Mobileism and spreading zone. History of the theory of tectonic plates

Stratigraphy and geochronology marvel at the tickets.

ticket 29

ticket 30 formation of tectonics lithospheric plates.

Infection is not even a matter of sumniv, scho horizontally roc slabs are drawn for the rakhunk of mantle heat and gravity leaks - convection. The difference in the temperature of the central regions of the Earth, as the temperature is even higher (according to estimates, the core temperature becomes close to 5000 ° C) and the temperature on the surface of the Earth, serve as the energy source for these leaks. Heated in the central zones of the Earth, the rocks are expanding (div. Thermal expansion), the intensity of them is changing, and the stench is shedding, coming down by a little bit to go down to more cold and to more important masses, already a part of the heat of the earth

The collapse of plates is a trace of heat transferred from the central zones of the Earth by magma. At the same time, a part of heat energy is transformed into a mechanical robot with a lot of energy, and a part, having passed through the earth's crust, viprominutsya into navkolishn_ space. So, our planet is in a deyakom sense є thermal dvigun.

Other row forces - The power of viscous grating, which is responsible for heat convection, plays a primary role in the collapses of plates, albeit on the slabs, but also on the slab, less for size, but also important for strength. Tse - the strength of Archimedes, who will get the flowing light measles on the surface of the important mantle. The tidal force, amalgamated by the gravitational inflow of Misyatsya and Sontsya

31. The basis of the tectonics of lithospheric plates.

Plate tectonics- a bitter geological theory about the collapse of the lithosphere. According to the theory, the basis of global tectonic processes is the horizontal displacement of common blocks of the lithosphere - lithospheric plates. In such a rank, plate tectonics is viewed by the rud and the interaction of the lithospheric plates.

1. The upper Kamyan part of the planet is divided into two shells, but it is rapidly growing according to the rheological powers: the rough and the tendency of the lithosphere and the underlying plastic and crumbling asthenosphere.

2. The lithosphere is broken up along the plate, gradually collapsing on the surface of the plastic asthenosphere.

3. There are three types of different displacements of slabs: displacement (divergence), convergence (convergence) and constant displacement.
Apparently, there are three types of basic between the plates:

divergent to the cordon- border, bridging of which slabs are being used.

convergent cordon- boundary, bridging of which slabs are connected.

Transformation cordon- boundary, bridging of which are added to the substitution of slabs.

4. Obsyag piled in the zones of subduction of ocean measles to obsyagu in the areas of spreading.

5. The main reason for the collapse of plates is mantle convection, surrounded by mantle heat-gravitational leaks.

6. Relocation of plates is subject to the laws of spherical geometry and can be described on the basis of Euler's theorems.

plan:

1 History of theory
2 Suchasny camp plate tectonics
3 Strength, scho ruhaє pliti
- 3.1 other strengths
4 Divergent to the cordon anyway between slabs
- 4.1 ocean rift
- 4.2 Continental Rift
5 convergent cordon
- 5.1 Active continental outskirts
- 5.2 Sharp arcs
- 5.3 coliseum of continents
6 Transformation cordon
- 6.1 Transformational breakdown
- 6.2 Wreckage on the continents
7 internal processes
- 7.1 Hot spots
- 7.2 Trapp and Oceanic Plateau
8 Plate tectonics yak system of sciences
- 8.1 Plate tectonics on major planets
- 8.2 If plate tectonics on the Earth has rested
- 8.3 Passed slab shifting
- 8.4 Injection of changing slabs to the climate
- 8.5 Significance of plate tectonics

Entry

Map of lithospheric plates

plate tectonics- a bitter geological theory about the collapse of the lithosphere. Vona stverdzhu, how the earth's crust is stored from all-purpose blocks - slabs, which are located in post-rus one to one. At the same time, in the zones of expansion (mid-ocean ridges and continental Rifts) as a result of spreading (eng. seafloor spreading- the growth of the seabed) a new oceanic crust is established, and it is old to claw in the subduction zones. The theory will explain to the earthworm, volcanic activity and mining, a large part of which is confined to the cordon slabs.

Formerly, the idea about the breakdown of measles blocs was taken into account in the theory of continental drift, proponated by Alfred Wegener in the 1920s. Tsya theory has been seen from the chat. The revival of the idea about the ruins of the hard earth ("Mobilizm") dates back to the 1960s, since, as a result of the recent development and geology of the ocean floor, (subductions). The discovery of the old theory of continental drift gave rise to I'm happy with the theory plate tectonics, like nezabar, has become a well-received concept in the earth sciences.

In the theory of tectonics of plates, the key is the position of the understanding of the geodynamic environment - the characteristic geological structure of the singular relations of plates. In the same geodynamic situation, the same type of tectonic, magmatic, seismic and geochemical processes occur.

1. History of the theory

More details about those marvels: History of the theory of plate tectonics.

The basis of theoretical geology on the cob of the XX century was the contract hypothesis. The earth will cool down like the cakes of an apple, and on them there are little snouts at the viglyadi of the mountain ridges. She developed the idea of the theory of geosynclinals; This theory was formulated by James Dana, which added the principle of izostasis to the contractual hypothesis. According to the concept, the Earth is built from granites (continents) and basalts (oceans). When the Earth is squeezed in the oceans-depressions, tangential forces emerge, such as to squeeze onto the continents. We will stay in the mountain ridges, and then we will run. The material that comes as a result of ruining is deposited in depressions.

Against the scheme of things, having made a note of meteorologist Alfred Wegener. On the 6th of June 1912, having played at the fences of the Nimetsky Geological Partnership with additional information about the drifts of the continents. The vicious strength of the theory until the end of the theory was the outline of the western Uzbek coast of Africa and the Of America... As soon as the continents are destroyed, then the stench will be lost, as if it would be done as a result of breaking one great mother.

Wegener was not satisfied with the outlines of the Uzbeks (they didn’t once rushed to the new one), but became intensively shukati to prove the theory. For many people, I am aware of the geology of Uzbek both continents and the knowledge of no similar geological complexes, which were lost when confused, as it is, like the coastal line. Paleoclimatic reconstructions, paleontological and biogeographic arguments became the first direct proof of the theory. Bagato tvarin and growing lines may be surrounded by areas, along the sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The stench is even more alike, the alopecia is thinned by the water space, and it is important to let the stench overwhelm the ocean.

In addition, Wegener became shukati geophysical and geodetic proof. However, at that hour, the level of science was clearly lacking, and was able to fix the current turn of the continents. In 1930, Wegener lost the hour of expedition in Greenland, even before his death he knew that the science of art did not accept his theory.

From the ear itself theory of continental drift booted scientific spirituality nicely, albeit in 1922 rotsi won harsh criticism from the side at once decilkoh vidomich fakhivtsiv. The main argument against the theory was nutrition about strength, yak ruhaє plate. Vegener vvvazvshis, how continents collapse on the basalts of the ocean floor, but for the tsiy need more majesty Zusilla, and dzherela tsієї force or nіkhto nіkhtі nіvatіn not misnomer. As the crumbling slabs felt the power of the Coriolis, the tidal phenomena and deeds showed, but all of them were absolutely inadequate for changing the majestic continental blocks.

Critics of the Wegener's theory put food on the best day about the power that the continent is crumbling, and ignored all the impotent facts, insanely supported the theory. By the way, the stench knew only one food, in which the new concept of the bullet was powerless, and without constructive criticism they presented the main proof. After the death of Alfred Wegener, the theory of continental drift was no longer considered a marginal science, and it is important that most of the adolescents were carried out within the framework of the Evgeosinklinal. True, the і їy brought to the shukati an explanation of the history of the growth of creatures on the continents. For the whole boule, we have invented land bridges, which made the continents dwindled, and ale got into the sea without a day. There is one folk legend about Atlantis. Of course, it is obvious that the deyaki didn’t recognize the verdict of the authorities and continued the shout of proving the ruins of the continent. So du Tua ( Alexander du toit) Explaining the coverage of the Himalayan mountains to the history of India and the Eurasian plate.

Mlyava the struggle of the physicists, as they called the hitchhikers during the day, the significant horizontal changes, and the mobilists, as the continents still collapsed, with new force flared up in the 1960s, since the results of the I will name the earth.

Until the early 1960s, a map of the bottom relief of the Svitovoy Ocean was folded, yaka showed that in the center of the oceans there were mid-ocean ridges, which would travel 1.5-2 km above the abyssal rivnins, covered with litter. Dans allowed R. Dets and Garry Hess in the 1962-1963 rocks of the Visunuti spreading hypothesis. As a matter of fact, to the point of hypothesis, in the mantle, convection is introduced with a speed of close to 1 cm / ric. The drooping branches of the convection mid-range grapes along the mid-oceanic ridges of the mantle material, which is the oceanic bottom in the axial part of the ridge of the skin 300-400 rocks. The continent pours on the oceanic crust, and moves on the mantle, being passively "soldered" into the lithosphere plate. This is due to the concept of spreading, oceanic basins of the structure of unstable, unstable, continent and - stiyki.

