Peter I the Great - biography, information, special life. If Peter I became emperor Tsar Peter 1 had a life

Vivchennya by those "Osobistist Peter 1" is more important for the reason for the reforms carried out by him in Russia. Even in our most common character itself, special quality and the sovereign's education was initiated by the main line of suspension-political development. The rule of the king of the king wants to reach the great advance of the hour: in 1689 rotsi (if he left his sister Sophia from the powers that be left behind) and until her death in 1725 rotsi.

Zagalny characteristic of the era

A look at the food about those, if Petro was born on the first step of looking at the analysis of the backward historical situation in Russia, the end of the 17th century - the ear of the 18th century. It will take an hour, if in the country there have been changes of mind for serious and big political, economic, social and cultural changes. Already in the rock of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich, the tendency to the penetration of Western European health into the land was clearly seen. At the time of the ruler of the tsiliy a number of visits for the re-creation of the moments of the suspicious life.

Therefore, the specialness of Peter 1 was formulated in the situation, since the suspension already clearly indicated the need for serious reforms. In connection with the cym, it is necessary to be smart, so that the redevelopment of the first emperor of Russia did not win the empty space, it became a natural and necessary legacy of the advance development of the country.

dignity

Petro 1, short biography, Rule and reform of what є the subject of a look around, was born 30 grass (9 worms) 1672 rock. More precisely, the mice of the people of the Maybut emperor is unattainable. For the zalnoposhyrenoy point of view, the cim micem of the Kremlin, there is also the village of Kolomenske or Izmailovo. Win buv the chotiirteenth child in the family of Tsar Oleksiy, who defended from his other squad, Natalia Kirilivnya. on the mother's line resembling the Narishkin family. Vona was the daughter of a family of noblemen, who, perhaps, started the fight against the great and in-and-out boyars' men of Miloslavsky at the court, as they were the relatives of the tsar on his first squad.

The dignity of Peter 1 passed through the middle nannies, as they did not give them serious coverage. The very fact is that until the end of life, I didn’t come across as a letter and wrote with mercy. However, the tse buv is a dying boy, who is all tricky, he is a doting mind, which has given rise to his interest in the practical sciences. Kinets of the 17th century, if Peter 1 was born, it would be an hour, if the European stakes of partnership began to expand the European education, protest Early rock The Maybut Emperor has gone far into the new era of the era.

pіdlіtkovі rock

The life of the tsarevich passed in the village of Preobrazhensk, de vin, for the day, having been told to himself. Seriously vikhovannyam of the boy didn’t take care of it at all, so his new life in the city was of a superficial character. I am not less dignity of Peter 1, we will be even stronger and more plentiful in the plan. practical to take... Win all the way to organize the organization of the way, for whom they built up their so-called quiet shelves, which were stored from the small yard lads, and also the blue of some other noblemen, who were voluntarily rooted. At the same time, with small corrals, they bravely imprisoned the bastion, wielding battles and zbori, viroblyav attacks. One hundred and fifty one can talk about those who win the fleet of Peter the 1st. There is a small boat all over the place, but it is still accepted by the father of the Russian flotilla.

First seryoznі kroki

Vishche was already talking about those hours, since Peter 1 was born, it was accepted by those who were transferred to the history of Russia. Itself in the whole period the country passed in that position, if all the necessary changes were made for the entrance to the international arena. The first kroki bully zroblenі in the whole straight ahead of the hour of the overseas rise of the Maybut emperor on the lands of Western Europe. Todi win zumiv with his own eyes to help the achievement of the qix of the powers in themselves other areas life.

Petro 1, a short biography of which includes a whole important stage in the yogo share, guessedly assessing the western European achievements, in the first place in technology and health. However, he wins respect for culture, education of the cih lands, and of the political institutes. Having tried to modernize the administrative apparatus, the army, the legislation, it was guilty to bring the country to the international arena before going to the international arena.

The cob stage of the government: the ear of reforms

Epoch, if Peter 1 was born, was a preparatory hour for the great times in our land. The very re-creation of the first emperor evolved so up to the moment and survived on the whole century of his creator. On the very cob of his rule, the new sovereign chanted the yak bul as a legislative body of power under the rule of kings. To replace it by opening the Senate behind a Western European vision. At the new blame for the bully, the senator's lingering due to the folding of the laws was reported. Let's show є the fact that the collection of the price of the time-consuming retreat, yak, however, appeared even more double: the price had passed before the Lutnevo Revolution of 1917.

sub-revision

It’s already said that Peter 1, according to the mother’s line, did not resemble a noble noble family. However, her mother was wounded in the European dance, which, obviously, could not help but be recognized for the specialness of the boy, the tsarina herself, when she was wicked, saw the traditional glances and visits. The protest of the tsar buv schilny rewrite all the spheres of life of the Russian suspension, which, in a literal sensible sense, with an outrageous demand in connection with the conquest of Russia before Baltic Sea and the entry of the country to the international arena.

In addition, the Emperor changed the administrative apparatus: having opened the collegiate deputy mandates, the Synod for the administration of the church right. Moreover, having formulated a regular army, and the fleet of Peter 1, becoming one of the most powerful middle naval powers.

Features of re-creative activity

With the head mark of the Emperor’s rule, we will reform the spheres, as they will need to be the most important enterprises in the process of bringing the fight back to the front line. The wine itself, obviously, having conveyed that the snakes will be of a time-based nature. Most of the past historians agree on the fact that the ruler didn’t have a long thought-out program for reforming the country. Bagato fakhivtsіv vvazhayut, wіn dіav, vikhodyach from specific needs.

Significance of the Emperor's reforms for the offensive

However, the phenomenon of yogh reforms yakraz and polyagaє in the fact that at first glance, those who come in nadovgo have experienced their creator and have experienced their own creation in an unconscious look, stretching out two tables. Moreover, the offenders, for example, Catherine II, were richly in love with their success. Tse talk about those who reform the ruler fell to the moment and in the hour needed. The life of Peter 1 Bula, by the day, is dedicated to the fact that the life of Peter the Great is full of the most important spheres in the suspension. Win tsіkavivsya all new, however, zapichuyu arriving at the entrance, in the first place thinking about those who have brought cinnamon tse to Russia. The very same redevelopment of nadovgo served as a butt for the implementation of reforms in the fate of the government of the first emperors.

The shutter to the sick

When describing the character of the tsar, Nicholas did not fall into oblivion, until he was like a boyar family in Peter 1. By his mother's line, he looked like a noble nobility, but it was better for everything, because it meant that he was not interested in nobility, but in the merits of people to serve. The Emperor appreciated the rank and title, and the specific talents of his children. Don't talk about the democratic attitude of Pyotr Oleksiyovich to people, do not marvel at his suvory and create a harsh character.

zrіlі rocky

In the last fate of life, the emperor paused to shut up and reach success. Ale here have a new serious problem with a decline. Henceforth, even negatively posed in political management and inoculation to serious difficulties in the country. On the right, in that Peter's son, Tsarevich Oleksiy Pishov opposed the daddy, not bazhayuchi promoting his reforms. Moreover, the tsar had serious problems in the family. In protest, having added about those who could secure their successes: they took the title of Emperor, and Russia became an empire. Tsey Krok has given rise to the international prestige of our country. In addition, Petro Oleksiyovich has taken the path of Russia to the Baltic Sea, which is of little importance for the development of trade and the fleet. Since then, the offensives have pushed politics forward in this straightforward manner. During the reign of Katerina II, for example, Russia cut off the path to the Black Sea. The Emperor died as a result of an accelerated cold, and before his death he did not rise to the commandment, but called upon the appearance of numerous contenders for the throne and the non-one-time palace coups.

Romanova AT PAINTING (PART 33 - PETRO I In genre painting)

The third, final part of the materials about Peter the First. There will be three posts. How to systematize the picture, go through the biography of the emperor, taken from the "all-knowing" "Vikipedia".

Early rock of Peter. 1672-1689 rocky

Petro was born at 30 May (9 worms) in 1672 in the Teremno Palace of the Kremlin (in 7180, after the adoption of the same number of letters "from the beginning of the world").
Batko - Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich - mav number of offspring: Petro is the 12th child, who was the first from another squad, Tsaritsa Natalia Narishkinoi. 29 chervnya on the day of Saints Peter and Paul, the Tsarevich was baptized in the Miracle Monastery (for those tributes in the temple of St. Gregory of Neokesary, in Derbitsy, by Archpriest Andriyam Savinov) and the names of Peter.
After rіk with the tsarina, wіn bіv bіvіddіnіnіon wіkіvannya nanny. On the 4th birth of Peter, in 1676, Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich died. The brother of the son of the Tsarevich became his brother, baptized father and the new Tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich. Dyak N.M. Zotov vchiv Peter's gramota Z 1677 to 1680 rock.
The death of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich and the reign of the elder son Fyodor (from Tsaritsa Maria Illivnya, in the Miloslavian divinity) was announced to Tsaritsa Natalya Kirilovna and the plan of birth, Naryshkinykh. Tsaritsa Natalya was mesmerized by a bully virus in the village of Preobrazhenske near Moscow.

People of Peter the Great.
Engraving to the Illustrated History of the Russian State by N.M. Karamzin. Vidannya Malovnichy Karamzin abo Russian history in paintings, Petersburg, 1836 r

Streletsky revolt of 1682 and came to the rule of Sofia Oleksiyivnya

April 27 (May 7) 1682 The rock of the song 6 rock of the soft government died the liberal and sickly tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich. It became zealous to whom to set the throne: to the eldest sickly and dumbfounded Ivan for the name of the orphan little Peter. Having enlisted the help of Patriarch Ioakim, Naryshkin and his servants on April 27 (May 7), 1682, ascended the throne of Peter.
Miloslavsky, relatives of Tsarevich Ivan and Tsar Sophia by their mothers, coal in Peter's voiced by the Tsar, the impression of their interests. Strelts, which in Moscow have been over 20 thousand, have long been dissatisfied and steadfast; і, mabut, pidburyuvanі Miloslavs'k, 15 (25) May 1682, they made a cry: with screams, Narishkin strangled Tsarevich Ivan, demolished to the Kremlin. Pani Natalya, encouraged by the solicitude of the rebels, together with the patriarch and the boyars, brought Peter and his brother to Chervona Ganok. However, the insurrection did not end. At the first year of the Buli, the boyars Artemon Matvev and Mikhailo Dolgoruky were killed, along with the other henchmen of Tsaritsa Natalia, including two brothers Narishkin.
The 26th grass viborns from the army regiments appeared before the palace and coveted, the elder Ivan was named the first king, and the young Petro - another. In fear of the repetition of the pogrom, the boyars waited a while, and Patriarch Ioakim innocently made a prayer service for the health of two names of tsars in the Assumption Cathedral; and 25 worms were brought to the kingdom.
On the 29th of August, the young men napolyali, and the tsar Sophia Oleksiyivna took control of the state through the smallness of the brothers. Tsaritsa Natalia Kirilivna is small at once with the blue - another king - away from the courtyard to the palace of Moscow in the village of Preobrazhenskoye. At the Palace of Zabroi of the Kremlin, a double throne was secured for the young kings with a small tip in the back, through the king Sophia, they were told to approach them, as if they were going to be talking about the hour of the palace ceremonies.

