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Great is the encyclopedia of oil and gas. Geographic shell of the Earth, її budova and boundaries

Nearly 40,000 kilometers. The geographic envelopes of the Earth are the whole system of the planet, each component of which is interconnected and meaning one to one. Seeing chotiri types of shells - atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Aggregate stanza of speech in them is designed for all types - ridki, solid and gas-like.

Shells of the Earth: Atmosphere

Atmosphere є zvnіshnyu shell. To the її warehouse were removed from the іznі gases:

nitrogen - 78.08%;
kissen - 20.95%;
argon - 0.93%;
carbon dioxide gas - 0.03%.

Along with them, ozone, helium, water, energy gases, and even a small part in the local community become no more than 0.01%. It is also possible to enter the warehouse of the shell of the Earth with a drink and water vapor.

The atmosphere, in its own right, lasts for 5 balls:

troposphere - height from 8 to 12 km, the presence of water steam is characteristic, the formation of fallen-off, debris mass;
Stratosphere - 8-55 km
mesosphere - 55-80 km, low in some parts of the lower troposphere;
ionosphere - 80-1000 km, before the warehouse there are ionized atoms and energy, electric power and charge gas molecules;
the upper atmosphere (sphere of growth) - at 1000 km, the molecules collapse with magnificent properties and can penetrate into space.

The atmosphere of life on the planet, the fragments of the heat are saved on the Earth. Also won’t allow penetration of straight sleepy exchanges. And they fell off into the soil-forming process and the formation of the climate.

Sulfur Earth: the lithosphere

Tse is a hard shell, which can be stored earth crust... To the warehouse earthly coo to enter a spike of concentric balls with a good deal of growth and strength. The same stink may be a mixed warehouse. The average value of the Earth's density is 5.52 g / cm 3, and in the upper balls - 2.7. Not to mention those in the middle of the planet there are more important words, lower on the surface.

The upper lithosphere balls may have a strength of 60-120 km. They carry over magmatic rocks - granite, gneiss, basalt. Most of them, through a stretch of millions of rock, were given to the processes of ruining, pouring in a vice, temperatures and the transformation of rocks into fluff - sand, clay, wood, etc.

Up to 1200 km is the so-called sigmatic shell. The main components of the її words are magnesium and silicon.

On depths of 1200-2900 km, there is a shell, which I call the middle napivikh abo ore. In the main, here they take revenge, zokrema zalizo.

Lower 2900 km the central part of the Earth grows.

hydrosphere

Warehouse of the Earth's envelope of representations usim by the waters of the planet, be it oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, swamps, ground waters. The hydrosphere grows on the surface of the Earth and borrows 70% of the total area - 361 million km 2.

In the oceans there are 1375 million km 3 of water, on the surface of the land and in the ice-dwellers - 25, in the lakes - 0.25. On the thought of Academician Vernadsky, large reserves be found in your earthly measles.

On the surface of the land, the water is back in the uninterrupted water exchange. Viparovannya is seen in the main ocean from the surface, de water is salty. During the process of condensation in the atmosphere, the land will be provided with fresh water.

biosphere

The structure, warehouse and energy of the Earth's shell are enriched by the processes of activity of living organisms. Biosphere cordon - the surface of the land, the soil ball, lower atmosphere and the whole hydrosphere.

Roslini rose and accumulated energy Sontsya from viglyadі children organic speeches... Alive organisms, live the migratory process cheery speeches in soil, atmosphere, hydrosphere, sedimentary rocks. The creatures in the cich shells are fed with gas exchange, oxidation-type reactions. The atmosphere is also the result of the strength of living organisms.

The saphon is represented by biogeocenoses, such as genetically one-sided dilyankas of the Earth with one type of dewline cover and inhabited by creatures. Biogeocenoses may give power to the soil, relief and microclimate for them.

All the shells of the Earth are in a tight, uninterrupted interaction, as they rotate like an exchange of words and energy. The pre-development in the field of interaction and the development of foreign principles is important for the understanding of the ground-making process. The geographic envelopes of the Earth are unique systems, characteristic only for our planet.