Vіk the bottom of the oceans

In 1963, the spreading hypothesis will start to pull up to the connection with the dark magnetic anomalies of the ocean floor. Voni buli interpreted as recording inversion magnetic field The earth is fixed in the magnetization of basalts in the bottom of the ocean. Writing the whole tectonics of slabs the cob of change in the sciences about the Earth. More and more minds, no more, not an hour to get rid of the concept of physics, more beautifully to look at the planet from the point of view of new theory and, nareshty, to give a real explanation of the foldable earthly processes.

Infection of plate tectonics is supported by direct measurements of the slabs' fluidity by the method of interferometry in the form of distant quasars and in the form of additional satellite navigation systems GPS. The results of the most recent advances confirmed the basic principles of the theory of plate tectonics.

2. The latest plate tectonics mill

Over the past ten years, plate tectonics has significantly changed its basic position. Nini їkh can be formulated by the offensive rank:

The upper part of the solid Earth extends into the tended lithosphere and the plastic asthenosphere. Convection in the asthenosphere - The main reason crumbling slabs.

Every day the lithosphere extends into 8 great plates, dozens of middle plates and without others. Drobnі slabs roztashanі in belts mіzh great slabs. Seismic, tectonic, and magmatic activity of soil recovered on plate cordons.

The plate of the lithosphere in the first approach is described as a solid body, and in such a way as to adhere to the Euler's theorem.

There are three main types of external displacement slabs

distribution (divergence), rotated by rifting and spreading;
convergence (convergence) is reversed by subduction and colony;
zsuvn_ relocation according to Transformation geological breaks.

Spreading in the oceans is compensated for by subduction and collapse along its periphery, and moreover, the radius and the earth is consistently accurate to the thermal pressure of the planet (in any case Average temperature over the Earth by and large, stretching millions of rock, change).

Relocation of the lithosphere plates in the wicklycans of the flooded by convective leaks in the asthenosphere.

There are two principles rіznі vidi earth measles- the crust is continental (long ago) and the crust is oceanic (no older than 200 million rocks). Deyak plates of the lithosphere are stored in an oceanic bark (the butt is the best pacific plate), which are stored in a block of continental measles soldered into the oceanic bark.

More than 90% of the Earth's surface is currently covered by 8 of the largest plates of the lithosphere:

Australian plate
antarctic plate
African plate
Eurasian plate
Indostanska stove
Pacific plate
Pivnichno-American stove
Pivdenno-American stove

Medium-sized slabs can be seen Arabian p_vostriv And so plate the Coconut and the Plate of Juan de Fuca, the surplus of the majestic plate of the Faralon, before the part of the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, and even in the subduction zone of the Pacific and the Great Americas.

3. Strength, scho ruhaє pliti

Infection is still not a problem, so that the horizontal collapse of the plates is going to fall behind the rakhunka of mantle heat and gravity leaks - convection. The difference in the temperature of the central regions of the Earth, as the temperature is even higher (according to estimates, the core temperature becomes close to 5000 ° C) and the temperature on the surface of the Earth, serve as the energy source for these leaks. Heated in the central zones of the Earth, the rocks are expanding (div. Thermal expansion), the power of the earth is changing, and the stench is shedding, coming down in the middle of the earth to fall more cold and to the more important masses, as well as a part of the earth's heat. The whole process of heat transfer (the accumulation of light-hot masses and the accumulation of important-larger cold masses) is uninterrupted, as a result of which convective flows occur. Ts streams - streams stop on themselves and create stiff convective lines, which are narrowed in direct streams with middle lines. At the same time, at the upper part, the middle part of the middle, stretching out the speech, will be seen in the horizontal area, and the very part of the leak will burst into the horizontal area directly with the majestic force behind the majestic viscosity of the mantle speech. Yakby the mantle of the bullet is absolutely rare - the viscosity of the plastic mantle under the bark of the bullet is small (say, as near the water), then transverse seismic injuries could not pass through the ball of such speech with low viscosity. And the earth's crust was bursting with a stream of such speech with an altogether little force. Ale, they are in a high grip, at albeit low temperatures, but pampering on the surface of Mokhorovichich and lower, the viscosity of the mantle speech here is much greater (so on the scale of the rock of the mantle of the Earth) ridke (plinne seconds), but on the scale of

By the rush power of the flow of a viscous mantle speech without the middle before the crust є the difference in the height of the surface of the mantle between the area below and the area of the lowering of the convection flow. The whole difference in height, it is possible to say, the magnitude of the change from the tosostasis, to be established through the growth of the three more hot ones (in the hanging part) and the three more than the cold speech, the same amount of the same vagina is more As a matter of fact, the position of the surface cannot be vimiryan, it can only be calculated (the height of the surface of Mokhorovich + the height of the stoppa of the mantle speech, according to the vase equivalent to the ball of measles over the surface of Mokhorovich).

Tsia zh rushіyna force (drop of heights) viznachaє steps of spring horizontal squeezing measles by force of viscous rubbing the stream on the earth's crust. The magnitude of the compression is small in the area of convergence of the mantle flow and in the world of closeness to the point of lowering the flow (for the transmission of transmission, the pressure is compressed through the untidy solid bark right from the start to the first). The force of squeezing in the crust is so great that the force of squeezing in the crust descends over the stream, so that the measles (in the area of the least health and the greatest stress) is shifting hour by hour, the deformation of the measles is not springy (plastic, tendency). With a large number of measles deformities, a number of girski lantsyugi are seen, for example, Himala (in a few stages).

In case of plastic (tendinous) deformation, it changes sharply (at the rate of measles change during earthquake) and pressure changes in nii - the force of squeezing in the epicenter of the earthquake and its outskirts. Alle, immediately after the end of the non-spring deformation, the earthquake is interrupted by an earthquake even more than the build-up of a spring (spring deformation) for the shell of a tough mantle flow, which is more difficult to repair the cycle of preparation for the offensive flow.

In such a rank, the collapse of plates is a trace of heat transferred from the central zones of the Earth by magma. At the same time, a part of heat energy is transformed into a mechanical robot with a lot of energy, and a part, having passed through the earth's crust, viprominutsya into a navkolishn_ space. So, our planet is in a deyakom sense є thermal dvigun.

The reason for the high temperature over the Earth is the heart of the hypothesis. On the ear of the 20th century, the hypothesis of the radioactive nature of the energy system is popular. While building, she was confirmed by the assessments of the upper measles store, which showed that the concentration of uranium, the calorie and the other radioactive elements, was also lost, but instead of the deficiency of radioactive elements of the earth for forgetting And instead of radioactive elements in the subcrustal river (behind the warehouse, close to the basalt ocean bottom), it can be said that it is not. However, it doesn’t work to reach a lot of important radioactive elements, but to generate heat, in the central zones of the planet.

Our model will explain the heating of the chemical differentiation of the Earth. A collection of planetary bulges of silikate and metal speech. Aleh, immediately after the planet's statements, there was a differentiation on the outskirts of the obolonka. The large metal part rushed to the center of the planet, and the forces concentrated at the upper shells. With a great potential, the energy of the system changed and transformed into heat energy.

Some of the precursors vvazhayut, how the planet was set up as a result of the acceleration when meteorites hit the surface to start heavenly body... The price is explained summarily - when the heat was seen practically on the surface, the stars easily went into space, and not in the central regions of the Earth.

3.1. other strengths

The force of the viscous grating, which is responsible for heat convection, plays an initial role in the collapse of the slabs, albeit on the slabs of the slabs, albeit less for size, but also for the importance of strength. Tse - the strength of Archimedes, who will get the flowing light measles on the surface of the important mantle. The tidal force, surrounded by gravitational inflow of Misyatsya and Sontsya (as seen from the gravitational inflow on the new points of the Earth). And so it was, that there are a lot of snakes atmospheric vice at ізні діляки earthly surface- the force of the atmospheric grip to reach often fluctuates by 3%, which is equivalent to a 0.3 m water ball (or a grain size of not less than 10 cm). Moreover, the change can be seen in a zone with a width of hundreds of kilometers, so that the change of tidal forces flows more smoothly - on the walls in a thousand kilometers.

4. Divergent cordon or inter-slabs

Tse cordon mіzh slabs, scho collapse in the opposite side. At the relafі of the Earth, there are rifts between them, in which deformations of stretching are overtaken, the strain of measles is reduced, the heat flow is maximum, and active volcanism is observed. If such a boundary is established on the continents, then a continental rift will form, which in the future can be transformed into an oceanic basin with an oceanic rift in the center. In the Oceanic Rifts, as a result of spreading, a new oceanic crust is formed.

4.1. ocean rift

Scheme of Budovi Mid-Oceanic Ridge

More details about those divas.: Mid-ocean ridge.