Oleksiy Korzukhin Streletskiy stabbed in 1682 r 1882 r

Mykola Dmitriev - Orenburzky Streletsky revolt. 1862 RUR

Preobrazhenskoe and small shelves

Petro spent all his great hour far out to the palace - in the villages of Vorobyov and Preobrazhensky. With skin rock in the new zbіlshuvavsya interest to all right. Petro pulled up and revived his "quiet" vіysko, as he folded into one-sheet of flaky іgor. In 1685, the rotsi yogo "potiishnі", dyagnenі in the іnzemnі kaptani, before the drumbeat of the regimental unit went through Moscow from Preobrazhensky to the village of Vorobyova. Petro himself served as a drummer.
In 1686, the 14-year-old Petro started with his "quiet" artillery. Vognepalny maister Fedir Sommer showing the king Pomegranate and vognepalny right.
On Pushkarsky's order, 16 garmat were delivered. For the management of important men, the tsar took from the Stables the order of the old-grown servants, who were eager for good news, who were dressed in uniforms of an earthly cut and were appointed as quiet cannons. First on the earth's uniform Sergiy Bukhvostov. Zgodom Petro substituted a bronze bust of the first Russian soldier, who named Bukhvostov. The bird regiment became the name of Preobrazhensky, beyond the place of its own roztashuvannya - the village of Preobrazhenskoe pid Moscow.
At Preobrazhensky, against the palace, on the Yauzi birch trees, there is a "quiet place" motivation. When the fortress was growing, Petro did a great job himself, after helping to cut the logs, get up the garmati. Immediately the apartment was quartered by Peter the Great, the Most Insane and The Most Insane Cathedral, a parody of the Orthodox Church. The fortress of the Bula itself is named Presburg, in the name of the famous Austrian fortress Presburg at that time (Nini Bratislava is the capital of Slovakia), about the name of the captain Sommer. Todi f, at 1686 rotsi, appeared on the Preshburg on Yauzi pershі pershіnі court - the great shnyak and strug with chavny. At the tsі rock Petro zatіkavivsya usіma sciences, like boules tied with vіyskova right. From the author of the Dutch Timmerman to arithmetic, geometry, and science.
Walking like a Timmerman in the village of Izmailovo, Petro Zayshov on Llyana Dvir, in the comorie of a knowledgeable English bot. In 1688 he entrusted the Dutch to Karshten Brandt with the repair, equip the boat, and then descend to the Yauza. However, the Yauza and the request for rates were shown to be tight for the ship, so Petro went to Pereslavl-Zalensky, to Lake Pleshchev, de zaklavu shipyard for the establishment of ships. There were already two regiments of the "smartest" ones: Semenivsky was added to the Preobrazhensky, and it was roasted in the Semenivske village. Preshburg is also called a buv similar to a fortress. For the command of the regiments and the development of the vital science, people were required to know the information. Ale middle Russian courtiers were not like that. So Petro appeared in Nimetskiy Sloboda.

Ilya Rupin Arrival of Tsars Ioann and Peter Oleksiyovych to the Semenivsky quiet dvir in the supervisor mail 1900 r

Nimetska Sloboda and the first shlyub of Peter

The Nimetska Sloboda was the closest "susidkoyu" of the village of Preobrazhenske, and Petro has long wondered at the tsikava life. More and more more number Inozems at the court of Tsar Peter, like for example, Franz Timmerman and Karshten Brandt, bully from the Nimetsky settlement. All the uncomfortable things led to the fact that the tsar became a frequent guest in the suburb, soon appearing as a great chanuval of inviolability of earthly life. Petro lighting a nice pipe, becoming the leader of the occasional party with dances and vip, getting to know Patrick Gordon, Franz Yakovich Lefort, who were Peter’s Maybut companions, and having an affair with Hannoy Mons. The opposition was sternly confronted by mother Peter. Schob reminiscent of the 17-year-old son, Natalya's pani, made friends with Yogi on Evdokiya Lopukhina, the okolnichy's daughter.
Petro is not beyond dispute with his mother, and on June 27, 1689, the fate of the "young" tsar was born. However, the mensh went down through the month of Petro leaving the squad and went for a few days to Lake Pleshcheyevo. From a whore Petro mav two sinivs: the eldest, Oleksiy, who had become a descendant of the throne until 1718, the youngest, Oleksandr, died at the dynasty.

Preobrazhenskoe and internal shelves (engraving)

Mykola Nevrev Petro I in the Inozemnoy Vbrannі in front of his mother Tsarina Natalіyu, Patriarch Andrian and Vuchitel Zotov. 1903 RUR

Dmitro Kostilov Vibir to the way. Petro Pershy in Nimetskiy Sloboda 2006 r

Convergence to the throne of Peter I

The activity of Peter is strongly turbulent to the royal Sophia, rozumin, because of the insistence of his divine brother, he will be separated from the possession.
be like Crimean Tatars Zdіysneni in 1687 and 1689 the favorite of the tsar V.V.
On the 8th of April 1689, in the holy Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, the first public conflit between the men of Peter and the Governor took place. On that day, for the sound, there was a good journey from the Kremlin to the Kazan Cathedral. After the end of the Service of God, Petro went to his sister and was naked, but did not dare to go with the people at once in the process. Sophia accepted the viclik: she took the image of the Most Holy Theotokos in her hands and went for the chords and banners. Do not prepare for such a result, right, Petro left the hid.
The 7th sickle 1689 is not suitable for all the viral pods. For the rest of the day, Tsar Sophia called the chief of the shooters Fyodor Shaklovity to order more of her people to the Kremlin; At the same time, a little bit about the sound of a sheet of sound, when Tsar Peter the Great invades the Kremlin with his "quiet" ones at night, knocks in the tsar, the brother of Tsar Ivan, and seizes power. Shaklovy took the soldiers' regiments, so that the "great wins" on Preobrazhenskoye and beat all of Peter's adherents for his life to beat Tsar Sophia. Todi were sent three upper sposterigati, scho to shy in the Preobrazhensky from the staff at once, as if Tsar Petro kudi-didn’t see one anymore with regiments.
Pyotr's henchmen of the middle of the strelts sent two of the same thinkers to Preobrazhensk. Writing the report of Petro with a small retinue in a trio galloped to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. An inheritance of the survivors of the shots of Peter's ailment: in case of severe illness, the convulsive ruffs of the individual were repaired. On the 8th sickle, offenses to the tsaritsa, Natal and Evdokiya, came to the monastery, followed by the "quiet" regiments with artillery. On the 16th, a letter came from Peter, and a letter came from all the regiments of the bully in the Trinity-Sergius, the monasteries and 10 men of privates. Tsarivna Sophia protected the viconuvati that order with the fear of mortal punishment, and Tsar Peter was sent a letter of notice, as soon as it was impossible to defend it.
On the 27th, a new letter of Tsar Peter arrived - to all regiments to the Triytsi. A great part of the Vіysk reproached the lawful king, and the Tsarіvny Sophia was brought to the fore. Vona herself went to the Trinity Monastery, and in the village of Vozdvizhenskaya and Peter's messengers, she was ordered to turn to Moscow. Nezabarom Sophia Bula is placed in the Novodvochiy Monastir pid Suvoriy Naglyad.
The 7 th day of the bulo is piled up and amid the sufferings of Fedir Shaklovy. The elder brother, Tsar Ivan (or Ioann), assisted Peter in the Assumption Cathedral and actually gave him all the power. Since 1689, the rocky wines did not take part in the governing, hoping until the very death of the 29th day (8th cruel) 1696 prodovzhuv in being a socialist. Little did he take part in the rule of law, and Petro himself, pushing more and more to the Narishkin family.

Azov hikes. 1695-1696 rocky

The priority of Peter the Great's activity in the first place was the continuation of the war with the Krim. The first Azov trip, the attachment of 1695, ended not far in the spring of the same time through the fleet and the lack of readiness of the Russian army for action in the distance from the bases of supply. However, the preparation for a new campaign was lost in 1695-96. In Voronezh, the ridge of the Russian flotilla has flared up. In a short hour, the flotilla was prompted by a flotilla of small ships on a chola with a 36-harness ship "Apostol Petro". In 1696, the 40-thousandth Russian army under the command of Generalisimus Sheina took Azov into the cloud, only for the rest of the time the Russian flotilla blocked the fort from the sea. Peter I took part in the forest in the call of the captain in the gallery. Do not check the storm, on 19 April 1696 the fort was built. So, it was the first view of Russia in the Peninsula of the Sea.
With the development of the fleet and reorganization of the army, Petro will fly around on the terrestrial lands. After completing the Azov hikes, he was victorious and led to the navchannya for the cordon of young noblemen, and, nezobarno and he himself, went to the Persha for a road to Europe.

K. Porter Azov. taking fortune

Andriy Lysenko Peter I in the forge

Yuriy Kushevskiy New in Russia on the right! Descent of the gallery "Printsipium" at the Voronez shipyard, April 3, 1696 2007

Great embassy. 1697-1698 rocky

U Berezna 1697 in Go to Europe The Great Embassy was sent through Lіflandia, the main purpose of which was to know allies against the Ottoman Empire. Admiral-General F.Ya. Lefort, General F.A.Golovin, head of the Ambassadors' Office P. B. Voznitsin were appointed as the most important ambassadors of the bully. All in the embassy went up to 250 people, in the middle of the name of the Preobrazhensky regiment sergeant Peter Mikhailov, Tsar Peter I himself was known. Peter I was officially not like a tsar. For the first time, the Russian tsar went up the price beyond the boundaries of his state.
Petro has driven to Riga, Kenigsberg, Brandenburg, Holland, England, Austria, and will visit Venice and Pope Rimsky. The embassy has recruited hundreds of faxes for the ship's certificate to Russia, purchased a list of goods and possessions.
In the course of negotiations, Petro has assigned an hour to the shipbuilding, the official information of the first sciences. Petro trampled with adze at the shipyards of the Ost-Ind's Company, the ship "Petro and Pavlo" for the part of the tsar. In England, they saw the Livarny Plant, the Arsenal, the Parliament, the Oxford University, the Green Observatory and the Monetary House, with a glimpse of which at that hour, Isaac Newton.
The great embassy of the head does not reach the end: the coalition against the Ottoman Empire did not reach a number of European powers through preparation to the Viyna for the Spanish recession (1701-14 rocky). However, the zavdyaki tsіy vіynі wished to be friendly to fight Russia for the Baltic. With such a rank, new policy Russia from the beginning straight on the street.

Great embassy of Peter the Great to Europe 1697-98 pp. On the right is a portrait of Peter in a sailor's uniform before moving in the Dutch Saardam. Engraving by Marcus. 1699 RUR

Daniel Maclees Mid-19th century Peter I in Deptford 1698 r Zboriv London Gallery

Dobuzhinsky Mstislav Valerianovich. Peter the Great in Holland. Amsterdam, shipyards of the East Indies Company. (Malunok) 1910 rub

Turning around. Turning points for Russia 1698-1700 rock

At the end of 1698, the embassy was interrupted by the sound of a new shooter stabbed in Moscow, which had been brought in before Peter arrived. After the arrival of the tsar to Moscow (25 sickle), there was a roar and knowledge, the result of which was a one-time punishment of close to 800 shooters (except for those who were tortured with a strangled rebellion), and more than a thousand until the spring of 1699.
Tsarivna Sophia Bula was tonsured in the chernitsa for the sake of Susanni and sent to the Novodvochiy Monastir, de spent the sieve of her life. The same share of sportsmanship and non-tsikav squad of Peter - Evdokiya Lopukhin, who was forcibly sent to the Suzdal Monastery to navigate against the will of the clergy.
For 15 months, Petro has moved a lot in Europe, and has gotten a lot. The message of the tsar's turning is reigning in its re-creativeness, it is coined to the change of new signs, that they are evolving the old-speaking way of life from the Western European. Immediately, with the first change, the boyars were on the edge of the crowd. At the offensive 1699 Petro's rotsi right on the bench, with knives, having formed the tradition of Russian Dolgopolov odyag dignitaries. The new 7208th Rik according to the Russian-Vizantyyskiy calendar ("from the beginning of the world") became the 1700th Rock according to Yulian calendar... Petro zh viv i svyatkuvannya 1 sichnya New Rock.

Vasil Surikov Rank of the Stretch Stratum. 1881 RUR

DALI BUDE ...

Riznomanitna and Tsikava History of Russia. Petro 1 zmіg nadati on her majestic pouring. The reformist spirit of the win was based on the admission backcountries, Ale deyav vikhodyach for the needs of Russia, with all the call, there is no singing system and programs for re-creation. The first Russian emperor of the land of the "troubled" hour in the progressive European light, having taken over the power and rakhuvatisya with her. Crazy, I’ve got a key figure in the formation of a state.

Policy and rule

The policy and rule of Peter 1 is understood briefly. Winning the solution to all the necessary ideas for the wide knowledge of the past civilization, and the processes of thinking from the old people to the painful for Russia. An important special feature of the reforms was in the fact that the stench of all the suspicious verses was poking around, the history of the rule of Peter 1 was strongly influenced by the efficiency of the previous ones.