Life on our planet was born by the staff of the bagatokh bureaucrats. The earth is located in a friendly place from Sontsya - it doesn't get too hot during the day and does not get too cold at night. The earth is a solid surface, and there is no water in the native land. An obolonka, which will drain the Earth, is protected by meteorites from the brutal cosmic vypromynuvannya and "bombarded" by meteorites. Our planet has unique features - its surface is operating, mutually modulating with itself, a splinter of shells: solid, strong and watery.

Povitryana obolonka - the atmosphere is stretched over the Earth to a height of 2-3 yew. Km, a little more part of the mass of the earth, the surface of the planet. The atmosphere is subdued by the power of the Earth's heavy weight, and the power of the earth is changing. The atmosphere is to avenge kissen, necessary for the environment of living organisms. In the atmosphere there is a ball of ozone, so the title of a screen, such as a clay part of the ultraviolet radioactivity of the Sontsya and the preservation of the Earth from superfluous ultraviolet interchanges. Far from all planets sleep systemє a hard shell: for example, the surfaces of the giant planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are stored in gas, which is located in a rare or solid mill through a high vice and low temperatures. The hard shell of the Earth, or the lithosphere, is a great mass of mountain rocks on land and at the bottom of the ocean. From the oceans and continents, there is a growth of the sea - from 70 to 250 km. The lithosphere is divided into large blocks - the lithosphere plates.

The water envelope of our planet - the hydrosphere includes all the water of the planet - in a solid, rare and gaslike station. Hydrosphere is the sea and ocean, rivers and lakes, subterranean waters, swamps, ice floes, water vapor in vitro and water in living organisms. The water shell is overwhelmed by warmth, as it comes to the Sontsya. They tend to heat up, the waters of the Holy Ocean accumulate heat, and then transfer it to the atmosphere, which will help the climate on the continents in cold periods. Already in the light circuit, the water is constantly moving: vaporizing from the surfaces of the seas, oceans, lakes, or a rychok, it will be transported to dry land and vipadє at the viglyadi board or snig.

The shell of the Earth, in every sense of life in all its manifestations, is called the biosphere. Vona includes the very upper part of the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the surface part of the atmosphere. The lower boundary of the biosphere is located in the earth's crust of the continent at a depth of 4-5 km, and in the wandering regions the sphere of life extends to the ozone ball.

All shells of the Earth are poured one on one. The main object of the development of geography є the geographic shell is the planetary sphere, de-intertwining and clearly intertwining the lower part of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the biosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere. geographic obolonka to develop in accordance with the additional rhythms, on which they infuse eleven-year cycles of sleep activity, that characteristic feature geographic envelope є the rhythm of the processes that occur.

The geographic envelope changes from the adequacy to the poles and from the way to the peaks of the mountains, the basic laws of this are fixed: integrity, uniformity of components, reliability and heterogeneity.

Burkhlivy development of human civilization called up before the appearance of the shell, into which people are actively pouring into nature. Qia obolonka is called the noosphere, or the sphere of rosumu. For an hour, people are changing the surface of the planet to navigate more actively, not deyakі natural processes. Being coarsely involved in nature, unwillingness by laws can lead to the fact that, in an hour, drown on our planet, become unacceptable for life.

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The ozone shell of the Earth (as much as 3 billion tons of gas) captures the surface of the planet from the tooth ultraviolet viprominuvannya Sontsya. gas shell Around the Earth, the floor is small, so that it squeezes under normal atmospheric vice That is, the ball is only 3 mm.

The biosphere is the shell of the Earth, the warehouse, the structure of that power in this world, it begins at the same time or even past the activity of living organisms.

The biosphere is the shell of the Earth, in which the life of viciously flexible organisms develops, which inhabit the surface of the land, soil, the lower balls of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere. At its core, the biosphere is the result of the interaction of living and nonliving matter. Beyond the last days, the region of the biosphere will become 40-50 km. Vona includes the lower part of the atmosphere up to a height of 25 - 30 km (up to the ozone sphere), practically the entire hydrosphere and the upper sphere of the lithosphere up to 5 km.