On the oceanic crust of the rift, it is confined to the central parts of the mid-oceanic ridges. They have a new ocean measles. The starting point of the warehouse is more than 60 thousand kilometers. Before them, there were timeless hydrothermal dzherels, which, to bring wine into the ocean, mean a part of the clay heat, and the breakdown of the elements. High-temperature dzherela are called black kurts, they are associated with significant reserves of color metals.

4.2. Continental Rift

Rozkol continent on the part to fix on the education of the rift. The bark is thinned and destroyed, magmatism repaired. A lengthy line of depressions is formed with a depth of close to hundreds of meters, surrounded by a series of skids. There are two options for the development of the pod: or the widening of the rift is pinched and the oceans are memorized by siege rocks, transformed into the aulacogen, or the continents can be promoted and in the middle of them, in the same type of ocean.

5. Convergent cordon

More details about those divas.: Subduction zone.

Convergent is called a cordon, on which slabs are drawn. There are three options:

Continental plate with oceanic. The oceanic crust is wider, lower continental and skimming across the continent in the subduction zone.
Oceanic plate with oceanic. In such a drop, one of the slabs is triggered and a subduction zone is formed, above which an acute arc is established.
Continental plate from continental plate. There is a colossal state, the wines are hard to come by in the warehouse area. Classic butt - Hіmalaї.

In small populations, ocean measles is growing on the continental - obduction. The directors of the whole process were honored by the officials of Cyprus, News Caledonia, Oman and іnshi.

In the subduction zones, the oceanic crust is clinging, and by itself it is compensated by the belts in the mid-oceanic ridges. They see different folding processes, measles and mantis interactions. Thus, the oceanic crust can tighten the blocks of continental measles into the mantle, which, in the case of low power, ekshumyut back into the crust. Thus, there are metamorphic complexes of overhead vices, one of the most popular objects of contemporary geological dosages.

There are a large number of special zones of subduction along the periphery of the Pacific Ocean, establishing the Pacific in the fire ring. The processes that go in the zone of convection plates are rightfully involved in some of the most common in geology. At them, there are blocks of growth, setting up a new continental crust.

5.1. Active continental outskirts

Active continental outskirts

More details about those divas.: The continental outskirts are active.

The continental outskirts of the winery are active, and the ocean crust begins to glaze over the continent. The etalon of the center of geodynamic situation is to get involved in the western part of the United States, and it is often called andean type of continental outskirts. The active continental outskirts are characterized by abundant volcanoes and intense magmatism. It melts three components: the ocean crust, the mantle above it, and the bottom of the continental measles.

From the active continental outskirts to see more active mechanical interaction of oceanic and continental plates. It is always a matter of scholarship, because of the strain of ocean measles, there are a lot of scenarios of rivnovaga. If the slab collapses every now and then and there is obviously little pressure, then the continent has been sieged with it. Sediments breed in intensive folds, metamorphisms and melt a part of continental measles. Pretend to be the structure to be called accretion wedge... As soon as the slabs of the temple are covered with lightness, and the siege chokhol is thin, then the oceanic crust erases the bottom of the continent and gets into the mantle.

5.2. sharp arcs

sharp arc

More details about those divas.: Sharp arc.

Sharp arcs are the purpose of the lance of volcanic islands over the subduction zone, where they emerge, de oceanic slabs glide towards the continental. Some of the most common sharp arcs can be named Aleutsk, Kuril, Marian Islands, and many other archipelagos. The Japanese islands are also often called an island arc, albeit the foundation is even more ancient and, for the sake of the stench, established a number of new complexes of sharp arcs, so the Japanese islands are a microcontinent.

Sharp arcs are established when two are closed oceanic plates... At the same time, one of the slabs appears from below and clings to the mantle. On the upper plate, the volcanoes of the acute arc are set. The curved side of the sharp arc is straight into the side of the plate. On the side there is a glide-water trough and a forearc progine.

For the sharp arch of the back-arc basins (type butt: Sea of Okhotsk, Pivdenno-Chinese Sea, etc.), spreading can also be found.

5.3. coliseum of continents

continent closure

More details about those divas.

The closure of continental plates must be made before measles and the establishment of girskih lantsyugs. With the help of a colossus є the Alpine-Himalayan Girskiy belt, which has established itself as a result of closing the Tetis ocean and closing the Eurasian plate to India and Africa. As a result, measles' exertion is significantly increased, before the Himalai won to become 70 km. It is a non-rigid structure, it is intensely ruptured by the surface and tectonic erosion. In the bark, there is a sharp increase in tighter pressure, and there is a melting of granite from metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks. This is how most of the battalions, for example, Angara-Vitimsky and Zerendinsky, came to be.

6.transform the cordon

There, de pliti collapse in a parallel course, ale with a small shvidkistyu, there is a transformational breakdown - grandiose destruction, widespread in the oceans and born on the continents.

6.1. Transformational breakdown

More details from the tsієї of those divas.: Transform rozlom.

In the oceans, the transformational breaks go perpendicular to the mid-ocean ridges (MOR) and break them into a segment 400 km wide in the middle. Between the segments of the ridge there is an active part of the Transformational breakdown. At the tsіy dіlyantsі, earthquakes and mining are constantly being built, numerical structures are being formed around the break. As a result, the mantle breed is not often exposed in the zone of growth.

On the offense of the sides of the MOR segments, there are inactive parts of the Transformational breakdown. Active ruins are not seen in them, ale the stench clearly twists in the relief of the bottom of the oceans in line with the central depression.

Transformational breakage and form a regular grid and, obviously, it does not come to light, but due to physical reasons. Due to the numerical model, thermophysical experiments and geophysical measures, it was allowed to use the mantle convection, but the mantle convection has a trivial structure. During the main flow from the MOR, in the convective middle after the cooling of the upper part of the flow, later flows occur. It’s warmer, the speech is straightened down to the bottom of the main right through the flow of the mantle. At the zones of another row, the flow descends and there is a Transformational break. Such a model is kindly used with data about heat sweat: over the transforming breaks, one should try to reduce it.

6.2. Wreckage on the continents

More details from the tsієї of those divas.: Zrushennya.

A cordon of slabs on the continents is very rare. Mabut, with an active butt to a cordon of this type є a San Andreas rosette, which comes from the Kremlin Pivnichno-American plate from the Pacific. The 800-mile range of San Andreas is one of the most seismically active regions on the planet: in the rock plate there is one per 0.6 cm, an earthquake with a magnitude of 6 odds is returned in the middle of every 22 rock. The Misto San Francisco is a great part of the San Francisco Bay Area, prompted to be in the immediate vicinity of the city.

7.internal processes

The first formulation of plate tectonics occurred, as volcanism and seismic phenomena of soil reduction on the inter-plates, but it became clear that all the middle plates were going through specific tectonic and magmatic processes, as part of the same process. In the middle of the internal processes in particular, the place was occupied by the manifestations of pre-burned basaltic magmatism in some regions, the so-called hot spots.

7.1. Hot points

At the bottom of the oceans, the number of volcanic islands... Deyakі from them roztashovanі in lantsyuzhki s last change. The classic butt of such a sub-water ridge has become the Hawaiian sub-water ridge. Wines float over the surface of the ocean near the Hawaiian islands, from which to the winter end and from the lance of the underwater girders without interruption, to see them, for example, on top of the mountains. At a distance of about 3,000 km from Hawaii, the trochs were turned into a winter and called the Imperatorsky Ridge. Win over to glide-water zholobі in front of the Aleutian island arc.

For an explanation of the wondrous structure, there was a lot of zrobleno stewing, which is why the Hawaiian Islands are hot point- the moment, before the surface, there is a hot mantle stream, like a melting ocean crust collapsing over it. Such points have been installed on the Earth at a time. Mantiynykh potik, like їkh wiklikє, with the names of the plume. In some vipadkas, the plume speeches are transferred to a large extent, right up to the cordon of the core - the mantle.

7.2. Trapp and Oceanic Plateau

In addition to the pre-city hot spots, all the middle plates are in the midst of great vilivi melts, as Trapps form on the continents, and the oceanic plateaus in the oceans. The peculiarity of this type of magmatism is in the fact that it occurs in a short geological sensible hour - in the order of decilky millions of rocks, altogether the majestic areas (tens of thousands of km²); at the same time, a colossal mass of basalts is wobbling, which can be torn from each other, crystallizing in the mid-ocean ridges.

See Siberian Trapps on the Skhidno-Siberian Platforms, Trapps of the Plane Dean on the Indian continent and many others. The reason for the adoption of traps is also hot mantle streams, albeit on the view of hot spots the stench is short-lived, and the difference between them is not clear.

Hot points and Trapp gave a presentation for the opening of the so-called plume geotectonics, Yaka stverdzhu, I mean the role in the geodynamic processes of the flow is not only regular convection, but rather by plumes. Plume tectonics is what superintegrates the tectonics of plates, but also complements it.