Ale in general, the policy of Peter was straightforward to the change of the country, to the culture of culture. True, the devil is often from the position of strength, it’s not less, I’m not less, I’m trying to pull the edge of the land, because I’m going to be the emperor, so I have absolutely no control over the land.

Before Peter 1, Russia was growing economically and technically from their lands, but the conquest and redevelopment in all life spheres led to the improvement, expansion of the cordon of the empire and development.

The policy of Peter 1 in the Podolanny crisis led to traditionalism with a path of powerless reforms, as a result of which the modernization of Russia became one of the leading participants in the international political igors. Vona actively lobbied for her interests. The authority of її viris is significant, and Peter himself began to be respected by the eye of the great reformer.

Winning the foundations of the Russian culture and setting up an effective management system, as it took over the future.

Bagato fakhivtsiv, doslidzhuyuchi Russian history Vvazhayut, that the reforms carried out by the rapists are unacceptable, if I do not want to be left out of the way, I just don’t think that the land will be taken away, and the emperor is guilty of being harsh. Unimportant for the reconstruction, the country did not get stuck in the system and the fretboard. Navpaki, the economy was trimmed in new, a stable army was built up from the villagers. Tse і bulo mainly rubbish in the implementation of the Peter's reforms, so there was a change of mind and the crisis in the future.

biography

Petro 1 (1672-1725) was the youngest blue at the youngest of Romanov A.M. and Narishkinoi N.K. Petro 1, the biography of what was already the birth of the Bula is filled with yaskravye podіy, in the past becoming a great emperor.

The prince appeared even more eagerly, loving the history and reading of books. If the queen knew about the tsarina, she ordered to see the book from the history from the library to the palace.

In 1676, Petro 1, the biography of which at the end of the hour was marked by the death of a dad, having fallen for the wickedness of his older brother. Spadkoєmtsom buv signs ala through the filthy health'ya sovereign voted decimal Peter. The Miloslavs did not want to reconcile themselves to the tsim, and because of the provocations of the Stryletsky revolt, the insult, Petro and Ivan, appeared on the throne.

Petro lives at once with his mother in Izmailovo, the ancestral estate of the Romanovs, or in the village of Preobrazhenskoye. The tsarevich will not disguise the church and the holy sanctifier, but have taken it by himself. Energіyny, even ruhlivy, wіn often grave battles at once with one-liners.

In the Nimetskiy Sloboda, there are many children who have grown up and have become friends. The ear of Peter 1's rule was marked by a rebellion, which was organized by Sophia, who was pragmatically pozbutisya from his brother. Vona didn’t put the power in your hands. In 1689, the prince had a chance to be housed in Do Ny, regiments and a large part of the court were brought, and sister Sophia Bula was sent away from the government and was imprisoned forcibly in a monastery.

Peter 1 was established on the throne. The biography of the first moment became more and more populated both in a special life, and in sovereign activity. He took part in the campaigns to Turechchina, having traveled as a volunteer to Europe, completed a course in artillery sciences, having carried out shipbuilding in England, having completed the powerless reforms in Russia. Buv essays dvіchі і mav 14 children, viznanih official.

The special life of Peter I

She became the first squad of the king, with the stench they were accused of in 1689 rotsi. The name of the great sovereign was chosen by the mother, who didn’t see any need for her, but she didn’t feel any dislike. In 1698, they were forcibly tonsured in the dungeon. A special life is the side of the book, in which the history of Peter 1 could have been described. On the way, Martha, the Livonian beauty, who had a good time for the Russians, and the sovereign, who had wished for Menshikov's day, didn’t want to. During her last weekend she became Empress Catherine I.

Petro loved her dearly, she gave birth to a lot of children, altogether knowing about the joy, he was convinced not to command the throne of the squad. Folds out at the king of the boule with the blue view of the first whore. The Emperor died without awakening to surrender the commandment.

Drowning of Peter I

Also in the family of maybutniy great king Petro 1 took the "quiet" regiments from one-line and rosgort in battle. For a given life itself, there are beautifully naval regiments and have become the main guard. Petro Bouv is duller from nature, and because of that, there were a lot of crafts and science. The fleet is another one of their addictions, which is seriously concerned with shipbuilding. Opanuvav swordsmanship, supreme ego, pyrotechnics, and bagatma іn the sciences.

ear of the right

An ear of Peter the Great's ruling was built on two kingdoms, so as it was he who owned it with his brother Ivan. Pislya skinny sister Sophia, Peter the first hour without ruling the state. Already in the 22nd century, the young tsar, having turned his eyes to the throne, and all of his drowning posed real images for the country. The first Azov tragedy was buried in 1695, and in 1696 it was different. Let the sovereign start a fleet.

The name of the viglyad of Peter I

The family of Petro will be filled with a great baby. Even as a child, I am a child, I am a special person, I am a figure, and in the middle of a single book I am all. The chvilini hvilyuvannya and oppression of the tsar had a nervously smacking person, and the whole of the sick. Duke Saint-Simon daw yogo accurate description: “Tsar Petro 1 - high, visibly folding, trochas of art. Round face and eyebrows of garnoy form. We are short, but do not fall into the eyes, great lips, smaglyava shkira. The king's black eyes are beautifully shaped, alive and even penetrating. Look at the great і great. "

Epoch

Great interest is represented by the era of Peter 1, so as a sprint of growth and all-purpose development of Russia, transforming it into a great power. The managers of the monarch's redevelopment and his performance for ten years was prompted by the system of management and education, a regular army and the military fleet was formed. The industrial enterprises have grown, the development of the craft and the promises, the internal and the development of the trade have been improved. The population of the land was spared permanently by the labor of labor.

Culture in Russia for Peter I

Rosia changed greatly, if Petro was on the throne. The reforms he carried out in Mali are of great importance for the country. Russia became strong, gradually expanded its cordon. Vona changed into a European power, and brought rakhuvatisya to the other regions. Not only the veyskova on the right and the trade neglected the development, the ale boule and cultural achievement. Noviy Rіk having become counted for 1 day, there was a fence on the beard, the Persha Russian newspaper and іnоzemnі books appeared in the fold. Zrostannya kar'єri without illumination becoming ill-fated.

Having ascended the throne, the great emperor, having honored the helpless change, and the history of the rule of Peter 1 is versatile and great. One of the most important decrees is sensitive, so call for the transfer to the throne on the sites only according to the number of lines of chanting, and the decline can be signs, whether from the will of the king. The decree was even more ignorant, and it was brought to lead to the completion of the children, and they were sworn in on the date. But death did not give him the ability to involve him in life.

Etiket for an hour in Petra

Hundreds of changes were added during the hours of Peter the Great and in the etiquette. The courtiers wore the European odeag, the beard could be protected, only if they paid a great fine. It has become fashionable to wear feathers for a foreign sight. Women, who had not been present at the palaces before, have now become viscous guests at them, having turned their approval, as they respected, but the girl is guilty of the dancers, the nobility іrzemnі movi and grati on musical instruments.

The character of Peter I

The character of the monarch is super-articulate. Petro is fiery and cold-blooded at once, marnotratny and miserly, hard and merciful, even more eager and often blissful, rude and immediately low. This is how to describe that, who knows. But at the same time, the great Emperor was of a celibate nature, his life began to be assigned to the servant of the state, to the very same person who appropriated his life.

Petro 1 will be even more merciful, if he has spent some time on special needs, and the axis will be on the maintenance of his palaces and will be loved by the squad without stinging. The Emperor, having respected, the simplest way to change vices is to reduce his consumption, and he is guilty of giving the butt to his children. Here, kindly, two hypostases can be discerned: one is a great and mighty emperor, a palace who in Peterhof does not compromise with Versailles, and one is a thrifty ruler, who gives a butt of economical life for his children. Covetousness and loyalty were thrown into the eyes of European residents.

reform

The ear of the rule of Peter 1 was marked by major reforms, which, in the main, were often carried out by force, did not always lead to the desired result. Already in 1715, the number of companies became more planned. Reforms kicked in from the earliest rockies, as they testified to their ineffectiveness in the management of the land. If you look at the rules of Peter 1 briefly, you can see a few important moments. Win organizing the Middle Office. It was introduced without the help of a colleague, so that the skin is shown in a straightforward manner (tribute, policy, trade, judge, etc.). yielded to radical changes. Bula introduced posada f_skala over the control of services. Reforms put into practice all the sides of life: vіyskova, church, finance, trade, autocracy. The directors of the cardinal awakening of all spheres of life of Russia began to be respected by a great power, whom Peter 1 was assuming.

Peter I: important rock

It is important to see important dates in the life and performance of the monarch, then Petro 1, the rock of which boules are of different meanings, in the days of the day, the boules are most active:

The ear of Peter 1 rule was motivated by the ear itself to fight for the state. Yogo not darma was called Great. Dates of the rule of Peter 1: 1682-1725 fate. Being free-spirited, ludicrous, talented, not to be tricky to reach me for strength, not for an hour, tsar buv suvoriy to all, ale in pershu chergu to himself. Often merciless, a little less energy, straightforwardness, ease, and deceitfulness, Russia changed dramatically, becoming a Great Power. The Epoch of Peter 1 changed the view of the state for the next century. And it became the capital of the empire for 300 rubles. At once St. Petersburg is one of the most beautiful places in Russia and I will proudly wear my name in honor of the great master.

Buv s power will remain the king of all Russia and the first ruler Russian Empire... The life of the monarch was transferred to one tabernacle. Yogo character, traditions and tips have been radically changed by the Great Embassy. Moreover, the person, the figure, the wha and the sprist of Peter 1 also winked a lot of food.

The dignity of the Maybut king

The Persha All-Russia Emperor was born in the 30 th day (9 worm) 1672 rock. De itself, it was unpredictable: one would call Teremno the palace of the Kremlin, and one - the village of Kolomenske. Yogo batkami bouly Oleksiy Mikhailovich i (royal couple). Slap is a direct contender for the throne. If malyukov accepted the chotiri rocky, his father died. The monarch of the denudation Fedir the Third, who became the opikun of the prince. Yogo came to the throne by taking Natalia Narishkin into the background. Vona zmushena Bula virushiti in the village of Preobrazhenske.

The patriarchs of Peter followed the problems of the Holy. The teachers were simple dyaks, who had little reason in the sciences, while in Europe noblemen were taught by the graduates of the universities and most of the time. Ale cottony compensating for the marriage with practical talents.

Tsar Fyodir the Third died on the spot. Yogo mіsce mіg occupy a weak Ivan, senior synonym of Oleksiya Mikhailovich from the first squad, or ten-year Petro, sync from the inshoi squad. Vibir buv zrobleniya on the menshy. So, in 1682 the boy became king.

For this reason, the people were divided: one loved the monarch, and one hated him. Tse bulo tied with yogo sympathy to Europe. Bagato hto stverdzhuvav, so the sovereign father was taken outside the cordon. Numerous changes were indicated about the price, including the negotiated growth of Peter 1.

Zovnishnі danі

The dynasty of the tsars was born with divine beauty. All the navkolishny were flooded with yogo call. Especially hostile to the Emperor with his gigantic growth. NATO's head was magnified over the people. Ale, unaffected by a high sprist, Petro buv is thin and not a big size odyagu. Large shoulders, short arms and disproportionately small head saw the middle of them. His hair was darker, cut short, curled at the edges.

In the early portraits, one can clearly see the great Bagato, who is very important, and when Petro 1 turned to Russia for a higher price. I have known a birthmark.

A trip to Europe

Zvazhayuchi on traditions, native Ivana - Miloslavski - pobazhayu, and his representative seized the throne. In addition, 1682 of both applicants were named rulers. Little Peter was sent to the court. Near the villages, the boy is alive, he is bursting with vіyskovoy right.

In 1689, a lad made friends with a mother for a mother's fathers, yak is not a lover. Through a few months of soils, the rule is uniaxial.

In 1697, the tsars were viral at the roads of Europe. Having gone to the іnshi land, the monarch incognito. Behind the cordon, there is a distant mystery of rule, having adopted foreign laws and a style of life.

