to the Canary Islands. On one of the ships is the young Viennese Antonio Pigafetta, who arrived at the courtyard of Karl the First in the warehouse of the papal delegation. With the permission of the King of Vin, we will forgive a sailor for the crew, for the Super Juvati Magellan in the campaign and with his own ochima to work "magnitudes and instill miracles in the ocean." The very men of the Italian men became the details of the first circumnavigation of the world.

All the way Antonio Pigafetta Leading a schooler, who actually transformed into the report chronicle of the expedition, how to avenge information about the most difficult campaign, about the sacrifices suffered by the participants in the campaign. Schodennik to take revenge on the watchfulness of the ocean, for nature and the inhabitants of distant lands. This was a great interest for the emerging science of the ocean.

Do not have the power behind the minds of the size of the report of the viclast of the furnishing of the great and dramatic campaign, all of which are covered on the steps.

Otzhe, 20 May 1519 Magellan's squadron drove from the shores of Spain. Passed the Canary Islands, far away the ships go on a half day in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. On the 13th of December 1519, the rooku of the company went to the Banya-Santa Lucia Bay (Ninya Bay of Rio de Janeiro), which was seen by the Portuguese. Shlyakh vdovzh uzberezhzhya Pivdennoy America triva, and 10 from 1520 r Magellan's ships to enter the bay of 35 degrees paternal latitude... Tse bula naipivdennisha point, which chotiri rocky reached the Spanish. The Spanish seafarer Juan Solis (who was killed here by the Tubians) opened the bay and entered the bay to start sailing into the Pacific Ocean. And why, how is it really good? І Magellan ordered the ship "Santiago" for development. 15 days to clear the turn of the ship. Ale ni, here nature has not transferred the passage to the Pacific Ocean. Magellan prodovzhu playlist on the pіvden vdovzh pіvdennoamericansky coast.

31 birch 1520 fate in the deserted bay of Magellan's flotilla will get over the scoundrels. Happy autumn, and for the sailors-Spanish it became innocently cold. At the tsіy bay Magellan to win over the winter. Wines are not required for the rada of the first captains, the style of their policy is purely victorious, authoritarian. For captains-spans and big sailors - a stranger's wine, an alien. Gliding is more satisfying, but the result is dumb. The dissatisfaction of the command was growing, and here Magellan was quick to see wine and khlib.

2 April 1520 rub Vinikє stabbed. A number of officers will gasp for three ships. Magellan is driven to be stabbed to death. In the vlashtovu court, and one of the captains-priest, will be stabbed to death by the way of the head. Virok vikonu is the servant of the captain, who has mercy on behalf of him (sluz).

Winter is trivial. The team is morally driven. In the world from the minds of the sailors, there are the people of the world. Behind the words of Pigafetti, the stench is so viscous for the sprint, that the European heads were just up to the waist. For even more great feet nig Magellan baptized the tubules "Patagonians", which means "big-footed". Started and the name of the first part of Argentina was named Patagonia.

24 serpnya 1520 expedition to know the winter of the tenth sailor and one ship.

The ship "Santiago", like a buv of messages forward to the noise of the passage, the storm smashes against the skeleton, the eksipage flies like a divine. Trivia on the passage to the Pacific Ocean. Nareshty, 21 zhovtnya 1520 r ships to enter one unseen bay. Magellan will instruct the captains of "San Antonio" and "Conscience" about the situation. Ships go to launch and turn only through the day, if they have already stopped checking their turn. The sailors turned not to reach the end of the bay, but they did not cross, but the river was not a river bed, but a sea channel.

Uninvolved at the price of a promising sound, the officers proponyuyut turn dodoma - the food on the ships is gone. Ale Magellan virishu pass the channel to the end. Ships make their way through the suvorikh skel, Magellan is ordered to constantly wash the fairway, and do not go to the mine. In front of the marginal branches of the channel, the ships of their small flotilla, do not go to the backwoods. The flotilla will speed up to three ships: for an hour one of the sleeves of the San Antonio deserts, having taken a large part of everything in their holds, have been surpassed by the expedition. The camp is more critical. Magellan will instruct the officers to add their own world in writing. In a one-way view of the officers, there is: it’s late victoristovuvati spring, schob “prodovzhuvati tse vidkrittya”. The ships prodovzhuyut vazhke float along the zivistic vuzka channel. At night, on the shores, flickering in the fire, mozhlvo, eager, fired, blisky, write Antonio Pigafetta. Magellan will call the land Tierra del Fuego, "Vognana land".