8. Plate tectonics yak system of sciences

Map tectonic plates

The infection of tectonics cannot be seen as a purely geological concept. I have seen a key role in all sciences about the Earth, in which I saw a few methodical approaches with different basic understandings and principles.

From the point of view kinematic approach The movement of plates can be described by the geometric laws of displacement of figures on spheres. The Earth looks like a mosaic of plates of a growing size, so that it moves as soon as one, and the planet itself. Paleomagnetic data allow you to renew the magnetic pole station for the skin plate at a specific moment of the hour. The collection of tributes behind the pink slabs called for the reconstruction of all the last changes of the slabs. The exchange of information from the information, which was removed from the untidy hot spots, was smashed by the absolute change of the plates and the history of the magnetic poles of the Earth.

thermophysical pidhid looking at the Earth as a heat engine, in which heat energy is partly transformed into a mechanical one. Within the framework of the whole approach to the collapse of speech at the inner balls of the Earth, it is modeled like a viscous line, which can be described by the local people of Nav-Stokes. The mantle of convection is superimposed on phase transitions chemical reactions They play a primary role in the structures of mantle flows. Primed on the data of a geophysical probe, the results of thermophysical experiments and analogous and numerical processes, in particular, it is necessary to magnetize the details of the structure of the mantle convection, to know the characteristics of the clay flows and the importance of the importance. Especially important are the tributes for the intelligence of Budov and the greatest parts of the Earth - the lower mantle and core, which are inaccessible for a bezposeredny vivchennya, ale, madly, mighty majestic inflow into the processes, how to go to the surface of the planet.

geochemistry... For the geochemistry of plate tectonics, it is important as the mechanism of uninterrupted exchange of speech and energy between the earth's shells. For the skin geodynamic environment, specific associations are characteristic girskikh breeds... Have your own chergu, for qimi characteristics it is possible to visualize the geodynamic environment, in which the breed is established.

historical background... In the sense of the history of the planet Earth, plate tectonics - the process of the history of contiguousness and growth of continents, the population and decline of volcanic lancers, the appearance of the darkening of the oceans and the seas. Infection for the great blocks of measles, the history of change was established in great detail and for a significant advance in the hour, but for small slabs, methodical and difficult, richly large. New geodynamic processes occur in the zones of slabs, deconstructed girders, stacked without any other developmental blocks - terranes. With the vivification of skeletal girders, special direct geological dosages have arisen - terrane analysis, which has taken on a complex of methods, including the vision of terranes and reconstruction of the history.

8.1. Plate tectonics on major planets

In Danish hour, there is no pidtverdzhen of the current plate tectonics on the other planets sleep system... The preliminaries of the magnetic field of Mars, carried out in 1999 by the space station Mars Global Surveyor, imply the possibility of plate tectonics on Mars in the past.

The deyakі processes of crying tectonics in Europe are analogous to the processes that occur on the Earth.

8.2. If plate tectonics on the Earth has rested

The first blocks of continental measles, Kraton, were discovered on the Earth in archaea, while the horizontal displacement was also lowered, the alley complex signifies the mechanism of plate tectonics of the current type to develop only in the middle of the proterozoic. Up to the whole mantle, perhaps, the structure of mass transfer is small, in which great role of the grail convective currents did not arise, but turbulent convection and plumes.

At the last heat flow from the planet overhead, it was bigger, the bark was thinner, the grip on the bottom was thicker with the thin bark, it was on the bottom. And with a very low vice and a trocha higher temperature the viscosity of the mantle convection flows without the middle before the bark of the bulat is on the bottom of the bottom. Moreover, in the bark, in the heat on the surface of the mantle stream, less viscous, low season, there were occasionally small spring deformations. I mechanical springs, breeds of juveniles in the bark with even viscous, low annual, convective streams, bullets are not sufficient for transmutation of the intermeasles of measles. That і didn’t have such tectonic activity, as in the given hour.

8.3. Passed slab shifting

More details about those divas.: Ancient continents.

More details about those miracles: History of displacement of plates.

The renewal of the past shift of plates is one of the main subjects of geological studies. With a growing level of detail, the position of the continents and blocks, from which stench was formulated, reconstructed right up to the archaea.

For the analysis of the shifting of continents, there was a crumbling empirical caution that the continents of the skin of 400-600 million rocky climb to the majestic continent, in order to take revenge on the entire continental crust - a supercontinent. Some continents have settled for 200-150 million rubles, as a result of breaking the Pangea supercontinent. Infected continents are located at the stage of maximum rose day. Atlantic ocean expand, and Pacific Ocean curl up. India collapses on the pivnich and for me the Eurasian plate, ale, mabut, the resource of this ruku already mayzhe vicherpano, and in the near geological hour in the Indian Ocean, a new subduction zone, in the coral ocean Indian Ocean will eat the Indian continent.

8.4. Injection of changing slabs to the climate

The growth of the great continental arrays in the circumpolar regions with the zagal lower temperature of the planet, as on the continents there can be a rise in the ice. Chim shirsh is less icy, it is higher than the albedo of the planet and it is lower than average temperature.

In addition, instead of growing continents in the form of oceanic and atmospheric circulation.

However, it is a simple and logical scheme: continents in the polar regions are icy, continents in equatorial regions - temperature changes, appear unsettled when given geological data past the Earth. Quarterly icy became rapidly, if Antarctica appeared in the area of the Pole Pole, and in the new period of Eurasia that Pivnichna America came close to the Pivnichnaya Pole. On the other side, stronger than the Proterozoic Zaledeninnya, before the hour the Earth appeared more and more in the ice, growing up, since a large part of the continental massifs passed in the equatorial region.

In addition, there are a lot of continental changes taking place in an hour about a dozen of ice-breakers, at that hour, the total number of ice-cold storage times is close to December All cyclical changes can be quickly seen due to changes in continents, and the collapse of the slabs cannot be the reason.

From the well-spoken word that the displacement of the plates does not play the initial role in the climate change, but it can be an important additional factor, "pidshtovhuu" їkh.

8.5. Significance of plate tectonics

Plate tectonics has played a role in the Earth sciences, which is related to the heliocentric concept in astronomy, or DNA in genetics. Before accepting the theory of plate tectonics, earth sciences were descriptive in nature. the stench reached viskogo rivnya the details in the inventory of natural objects, but rather could explain the causes of the processes. In different areas of geology, other concepts could dominate. Plate tectonics rang the ground of science about the Earth, gave him strength.

, WAT Volgodonskiy kombinat of wooden slabs.

theory of geo-linkages

The basis of theoretical geology is the ear of the 20th century, bula contracting hypothesis. The earth will cool down like the cakes of an apple, and on them there are little snouts at the viglyadi of the mountain ridges. She developed the idea of the theory of geosynclinals; The theory of Bula was formulated by J. Dehn, which added the principle of izostasis to the contractual hypothesis. According to the concept, the Earth is built from granites (continents) and basalts (oceans). When the Earth is squeezed in the oceans, tangential forces emerge in the valleys, as they squeeze onto the continents. It remains to stay in the ridges, and then to run. The material that comes as a result of ruining is deposited in depressions.

Continental drift theory

The meteorologist - Alfred Wegener, having made a note of the Nimetsky presentation, contradicts the scheme. On 6th day of rock win, having played at the fences of the Nimetsky Geological Partnership with additional information about the drifts of the continents. The vicious strength of the theory until the end of the theory was the outlines of the western Uzbek coast of Africa and the western American America. If the continents are destroyed, then the stench is scattered, as if it would be done as a result of breaking one continent.

Wegener was not satisfied with the outlines of the Uzbeks (they didn’t once rushed to the new one), but became intensively shukati to prove the theory. For many people, I am aware of the geology of the Uzbek coastline of both continents and know nothing of similar geological complexes, which were lost when confused, as the coastline itself. The first straightforward proof of the theory of steel paleoclimatic reconstruction. At the same time, he actually laid down the foundations of paleoclimatology - the science of the reconstruction of climate in ancient geological epochs. renewed provisions climatic zones on the continents in the geological era, Vegener clearly showed that, with the rapid development of the continents, the climatic zonality of the ancient geological epochs cannot be explained;

So the very proof of the theory was the paleontological and biogeographic arguments. Bagato tvarin and growing lines may be surrounded by areas along the sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The stench is even more similar, a little reddish to the watery heath of water, and it is important for them to let it down, how the stench overwhelmed the ocean or cut through the transatlantic nori.

I nareshty Wegener becoming a shukati geophysical and geodetic proof. We will be able to drive to Greenland, so that we can be more precise and precise, and bring us to Europe and Greenland without interruption. Before the hour of the expedition to win, even before his death, he already knew that the science of spirituality did not accept his theory.