Turning around, those close friends remembered, but the growth of Peter 1 changed. Cholovik was called an impostor.

monarch's pidmina

The reasons not to entrust the new ruler were butoy. Absolutely changed its political program. Now I’m not shouting my allies against Turechchina, but I’m directing my nods towards the aggression of Charles XII. Spiritually svidomost has fallen sharply. Weak knowledge of Russian mov. Vіdteper vin znevazha own people and ignorant traditions.

Not surprisingly, there were a lot of people around the country about those who had taken the tsar away. If the internal changes could be effective, they were victorious in flowing into the cordon, then the last ones were not explained. Іnuyu legends, tsho tsar turned velvet. Zrostannya Peter 1 in cm for deyakim danimy reaching 220. Інші dzherela set the ruler before the bar in 2 meters.

Physical and spiritual changes

There is ample evidence that the king was an impostor. One of the heads is a statura. Before the Great Embassy, ​​the Emperor was of middle age, schilny until late. Having arrived from Zakordon, a lyudin with a height of 204 centimeters.

Genetically, the king is not at such a high level. Fathers, like and children, did not recognize such parameters. In those part of the lyudin, two meters away, he entered into a giant. At the sound of the change of mind, the sovereign asked to replace the whole wardrobe. For a quiet period of time, having put on the European outfit for a long time, not worn out Russian clothes.

The serpentine can be seen in the portraits and depictions of Petro 1 in the future up to and including writing in 1698.

Varto respect that at once having turned to the tsar, without being able to go to the squad, went to the monastery. Likewise, behind the writers' witnesses, turning not the 28th autocrat, but the 40th cholovik. Fiercely falling into the moral code. The Emperor is brawling, drinking, in a roving life. Chi did not hear Russian music, but propagandize earth motives. Transferred from the capital to St. Petersburg, so that Moscow was respected as a symbol of freedom and unity of the Russian nation.

real facts

Refer to the food about those who є the growth of Peter 1 in cm, you can give the skinhead. For the whole need to see the imperator's peace, marvel at the speech and try to lie down on the yogi.

Sovereign Lyakav courtiers. This kind of rice is crocheted without the middle. The doors of the masts robbed the standard dimensions, so in order to escape into the neighborhood, a two-meter-high speed was brought to rest. Bagato istorikiv vvazhayut, shho, beruch until uvagi cool delivery, about which there were legends, the tsar did not tolerate such a thing.

Kozhen vіdvіduvach to the museum, to know the speeches of the monarch, bachiv, scho wearing Petro 1. Growth, the size of the legs can be visually changed according to his dress.

Okremo is possible because of a small sled. Tsar z yogo mythical youths mav bi spati are seated, and such talent is not mav.

Find out the truth to help the Zoological Museum of St. Petersburg. There є the beloved horse of the Emperor fell. Lizetta (also im'ya giving the king) a middle-folding bullet. Lyudin, growing up more than 200 centimeters, would not be fit for it.

ruinuvannya mіfіv

About those who are growing up in Petro 1, it’s worth talking about the happy ones. Є Historians, as they still poke information about the tsar's ideas. Hundreds of articles have been written about those that have become replaced. Ale tsya information - vigados.

Science is beginning, for the rest of 200 rocks in the process of 10 centimeters of viruses. With the skin, the length of life is improving, everything is being repaired by the state of maturity. In the nineteenth century, the middle sprint has folded 165-180 centimeters. Already three hundred rocks, people with a height of 120-140 cm were normal.

Did the stars come from about those who grew up Peter 1, 170 cm tall, and the fraudulent one - 2 meters? Predators vvazhayut, but centimeters added to the fact that the people of the last era were unbelievably low in terms of accomplices. The legend about the substitution of the tsar was revealed at such events.

Peter I Oleksiyovich the Great. The birth of 30 grass (9 worms) 1672 rock - died 28 sichnya (8 fierce) 1725 rock. The rest of the king All Russia (from 1682) and the first Emperor of All Russia (from 1721).

Yak a representative of the Romanov dynasty, Petro was thrown by the tsar in the 10th century, becoming a ruler independently in 1689. The formal co-ruler of Peter the Great was brother Ivan (until his death in 1696).

From the young rocky vyavlyayuchi interest in the sciences and the transcordian way of life, Peter the first from the Russian tsars, he went trivially to the lands of Western Europe. Pislya turning from ny, in 1698 rotsi, Petro rozgornuv scale of reforms Russian stateі suspension way.

One of the main achievements of Peter was the decision delivered in the 16th century: the expansion of the territory of Russia in the Baltic region, due to the success of the Great Patriotic War, which allowed the first to accept the title in 1721.

V historical science and in the huge Duma from the end of the 18th century to the present hour of the presence of diametrically opposed assessments of the specialness of Peter I, as well as their role in the history of Russia.

In the official Russian history of Peter the Great, one of the most prominent statesmen Having made a direct mark on the development of Russia in the XVIII century. However, many historians, including N.M. Karamzin, V.O.

Peter the Great (documentary film)

Petro was born at 30 days (9 chervnya) 1672 (at 7180 rots for the accepted ones, “from the beginning of the world”): Princess Natalia Kirilivna, and gave birth to Nam Sina, the blessed Tsarevich and Grand Duke Peter Oleksiyovich of all Great and Little and Biloya Russia, and on June 29th. "

More precisely, the mice of the people of Peter is unavoidable. The deyakіstoriki ordered the palace of the Kremlin to be the hero of the people of the people of Teremno, and for the folk renditions Petro was born in the village of Kolomens'ke, also called Izmailovo.

Batko - tsar - mav number of offspring: Peter I, the 14th child, who was the first from another squad, Tsaritsa Natalia Narishkinoi.

29 worms on St. Apostle Peter and Paul, Tsarevich, baptized in the Miracle Monastery (after the tributes in the temple of Gregory of Neokesary, in Derbitsy), Archpriest Andriyam Savinov and the names of Peter. The reason, for which I took the name "Petro", is not clear, it is possible, in the capacity of the Euphonic kind of the name of the elder brother, as it was born on the same day. It didn’t work for the Romanovs, nor for the Narishkins. We will remain a representative of the Moscow dynasty of Rurikovichs with such im'yam buv Petro Dmitrovich, who died in 1428 rotsi.

After rіk with the tsarina, wіn bіv bіvіddіnіnіon wіkіvannya nanny. On the 4th birth of Peter, in 1676, Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich died. He became the father of the tsarevich as his single-blooded brother, baptized father and new tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich. Petro otrima, with a weak education, and until the end of his life, writing with pardons, vikoristovuyuchi a single vocabulary stock. Tse bulo was informed by the time, that the current patriarch of Moscow, Ioakim, in the framework of the struggle against the "Latinization" and the "earthly inflow" in the direction of the royal court of the scientists of Simeon Polotskiy, brothers and sisters of St. N. M. Zotov and A. Nesterov.

Krym, Petro did not have the ability to educate the clergyman at the university, but at the teacher of the middle school, so as neither the university nor the middle school during the hours of Peter’s childhood in the Russian middle age, but did not become new literacy.

Dyaks navchali Peter litera from 1676 to 1680 rock. The shortcomings of the basic education of Petro will be compensated for by rich practical employment.

The death of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich and the reign of the elder son Fyodor (from Tsaritsa Maria Illivnya, in the Miloslavian divinity) was announced to Tsaritsa Natalya Kirilovna and the plan of birth, Naryshkinykh. Tsaritsa Natalya was mesmerized by a bully virus in the village of Preobrazhenske near Moscow.

Streletsky revolt of 1682 to fate. Tsarivna Sofia Oleksiyivna

April 27 (May 7) 1682 The rock of the 6 rock of the government died the sick tsar Fedir III Oleksiyovich. It became zealous to whom to set the throne: to the elder sickly Ivan for the name of the little Peter.

Having enlisted the help of Patriarch Ioakim, Naryshkin and his servants on April 27 (May 7), 1682, ascended the throne of Peter. In fact, before the ruling clan Narishkin's clan and viklikaniy from the dispatch of Artemon Matvev, who were stripped by the "great opikun", came to power.

It was very important for the hitchhikers to feed the applicant, as if he could not tsar through the edge of a weak health. The organizers of the actually palace coup dithered the version about the hand-held transmission of the "scepter" by Fedor Oleksiyovich to his young brother Peter, with more reliable evidence that it was not presented to witness.

Miloslavski, relatives of Tsarevich Ivan I by his mother, coal in Peter's voiced tsar, the impression of his interests. Strelts, which in Moscow have been over 20 thousand, have long been dissatisfied and steadfast. Mabut, pidburyuvani Miloslavs'k, 15 (25 May) 1682 The rock was hit by a crack: with screams, Narishkin strangled Tsarevich Ivan, destroyed to the Kremlin.

Pani Natalya, encouraged by the solicitude of the rebels, together with the patriarch and the boyars, brought Peter and his brother to Chervona Ganok. However, the insurrection did not end. At the first year of the Buli, the boyars Artemon Matvev and Mikhailo Dolgoruky were killed, along with the other henchmen of Tsaritsa Natalia, including two brothers Narishkin.

The 26th grass viborns from the army regiments appeared before the palace and coveted, the elder Ivan was named the first king, and the young Petro - another. In fear of the repetition of the pogrom, the boyars waited a while, and Patriarch Ioakim innocently made a prayer service for the health of two names of tsars in the Assumption Cathedral. 25 worms were brought to the kingdom.

On the 29th of August, the young men napolyali, and the tsar Sophia Oleksiyivna took control of the state through the smallness of the brothers. Tsaritsa Natalia Kirilivna is small at the same time with the blue Peter - the other tsar - away from the courtyard to the palace of Moscow in the village of Preobrazhensky. At the Palace of Zabroi of the Kremlin, a double throne was secured for the young kings with a small tip in the back, through the king Sophia, they were told to approach them, as if they were going to be talking about the hour of the palace ceremonies.

secret shelves

Petro spent all his great hour far out to the palace - in the villages of Vorobyov and Preobrazhensky. With skin rock in the new zbіlshuvavsya interest to all right. Petro pulled up and revived his "quiet" vіysko, as he folded into one-sheet of flaky іgor.

In 1685, the rotsi yogo "potiishnі", dyagnenі in the іnzemnі kaptani, before the drumbeat of the regimental unit went through Moscow from Preobrazhensky to the village of Vorobyova. Petro himself served as a drummer.

In 1686, the 14-year-old Petro started with his "quiet" artillery. Vognepalny maister Fedir Sommer showing the king Pomegranate and vognepalny right. On Pushkarsky's order, 16 garmat were delivered. For the management of important men, the tsar took from the Stables the order of the old-grown servants, who were eager for good news, who were dressed in uniforms of an earthly cut and were appointed as quiet cannons. First on the earth's uniform Sergiy Bukhvostov. Zgodom Petro substituted a bronze bust of the first Russian soldier, who named Bukhvostov. The bird regiment became the name of Preobrazhensky, beyond the place of its own roztashuvannya - the village of Preobrazhenskoe pid Moscow.

At Preobrazhensky, against the palace, on the Yauzi birch trees, there is a "quiet place" motivation. When the fortress was growing, Petro did a great job himself, after helping to cut the logs, get up the garmati.

Immediately the apartment was quartered by Peter "All-hearted, all-drunk and imminent Cathedral"- a parody of the Orthodox Church. The fortress of the Bula itself is named Presburg, in the name of the famous Austrian fortress Presburg at that time (Nini Bratislava is the capital of Slovakia), about the name of the captain Sommer.

Todi f, at 1686 rotsi, appeared on the Preshburg on Yauzi pershі pershіnі court - the great shnyak and strug with chavny. At the tsі rock Petro zatіkavivsya usіma sciences, like boules tied with vіyskova right. From the author of the Dutch Timmerman to arithmetic, geometry, and science.

Walking like a Timmerman in the village of Izmailovo, Petro Zayshov on Llyana Dvir, in the comorie of a knowledgeable English bot.

In 1688, the rotsi winners entrusting the Dutchmen to Karshten Brandt in order to equip the boat, and then descend to the Yauza River. However, the Yauza and the request for rates were shown to be tight for the ship, so Petro went to Pereslavl-Zalensky, to Lake Pleshchev, de zaklavu shipyard for the establishment of ships.