Ponad 600 kilometers to reach the zivist duct. Nareshti in the middle of a leaf fall 1520, the command of the boat hung forward to go up to the Pacific Ocean. Knowing about the tse, the captain - General Magellan, look for a serious and zooseredzheniya, crying out of happiness. Ale sumnіvi torment yogo: why is it that they have the right to lead people far away, into the unavoidable ocean, how can we not put a card on the card? From the navigational attachments on the ships there are only compasses, that old astrolabe, and the food comes from the end. And then the desertion to the San Antonio crew ... but the officers are ready to go with him.

28 leaf fall 1520 rock on three ships Magellan to go to the Pacific Ocean, trimming course for pivnichny zakid. The amusement, as the participants of the expedition were to blame, cannot be described. Hunger zmushuvav sailors є Thirse and Misha, through the stench of the stink they drove one one, died 19 of them. Corpse Magellan having punished inaccurately Wikidati overboard, to prevent cannibalism.

Ninety days were sailors across the Pacific Ocean, the first time they reached the Marian Islands. Shlyakh, like a stench, passed through the ducts (Nini of the Magellanic Duct) to the island of Guam, becoming over thirteen thousand kilometers. At that hour, there were no seafarers who had ever seen a non-wine passage of such a majestic length. It was found dramatic in the whole transition, in the fact that on the great majestic highway Magellan did not develop the island, the sailors could die out of hunger because of hunger. And even the stinks passed close to the Bagatio islands, but they didn’t remember them in the endless ocean. True, in the end of the year - the ear of the fierce 1521 r, the sailors poured two uninhabited islands, but they could not cast anchors through the great depth of bilya shores.

Zupinka on the island of Guam took three days, from 6 to 9 the birch birch of 1521 was not without usefulness. Micronesians, who had their understanding of power, saw the ships of Magellan and fell on the decks of various speeches, as they "lay nasty", at the same time they brought along one of the ship's boats. Pigafetta write, how Magellan showed Guam for a price - the sailors burned a bagato hatin and drove in some ostrov'yan. I know Magellan's ships sailing and heading for the end of the island of Spices.

Through the day, the first island of the Philippines archipelago - Samar, will appear, but the steep skels do not give the opportunity to hang ashore, and on April 7 Spanish ships go to the island of Cebu.

Here Magellan conceived to turn the tubules into the "true virgin". Vіn vlashtovuє rite of baptism from the name of the Spanish king Charles. Raja (prince) of the island of Cebu and a lot of hundreds of inhabitants of the island will be assigned to the Christian virginity. Through a few days, the inhabitants of the northern islands pass into the Christian verse. But not all martyrs' princes accept Europeans. The prince of the island of Mactan, roztashovany not far from Cebu, does not want to pay tribute to nonsense and not the name of the rule of the Spanish king over the island of Cebu.

And here Magellan takes a fatal decision. On April 27, 1521, 49 heavily armed soldiers were seen on the island of Mactan. Youmu to stand up to hundreds of islands filled with bows and lists. Chi didn’t allow the Europeans to go to the rushnichny salvo, the tubes rushed into the attack. Hundreds of arrows and lists flew from little Magellan. Guinea Magellan has a lot of wars. The christenings of the prince of Cebu zrazhu to his conquerors; After the battle, the sailors lost their hearts to the captains of the Tubians, but for such a trophy the islands' inhabitants coveted an unbearable payment.

Otzhe, the Malukk flotilla to free up its commanding officer, not yet reaching the mark. Rashta sailors hurriedly leave the islands of Cebu, having lost the ship "Concepcion" to that on a new level of sailing - so many sailors have lost their lives. Written by the bend of Magellan by the captain of "Viktoria" Sebastian Elcano... In 1521 r, the surplus of the flotilla will be added to the island of Borneo, if you don’t know there is a pilot, which is a big story to the Moluccas. The first axis of the stench may be five months away to plow the Pacific Ocean, along the path of the snare of the grabuvati, the brothers of the bearers, so that you know the pilots.

