Warm and cold current. the land of budov
As a rule, їkh collapse is seen in a strictly designated direct and it can be a great length. The flow map is shown below, displayed in general.
The streams of water may have significant dimensions: in the width of the stench you can reach dozens, or even hundreds of kilometers, and mothers great glybin(Hundred meters). The swiftness of ocean and sea currents is high - in the middle, prices are 1-3 yew. M / year. Ale, it’s so called shvidkisnі. Їх speed can reach 9,000 m / year.
Are there any leaks?
The reasons for the accidents of water leaks can be a change in the temperature of the water and during the heating, abo, navpaki, cooling. They are also infused with a sense of proficiency, for example, in the mice, there are a few streams (sea and ocean), fall off, viparovannya. Ale in the main cold and warm stretching out the winners of the wineries. To that, directly the largest oceanic water streams lie in the leading rank of the planet's winding currents.
Today, approved by the day of the visit
The butt is constantly dimming vіtrіv є passati. Stink of mending your life from the 30's latitudes. The current, such as the branches of the tsimi shake the masses, They are called pasatnymi. Vidіlyayut Pivdenna Passatna and Pіvnіchne Passatnі stretching. V to the pomirny belt some water streams are formed by the day The scent is one of the greatest currents on the planet. There are two circuits of the water flow near the pivnichny: cyclonal and anticyclonic. The energy of the Earth is infused into the light of day. 
Seeing leaks
Zmіshane, neutral, cold і heat flow - the type of circulating masses on the planet. If the temperature of the water flow is lower than the temperature of the navkolishny water - tse Yaksho, navpaki, - the tse of warmth yogo type. Neutral leaks are not affected by the temperature of the discharging water. And changes can change over the entire length. Varto respect that the constant temperature indicator of leaks is not great. This figure is even more obvious. Vona viznachaєtsya in case of deteriorating water mass.
At tropical latitudes, warm currents circulate around the middle of the continent. Cold - bridling the backward. V in the middle latitudes ah, warm currents pass along the distant shores, and cold currents pass along the western shores. It is possible to visualize a variety according to the other factor. So, the rule is simpler: cold flows go to the point, and warm flows go to the point.
value
Talk about new varto in more detail. It is colder and warmer than the flow of the earth has an important role on the planet Earth. The significance of circulating water masses is in the fact that the drowsy heat on the planet is overgrowing. Warm currents increase the temperature in the closest areas, and cold ones lower it. Conceivably on the water, the water streams slow down the serious inflow on the mainland. In areas where warm currents pass constantly, the climate is cold, and cold - navpaki, dry. Oceanic streams are also used to receive migrations of the oceanic fauna. Plankton is moving in flux, followed by ribs. 
It is possible to bring butts of warm and cold streams. It’s a very good deal. Most of the great water streams are: Golfstrom, Norvezke, Pivnichno-Atlantic, Pivnichne and Pivdenne passatni, Brazil, Kurosio, Madagascar and others. Most cold ocean currents: Somaliske, Labrador, Kaliforniyske.
great flows
The greatest planet is Golfstrom. The central meridional circulating capacity, which can carry 75 million tons of water. The width of the GolfStrum is from 70 to 90 km. Youmu zavdyaki, Europe will get rid of a comfortable soft climate. Three times later, it is colder and warmer, stretching out richly in what infused into the life of all living organisms on the planet.
Three zonal, cold vidatkiv, the most significant for a long stretch of Winter winds. Near the pіvedennіy pіvkulі, not far from the shores of Antarctica, there are many islands or mainland stores. Great dilyanka of the planet will increase water storage. Suddenly come together Indian, Quiet and close to the surroundings of the majestic water. Deyakі vchenі vchenі vznayut yo іnuvannya і called Pivdennim. It is here that the greatest flow of water is established - the current of the Winter Weeks. You should be able to endure a bit of water, which is even more than Gulfstream. 
Kanarska current: warmer or colder?
Now you can lower your temperature. For example, it is tempting to repair from cold mas. Warm up and warm up. One of the options for such a circulating water mass is the Canary leak. A small ear of corn is on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean. Straight with a cold stream of vdovzh Єvropi. Passing through the western Uzbek coast of Africa, it is getting warm. The current flow has long been victorious for seafarers to improve the roads.