There were already two regiments of the "smartest" ones: Semenivsky was added to the Preobrazhensky, and it was roasted in the Semenivske village. Preshburg is also called a buv similar to a fortress. For the command of the regiments and the development of the vital science, people were required to know the information. Ale middle Russian courtiers were not like that. So Petro appeared in Nimetskiy Sloboda.

The first shlyub of Peter I

The Nimetska settlement was the closest "susidkoyu" of the village of Preobrazhenske, and Petro has long since wondered about life. All the greater and greater number of foreigners at the court of Tsar Peter, such as, for example, Franz Timmerman and Karshten Brandt, bully from the Nimetsky settlement. All the uncomfortable things led to the fact that the tsar became a frequent guest in the suburb, soon appearing as a great chanuval of inviolability of earthly life.

Petro lighting a nice pipe, becoming a party with dances and vip, getting to know with Patrick Gordon, Franz Lefort- maybutny associates of Peter, having started a novel with Gannou Mons... The opposition was sternly confronted by mother Peter.

Schob remind 17-rychnogo sina, pani Natalya virishila friend yogo on Evdokii Lopukhina, Daughters of the okolnichny.

Petro did not contradict his mother, and on September 27, 1689, the fate of the "young" tsar was born. However, the mensh went down through the month of Petro leaving the squad and went for a few days to Lake Pleshcheyevo.

From a whore Petro mav two sinivs: the eldest, Oleksiy, who had become a descendant of the throne until 1718, the youngest, Oleksandr, died at the dynasty.

Convergence to the throne of Peter I

The activity of Peter is strongly turbulent to the royal Sophia, rosum, and with the insistence of his single-blooded brother, he will be separated from the possession. At the present time, the king's henchmen have decided on the coronation plan, but Patriarch Ioakim Buv is categorically opposed.

Like the Crimean Tatars, who were there in 1687 and 1689 by the favorite of the tsar, Prince Vasil Golitsin, the bully were unsuccessful, they were borne as great and generous winners of the peremogi, as well as the unhappy bagatokh.

On April 8, 1689, at the holy Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, the first public confrontation between the men of Peter and the governor became.

On that day, for the sound, there was a good journey from the Kremlin to the Kazan Cathedral. After the end of the Service of God, Petro went to his sister and was naked, but did not dare to go with the people at once in the process. Sophia accepted the viclik: she took the image of the Most Holy Theotokos in her hands and went for the chords and banners. Do not prepare for such a result, right, Petro left the hid.

7 serpnya 1689 rock is not suitable for everyone in the world. For the rest of the day, Tsar Sophia called the chief of the shooters Fyodor Shaklovity to order more of her people to the Kremlin; At the same time, a little bit about a sheet of sound was broadened, when Tsar Petro at night took over the Kremlin with his "quiet" regiments, beat the tsar, the brother of Tsar Ivan, and seize the power.

Shaklovy took the soldiers' regiments, so that the "great wins" on Preobrazhenskoye and beat all of Peter's adherents for his life to beat Tsar Sophia. Todi were sent three upper sposterigati, scho to shy in the Preobrazhensky from the staff at once, as if Tsar Petro kudi-didn’t see one anymore with regiments.

Pyotr's henchmen of the middle of the strelts sent two of the same thinkers to Preobrazhensk. Writing the report of Petro with a small retinue in a trio galloped to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. An inheritance of the survivors of the shots of Peter's ailment: in case of severe illness, the convulsive ruffs of the individual were repaired.

On the 8th sickle, offenses to the tsaritsa, Natal and Evdokiya, came to the monastery, followed by the "quiet" regiments with artillery.

On the 16th, a letter came from Peter, and a letter came from all the regiments of the bully in the Trinity-Sergius, the monasteries and 10 men of privates. Tsarivna Sophia protected the viconuvati that order with the fear of mortal punishment, and Tsar Peter was sent a letter of notice, as soon as it was impossible to defend it.

On the 27th, a new letter of Tsar Peter arrived - to all regiments to the Triytsi. A great part of the Vіysk reproached the lawful king, and the Tsarіvny Sophia was brought to the point of being different. Vona herself went to the Trinity Monastery, and in the village of Vozdvizhenskaya and Peter's messengers, she was ordered to turn to Moscow.

non-bar Sofia Bula is laid in the Novodivochy Monastir pid Suvoriy Naglyad.

The 7 th day of the bulo is piled up and amid the sufferings of Fedir Shaklovy. The elder brother, Tsar Ivan (or Ioann), assisted Peter in the Assumption Cathedral and actually gave him all the power.

Since 1689, fate has not taken part in the government, hoping until the very death of the 29th day (8th cruel) in 1696, the rock is nominally promoted to become a socialist.

The story of the tumbled down tsar Sophia Vlad passed into the hands of the people, who were huddled around the tsarina Natalia Kirilivnya. Vaughn mailed to privatize the sina to the sovereign government, handing over to him the private right, as Petro knew tedious.

Naivazhlivishi decisions (deafening vіyny, defrauding the Patriarch, etc.) The thoughts of the young tsar were accepted without urahuvannya. Tse led to conflicts. For example, on the ear of 1692 r of objections to those who, in spite of their will, the Moscow district saw the Ottoman Empire, the tsar did not want to turn from Pereyaslav for the creation of the Persian ambassador, L. . Golitsynim) bully zmusheni especially їhati after him.

As soon as 1 September 1692 p the will of Peter I in the Preobrazhensky, N.M. Zotov's "delivery" to "all Yauzi and all Koku Patriakh" became the posture of the tsar, who was placed by Patriarch Adrian. After the death of Natalia, the Tsar of Cyril did not become the ringleader of the formations of the mother of LK Narishkin - BA Golitsin, however, he realized that his will was unhealthy.

Azov hikes 1695 and 1696 rockiv

The priority of Peter the Great's dyyalnosti in the first rocky Edinovladdya was the continuation of the Ottoman Empire and Krim. Peter I was virulent to replace the campaigns on the Crimea, so they lived in the rock of the rule of Tsar Sophia, to strike a blow at the Turkish fortress of Azov, which was rooted at the depression of the Don river in the Sea of ​​Azov.

The first Azov trip, the attachment of 1695, ended not far in the spring of the same time through the fleet and the lack of readiness of the Russian army for action in the distance from the bases of supply. However, already in 1695, preparation for a new campaign was lost. In Voronezh, the ridge of the Russian flotilla has flared up.

In a short hour, the flotilla was prompted by a flotilla of small ships on a chola with a 36-harness ship "Apostol Petro".

In 1696, the 40-thousandth Russian army under the command of Generalisimus Sheina took Azov into the cloud, only for the rest of the time the Russian flotilla blocked the fort from the sea. Peter I took part in the forest in the call of the captain in the gallery. Do not check the storm, on 19 April 1696 the fort was built. So, it was the first view of Russia in the Peninsula of the Sea.

The result of the Azov campaigns was the drowning of the fortress of Azov, an ear of the future to the port of Taganrog, The possibility of an attack on the coast of the Crimean Sea from the sea, which significantly secured the new cordon of Russia. However, we didn’t get into the distance to the Black Sea through the Kerch channel to Peter: it was lost before the control of the Ottoman Empire. Forces for vіyni from Turechchinoyu, like іvnotsіnnogo naval fleet, Russia did not leave.

For the financing of the future, the fleet is provided with a new type of tax: the landowners of the Bully ob'ednani in the so-called cumpancy of 10 yew. Yards, skinned on their pennies, are not enough for a shipbuilder. At the end of the hour, the first signs of dissatisfaction with the performance of Peter appear. Bully rozkrita zmova Tsikler, like mamagavsya organ_zuvati streletske insurrection.

In 1699, the first great Russian ship "Fortetsya" (46-garmatny) sent the Russian ambassador to Constantinople for peace talks. The very appearance of such a ship seized the Sultan to the point of putting the world in the 1700th rock, which overshadowed the fortress of Azov for Russia.

With the development of the fleet and reorganization of the army, Petro will fly around on the terrestrial lands. After completing the Azov hikes, he was victorious and led to the navchannya for the cordon of young noblemen, and, nezobarno and he himself, went to the Persha for a road to Europe.

Great embassy 1697-1698 years

Near the birch tree of 1697, the Great Embassy was sent to Western Europe through Lіflandia, the main method of which was to know allies against the Ottoman Empire. Admiral-General F.Ya. Lefort, General F.A.Golovin, head of the Ambassadors' Office P. B. Voznitsin were appointed as the most important ambassadors of the bully.

All in the embassy went up to 250 people, in the middle of the name of the Preobrazhensky regiment sergeant Peter Mikhailov, Tsar Peter I himself was known.

Petro has driven to Riga, Kenigsberg, Brandenburg, Holland, England, Austria, and will visit Venice and Pope.

The embassy has recruited hundreds of faxes for the ship's certificate to Russia, purchased a list of goods and possessions.

In the course of negotiations, Petro has assigned an hour to the shipbuilding, the official information of the first sciences. Petro trampled with adze at the shipyards of the Ost-Ind's Company, the ship "Petro and Pavlo" for the part of the tsar.

In England, they saw the Livarny Plant, the Arsenal, the Parliament, the Oxford University, the Green Observatory and the Monetary House, with a glimpse of which at that hour, Isaac Newton. Yogo tsikavili persh technical support kraїn Zakhod, not a legal system.

When Petro had seen the Westminster Palace, Petro had seen the "lawyers", like barristers, in their robes and feathers. Vіn energized: "What is it for the people and how is the stench here to shy away?". You were told: "All are legalists, Your Majesty." “Lawyers! - Greetings Petro. - What is the stench? In all my kingdom there are only two lawyers, and then I will put one of them to stay, if I turn to home. "

True, when the English parliament was sent in incognito, they dey translated the deputies in front of King Wilhelm III, saying: "Cheerfully feel those, if the blue father tells the king clearly the truth, then the English will be guilty."

The great embassy of the head does not reach the end: the coalition against the Ottoman Empire did not reach a number of European powers through preparation to the Viyna for the Spanish recession (1701-1714 fate). However, the zavdyaki tsіy vіynі wished to be friendly to fight Russia for the Baltic. With such a rank, the reorganization of the new policy of Russia from the beginning directly at the private level is considered.

Petro in Russia

At the end of 1698, the embassy was interrupted by the sound of a new shooter stabbed in Moscow, which had been brought in before Peter arrived. After the arrival of the tsar to Moscow (25 sickle), there was a message and knowledge, the result of which was a one-time punishment is close to 800 shots(They are terrified in the strangled rebellion), and more than a hundred years later until the spring of 1699.

Tsarivna Sophia Bula tonsured in chernitsa for the sake of Susanni and sent to the Novodvochiy Monastir, De spent the rhyme of her life. The same share of sportsmanship and non-tsykav squad of Peter - Єvdokiyu Lopukhinu, yaku was forcibly taken to the Suzdal Monastery navit against the will of the clergy.

For 15 months, crossing the cordon Petro had a lot of things and a lot of things. The message of the king's turn on the 25th sickle of 1698 didn’t seem to be a redevelopment of the fate, it was coined as a reference to the change of callous signs, that they were able to recognize the old-school way of life from the Western European.

At the Preobrazhensky Palace of Petro, the decree "On the wear of the famous cloth, about the wear of the old cloth, about the wear of the beard for them.

“I bage the re-creation of the holy goats, tobto the hulks, and the clergy, tobto the chants and the priest. First, the stench without beads looked like good to Europeans, and the ones, the stench, I want beards, in churches they would bring in parishioners of Christian garnets, like bachiv and chuv I visit Nymechchin pastors ".

The new 7208th rock according to the Russian-Vizantyysky calendar ("from the beginning of the world") became the 1700th rock according to the Yulian calendar. Petro zh viv i svyatkuvannya New rock 1 sichnya, And not on the day of the autumn rivnodennya, like the Christmas day earlier.

Yogo's special decree says: "Oskilki in Russia bring up the New Rik in a fashionable way, by the way, fool the heads of the people and respect the New Rik everywhere from the first time. And as a sign of good repair and merry happiness, graft one one in New Rock, good luck and goodness in the right place. In honor of the New Rock, decorate the yalins, amuse the children, ride the sleds from the gir..