Criticism of the theory of drift and vision of the theory

From the ear itself theory of continental drift Bulo was accepted by the science of sportsmanship well, albeit in rotsi there was a sharp criticism from the side to the decilkoh vіdomih fahіvtsіv. The main argument against the theory was nutrition about the power that ruins the plate. Vegener vvvazvshis, how continents collapse on the basalts of the ocean floor, but for the tsiy need more majesty Zusilla, and dzherela tsієї force or nіkhto nіkhtі nіvatіn not misnomer. As the crumbling slabs felt the power of the Coriolis, the tidal phenomena and deeds, the protests of the simplest rosary showed, but all of them were absolutely inadequate, for shifting the majestic continental blocks.

Critics of Wegener's theory at the heart of the day nourished about power, how the continents collapsed and ignored all impotent facts, insanely supported the theory. By the way, the stench knew only one food, in which the new concept of the bullet was powerless, and without constructive criticism they presented the main proof. After the death of Alfred Wegener, the theory of continental drift was seen, and more importantly, the majority of the adolescents were carried out within the framework of the Evgeosinklinal. True, the shukati explained the history of the growth of creatures on the continents, for the whole boule, land bridges were invented, but the continents were created, ale got into the sea without a day. There is one folk legend about Atlantis. Varto mean that not all of them knew the verdict of the authorities and continued the shout of proving the collapse of the continent. So, Du Toyty about the introduction of the Himalaisky gir was explained to the history of India and the Eurasian plate.

The emergence of plate tectonics theory

With renewed vigor, the struggle of the physicists, during the daytime, significant horizontal changes, and the mobilists, as the continents still collapsed, flared up in the 1960s.

Until the ear of the 1960s, pp. Bula folded a map of the bottom of the Svitovoy ocean, yaka showed that in the center of the oceans there are mid-ocean ridges, which go 1.5-2 km above the abysmal ravines, covered with litter. Tsі danі allowed R. Dіtsu і G. Hess in - pp. visunuti hypothesis of spreading ("sea flow spreading"). As a matter of fact, to the point of hypothesis, in the mantle, convection is introduced with a speed of close to 1 cm / ric. The descending branches of the convectional mid-range grapes grow along the mid-oceanic ridges of the mantle material, which is the only oceanic bottom in the axial part of the skin ridge of 300-400 rocks. The continent pours on the oceanic crust, and moves on the mantle, being passively soldered into the lithosphere plate. This is due to the concept of spreading, oceanic basins of the structure of unstable, unstable, continent and - stiyki.

In 1963, the spreading hypothesis will take a push to adjust to the connection with the dark magnetic anomalies of the ocean floor. The stinks of the boules were interpreted by R. Mason and by F. Vine and M. Matthews as a record of the inversion of the magnetic field, fixed in the magnetization of basalts in the ocean floor. I’ll move on the cob to the tectonics of the slabs: more and more ideas have become, but the same theory gives real explanations of the foldable earthly processes.

Formation of plate tectonics

Infection of plate tectonics is supported by direct dimensions of the slabs by the method of interferometry in the form of distant quasars. The results of the most recent advances confirmed the basic principles of the theory of plate tectonics.

Plate tectonics in the SRSR

If I want a larger part of geologists, including Chinese, they have known the basic principles of the theory of tectonic plates, there is only one land, in which it is often a wonderful rank of Inakshe, and the SRCP itself. The reasons for this bulge are political, they may have been dying in the organization of scientific institutions.

In the 1930s, M.A.Usov gave a clear vision that ideas come from the capitalist light not to be admitted, but all scientific theories need to satisfy the minds of Marxism and dialectical materialism. Tse consecrated those theories, which were grounded on the unruly earthly crust, in which there is a "battle between two opposing forces ... compressed and expanded" and in which "the suppressed stage is changed in revolutionary".

The product of the next hour is a professor of Moscow State University, a correspondent member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, V.V. Belousov, in 1960-1970 he was cleared by the Geophysical Committee of the USSR in 1960-1970. The victorious system of monopoly in the radio science and the insolvency (the radio monopoly often discouraged the possibility of taking part in the symposium of the colleagues at the entrance of the library of science magazines). In the theory of the marine basin, it will be established if the earth's crust collapses and the failure is filled with molten magma.

In the late 1970s, weak signs of changes appeared. Ideas of tectonic plates will be repaired in the Radiansk publications, as if all the terminology would be applied to the old days. Radianske geologists take part in a lot of rock from the great project of the deep sea drilling project "Deep Sea Drilling Project". Aleradianski geologists-academics in the main view were those sorcerers who turned out to be revolutionary for geological science as a whole.

In Denmark, one hour has passed, it can be seen in the terminology, yak at one o'clock the Bula is popularized not by science, but by amateurs. The very name of the theory of tectonic plates is rarely correct.

posilannya

Scientific revolutions in radian geology Legler V.A.
Criticism of plate tectonics and Іmpactic theory of continental ruin

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 rock.

On the very cob of the formation of scientific geology, mid XVIII in., її, її to the head staff, there was an explanation of the reasons for the collapse of earth measles, changes in the structure and manifestations of magmatism. At the same time, recent hypotheses hung in the air: growth, contracting, pulsation, rotation, expansion of the Earth, clay differentiation, nareshty, continental drift. The skin of the hypotheses spiraling to the yoke really spared the side of tectonic processes, and in the kintsev rakhunka, it suffered a failure, the splinters didn’t lose its intellectual potential and (or) could not proponate the backside. The closest to the truth, as after it came, the hypothesis of the continental drift of A. Wegener went, Alevon could not proponate the overconvenient mechanism of this drift.

In the late 50s - the ear of the 60s, an intensive geological and geophysical advance of the oceans and a number of fundamentally important geophysical indications began to grow. The bulo is set up by the asthenosphere itself and by the ball itself, on the surface of which the lithosphere can be easily displaced. It was confirmed in accordance with the labor force and the warehouse of ocean measles from the continental. Bulo revealed the discovery of the grandiose system of the mid-ocean ridges and the Rift. In the ocean, boules show linear signs of magnetic anomalies, parallel and symmetrical axes of the middle ridges. Bulo open is also a manifestation of periodic inversions of the Earth's magnetic field.

Girski breeds have been identified with an excessive amount of magnetization, which allows them to innovate in the old magnetic field. On the basis of the new science directly - Paleomagnetism, the first results have shown that the continents are aware of significant changes, the first time to occupy their own camp.

All the actions of the new insight did not fit into one tectonic hypothesis of the physicist straightforward, and they thought about the hypothesis of Wegener, who at that hour had no more innumerable clues. U 1961-1968 rr. American, English, Canadian and French geophysics and geologists have broken the foundations of new mobileist theories An idea about the establishment of the oceans as a result of the expansion of continents and the expansion of the vastness of young ocean measles, fixing along the axes of the mid-ocean ridges, was in its infancy. The whole process was followed by descriptions by the American geologist G. Hes and the geophysicist R. Dietze, having taken the last name of the spreading of the ocean floor (spreading literally means widening, growing).

Bully at the top is also transformed, as well as painted Zagalna picture zsuvіv lithospheric plates.

The news of the concept has spared - it has not been too bad for it to be cleaned out of the factually approved. By that same 1968, there was a lot of exploration from the American ship "Glomar Challenger", and also the first profile of the overshoot in the Old Atlantean, in the history of the ocean corridor, open corners, with the help of an anomaly. axis of the middle ridge.

The main position of the tectonics of the lithospheric plates is clear.

1. The first reversal of plate tectonics є subdivided the upper part of the solid Earth into two shells, but it is quite different according to rheological powers (viscosities), - zhorstka and tending lithosphere and more plastic astonishing As already said, the vision of the two sheaths is carried out according to seismological abo magnetoteluric data.

2. Another position of plate tectonics, such as the name of the crop, is due to the fact that the lithosphere is naturally subdivided into the number of plates, which are great and small. For the first time for their vision and conducting cordons between them serve as the distribution of the landmarks of earthlings.

3. The third position of plate tectonics is related to the nature of their mutual displacements. There are three kinds of such changes and depending on the cordon between slabs: 1) divergent cordon, bridging which slabs are used, - spreading; 2) the convergent cordon, on which slabs are closer to each other, bend to rotate by pulling one slab underneath; when the ocean plate goes down to the continental, the whole process is called subduction, when the ocean plate goes down on the continental - obduction; if two continental plates are stuck, it can also be called with a podvig of one for the first time, - for a collision; 3) Transforming cordon, bridging of those who are brought horizontally to the same plate as well as the vertical area Transforming breaking.

In nature, the first two types are rewarded with a cordon.

On the divergent boundaries, in the spreading zones, there is an uninterrupted population of new ocean measles; To this, they call it constructive. The bark of the asthenospheric plinths is shifted towards the subduction zones, de von glaze on the glybin; tse daє pіdstavu nazivati such cordon destructive.

4. A quarter of the position of the plate tectonics of the field in the fact that, with its shifts, the plate goes through the laws of spherical geometry, or, more precisely, Euler's theorem, it is necessary to go through two points around the circle. center of the Earth.