6 leaf fall 1521 r sailors nareshty reach the Spice islands. Smell enter the harbor on the Chidor Islands, not far from the largest of the Moluccas - Halmakhera Island. The prince of the whole island, and behind him the іnshi Molukskі princes voluntarily pass over to the possession of the Spanish crown. The sailors of Captain Sebastian Elkano will take spice for "Viktoriya" Is there even one ship - "Trinidad"? The "Trinidad" team will see the playlist on the stage, up to the Holy America. For an important, general journey from forty-eight sailors "Trinidad" to Europe, only four flew away.

Well, and "Viktoriya" with forty years of command members and thirteen tubes on board (there are two pilots) go to the west. Before - 15,000 kilometers on the way, the ship will pass through the western part of the Pacific Ocean, cross over to the Indian Ocean and even three quarters of the Atlantic Ocean - to the Gibraltarskoy channel. "Vіktorіya" in Batkіvshchyna was praised for a long time, ale vona tim not less than 6 spring 1522 rooku yakіr in the harbor of San Luca (San Lucar) close to Sevilla. The Great Void is over. To go around the earth forwards into the distance under the vitrils, it means that it is really round.

The King of Spain, Karl the Pershiy, having awarded the captain Elkano a small pension in the range of 500 ducats, having received his special coat of arms. On the whole coat of arms there is a globe with the inscription "Primus circumdedisti me", which in Latin means: "Tie pershim ob_yshov in less circle".

Three commanders of "Viktoria", including thirteen tubes, turned to Spain, all of the thirteen people. The lives of those who were taken were taken by storms, ailments and hunger.

The rise of Columbus, Vasco da Gama and Magellan mali are of primary importance for the restoration of the Holy Ocean and the Earth as a whole. People are more aware of the rise of the sea and land on Earth. On the map of the Earth there is a new pivkul. The turning of Juan Sebastian Elcano's ship to the point of floating confirmed that the Earth is round. The whole fact in the minds of the era of Revival is not just a science, but a very clear meaning.

From the 16th century, the steps in the development of oceanography should be resumed. New data about the length and configuration of oceanic aquatoria are inaccurately applied to the picture. Already on the map, cosmographer Dyogo Ribera, released in 1529, said that the relationship of three great continents was said to be close to the real, I want, clearly, outline the coastal line of the given even approximately.

The map of the Flemish geographer Abraham Ortelius is included in the majestic creation of the "Geographic Atlas of the World", published in 1570, the bullet was put together with the help of the last few days of the western Uzbeks of America, and that bullet was found more often than not.

16th century vvazhayut era of the great geographic views and, apparently, the era of the emergence of new seas and oceans. And rightly so. A few great geographers' views were more than three centuries long. If you are talking about the 16th century, then there have already been great mercy in the region of geography. Elderly and mandrivniks respected, at the extreme winter and the extreme days of the Earth, the majestic mass of land was grown. Also, the appearance of trimalos during the hours of Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.), on the maps of the Indian Ocean from the first day, surrounded Terra Incognita. At the same time, some of the precursors had lost their minds, and because of that, like Dias, and then Vasco da Gama, they brought Africa to the world to be washed by the ocean and not to go over to Terra Incognita. And then Magellan graciously took the coast of the Vognanoy Land for an ear of the ancient continent.

) - the largest basin of the Svitovoy ocean. Surroundings on the shores of Eurasia and Australia, at the descent - Pivnichnaya and Pivdennaya America, on Pivdenia - Antarctica. Morski cordoni with Pivnichny Freezing ocean pass through the Bering Channel between the Chukotka and Seward islands, Indian Ocean- on the outskirts of the Malacca canal, the western birch of the island of Sumatra, the ancient birch of the islands of Java, Timor and Nova Guinea through the Torres and Bass channel, the link of the ancient Uzbek coast of the Tasmania and far up the waters Atlantic Ocean- from the Antarctic Peninsula (Antarctica) along the rapids from the Old Shetland Islands to the Vognanoy Land.