Pivnichna viyna 1700-1721

Kozhukhovsky maneuvers (+1694) showed Peter Perevaga regiments of "Inozemny Fret" in front of the shooters. The Azov campaigns, in which they took the part of the regular regiments (Preobrazhensky, Semenivsky, Lefortovsky and Butyrsky regiments), left Peter in a small attachment to the old organization.

To that, in 1698, a new army was launched, except for 4 regular regiments, which became the basis of the new army.

Get ready to go to the Shvetsin, Petro Veliv in 1699 rotsi zrobity recruiting recruits and start new recruits for education, establishments at the transfigurations and Semenovtsi. One hour a great number of foreign officers were recruited.

Vіynu was transferred from the region of Narvi, for that the main respect was for the organization of pіkhoti. At the end of all the necessary new structure, it was simply not an hour. Legends circulated about the tsar's impatience, who could not tolerate any change in his army. Management, service of combat security, military department of the name is required to be established.

The trip from the Great Embassy of the tsars soon got to the point of departure from Sweden for the path to the Baltic Sea.

In 1699, there was a private union against the Swedish king Charles XII, in which Russia was sent Dania, Saxony and Rich Pospolita to the choly with the Saxon elector and Polish king Augustus II. With the help of the Russian power to the union, August II was welcomed to the Swedish side of Livland. For help, the winners of Russia turned over the lands, which belonged to the Russian (Ingermanland and Karelia).

In order to join the war of Russia, it is necessary to build the world with the Ottoman Empire. Pislya reaching an armistice with the Turkish Sultan in a line for 30 years Russia 19 serpnya 1700 roku stripped veyna Shvetsia before the drive to take care of the image, given to Tsar Peter in Rizi.

At his own devil, the plan of Charles XII has cleared in order to defeat the opponents one by one. Without a break in the bombardment of Copenhagen, Dania 8 serpnya 1700 roku viyla viyni, before joining her Russia. Not long after August II ended up grabbing Riga. Pislya tsyogo Karl XII turned against Russia.

An ear of wine for Peter was bored: the newly recruited army was handed over to the Saxon field marshal Duke de Croa, the bullet was thrown against Narvo on 19 (30) leaf fall 1700 rock. The packing showed that everything needed to be repaired in fact.

Poorhuvavshi, scho Russia is weakened, Karl XII pishov to Livoniya, then straighten all forces against August II.

However, Petro, having continued the reforms of the army behind the European vision, renewed boyovі dії... As early as in 1702, the Russian army in the presence of the tsar seized the Noteburg fortress (renamed to Shlisselburg), and in 1703 the fortress Nienshants in the Nevi girly was attached to the rock.

10 (21) May 1703 for the smilivnaya capture of two Swedish judges at the arm of Nevi Petro (wearing the rank of captain of the bombardier roti of the Preobrazhenskiy Life Guards regiment), having removed the same hardenings order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

here 16 (27) May 1703 to the rock of the rosary life of St. Petersburg And on the island of Kotlin the base of the Russian fleet - the fortress Kronshlot (in the city of Kronshtadt) - was located. Vykhid to the Baltic Sea, pierced.

In 1704, Russia started to take Dorpat and Narvi from the Baltic states. On the projection of the world of Peter I, having cut off Vidmova. The fall of the skinny August II in 1706 was replaced by the Polish king Stanislav Leshchinsky, Charles XII was almost fatal for a new trip to Russia.

Having completed the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the king did not dare to prodvzhiti attack on Smolensk. Having enlisted the help of the Little Russian hetman Ivana Mazepi, Karl sent vіyska to celebrate the day with food mirkuvan and with us to power the army with Mazepa's henchmen. At the battle of Lisovy, spring 28 (October 9), 1708 Petro especially chastised the corvolant and defeated the Swedish corps of Leeuwenhaupt, so that he was sent to the army of Charles XII from Livland. The Swedish army wasted a supply and a wagon train with supplies. Petro's victory was identified in the battle as a turning point in the Victory Day.

At the Battle of Poltava 27 chervnya (8 lime) 1709 roku, in the yak army of Karl XII Bula vschent rozgromlen, Petro knew commanding on the battlefield. Pyotr has a bullet shot through the droplets. Pislya was able to win the call of the first lieutenant general and shautbenakht from the blue ensign.

At 1710 hours, Turechchina got involved in an hour. In 1711, Russia turned the Azov of Turechchini and Zruynuvala Taganrog to the point of striking in the Prut campaign of 1711, and even further away the peace with the Turks in Chergov.

Petro became aware of the war against the Swedes, in 1713 the Swedes became aware of the strikes in Pomerania and moved all the powers in continental Europe. However, the zavdyaki panuvannyu Shvetsiya on the sea Pivnichna vіyna dragged on. The Baltic Fleet only went to Russia, ale zumiv sobut I will be able to survive in the Battle of Gangut in 1714.

In 1716, Petro managed to unite the fleet from Russia, England, Dania and Holland, and through the separation in the allies' camp, he did not plan to organize an attack on Sweden.

In the world of change of the Baltic Fleet of Russia, Sweden has not seen an invasion on its own land. In 1718, peace talks were resigned, interrupted by Charles XII's raptor bend. The Swedish queen Ulrika Eleonora has renewed her life, being encouraged to help England.

Ruynivnі troops of the Russian in 1720 rotsі on the Swedish uzbeksі pіdshіvnіyu Shvetsіya before the renewal of negotiations. 30 serpnya (10 spring) 1721 rock mіzh Rosієyu and Shvetsієyu buv stacking Nishtadt svit, Yaky having completed the 21st day.

Russia has rejected the route to the Baltic Sea, acquired the territory of Ingram, a part of Karelia, Estonia and Lithuania. Russia became a great European power, in commemoration of the 22nd harvest (2 leaf fall) 1721 Petro on passing senators taking the title of Batko Batkivshchyna, Emperor of All-Russia, Peter the Great: "... consider me, with the butt of the ancient, especially the Roman and Greek peoples, to perceive the vision, on the day of the triumph and deafening of V. Pratsy of all Russia, only a glorious and prosperous light, according to the reading of his treatise in the church, according to to our all-loyal supporter for the desire of this light, to bring my knowledge to you publicly, so that you can accept from us, as if from your old children, the title of the Great Father of the All-Russian Emperor titles publicly I bring a gift and on statutes for commemoration in vichni halls of signature "(Prokhannya senatorіv tsar Peter I. October 22, 1721 fate).

Russian-Turkish vein 1710-1713. Prutskiy pohid

During the battle in Poltava, the Swedish king Charles XII clashed with the Volodinians of the Ottoman Empire, the Bendery town. Peter I decreed the agreement with Turechchina about the vision of Charles XII from the Turkish territory, in protest against the Swedish king they were allowed to lose and create a threat to the cordon of Russia for an additional part of the Ukrainian Cossack and the Crimean Tatars.

The hangers of Charles XII, Peter the Great, became pogozhuvati vіynuyu Turechchina, ale at vіdpovіd 20 leaf fall 1710 the Sultan himself became naked in vіynu Russia. The sinking of the Russian troops of Azov in 1696 by the Russian Navy in the Sea of ​​Azov was the reason for the war.

Viyna on the side of Turechchini was surrounded by a winter invasion of the Crimean Tatars, Vasals of the Ottoman Empire, to Ukraine. Russia led the war on 3 fronts: Vіyska went on a campaign against the Tatars to the Crimea and to the Kuban, Peter I himself, spiraling to the aid of the rulers of Valachia and Moldova, who survived the glorious feuds of Christians before the Danube.

6 (17) Bereznya 1711 Peter I went to visit Moscow with a virgin friend Katerina Oleksiyivnoyu, Yaku commanded to respect his retinue and queen (until the official ceremony, which was introduced in 1712).

The army crossed the cordon of Moldavia in Chervna 1711, and on 20 April 1711 190 thousand Turks and Crimean Tatars squeezed the 38 thousand Russian army to the right bank of the Prut rivulet. In the building of a peaceful situation to Peter the Great, the Prut Peace Treaty, beyond which the army and the tsar himself were completely complete, ale the nature of Russia saw the Azov Turechchini and lost the vicious sea to the Azov Sea.

In 1711, the fate of the boyovyh was not carried out, because in the process of narrowing the residual contract, Turechchina would have developed a barrage of innovation. Tilki in chervny 1713 buv stacking Adrianopolsky peace treaty, which in general confirmed the mind of Prutsky please. Russia rejected the possibility of prodovzhuvati Pivnichnu vіynu without a 2 nd front, hoping and wasted the conquest of the Azov campaigns.

Expansion of Russia at the stage for Peter I did not adhere. In 1716, Buchholz's expedition at the center of zlittya Irtish and Om fell asleep in Omsk, Vishche over the course of Irtisha: Ust-Kamenogorsk, Semipalatinsk and інші fortetsі.

In 1716-1717 rocky in Central Asia buvs of directions of Bekovich-Cherkasy’s zagin with the help of the Khivin Khan’s scholarship to peddance and development of paths to the Third. However, the Russian zagin was the khan. For the rule of Peter I, the ball was transferred to Russia, Kamchatka. Petro zaplanuvav expedition through the Pacific Ocean to America (picking up the Russian colonies to sleep there), but he didn’t conceive.

Caspiyskiy pohid 1722-1723

The most inviting political visit of Peter the Great Pivnichnoy Viyni Buv Caspian (or Perska) descended in 1722-1724 rock. Mind for the campaign were set in the result of the Persian conflict and the actual collapse of the mighty power.

18 linden 1722, for the help of the saint of the Persian shah Tohmas-mirzi, from Astrakhan across the Caspian the 22 thousandth Russian zagin was supplied. Derbent was at the serpentine, and after the problems with food they turned to Astrakhan.

The offensive one thousand seven hundred twenty-three conquests have the backshore of the Caspian Sea with the fortresses of Baku, Rasht, Astrabad. Farther away, I will enter the Ottoman Empire, as it swallowed the western and central Transcaucasia.

On the 12th spring of 1723, the St. Petersburg treaty with Persia was laid down, behind the warehouse of the Russian Empire included the past and the first time of the Uzbek Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku and provinces of Gilyan, Mazenderan and Mazenderan. Russia and Persia also set up a defensive alliance against Turechchini, like a protest, having appeared not meritorious.

According to the Treaty of Constantinople, from the 12th day of 1724, Turechchina recognized all the superfluous things of Russia in the western part of the Caspian Sea and was brought up from the far lands to Persia. Stick of cordons in Russia, Turechchino and Persian Buv of installations on the place of zlittya rychok Araks and Kura. In Persia, the troubles are trivial, and the Turechchina oscarzhil the agreement of the Constantinople treaty, the Persh, below the border was definitely established. Let it mean that it’s unforgettable for the death of Peter, that the volodinnya bully was drawn into the connection with the high losses of garnishes from the ailments, and, in the eyes of Tsaritsa Annie Ioanivny, an unpromising region.

Russian Empire for Peter I

With the help of the Peremogi in the Great Patriotic War and the establishment of Nishtad in the Veresnaya 1721 Senate and Synod were granted to Peter the title of Emperor of All-Russia for the offensive formulas: "Bo so see the Roman Senate for the noble rights of the emperors, such titles are publicly I bring a gift and on statutes for the memory in the old podpisuvati".

22 zhovtnya (2 leaf fall) 1721 Peter I, having taken the title, not just honored, but to indicate the new role of Russia in the international right. Prussia and Holland secretly recognized the new title of the Russian tsar, Sweden in 1723, Turechchina in 1739, England and Austria in 1742, France and Spain in 1745 and nareshty, Poland in 1764.

Secretary of the Prussian Embassy in Russia in 1717-1733, I.-G. Fokkerodt, on the prokhannya, like pratsyuvav over the history of Tsar Peter, writing help about Russia for Peter. Fokkerodt, having tested the population size of the Russian Empire before the end of the reign of Peter I. For him, the number of taxable persons became 5 million 198 thousand people, the number of peasants and townspeople included

A lot of souls were haunted by pomizchiks, the repeated revision increased the number of submissive souls to 6 million people.