5. Consider the position of plate tectonics to reduce, how to clam in the zones of subduction of ocean measles, to obsyag to obsyagu measles, to populate in the zones of spreading.

6. The position of plate tectonics is the main reason for the collapse of plates in mantle convection. The whole convection in the classic model of 1968 is purely warm and general, and the way to flow into the lithosphere plate is in the fact that the plate is known to be in a viscous air in the asthenosphere, to subduction zones. In general, the scheme of the mantle convection, which leads to the plate-tectonic model of the abdomen of the lithosphere, the polygons, in that, from the mid-ocean ridges, the higher walls of the convective com- - horizontal drifts of cich komіrok.

Entry ……………………………………………………………………3

1. History of the theory ………………………………………………………...4

2. Recent Plate Tectonics Camp .............................. ... 7

………………………...8

3.1 Strength, scho ruhaє pliti ............................................ ....... .... eight

3.2 Divergent cordon or inter-slab placement ............ 10

3.3 Convergent Boundaries ............................................... .... .eleven

3.4 transform the cordon ............................................... .... ..13

3.5 internal processes ............................................... . ..fourteen

4. Plate tectonics yak system of sciences ………………………………….15

4.1 Map of tectonic plates .............................................. .. ..15

4.2 Plate tectonics on the smaller planets ..................................... 16

4.3 Past displacement of slabs .............................................. 17

4.4 Injection of displacement slabs to the climate .................................. 17

visnovok ……………………………………………………………….19

……………………………………20

Dodatok 1

Dodatok 2

Entry

A bit rocky to that the father-geologist has transferred his little sina to the picture of the light and supplied it, what if the coastline of America will stick to the Uzbek coast of Europe and Africa? The little guy didn’t flood, having revisited the parts from the physical and geographical atlas, and from the bottom he saw that the Uzbek coast of the Atlantic was lost in the fringes, so biased, pardon the experiment.

The history of history did not pass for the boy without a trace, becoming a geologist and chanuval of Alfred Wegener, an official officer of the German army, as well as a meteorologist, polar explorer, and geologist, who in 1915 developed the concept of the ancient world.

High technologies contributed to the revival of the concept of drift: the computer modeling itself in the mid-1960s showed a good record of the cordon of continental masses, not only for the Circum-Atlantic, but for a number of the other continents of Africa - Schedule ...

As a result, the concept of plate tectonics, or a new global tectonics, appeared in the 1960s.

1. History of the theory

Formerly, the idea about the breakdown of measles blocs was taken into account in the theory of continental drift, proponated by Alfred Wegener in the 1920s. Tsya theory has been seen from the chat. The revival of the idea about the ruins of the hard earth ("Mobilizm") dates back to the 1960s, since, as a result of the recent development and geology of the ocean floor, (subductions). The discovery of the old theory of continental drift gave rise to the current theory of plate tectonics, which has become a non-baroque concept in the Earth sciences.

plate tectonics - a bitter geological theory about the collapse of the lithosphere. Vona stverdzhu, how the earth's crust is stacked from apparently integral blocks - slabs, which are located in permanent Russia one and one. At the same time, in the zones of expansion (mid-ocean ridges and continental Rifts) as a result of spreading (eng. seafloor spreading- the growth of the seabed) a new oceanic crust is established, and it is old to claw in the subduction zones. The theory will explain to the earthworm, volcanic activity and mining, a large part of which is confined to the cordon slabs.

As a matter of principle, the earth's crust is broken into pieces of great lithospheric plates, which continually collapse and produce the earthworm. A collection of lithospheric plates has been seen: Eurasian, African, Pivnichno - and Pivdennoamerikanskaya, Australian, Antarctic, Tikhookeanska. All the stinks, except for the Pacific, are purely oceanic, and include parts of both the continental and oceanic crust. The I drift of continents within the framework of the whole concept is not more passively shifting together with the plates of the lithosphere.

The basis of the global tectonics lies in the phenomenon of lithospheric plates, fragments of the earth's surface, which can be seen as absolutely hard til, when the nemov move around the spherical cushion on the sphere of the growing mantle, to the asthenosphere This stink includes both continental masses with bark, cleverly called “granite”, as well as those with oceanic bark, cleverly called “basalt” and approved by rocks with low silica.

Let us examine it is absolutely not clear where it is collapsing and collapsing, and if the continents are collapsing, and if it collapses, then for the rakhunok of such forces and dzherel energy. Widely broadened for those that heat convection serves as the cause of the crush of earthly measles, along the day, unevenly, it appeared, but for such a kind of letting go against the main provisions of the bagatokh physical laws, Experimental data and numerical measures, including data from cosmic advances about tectonics and future planets. Real schemes of heat convection, which do not overstep the laws of physics, and the only one logically grounded to the mechanism of speech, however, accepted for the minds of oversight, planets and supporters, have not yet been known.

Near the mid-ocean ridges, a new development of the oceanic crust, yak, reach, I know the porosity in the nadra of the mantle and the growth of heat energy, which goes to the shifting of the earth's measles plates.

gigantskі geological processes Such as the development of mountain ridges, strained earthquakes, the illumination of deep-water depressions, the heaving of volcanoes, - all the stinks, vreshty-resht, are generated by the collapse of the earth measles plates, at any time when we see the progress of the cold.

The theory of Bula was formulated by J. Dehn, which added the principle of izostasis to the contractual hypothesis. According to the concept, the Earth is built from granites (continents) and basalts (oceans). When the Earth is squeezed in the oceans - depressions, tangential forces emerge, such as to squeeze onto the continents.

We will stay in the mountain ridges, and then we will run. The material that comes as a result of ruining is deposited in depressions.

Meteorologist Alfred Wegener on June 6, 1912 made a speech at the meetings of the Nimetsky Geological Partnership with additional information about continental drifts.

The vicious strength of the theory until the end of the theory was the outlines of the western Uzbek coast of Africa and the western American America. As soon as the continents are destroyed, then the stench will be lost, as if it would be done as a result of breaking one great mother.

Wegener was not satisfied with the outlines of the Uzbeks (they didn’t once rushed to the new one), but became intensively shukati to prove the theory.

For many people, the geology of the Uzbek continents and the knowledge of the absence of similar geological complexes, which were lost when confused, so itself, as the coastal line, is not familiar.

Paleoclimatic reconstructions, paleontological and biogeographic arguments became the first direct proof of the theory. Bagato tvarin and growing lines may be surrounded by areas, along the sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

The stench is even more alike, the alopecia is thinned by the water space, and it is important to let the stench overwhelm the ocean.

In addition, Wegener became shukati geophysical and geodetic proof. However, at that hour, the level of science was clearly lacking, so it could fix the current turn of the continents. In 1930, Wegener lost the hour of expedition in Greenland, even before his death he knew that the science of art did not accept his theory.

From the ear itself theory of continental drift Bula was taken by the science of sportsmanship well, but in 1922 she became aware of the sharp criticism from the side of the decile of the various fahivts. The main argument against the theory was nutrition about strength, yak ruhaє plate. Vegener vvvazvshis, how continents collapse on the basalts of the ocean floor, but for the tsiy need more majesty Zusilla, and dzherela tsієї force or nіkhto nіkhtі nіvatіn not misnomer.

As the crumbling slabs felt the power of the Coriolis, the tidal phenomena and deeds showed, but all of them were absolutely inadequate for changing the majestic continental blocks.

After the death of Alfred Wegener, the theory of continental drift was seen, and more importantly, the majority of the adolescents were carried out within the framework of the Evgeosinklinal. True, the і їy brought to the shukati an explanation of the history of the growth of creatures on the continents. For the whole boule, we have invented land bridges, which made the continents dwindled, and ale got into the sea without a day. There is one folk legend about Atlantis. Of course, it is obvious that the deyaki didn’t recognize the verdict of the authorities and continued the shout of proving the ruins of the continent.

So du Tua ( Alexander du toit) Explaining the coverage of the Himalayan mountains to the history of India and the Eurasian plate.

Mlyava the struggle of the physicists, as they called the hitchhikers in the midst of significant horizontal changes, and the mobilists, as they did it, but the stench still crumbles, with new force flared up in the 1960s, since the results of the ocean Earth .

Until the early 1960s, a map of the bottom relief of the Svitovoy Ocean was folded, yaka showed that in the center of the oceans there were mid-ocean ridges, which would travel 1.5-2 km above the abyssal rivnins, covered with litter. Tsі danі allowed R. Dіtsu і G. Hess in 1962 - 1963 rocks visunuti spreading hypothesis. As a matter of fact, to the point of hypothesis, in the mantle, convection is introduced with a speed of close to 1 cm / ric. The drooping branches of the convection mid-range grapes along the mid-oceanic ridges of the mantle material, which is the oceanic bottom in the axial part of the ridge of the skin 300-400 rocks. The continent pours on the oceanic crust, and moves on the mantle, being passively "soldered" into the lithosphere plate. This is due to the concept of spreading, oceanic basins of the structure of unstable, unstable, continent and - stiyki.