The area of the Pacific Ocean and the seas is close to 180 million km 2 (1/3 of the surface earthly cooі 1/2 Svitovoy ocean), volume of water 710 million km 3. The Pacific Ocean - the greatest basin of the Svitovoy ocean, middle glybin 3980 m., Maximum in the area of zholobiv - 11 022 m. (Marianskiy zholob). Includes at winter and sunset on the outskirts of the sea: Beringov, Okhotsk, Yaponske, Zhovte, Skhidno-i Pivdenno-Chinese, Filippinske, Sulu, Sulawesi, Molukskikh, Seram, Banda, Floreske, Bali, Yavanovo, ; on private - Ross, Amundsen, Bellinshausen. Naybilsh great inflows - Alaska, Kaliforniy, Panamskiy. characteristic particularity In the Pacific Ocean - there are numerous islands (especially in the central and ancient-western parts of the Ocean), beyond the number (close to 10,000) and area (3.6 million km2) of which the ocean occupies the 1st place in the middle of the basin of the Holy Ocean.

historical drawing

The first sciences about the Pacific Ocean bully were taken to the ear of the 16th century by the Spanish conquistador V. Nunyos de Balboa. In 1520-21 F. Magellan, for the first time, dragged the ocean from the channel, called the yogo im'yam, to the Philippine Islands. Stretching XVI-XVIII Art. ocean vivchavsya in numerical swimming naturalists. Significant contributions to the Pacific Ocean were made by Russian seafarers: S.I. Dezhnyov, V.V. Atlasiv, V. Bering, A.I. Chirikov і ін. Systematic follow-ups are carried out cob XIX v. (Geographic expeditions of I.F. Kruzenshtern, Yu.F. Lisyansky on the ships "Nadiya" and "Neva", O.E. on "Mirny"). Significant growth in the history of the ocean was brought up to Ch. Darwin on the ship "Bigl" (1831-36). The first vasne oceanographic expedition is a circumnavigation of the world on the English ship "Challenger" (1872-76), in which there is a lot of information about the physical, chemical, biological mysteries of the geological features of the Pacific. The greatest contributions to the Pacific Ocean in the 19th century were made by scientific expeditions on ships: "Vityaz" (1886-89, 1894-96) - Russia, "Albatross" (1888-1905) - USA; in the XX century: on the ships "Carnegie" (1928-29) - USA, "Snellius" (1929-30) - Netherlands, "Discovery II" (1930) - Great Britain, "Galatea" (1950-52) - Dania and "Vityaz" (from 1949 їm viconano ponad 40 voyages) - SRSR. A new stage in the development of the Pacific Ocean has occurred since 1968, since the American ship "Glomar Challenger" was built on a large scale in the water.

Relief and geological budova

In the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean, a wide (up to several hundred kilometers) shelf of border seasі vdovzh uzbezhzhja Antarctica.

Bilya shores of Pivnichnaya and Pivdennoy America, the shelf is even more vuzky - up to decile kilometers. Glibina shelf in the main 100-200 m., Bilya of the Uzbek coast of Antarctica up to 500 m. foreign blocks (zone of accretionary tectonics) and overwhelming plate cordons during the closing of Pivnian America from the spreading of the Pacific Ocean. The continental slope steeply descends from the edge of the shelf to pelagic depths, the average steepness is 3-7 °, the maximum is 20-30 °. The active outskirts of the continents frame the ocean at winter, approach and descent, forming specific transition zones and underthrusting of the lithospheric plates. At winter and entrance, the transition zones are one of the marginal seas, sharp arcs and glide-water zholobiv. A large number of marginal seas was established as a result of development, which developed between sharp arcs and adjacent continental arrays (back-arc spreading). In some fall areas, spreading zones passed along the edge of continental massifs and ulamka boules outward and outward from continents to the marginal seas ( New Zealand, Japan). The sharp arcs, which frame the seas, are the ridge of volcanoes, flanked by the ocean glide-water troughs- high (tens of kilometers) glibok (from 5-6 to 11 km.) І extended depression. From the skidded side, the ocean is framed by the active outskirts of the continent, de ocean plate the continent is safe to go. Volcanism, tying with subduction, grows without the middle on the outskirts of the continent.

In the boundaries of the ocean floor, there is a system of active mid-ocean ridges (rift systems), which have grown asymmetrically in relation to the continents (Div. Map). The main ridge is stored in decilkokh lanok: at winter - Eksplorer, Juan de Fuca, Gorda, at weekday from 30 ° winter latitude - Skhidno-Tikhookeanske pidnyattya. You can also see the Galapagos and Chilean rift systems, as they go up to the main ridge, to establish specific areas of the consumer's connection. The variability of the distribution of ridges in the main range is 5 cm / rіk, inodі up to 16-18 cm / rіk. The width of the axial part of the ridge is Kilka Kilometriv (extrusion zone), depth in the middle is 2500-3000 m. It is close to 2 km in the distance. from the axis of the ridge, break the bottom with a system of skid and grabens ( tectonic zone). Visible 10-12 km. tectonic activity is practical to creep, grab the ridge step by step to move into the adjacent glide-water lane of the bed. The depth of the basalt bed to the ocean grows with the visible from the axis of the ridge to the subduction zones one hour from the growth of the ocean measles. For the ocean bed with the maximum bed, the bed is close to 150 million. Rock is characteristic of the sea bed is close to 6000 m. , Melanesian, Pivdennu, Bellinshausen, Guatemalan, Peruvian and Chileysku and in.). Relief of the bottom of the ulogovin over the boast. Close to 85% of the area is occupied even by the slopes of the forest up to 500 m. , Tubua, Markizki, Tuamotu, Galapagos and in.) - store the young volcanic breeds, not breed the ocean bed.