The biosphere is the shell of the Earth, enveloped by the past, or by the sheer power of living organisms. For the name of academician V.I. Vernadsky, the biosphere is a part of the earthly kul, in the boundaries of which is the core of life. The biosphere hunts a part of the atmosphere (approximately to the ozone ball), the upper part of the lithosphere, so called the cortex of the vivitryuvannya (2 - 3 km in the Earth's face) and the hydrosphere.

Geoecology of the biosphere envelope of the Earth, including the subterranean hydrosphere, as a component dovkilla, The mineral basis of the biosphere and changes in them are seen in the flow of natural and technogenic processes.

The biosphere is the planetary envelope of the Earth, de isnu life. In the atmosphere, the upper boundary of life begins with an ozone screen - a thin sphere of ozone at a height of 16 - 20 km. An ocean of livelihoods as a whole. The biosphere is a global ecosystem, driven by the biological circulation of speech and streams of sleepy energy. All ecosystems of the Earth with storage parts.

Geospheres are concentric shells of the Earth, which can be seen in the future and developed by chemistry. warehouse, aggregate mill і fiz. At the solid Earth, the onset of the geosphere grows: the earth's crust (sphere A); the mantle of the Earth, dividing into a ball U, which includes the asthenosphere and the zhorstka top, a part of the mantle, which is called the substrate (the substrate is simultaneously stored in the lithosphere), the Golitsin ball (C), lower. D); the core of the Earth, which is stored from the call.

The Earth's withers are the most important for us - the top itself is sialic. Vona is stacked by people girskiy breeds- 95% ossyagu store igneous and metamorphic rocks and 5% sediment.

The biosphere is called the envelope of the Earth, the structure and energy of such a zooming out, or the current activity of living organisms. Protection of food and water basins, conquest of land, conservation and development of flora and fauna is the main axis of nutrition, which is to become the main task, to determine how to preserve the biosphere in the form of disproportions (basic, overwhelming) of people. Virishennyam qikh nutrition is engaged in the science of ecology, as it will also entrust the path to the atmosphere, the light of the ocean and the earthly nadr. Let's head straight for the biosphere the root of the no-entry technology of closed (circulating) virobnitting systems.

The biosphere is the name of the shell of the earth, the structure and energy of such a zooming out, or the current activity of living organisms.

Vernadsky naming the shell of the Earth, in the boundaries of which the planet is alive, everything is alive.

There are radioactive loads in the Obolontsi of the Earth, and the interchange is a daisy-chain. We can see it, until this warmth, as it lay down from the internal heat, from the melted mill of the Earth, in some balls, heat is added, then to lay down like the bombardment of the active parts with wasps, so that it wasted. You know from geophysics that the Earth in a given hour can be stored in two parts: from the inner core, which is obviously great, close to 8, and it’s like, it’s the head of the metal, it’s important, because of the zovnіshnyo shell, as for us it is practical to find it from the geological and from the living side; tsya zovnishnya obolonka - kam'yana obolonka, which is stored in a kind of oxidizing species, the scope of which step by step changes from the central part to the periphery.

The upper mantle, the shell of the Earth, underlying the earth's crust from Mokhorovichich's surface to the slope.

The upper mantle, the shell of the Earth, underlying the earth's crust from Mokhorovichich's surface to the slope. Stored, imovirno, pyrolite, chastkovo eclogity, in V.

The biosphere is a geological envelope of the Earth, inhabited by living organisms. Vona includes the upper part of the lithosphere, the entire hydrosphere, the troposphere and the lower part of the stratosphere. Between the biosphere there is an intensive concentration of ultraviolet changes, from one side, and the high temperatures of the earth's pressure - from the bottom; The extreme between the biosphere can only be reached by the lower organisms - bacteria.

All life on the Earth, the life of all living organisms from simple one-line bacteria to folding biological species, the life of grows, food and people are found in 3 important warehouses: on the geographic surface of the Earth; at the aquatic center of the hydrosphere of the planet; and with a white-blaky dome - the atmosphere of the Earth.

The main part of the surface of the earth is occupied by the ocean, de on the mainland and the waterless part of the fall is less than 1/3 of the entire surface of the Earth. The surface of the Earth is composed of earthly measles, of the underwater part of the mainland, of the water part, as well as the atmosphere, which opens up a black dome, which envelopes the earth's soil.