From the bottom of the oceans. In 1963, the spreading hypothesis will start to pull up to the connection with the dark magnetic anomalies of the ocean floor. The stinks of the boules are interpreted, as a record of the inversion of the Earth's magnetic field, is fixed in the magnetization of basalts in the ocean floor.

Writing the whole tectonics of slabs the cob of change in the sciences about the Earth. More and more minds, no more, not an hour to get rid of the concept of physics, more beautifully to look at the planet from the point of view of new theory and, nareshty, to give a real explanation of the foldable earthly processes. Infection of plate tectonics is supported by direct measurements of the slabs' fluidity by the method of interferometry in the form of distant quasars and in the form of additional satellite navigation systems GPS. The results of the most recent advances confirmed the basic principles of the theory of plate tectonics.

2. The current plate tectonics camp.

Over the past ten years, plate tectonics has significantly changed its basic position. Nini їkh can be formulated by the offensive rank:

The upper part of the solid Earth extends into the tended lithosphere and the plastic asthenosphere. Convection in the asthenosphere is the main reason for the collapse of plates.

The lithosphere extends into 8 great plates, dozens of middle plates and without others. Drobnі slabs roztashanі in belts mіzh great slabs. Seismic, tectonic, and magmatic activity of soil recovered on plate cordons.

The plate of the lithosphere in the first approach is described as a solid body, and in such a way as to adhere to the Euler's theorem.

There are three main types of different displacements of slabs, rift and spreading; convergence (convergence) is reversed by subduction and colony; Zsuvnі change according to Transformational breakdown.

Spreading in the oceans is compensated for by subduction and collapse along its periphery, moreover, the radius and the scattering of the Earth consistently from the exactness to the thermal pressure of the planet (in any case, the average temperature of the Earth will change, it will change.) The steel of the Earth's dimensions will grow without interruption, if only try to prove the hundreds of changes in the planet's dimensions are insufficiently grounded.

Relocation of the lithosphere plates in the wicklycans of the flooded by convective leaks in the asthenosphere.

There are two fundamentally different types of earthly measles - the crust is continental (long ago) and the crust is oceanic (no older than 200 million rocks). Deyak plates of the lithosphere are stored in an oceanic bark (the butt is the best pacific plate), which are stored in a block of continental measles soldered into the oceanic bark.

More than 90% of the Earth's surface is shielded by 8 of the largest plates of the lithosphere:

· Australian plate

· antarctic plate

· African plate

· Eurasian plate

· Indostanska stove

· Pacific plate

· Pivnichno-American stove

· Pivdenno-American stove

In the middle of the slabs of the middle size, you can see the Arabian subcontinent, the Coconut slabs and Juan de Fuca, the remnants of the majestic Faralon slab, until the part of the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, alley in the subduction zone of the American Peninsula.

3. Basic understanding of global tectonics

3.1 Strength, scho ruhaє pliti

Infection is still not a problem, so that the horizontal collapse of the plates is going to fall behind the rakhunka of mantle heat and gravity leaks - convection. The difference in the temperature of the central regions of the Earth, as the temperature is even higher (according to estimates, the core temperature becomes close to 5000 ° C) and the temperature on the surface of the Earth, serve as the energy source for these leaks. Heated in the central zones of the Earth, the rocks are expanding (div. Thermal expansion), the power of the earth is changing, and the stench is shedding, coming down in the middle of the earth to fall more cold and to the more important masses, as well as a part of the earth's heat. The whole process of the transfer of heat (a trace of lung spilling - hot masses and a lot of important masses - more cold masses) without interruption, as a result of which convective flows occur. Ts streams - streams stop on themselves and create stiff convective lines, which are narrowed in direct streams with middle lines. At the same time, at the upper part, the middle part of the middle, stretching out the speech, will be seen in the horizontal area, and the very part of the leak will burst into the horizontal area directly with the majestic force behind the majestic viscosity of the mantle speech. Yakby the mantle of the bullet is absolutely rare - the viscosity of the plastic mantle under the bark of the bullet is small (say, as near the water), then transverse seismic injuries could not pass through the ball of such speech with low viscosity.

And the earth's crust was bursting with a stream of such speech with an altogether little force. Ale, they are in a high grip, at altogether low temperatures, but pampering on the surface of Moho and lower, the viscosity of the mantle speech is even greater here (so in the scale of the rock in the words of Manet Zemli rydke (plinne), but in the scale of seconds - firmly). By the rush power of the flow of a viscous mantle speech without the middle before the crust є the difference in the height of the surface of the mantle between the area below and the area of the lowering of the convection flow. The whole difference in height, it is possible to say, the magnitude of the change from the tosostasis, to be established through the growth of the three more hot ones (in the hanging part) and the three more than the cold speech, the same amount of the same vagina is more As a matter of fact, the position of the surface cannot be vimirian, it can only be calculated (the height of the surface of the Moho + the height of the stoop of the mantle speech, according to the vase equivalent to the ball of light measles over the surface of the Moho).

In case of plastic (tendinous) deformation, it changes sharply (at the rate of measles reduction during earthquake) and pressure changes in nii - the force of squeezing in the epicenter of the earthquake and its outskirts. Alle, immediately after the end of the non-spring deformation, the earthquake is interrupted by an earthquake even more than the build-up of a spring (spring deformation) for the shell of a tough mantle flow, which is more difficult to repair the cycle of preparation for the offensive flow.

The reason for the high temperature over the Earth is the heart of the hypothesis. On the ear of the 20th century, the hypothesis of the radioactive nature of the energy system is popular.

While building, she was confirmed by the assessments of the upper measles store, which showed that the concentration of uranium, the calorie and the other radioactive elements, was also lost, but instead of the deficiency of radioactive elements of the earth for forgetting

Some of the precursors vvazhayut, how rozіgrіv planet was placed as a result of accretion when the impact of meteorites on the surface of the celestial body.

The price is unlikely - when it was warm, it was practically seen on the surface, the stars went into space, and not in the central regions of the Earth.

other strengths

And so, too, there was a change in the atmospheric grip on the earth's surface - the atmospheric grip was often changed by 3%, which is equivalent to a slow ball of 0.3 m (or less than 10 cm). Moreover, the change can be seen in a zone with a width of hundreds of kilometers, so that the change of tidal forces flows more smoothly - on the walls in a thousand kilometers.

3.2 Divergent cordon or inter-slab placement.

Ocean Rift.

Scheme of Budovi Mid-Oceanic Ridge

Continental Rift.

3.3 Convergent cordon

Convergent is called a cordon on which slabs are connected. There are three options:

Continental plate with oceanic. The oceanic crust is wider, lower continental and skimming across the continent in the subduction zone.

Oceanic plate with oceanic. In such a drop, one of the slabs is triggered and a subduction zone is formed, above which an acute arc is established.

Continental plate from continental plate. There is a colossal state, the wines are hard to come by in the warehouse area. Classic butt - Hіmalaї.

In small populations, ocean measles is growing on the continental - obduction. The directors of the whole process were honored by the officials of Cyprus, News Caledonia, Oman and іnshi.

In the subduction zones, the oceanic crust is glazed, and by itself it is compensated for the belts in the plows. They see different folding processes, measles and mantis interactions. Thus, the oceanic crust can tighten the blocks of continental measles into the mantle, which, in the case of low power, ekshumyut back into the crust. Thus, there are metamorphic complexes of overhead vices, one of the most popular objects of contemporary geological dosages.

There are a large number of special zones of subduction along the periphery of the Pacific Ocean, establishing the Pacific in the fire ring. The processes that go in the zone of convection plates are rightfully involved in some of the most common in geology. At them there are blocks of growing origin, establishing a new continental crust.

Active continental outskirts

Active continental outskirts (Fig. 1 "Dodatok 1")

From the active continental outskirts to see more active mechanical interaction of oceanic and continental plates. It is always a matter of scholarship, because of the strain of ocean measles, there are a lot of scenarios of rivnovaga. If the slab collapses every now and then and there is obviously little pressure, then the continent has been sieged with it. Sediments breed in intensive folds, metamorphisms and melt a part of continental measles. I will use the structure to be called accretion wedge... As soon as the slabs of the temple are covered with lightness, and the siege chokhol is thin, then the oceanic crust erases the bottom of the continent and gets into the mantle.

sharp arcs

Sharp arc (Fig. 2 "Dodatok 1")

Sharp arcs are the purpose of the lance of volcanic islands over the subduction zone, so that they emerge there, de oceanic slabs are covered with oceanic. Some of the most common sharp arcs can be named Aleutsk, Kuril, Marian Islands, and many other archipelagos. The Japanese islands are also often called an island arc, albeit the foundation is even more ancient and, for the sake of the stench, established a number of new complexes of sharp arcs, so the Japanese islands are a microcontinent.