Russian noblemen from their homelands vvazhali up to 500 thousand., Officials up to 200 thousand. I spiritual persons with up to 300 yew. Shower.

Inhabitants of the old-growing regions, who do not perebuyuyut without exception, became for an estimate from 500 to 600 yew. Shower. Cossacks from their homelands in the Ukraine, on the Don and on the Yaiku and in the near-Cordonian towns, from 700 to 800 yew. Shower. The number of the Siberian peoples was unavoidable, Ale Fokkerodt, until the milion cholovik.

In such a rank, the population of the Russian Empire for Peter the Great became up to 15 million per year and entered Europe for the number of only France (about 20 million).

For the children of the Radiansky historian Yaroslav Vodarsky, the number of women and children grew up from 1678 to 1719 from 5.6 to 7.8 million. up to 15.6 million

Reform of Peter I

all internal state power Peter can be cleverly divided into two periods: 1695-1715 rock and 1715-1725.

Especially the first stage of the boule was quicker and do not expect the character to be thought out, but explained by the words of the Pivnichnoe Viynyi. Reform bully aimed, persh for everything, on the basis of costs for the conduct of violence, were carried out by the rapist method and often did not lead to a good result. During the state reforms at the first stage, great reforms were carried out with the method of modernization of the way of life. In the other period, reforms were more planned.

A number of historians, for example V.O. Klyuchevsky, were introduced, but the reforms of Peter I were not fundamentally new, but the rest of the prodigals would have been quietly re-done, as they were in the 17th century. The Іnshi historians (for example Sergiy Solovyov), navpaki, fostered the revolutionary character of Peter's re-creation.

Petro Bula carried out a reform of state administration, reimagined in the army, built the European fleet, Bula completed a reform of church administration in the cause of Caesarism, focused on the implementation of the autonomous state of the Church of the Church

The financial reform was also taken care of, and they were trying to get involved in the development of industry and trade.

After turning from the Great Embassy of Peter I, he revived the struggle with the traditional manifestations of the "old" way of life (the best way to wear a fence on the beard), but not less than brutalized respect for the education of the nobility until the adoption and culture of culture. Have become svitski mortgage, The Persha rosіyska newspaper has been adopted, and the books are transferred to rosіyska. Success in the service of Petro, putting the nobles in the wilderness in the knowledge.

Petro clearly grasped the need for education, and made a series of quick calls.

On 14 (25) today 1701, the school of mathematical and navi gatsyynykh sciences was opened in Moscow.

In 1701-1721, the boules showed an artillery, an engineering and medical school in Moscow, an engineering school and a marine academy in St. Petersburg, girsk schools at the Olonets and Ural factories.

In 1705 Bula vidkrit persha in Russia Gymnasium.

For the purpose of mass education of the guilty bully, serve by the decree of 1714 to the fate of number schools in provincial towns, poklikani "children of any rank read literacy, numbers and geometries."

Transferred to two such schools in the leather province, de navchannya guilty bulo bezkoshtovnim. For the soldiers' children, the boules have seen garnizon schools, for the preparation of the priests, since 1721, the hedge of spiritual schools has been created.

By the decrees of Peter, the rule was introduced for the nobility and the clergy, and it was analogous to the world for the population of the city.

With Peter's help, open the all-estates pochatkovu school did not go away (the stem of the school for the dying of the death, the majority of arithmetic schools were re-profiled in the camp of the school for the training of the clergy), but not less than in the reign of the bullet, the foundation was laid for the development of

Petrom bulo sorted novі drukarnі In 1700-1725, 1312 new books were supervised (two times more than in the entire history of Russian drukarstvo). The heads of the paperwork grew from 4-8 thousand leaves in the end of the 17th century, up to 50 thousand leaves in 1719.

There have been changes in the Russian movement, in which 4.5 thousand new words have gone, which were suspected from the European languages.

In 1724, Petro approved the statute of organizing the Academy of Sciences (it was announced through a few months of death).

Particularly significant is the little life of Kam'yanny St. Petersburg, in which they took the part of the earth's architecture and how they worked for the plan that was broken by the tsar. Їm collapsed nova Miske Sredovische with unknowable Persh forms, pobut and dozvilla (theater, masquerade). Changing internal health and wellbeing of everyday life, way of life, storage of food and drink. By a special decree of the tsar in 1718, boules were introduced into assemblies, which represented a new form for Russia, a form of union between people. At the assemblies, the noblemen danced and spirited away, at the meeting in all kinds of fun and dancing.

The reforms carried out by Peter the Great hit not only politics, economics, but also mystery. Petro asked the foreign artists to go to Russia and immediately sent talented young people to see "art" behind the cordon. The other four of the XVIII century. "Petrovsky pensioners" began to turn around in Russia, bringing with them new artistic information and priesthood.

30 chest 1701 r (10 sichnya 1702 fate) Petro saw the decree, which disappeared from the writing in the bitter and other documents, and I will replace the mean half-men (Ivashka, Senko, etc.) booth, in which there is a king, do not know. Having explained the need for this innovation this way: "A little less, more diligence before service and vitality before me and power - that's the honor of the king ...".

Petro namagavsya zmіniti stanovishche zhіnok in the Russian suspension. Win by special decrees (1700, 1702 and 1724 rr.)

Punished, I’m not less than a six-month period, "For nouns and nominations, one could recognize one"... Well for a whole hour, speaking in the decree, "She does not want to take the nominated name, for she does not want to be named for the nominated person.", Yak bi at that time, they poured daddy, "In that, be free".

From 1702 r the names themselves (and not only to the relatives) were formally given the right to formally talk and talk to each other, and moreover, the right from both sides is not too small a right “about forfeit by cholom biti”.

Legislative attributions 1696-1704 pp. about the public saints, they introduced the obligatory participation in the cleaning and saints of all Russians, including the "zhynochoi stati".

From the "old" in the attachment of the nobility, Peter was deprived of the invincible number of closed servants, and I will become the gentry of the special service of the skin servant people of the state. Ale in tsіy zakrypachenyh changed the kіlka її form. Now the stinks of bullets of crops are to serve in regular policemen and in the navy, as well as in civilian services in all quiet administrative and ship installations, as they are recast from old people and I know.

The decree on the monopoly of 1714 regulating the legal status of the nobility and having closed legally the evil of such forms of land power, like the fiefdom and maєtok.

The peasants from the tsar of Peter I began to be divided into the peasants of the krypak (priest), monastic and sovereign. All three boules were recorded in the revised kazka and were lined with per capita krypaks.

Since 1724, the villagers of Vlasnytsia could use their strengths for earnings and according to their needs, not for the first time, as if they received a letter from the Pan, certified by the Zemstvo commissar and colonel of that regiment, who stood in the tribute of the mission. With such a rank, the help of the vlada over the peculiarities of the villagers took away even more power, taking away in her own unaware order and specialty, and of the private peasant. The price of the village of the Silskoe patriarch will be called “kripak” for an hour, or “revizkiy”, soul.

In general, the reforms of Peter Bully were focused on changing the state and on enhancing the European culture with the one-hour empowerment of absolutism. In the course of the reforms, the technical and economic information of Russia among a number of the other European powers, the conquest of the destinations to the Baltic Sea, the re-implementation of the life of the Russian suspension in the various spheres of life was carried out.

Proceedingly, in the middle of the nobility, there was a system of values, light perception, natural manifestations, which were well known from the values ​​and to the glance of the greater representatives of the other countries. At the same hour, the people were forced to go to the edge of visnazheni, and to change their minds (Decree on the succession to the throne) for the crisis of the supreme power, which led to the “era of palace coups”.

Having set his own for the meta of improving the economy with the shorter backward technologies of virobability, Petro reorganized all the galusies of the people's government.

Before the hour of the Great Embassy, ​​the tsar was vivifying the developmental aspects of European life, including technical ones. Winning the foundations of the economic theory at that hour - mercantilism.

Their economics vchennya mercantilism started in two positions: the Pershe is a skinned people, but they do not forget, they themselves are guilty of deviating everything that they need, not being brutalized until the help of others' pratsi, the first people; the other - the leather people, who are very rich, are guilty of yakomog more vivositi from their land vyroblenuyu products and as it is possible to less importuvatioinzemnuyu products.

The development of geological exploration will be done for Peter, Zavdyaki chomu know the genera of metal ore in the Urals. Tilki in the Urals was motivated by at least 27 metallurgical plants for Peter. Gunpowder pools, sawmills, and flasks of manufactories were primed near Moscow, Tuli, St. Petersburg. In Astrakhan, Samara, Krasnoyarsk, the production of potash, sirki, salty was added, and the production of glass, linen and cloth manufactories. Tse allowed the rasspochati act of vidmovu from the import.

Before the end of the tsar of Peter I, there were already 233 factories, including 90 great manufactories, prompted by the extension of the tsar. The most significant boulevards of the shipyard (only at the St. Petersburg shipyard, 500 thousand of the number of workers), the number of enterprises, and the industrial and metallurgical factories (at 9 Ural factories, 25 thousand of the robots have been received),

To build a new capital bully prity pershi in the russian channel.

Petrovsky re-creation of the bully has reached the level of violence against the population, the new order of the will of the monarch, the vicarious nature of the name. Navit Pushkin, who was greeted by Peter, wrote that he had a lot of decree that bully "zhorstoki, tenacious and build up, writing with a batog", nemov "wore at the impatient self-righteous companion."

Klyuchevsky vkazuє scho trіumf absolyutnoї monarhії, yak pragnula the power vityagti svoїh pіddanih of serednovіchchya in Suchasnist, mіstiv in sobі korіnne protirіchchya: "Reform of Peter Bula Borotba despotism of the people of Yogo vіdstalіstyu Vіn spodіvavsya storm Vladi viklikati samodіyalnіst in ponevoleny suspіlstvі i through rabovlasnitske. the nobility settle European science in Russia ... if you want, you are a slave, you become a slave, deyavo і vіlno ".

The life of St. Petersburg from 1704 to 1717 was mainly due to the forces of "robust people" who were mobile within the framework of natural labor service. The stench poured down the forest, the swamps were littered, the embankments and the so-called P.

In 1704 r, up to 40 thousand robots were sent to St. Petersburg from the provinces to 40 thousand, mainly from the provinces of the country's and state peasants. At 1707 r a lot of workers flowed in, directions to Petersburg from the Bilozersky region. Peter I, having ordered the capture of the family members, flowed in - their fathers, mothers, squads, children “for living in booths” and trimati in prisons, as long as there is no shukati.

The workers of the factories of Petrovsky hour were seen from the most popular vernaculars of the population: the villagers are krypaks, vagabonds, fellows, and the villagers - all the stench of suvorian decrees was taken away and sent "into the robot" to the factories.

Petro does not tolerate the moment of "walking" people, who did not arrive at any time, they were punished by the order, they didn’t shy away from the black rank, and sent them to factories. Often there were vipadki, if for the construction of factories, and especially factories, with working hands, villages and villages were attributed to factories and factories, which was still practiced in the 17th century. Those attributed to the factory were applied to it, and in those days for the orders of the master.

At the leaf fall 1702, a decree was seen in which it said: “There will be orders to Moscow and to the Moscow court of justice, whether there are people or people from the places of leadership, but from monasteries to rule over power, and helpers and patrimonials bring their own people and villagers to be, and those people and peasants will learn from them. the sovereign's word і dilo ", - and quiet people in the Moscow court order do not feed, supervise the Preobrazhensky order to the steward to the prince Fyodor Yuriyovich Romodanovsky. That is in the places of the military commanders and punishing people of such people, as they learn the Cossacks "the sovereign's word and dilo".

At 1718 r for attendance at the right of Tsarevich Oleksiy Petrovich Bula opened Taumna Chancellery Then the bullets were passed on to the insignia of the highest level of importance.

On the 18th serpnya 1718, a decree was issued, as if by the threat of mortal hazards it was fenced in “writing having conceived”. The strata also responded to non-reporters. Tsey the decree of the bouv of straightening to fight against anti-ordinary "slander".

The decree of Peter I, visions in 1702, voiced the tolerance of one of the leading power principles.