Tsikavo, the atmosphere of the Earth is important warehouse part walking and growing life on the planet, as well as the zhisnaya envelope of the planet. In the atmosphere, the formation of the weather on the Earth is observed, it regulates the process of the circulation of water in nature, the atmosphere of the seizure of the Earth from space changes and changes in the temperature of the Earth's surface, forming a "greenhouse effect".

The trival of the evolution of the Earth, the spring of the geographic shell, called for the formation of the outer spheres (shells), mutually knitted and mutually enveloped.

The manifestation of those, that the Earth is like a planet, is built up from a system of natural shells, є we have been formulated and formulated to finish for a long time. Having vkazuvav, zokrem, MV Lomonosov in his treatise "About the spheres of the earth." Investigation of the geospheres and the lecture classifications studied by V. I. Vernadsky. A geographic shell is a system of inter-knitted shells (spheres). It is accepted to include the upper part of the lithosphere, the lower part of the atmosphere, as well as the hydrosphere and the biosphere. As a result of this interpenetration in the geographic environment, processes occur that cannot appear in the skin environment of the taken sphere, but the sutta is the change of whether it is from the components that are drawn for its own time, the system needs

The lithosphere (in Greek - stone + kulya) is a hard shell of the Earth, stretching 70-250 km, including the earth's crust and the upper ball of the mantle. The earth's crust, the upper part of the lithosphere up to the surface of Mokhorovichich, or "Moho", is composed of siege, granite (metamorphic rocks) and basalt spheres. The middle tug of the siege ball, or the stratisphere, becomes 2.6 km, in the valleys - up to 12-20 km (Prikaspiyska lowland). In the whole sphere, the most widening of clay and argillaceous shale (50%), sand and sandstone (23.6%) and carbonate rock (23.5%). Crystalline rocks of magmatic and metamorphic nature occupy close to 90% of the volume of earthly measles (Div. Fig. 2).

The upper zone of earthly measles is a heliothermal ball of fever, zoomed with sleepy energy. Yogo strain - the first tens of meters (in Moscow - 20 m). Geothermal zone - the sphere of heat flow from the Earth's depths. The region of the Earth is characterized by low geothermal gradients: in Moscow it becomes 2.60 C per 100 m, in Arkhangelsk - 5.10 C.

The gaseous shell of a planet will be called the atmosphere (in Greek. Povitrya). The atmosphere of the Earth is bound by a gravitational field and takes care of the fate of the good and natural planet. The atmosphere is stored with mechanical gas, water bets and houses (aerosols), atmospheric turns... The main gases in the warehouse up to a height of 100 km є: nitrogen (78%), kissen (21%), as well as carbon dioxide and deyakinertnі gas (1%). The fox is turned into its own house to be stored with decal balls, which are distributed according to physical and chemical authorities. The mass of the atmosphere is 5.1 · 105 tons.

Chotiri p'yatikh (4/5) mass of the whole atmosphere is taken up in the lower sphere - troposphere (from Greek - turn, change). The toughness of the troposphere is steadily growing from the poles (8-10 km) to Equatore (16-18 km). They have to take revenge for about 80% of the whole world, and to take revenge on more than 90% of the weight of the whole atmosphere. Most of the atmospheric phenomena that we have spared us to see in the whole sphere. In the boundaries of the troposphere, the step (0.650 C per 100 m) is a decrease in temperature with a height (humid adiabatic gradint). The lower ball of the troposphere (100-150 m) is called the ground ball of the twilight and is characterized by a high saw, water steam and the presence of living organisms - both great (birds) and microscopic ("baby") plankton. The upper troposphere is called the tropopause. At the same time, the temperature decreases (up to - 60C above the poles and up to - 800C above the ekvator) and the growth rate of growth.

Above the troposphere, up to a height of 40-50 km, the stratosphere grows (see lat. - flooring). Up to a height of 25 km, the temperature is practically unchanged, and the temperature is often growing (-400C ... 600C). gas warehouse It is similar to that of the troposphere. ale in new it is significant to take revenge more number ozone. Ozone concentration is promoted at a height of 25-35 KM. Qia zone is called the ozone ball, the ozone sphere or the ozone screen. Yakby is not an ozone screen, the fluxes of ultraviolet and cosmic vipromyuvannya would reach the surface of the Earth for all living things, and life is unforgiving.