Sharp arcs are set when two oceanic plates are closed. At the same time, one of the slabs appears from below and clings to the mantle. On the upper plate, the volcanoes of the acute arc are set. The curved side of the sharp arc is straight into the side of the plate. On the side there is a glide-water trough and a forearc progine.

For the sharp arch of the back-arc basins (type butt: Sea of Okhotsk, Pivdenno-Chinese Sea, etc.), spreading can also be found.

coliseum of continents

Closing continents (Fig. 3 "Dodatok 1")

3.3 transform the cordon

There, de pliti collapse in a parallel course, ale with a small shvidkistyu, there is a transformational breakdown - grandiose destruction, widespread in the oceans and born on the continents.

Transformational breakdown

At the tsіy dіlyantsі, earthquakes and mining are constantly being built, numerical structures are being formed around the break. As a result, the mantle breed is not often exposed in the zone of growth.

Wreckage on the continents

3.4 internal processes

In the middle of the internal processes in particular, the place was occupied by the manifestations of pre-burned basaltic magmatism in some regions, the so-called hot spots.

Hot points

At the bottom of the oceans, there are numerous volcanic islands. Deyakі from them roztashovanі in lantsyuzhki s last change. The classic butt of such a sub-water ridge has become the Hawaiian sub-water ridge. Winning over the surface of the ocean near the Hawaiian islands, from which to the winter, from where the lanterns of the underwater girders are incessantly overwhelmed by the sight of others, for example, Atol Mit At a distance of about 3000 km from Hawaii, the lancet trochs are turned on the pivnich, and are called the Imperatorsky Ridge. Win digest in a glibokovnogo zholobi in front of the Aleutian island arc.

For an explanation of the wondrous structure, there was a crumbling bobbing, so that the Hawaiian Islands are a hot point - the place, before the surface comes a hot mantle stream, like a melting ocean crust collapsing over it. Such points have been installed on the Earth at a time. Mantiynykh potik, like їkh wiklikє, with the names of the plume. In some species, the plume speeches are transferred to a large extent, right up to the cordon, the core is the mantle.

Trapp and Oceanic Plateau

In addition to the pre-city hot spots, all the middle plates are in the midst of great vilivi melts, as Trapps form on the continents, and the oceanic plateaus in the oceans. The peculiarity of this type of magmatism is in the fact that it takes a short in the geological sense of the ocean, in a short time in the geological sense, in the order of the deciduous rocks, but the great areas (tens of thousands of kilometers?) ...

Hot points and trapps gave a start for the stem of the so-called plume geotectonics, like sturdzhu, but the role in the geodynamic processes of the development is not only regular convection, but rather by plumes. Plume tectonics is what superintegrates the tectonics of plates, but also complements it.

4 Plate tectonics yak system of sciences

4.1 Map of tectonic plates

From the point of view of the kinematic approach, the collapse of the plates can be described by the geometric laws of the movement of figures on spheres.

The Earth looks like a mosaic of plates of a growing size, so that it moves as soon as one, and the planet itself.

Paleomagnetic data allow you to renew the magnetic pole station for the skin plate at a specific moment of the hour.

The collection of tributes behind the pink slabs called for the reconstruction of all the last changes of the slabs. The exchange of information from the information, which was removed from the untidy hot spots, was smashed by the absolute change of the plates and the history of the magnetic poles of the Earth.

Thermal power of looking at the Earth as a heat engine, in which heat energy is often transformed into a mechanical one. Within the framework of the whole approach to the collapse of speech at the inner balls of the Earth, it is modeled like a viscous line, which can be described by the local people of Nav-Stokes. The mantle of convection is superimposed on phase transitions and chemical reactions, which play a primary role in the structure of mantle flows. Primed on the data of a geophysical probe, the results of thermophysical experiments and analogous and numerical processes, in particular, it is necessary to magnetize the details of the structure of the mantle convection, to know the characteristics of the clay flows and the importance of the importance. Especially important are the tributes for the intelligence of Budov and the greatest parts of the Earth - the lower mantle and core, which are inaccessible for a bezposeredny vivchennya, ale, madly, mighty majestic inflow into the processes, how to go to the surface of the planet.

Geochemical pidhid. For the geochemistry of plate tectonics, it is important as the mechanism of uninterrupted exchange of speech and energy between the earth's shells. For the skin geodynamic environment, specific associations of girskih breeds are characteristic. At your own house, for the characteristic features you can see the geodynamic setting in which the breed is established.

Historical pidhid. In the sense of the history of the planet Earth, plate tectonics - the process of the history of contiguousness and growth of continents, the population and decline of volcanic lancers, the appearance of the darkening of the oceans and the seas. Infection for the great blocks of measles, the history of change was established in great detail and for a significant advance in the hour, but for small slabs, methodical and difficult, richly large. New geodynamic processes occur in the zones of slabs, deconstructed girders, stacked without any other developmental blocks - terranes. With the vivification of skeletal girders, special direct geological dosages have arisen - terrane analysis, which has taken on a complex of methods, including the vision of terranes and reconstruction of the history.

4.2 Plate tectonics on minor planets

In Danish hour there is no change in the current plate tectonics on the other planets of the Sonyach system. The pre-monitoring of the magnetic field of Mars, carried out in 1999 by the space station Mars Global Surveyor, will point to the possibility of plate tectonics on Mars in the past.

The deyakі processes of crying tectonics in Europe are analogous to the processes that occur on the Earth. The first blocks of continental measles, Kraton, were discovered on the Earth in archaea, while the horizontal displacement was also lowered, the alley complex signifies the mechanism of plate tectonics of the current type to develop only in the middle of the proterozoic.

Up to the whole mantle, perhaps, the structure of mass transfer is small, in which great role of the grail convective currents did not arise, but turbulent convection and plumes.

At the last heat from the planet overhead, it will be larger, the bark is thinner, the grip is more thin (at times) the bark is lower (also at times). And with a very low grip and three high temperatures, the viscosity of the mantle convection flows without the middle before the bark was driven down by the bottom. Moreover, in the bark, in the heat on the surface of a manic stream, less viscous, low season, there were occasionally small spring deformations. I mechanical springs, breeds of juveniles in the bark with even viscous, low annual, convective streams, bullets are not sufficient for transmutation of the intermeasles of measles. That і didn’t have such tectonic activity, as in the given hour.

4.3 Bypass slab shifting

Pangea (Fig. 4 "Dodatok 2")

For the analysis of the shifting of continents, there was a crumbling empirical caution, but the continents of the skin are 400-600 million. Rocky climbs off the majestic continent to take revenge on the entire continental crust - a supercontinent. Suchasnі continents have established 200-150 million. Fatalities, as a result of breaking the supercontinent Pangea. Infected continents are located at the stage of maximum rose day. The Atlantic Ocean is expanding and the Pacific Ocean is curving. India will collapse on the eurasian plate, ale, mabut, the resource of the eurasian slab, even in the near geological hour in the indian ocean, the new zone of subduction, in the future coral ocean

4.4 Injection of displaced slabs to the climate

In addition, instead of growing continents in the form of oceanic and atmospheric circulation.

Quarterly icing rapidly became, since Antarctica has appeared in the region of the Great Pole, and in the first period of Eurasia and Great Britain, America has come close to the Great Pole. On the other side, stronger than the Proterozoic Zaledeninnya, before the hour the Earth appeared more and more in the ice, growing up, since a large part of the continental massifs passed in the equatorial region.

From the well-spoken word that the displacement of the plates does not play the initial role in the climate change, but it can be an important additional factor, "pidshtovhuu" їkh.

visnovok

Significance of plate tectonics. Plate tectonics has played a role in the Earth sciences, which is related to the heliocentric concept in astronomy, or DNA in genetics. Before accepting the theory of plate tectonics, earth sciences were descriptive in nature. The stench reached the highest level of perfection in the inventory of natural objects, ale ridko could explain the causes of the processes. In different areas of geology, other concepts could dominate. Plate tectonics rang the ground of science about the Earth, gave him strength.

List of vikoristanikh dzherel

1. Meyerhoff A., Meyerhoff G. Nova global tectonics - the main problem. - In the book: Nova global tectonics. - M.: Svit, 1974 (1972),

2. Maksimov N. Krigolami of earth geology.

3. Trubitsin V, Rikov V. Mantijna convection and global tectonics of the Earth.

4. Orlyatko V. Fundamentals of Geophysics.

5. Zonenshain LP, Problems of global tectonics. // Nature - 1972, -№11.

6. Hain V.Є. The tectonics of lithospheric plates is an additional and non-virtual problem. - Izv. AN SRSR, ser. geol., 1984, no. 12,

7. Dranovskiy Ya.A. Spreading and subductions: myth is reality? -Bull.Moscow Islands of viprobuvachіv nature. Від. geol. 1987.

SUPPLEMENTS

Dodatok 1

Malunok 1 "The continental outskirts are active"

baby 2 "Sharp arc"

baby 3 "Closed continents"