“With the opponents of the church, it is necessary to act with lagging and reason,” said Petro. "The Lord gave the kings the dominion over the nations, but Christ alone over the conscience of people." Ale schodo Old Believers tsei decree is not stashed.

In 1716, for the lodging of the region, the bully was given the ability to legally pay for it “for it to distribute any payments made”. At the same time, the control was strengthened, and it was very quiet, but it got better as a result of the restoration and the payment of the subordinate tribute.

It is inappropriate and not to pay the subordinate tribute if you are fined, then the fine will be increased, and you should be forced to hard labor. A stratum was paid for the rozkol (rozbeschennya was given to every Old Believer liturgical service or the submission of services), since before Peter I a stratum was laid, which was approved in 1722 r

Old Believers 'priests were denounced, either for schismatics, as well as for Old Believers' mentors, or for zardniks of Orthodoxy, as they smelled earlier as priests, and punished for those and for others. The Rozkolnitsky Skete and the Chapels were in full swing. Shlyakhom tortur, punishing with a batog, virivannya nizdrіv, threatening strata and silanims to the Nizhny Novgorod bishop Pitirim in the distance to turn into the bosom of the official church chimale the number of Old Believers, albeit in the greater stench of unbarred zdalinovu "in the rose". Oleksandr Oleksandr Pitirim was born of the Old Believers of Kerzhen, Oleksandr Pitirim was overthrown by the Old Believers, who were killed in Kaidani and threatened with beatings, as a result of which the diakon was “afraid of all, the great bishop, the great bishop,

If Oleksandr skipped in the lists of Peter the Great on the Pitirim's house, then he was given terrible torments and 21 May 1720 were made of torments.

Peter I praised the emperor's title, as the Old Believers respected, testified about those who were guilty of the Antichrist, so that the offensive of the sovereign rule in Catholic Rome was encouraged. About the antichrist day of Peter the same, on the thought of the Old Believers, they witnessed the calendar changes, the destruction of the rule and introduced by him for the capitation of the population census.

The family of Peter I

For the first time, Petro became friends in 17 years for the love of his mother at Evdokiya Lopukhina in 1689. Through the rik they gave birth to Tsarevich Oleksiy, who was wicked in the presence of his mother in the witnesses, strangers' reformatory spirit of Peter. The Rashta children of Peter and the Evdokii died unbarously for the people. In 1698, the rotsi of vdokiya Lopukhina was caught up in a military revolt, marking what a bullet was led to the kingdom of Sina, and the bully was sent to the monastery.

Oleksiy Petrovich, the official decay of the Russian throne, was sentenced to the re-incarnation of his father, and in the end of the day, until the day of the intercession of the relative of his squad (Charlotte of Braunshweig's), the dean vin buv uzyatiy pid vartu.

24 worms (5 limes) 1718 The Supreme Court, which formed from 127 individuals, was to blame for the deaths of Virok Oleksiya, who made him guilty of the state's health. 26 chervnya (7 linden) 1718 fate the prince, not having been brought to viroku at the visonannya, died at the Peter and Paul fortress.

The exact cause of death of Tsarevich Oleksiy dosi has not been established with certainty. Prince Oleksiy went to the ship with the princess Charlotte of Braunschweig, having overtaken the son of Peter Oleksiyovich (1715-1730), who in 1727 became the emperor Peter II, and little Natalia Oleksiyivna (1714-1728).

In 1703 Peter the Great was born in 19-year-old Katerina, in the family Martu Samuilovna Skavronskaya(The widow of the dragoon Johann Kruse), captured by the Russian military as a visual vid when the Swedish fortress Marinburg was taken.

Petro took the kolishnya a servant of the Baltic villagers from Oleksandr Menshikov and zrobiv її his kohanka. In 1704 rotsi Katerina gave birth to the first, named Peter, in offensive rotsi Pavel (died nezabarom offense). Even before the legal deputy for Peter, Katerina gave birth to a little girl Anna (1708) and Іlizaveta (1709). Єlizaveta piznishe became the empress (ruled in 1741-1761).

Katerina alone could fit in with the tsar in his fits of nausea, she was tender and patiently respectful of calmness to attack Peter's judgment headache. The sound of Katerini's voice calming Peter. Then she put it down and took it, pestles, by the head, yaku slightly chukhati. The tse celebrated on a new magic show, winin 'at a sprinkle of hilin. She didn’t want to sleep, she trimmed his head on her breasts, sitting unruly stretching out two or three years. For that, we are absolutely free and bad'orim. "

Official meeting of Peter I with Katerina Oleksiyivna was seen on 19 cruel 1712, it was not a bargain that he turned from the Prut campaign.

In 1724, Petro was crowned Katerina as Empress and Governor.

Kateryna Oleksiyivna gave birth to eleven children, but most of them died in their childhood, the Crimean Anni and Alizaveti.

After the death of Peter in the present 1725 Kateryna Oleksiyivna became the first ruling Russian empress for the support of the nobility and the guards regiments. The first squad of Peter the Great, Evdokiya Lopukhina, outlived her happy supernice and died in 1731 when she raised her tsar Peter Oleksiyovich.

Children of Peter I:

From Evdokinya Lopukhina:

Oleksiy Petrovich 02/18/1690 - 06/26/1718. Vvazhavshis an official from the decline of the throne to areshtu. Buv friendship from 1711 on the princess Sophia-Charlotte of Braunschweig-Wolfenbeittel, sister of Alizaveti, the squad of Emperor Charles VI. Children: Natalia (1714-28) and Petro (1715-30), later Emperor Peter II.

Oleksandr 03.10.1691 14.05.1692

Oleksandr Petrovich died at 1692 r

Pavlo 1693 - 1693

It was born and died in 1693, and through the beginning of the third day from Evdokiya Lopukhina, the sum is taken.

With Katerina:

Katerina 1707-1708.

Illegally narodzhena, died in a child.

Anna Petrivna 02/07/1708 - 05/15/1728. In 1725, she became a deputy for the Duke of Nimets Karl-Fridrikh. She went to Kil and gave birth to the son of Karl Peter Ulrich (later Russian Emperor Peter III).

Elizaveta Petrivna 12/29/1709 - 01/05/1762. The Empress from 1741. In 1744 she laid down a secret shlyub with A. G. Rozumovskiy, who, behind the witches of the fellows, gave birth to a number of children.

Natalya 03.03.1713 - 27.05.1715

Margarita 09/03/1714 - 07/27/1715

Petro 10/29/1715 - 04/25/1719 Vvvazhavshis official recessionist crown from 06/26/1718 to death.

Pavlo 01/02/1717 - 01/03/1717

Natalya 08/31/1718 - 03/15/1725.

Decree of Peter I about succession to the throne

In the last fate of the Tsar Peter the Great, there was a meal about the succession to the throne: who would take the throne after the death of the Emperor.

Tsarevich Petro Petrovich (1715-1719, synonymous with Katerini Oleksiyivnyi) died in the dynasty.

Petro Oleksiyovich, Prince Oleksiy and Princess Charlotti, became a direct recessionist. However, as soon as the call of the disgraced Oleksy was sounded and the decayed man was dying, then the opponents of the reforms were frustrated to reverse the old order, and from the other side they were blamed for the beating of Peter's comrades-in-arms, who voted for the stratum of Oleksiy.

On the 5 (16) cruel fate of 1722, Petro saw the Decree about the succession to the throne (chanting by Paul I after 75 years), in which he skasovav the ancient call to transfer the throne to direct sites along the cholovic line, altogether admitting the designation of a dull, wolfish monarch. The text of the decree which is necessary for the decree, if it is necessary for the call: "Why for a good reason the charter is to screw in, why is it that the will of the ruling sovereign, whoever it wants," should determine the inheritance, and it is certain that the backslash is like a rocket, so you should take away the evil 'vishche is written, іmѣya otsyu vuzdu on myselfѣ ".

The decree of the buv was unseen for the Russian suspension, which brought it to the fore and to the state of the oath. The rozkolniki were stupefied: “Taking a Swede for themselves, and that queen cannot give birth to children, and having made a decree, follow the sovereign’s maybut’s christian tsiluvati, and christening for the Swede. The Swede will end up being tsaruvati ”.

Petro Oleksiyovych buv vіdsunutiy vіd to the throne, ale the nourishment about the throne's ascendancy became vіdkrytim. Bagato hto vvazhav, scho the throne of the loan either Anna, or Alizaveta, Peter's daughters will go to Katerina Oleksiyivna.

Ale in 1724, Anna was brought up from any claims to the Russian throne, because she enlisted the Duke of Holstein Karl Friedrich. Yakby's throne was occupied by a young daughter, Yulizaveta, who was 15 years old (in 1724), then the Duke of Holstein ruled in her place, who would turn the lands for the help of Russia, conquered by the Danes.

They did not rule out Peter the Great's niece, the daughter of his older brother Ivan: Anna Kurlyandskaya, Kateryna Mecklenburgskaya and Paraskovia Ivanivna. There was only one candidate - Peter's squad, Empress Katerina Oleksiyivna. Peter needs a bully lyudin, as if he had been able to send him the right message, he’d be reintroduced.

May 7, 1724 Petro crowned Catherine the Empress and the Governor, and a short hour later he received a friend of hers (Mons on the right). The decree of 1722 destroying the fate of the zvichny way of succession to the throne, but the decline of Petro before his death did not rise.

Death of Peter I

In the last few years, Tsar Petro is very ill (imovirno, nirkovokam'yana ailment, weakened by uremia).

A little later in 1724, the fate of the ailment hardened, at Veresnі vіn I saw myself lighter, but after a dozen hour they did their best to attack. At Zhovtni Petro went to look around the Ladozkiy Canal, all the same to the joy of his life-doctor Blumentrost. From Olonets Petro, having traveled to Stara Russa, and in the leaves of the water, went to St. Petersburg.

At Lakhti, the yomu got to, standing up to his waist by the water, ryatuvati siv on a mile boat with soldiers. They did their best to attack the ailments, Ale Petro, uvagi did not brutalize them, prodovzhuvav zamatisya the sovereign right. On the 17th (28th) of the present day, 1725, the fate of the one was so evil, that it was the order to put the church in the room in his bedroom, and the 22nd day (2 fierce) was visited. They felt like they were sick of the sick man, no longer shouting, as before, in the form of a severe pain, ale just stognav.

27th day (7 fierce) bully amnesty for all condemned to death or hard labor On the same day, at the end of another year, Petro squeezed the paper, sat down to write, ale the pen sank from his hands, from what he wrote could only pick two words: "Give me all ...".

The tsar ordered her daughter Hanna Petrivna to poklikati, but she did write a dictation, if she came, Petro fell into oblivion. Speak about Peter's words "Give me all ..." of the tamny radnik G.F. Bassevich. On dumka N. I. Pavlenko and V.P. Kozlova, Vin is a tendentious vision of the throne of Annie Petrivna, the retinue of the Duke of Holstein Karl Friedrich, to the Russian throne.

If it became obvious that the Emperor was in the world, it was the fault of the loan of Peter. Senate, Synod and General - establish everything, that there was no formal right to order a share of the throne, before Peter's death, they were selected from the 27th day (7th cruel) to 28th (8th crucible) of food about the offender Peter the Great.

Guards officers entered the area before the attack, two guards regiments entered the square, and a drum beat was sent to the party of Katerina Oleksiyivny and Menshikov, the Senate accepted one day until the 28th year. For the Senate, the throne was consoled by the squad of Peter, Kateryna Oleksiyivna, which became the 28th (8th cruel) 1725 by the first Russian Empress by the name of Katherine I.

On the ear of the next year, on the 28th century (8th cruel) 1725 Peter the Great died in terrible agony in his Winter Palace near the Winter Canal behind the official version of the blazing legends. Pohovany vin buv at the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. Roztin showing the offensive: "the sound of the sound in the area of ​​the rear part of the prickly tree, the hardening of the shyka of the chaff and gangrene." Death came from the blast of the chaff, like a transition to gangrene on the ground of the cut of the chasm, viclikan to the blast of the chaff.

Simon Ushakov, the court iconographer of the Signs, wrote on the Cypress Dohtsi the image of the Life-Giving Traits and the Apostle Peter. After the death of Peter I, the icon of the bullet was erected over the emperor's tomb.