The offensive ball is called the mesosphere (in Greek - middle). In the whole region, a decrease in temperature is known. At the top of the border, "at a height of about 85 km, mother-of-pearl gloom can be observed. The thermosphere slides down to 800 km. The name speaks for itself - here again it is meant to increase the temperature. , there are polar waters. zovnishnya obolonka atmosphere - exosphere (in Greek - pose). Here, at a distance of more than 1000 km, the atoms are ionized by more than half, and the gas is released from the walls, so that the grains stop being trapped between the molecules. my role... The atmosphere is stretched for up to 1800 to 3000 km for the winter danny. Vishche (up to decilkokh radiiusiv of the Earth) spares only the springs of water, step-by-step viplivay from the exosphere into the cosmic space.

Behind the stage of ionization in the atmosphere, two zones are seen: the neutral neutrosphere (in Latin Peutrut - ni those, ni іnshe) - up to 90 km, including the troposphere, stratosphere, as well as the mesosphere, - strongly ionized, including the thermoecosphere ...

The hydrosphere is the watery shell of the Earth, which is the supremacy of the Earth's waters. Її masa - 1.56? 1018 tons. Vona includes all the chemically bound water of the planet: water of the Svitovoy ocean (close to 94%), underground water in the zone of active water exchange (4%), ice and snow (1.7%), surface water land (0.3%), as well as water, which can be found in the atmosphere and in living organisms. One hydrosphere yak obolonka was poured into one hike of all natural waters from the mantle of the Earth (genetic unity), at the same time, development and interconnection in the light circuit of water (functional unity). Water in hydrosphere is presented in all aggregate mills.

The outbound water supply of the hydrosphere becomes 1.4 billion km A circle of a pole in a vaporized from the surface of the ocean, a displaced vapor shake the masses, Yogo condensation in the troposphere, vypadanni in the view of the fall, soaking in the surface of the water in the ocean. In the small parts of the hydrosphere, the speed of the circulation is due to the accumulation (accumulation) of water, for example, in the underground aquifers (underground water is found for millions, thousands, hundreds of rocks). Water richok onovlyuєtsya stretching two tizhnіv, and water, which takes place in living organisms - for a few years.

By the rush power of light circulation of water є sleepy energy and gravitational field of the Earth.

The circuit of water does not just hidrosphere, but the lithosphere, the atmosphere, and the living organisms, moreover, it is not just a hunt, but a systemic flow.

The biosphere (in Greek - life) is an area of active life of organisms. The region will hunt the lower part of the atmosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere. Living organisms are characterized by a special speed of chemical processes, and it is wider and wider allowing the initiation of up to these processes of the steel (non-living) speech from the stronger shells, the connection of the processes of transformation, transformation. By the crushing forces of qih processes є sleepy energy і chemistry reactions, And in the view - maliy biologichesky circulation of speech. The main function of the biosphere is vikorystannya (zyzuvannya) sleepy energy by photosynthetic organisms and the establishment of secondary products.

The term "biosphere" was introduced to science by the Austrian geologist Süss in 1875 r. Vernadsky. Carry out pre-education activities in the field of mineralogy and geochemistry, wins respect for those who are so important a role in the geological history of the Earth. "Geologically, [the speech is alive] є by the greatest force in the biosphere and by the beginning, as by the way, everything goes in these processes and develops a great energy, and the main geological force appears in the biosphere." For the entire hour of life on Earth, the won practically rewrote all of the shells: changed the storage of the lithosphere (coverage of the sedimentary carbonate deposits), the atmosphere (as shown earlier, practically all the muslin is very biogenic), chemistry warehouse waters of the Svitovoy ocean are rich in what to lay down from living organisms). Uninvolved on those with a mass of living speech of the biosphere less than the mass of the atmosphere by about 10 thousand. Developed, the hydrosphere in 1 million times, and the lithosphere - more than 10 million. Development, the total mass of all organisms that lived on the Earth for the entire hour of the beginning, the bagatorazovy transfer of the mass of earth measles.