Rose of ocean measles representations (from bottom to top) cumulative complex of dunites and masses of serpentinized pyroxenites, single-sided or layered with a common gabro, basalt ball (the need to stand close to 2 km.), a basalt ball of a sedimentary chokhol. With a visible view of the ridge, the ocean bed goes up to the ocean and the pressure of the siege to the bottom. In the open ocean, the pressure of the fall is 100-150 m. equatorial zone the pressure of the fall up to 500-600 m. There is a sharp increase in the pressure of the fall (up to 12-15 km.) for the basis of the continental school in the marginal seas, є the pastes of siege material, which can be supplied from the land.

The breeders of the continents are developed by the head rank of the terrigenous fall (in the high latitudes of the ice and the coast, in the lower latitudes - fluvogenic, in the arid ones - the ice). Near the pelagic to the ocean at depths less than 4000 m. Pomirny Zones- creamy diatom mules. Glibshe, in the boundaries of the equatorial high-productive zone, the smell changes with siliceous radio-polar and diatomic litter, and in the tropical low-productive zones - with red clay. The presence of active outskirts in the litter is a house of volcanic material. Outside the mid-oceanic ridges and clumps of mineral and manganese oxides and hydroxides, you can wine in the bottom waters and high-temperature ore-bearing rosters.

Mineral resources

At the nadra of the Pacific Ocean, the genera of naphtha and gas have evolved, at the bottom - the growth of important minerals and cinnamon copalins. Main naphtha and gas bearing regions and reserves on the periphery of the ocean. The Tasmanian basin has seen the genera of oil and gas - Barrakuta (at 42 billion m3 of gas), Marlin (at 43 billion m3 of gas, 74 million tons of Nafti), Kingfish, near the island of New Zealand developed a gas-bearing family of Kapuni (15 billion m 3). Perspective for naphtha and gas also in the Indonesian seas, regions and bilya of the Uzbek coastal Alaska and remote shores Pivnichnoy America. From the hard cinnamon copalins, rosary genera of magnetite peaks (Japan, western part of the Indian America), casiterite (Indonesia, Malaysia), gold and platinum (Uzbek and Alaska.) In the open ocean, there has been a large purchase of high-water-water gall-manganese concretes, which also means a number of nickel and medium (Clarion-Clipperton distribution). On the mountains of the oceanic mountains and the rocks of the oceanic islands, gold-manganese kernels and concretions, cobalt and platinum were found. In the middle of the mid-oceanic Rifts and in the area of back-arc spreading (in the western part of the Pacific Ocean), there are large loads of sulfide ores, such as zinc, mineral, lead and industrial metals (Oceanic-Pacific Rift). On the shelves - the Californian and New Zealand islands are of the genera of phosphorites. On the shelf of the small waters of the shelf, the genera of non-difficult Cinnamon copalins are exploited.

mineralogical sorcerers

(! - miracles in any kind; !! - vidatni; * new mineral (Рік publication); (PM \ TL) - cob micez of finding a mineral \ type locality; xls - crystals) II. From Alaska to Antarctica - http://geo.web.ru/druza/a-Ev_33_32_E.htm

Mineralogical sorcerers near the Pacific Ocean (butt). I. From Chukotka to Antarctica - http://geo.web.ru/druza/a-Ev_33_32.htm

mіscezhozhennya mіneralіv

Viti-Levu o., Fiji \\ Silvanom - up to 1 cm (Korbel, 2004, 41)
Skhidno-Pacific Rise \ East Pacific Rise \\ wurtzite; graphite; * Kamin \ caminite (PM \ TL) (1983; 1986); sulfidi - massive!