The upper boundary of the biosphere is conducted in the atmosphere at a height of about 30 km, the lower boundary - on land at a depth of 4-5 km; in Svitovoy oceans - along the bottom of deep-water depressions. Macca biosphere become 1.85-2.6? 1012 tons in dry-dry vase.

Knowing the boundaries of all the shells, from which the geographic shell is stored, it is possible to establish a border. The upper boundary of the geographic envelope should be carried along the tropopause, where the troposphere and stratosphere are separated, i.e., at a height of 18 km. The lower boundary embraces the boundary between the earth's crust and mantle - the surface of Mokhorovichich, roztashovana at a depth of 30-50 km. I call the top of the ozone ball (25-35 km), and in the bottom - the bottom of the siege, in the middle - 2 km. The geographic shell is blameless and covers the entire surface of the Earth. At the same hour, it is not uniform in all its stripes, that is. For these signs, tied to the power of interrelated spheres, can be divided into a system of lesser hierarchical rank. The largest of such systems are є geographic belts- manifesting the law of latitudinal zonality.

Tilki in geographic obolontsi the river is rebooted in all three aggregate mills. The change of the aggregate mill to drive from the solid to the solid as a result of the foldable interaction of the hydrosphere with the atmosphere to form in the boundaries of the last "snowy shell", or the chionosphere (in the form of walnuts - snig). MV Lomonosov in the creation of the spheres of the earth has put in, that in the mountains "the very head of the vishche will go far into the frosty atmosphere". It is practical to descend to the poles of the lower boundary of the chionosphere to the level of the Earth's surface, and in low and middle latitudes, only peaks enter it. high gir... To get involved in the strain of the chionosphere, to become 3-5 km and grow a little over the small dilyankas earthly surface... At nіy roztashovanі zones and accumulation gіrskih lodovikіv. The line to cross the lower boundary of the chionosphere with the girders, as a rule, to cross the line.

As a result of the interaction of the hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the upper globe of the earth's measles, as the temperature is low, frozen rocks form in the high latitudes of the Earth. The expanded zone is taken to be called the cryosphere (in Greek. Кrio - cold, ice), or the sphere of ice. The lower surface of the cryosphere is carried out along the geoisotherm 00С, yak in the polar and subpolar regions Pivnіchno Pіvkulі descend into the earth's crust up to 1.5-2 km, and in Antarctica go up to 4-5 km. The upper boundary of the cryosphere passes over the surface (cover) of frozen rocks, or on the surface of ice. At the same hour, deyakі vchenі vvazhayut the chionosphere with the warehouse part of the cryosphere. In general, the upper boundary is surrounded by the cordon of the chionosphere.

The back of the area of the Cryosphere can change by stretching out to the rock. There is a cold area of the cryosphere with seasonal coverings of the snow and a seasonal ball of freezing of soils (in the winter season it forms a charge) and a zone of winter snows and ice (post-cryosphere). Permafrost is a global phenomenon, it borrows no less than 25% of the land area of the earth. In Russia, the area of widened permafrost is likely to become close to 11,115,000 km, which is close to 65% of the territory.

As already said, the process of interaction of living and dead speech in geographic obolonts is to produce until apparently new statements appear, such as the ground. The number of dilens of the earth's surface, on which it is molded or molded ґprimary curvature, To be called pedosphere (in Latin Pedo - leg). Tsya oblonka Earth is extremely important for people, and only in the fringes, farming is possible.

The "core" of the geographic envelope, roztasovana in the zone of the greatest interaction of all envelopes, in which in the main zooserezhena life and living people, is called the landscape sphere, or the landscape envelope of the Earth. Beyond the upper border, you can take up a cordon to widen the ground spheres of the turn (100-150 m from the surface of the Earth). The lower boundary passes along the first horizon of groundwater - a cordon of hypergenesis of surface devices, enriched with a spilny inflow of food, water, lively speech. The landscape obolonka is a natural-territorial complex of planetary dimensions and is composed of complexes of a lower rank. The landscape sphere itself and all the complexes є objects of special science - landscape knowledge. The landscape envelope of the Earth is of great importance for the people, molding for a new medium of living and without providing for all of these living resources.