Oceanic, abo sea, current - the whole progressive flow of water masses in the oceans and seas, wiklican by means of aggravated forces. If I want the best reason, which will confirm the current, є viter, the stench can formulate і across The unequal salinity around the parts of the ocean and the sea, the difference in the depths of the water, the uneven heating of the small waters of the water. There are whirlwinds in the ocean, and the irregularities of the bottom, its size is not easy to reach 100-300 km in diameter, the stench of a drink of water in hundreds of meters of food.
If it’s a factor, if it’s flowing, it’s permanent, then it’s pretending to be a long stretch, and if it smells of an odd character, it’s shaped shortly, in a short time, but it’s interrupted. For an overwhelming direct current, they go to the meridional, so carry their own water to the pivnich or on weekday, and zonal, which widen latitudinally. Current, water temperature in yaki average temperature for
quiet latitudes, they call it warm, lower - cold, and leaks, which may have the same temperature as the new waters, are neutral.
Muson currents change from season to season, in the absence of soils because of the muddy coastline in the middle of the monsoon. Necessarily susceptible, more straining and prolonged leaks in the ocean, are moving against.
On the direct currents of the Holy Ocean, the force of the Vidhilya flows, the force of the Coriolis flows into the wraps of the Earth. At the Pivnichniy Pivkuly, the currents look to the right, and in Pivdenny they are left. The flow rate of leaks in the middle does not change 10 m / s, and in the depth of the stench it expands no more than 300 m.
There are thousands of great and small currents constantly flowing by the ocean of the Holy Ocean, which are burning continents and getting angry into five giant dwellers. The system of flows of the Holy Ocean is called circulating and is tied, persh for everything, from the outer circulating atmosphere.
Ocean currents overwhelm sleepy warmth, not covered by the masses of water. Warm water, heated by sleepy exchanges on the ekvatorі, carry the stench in the high latitudes, and cold water
Techii Svitovoy ocean
Upwelling - moving cold waters from the sea to the ocean
upwelling | |
At Bagatokh areas of the Svitovoy ocean ob- | |
give "splivannya" clay waters to the top | |
nosti of the sea. Tse a phenomenon, called upwellin- | |
hom (from English up - up and well - hlinyuti), | |
vinikak | |
warm water on the surface, and on the other | |
it gets colder. temperature | |
drive in areas of upwelling lower, lower middle | |
nyaya on a given latitude, for good | |
take plankton for development, | |
and also, і іnsh marine organ- | |
мов - rib and sea creatures, yaki їm | |
grunt. Upwelling areas - navazhlivishі | |
promislovі dіlyanka Svitovoy ocean. stink | |
located on the backs of the mainland: | |
Peruvian-Chilean - y Of America, | |
Californiy - at the Pivnichniy America, Ben- | |
Gelskiy - near Pivdenno-Western Africa, Canary | |
sky - at Western Africa. |
From the polar regions, there are leakages for pivden. Warm currents allow the temperature to be adjusted, but cold, navpaki, decrease. Territories, which are surrounded by warm leaks, turn into a warm and warm climate, and those, when cold flows pass through, become cold and dry.
By the stretch of the Holy Ocean - the cold current of the Western Winds is also called the Antarctic Circumpolar (in Latin Cirkum - navkolo). The reason for this establishment is strong and stiyki zhіdnі vіtri, so dim from entering the skid on the majestic open spaces
ies of the Pivdennaya Pivkuli from the inner latitudes to the Uzbek coast of Antarctica. The flow of water will hunt a zone with a width of 2500 km, expand to a depth of 1 km and transfer skin per second up to 200 million tons of water. On the way of the current of Western Winter, there are no great land masses, but only one in its circular flow of the waters of three oceans - the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian.
Golfstrom is one of the greatest warm flows of the Pivnichnoe Pivkuly. Vono pass through the Mexican inflow (English Gulf Stream - stretching inflow) and not warm tropical waters from the Atlantic Ocean to high latitudes. Tsei gigantsky potik of warm waters is abundant in what makes the climate of Europe, shy and warm and warm. Skin second Gulfstrom carry 75 million tons of water (for the sake: Amazon, the river itself in the light, - 220 thousand tons of water). At a distance of about 1 km from the Gulfstream, there is a chance of prototyping.
MORSKI ice
When going to high latitudes, the ships are planted with floating ice. Sea ice with a wide area framing Antarctica, covering the waters of the Pivnichny Ice Ocean. On vidminu vid mainland ice, Settled from atmospheric fall and cover Antarctica, Greenland, the islands of the polar archipelagos, the ice is frozen sea water... In the polar regions, the sea ice is bagatorny, and in the lower latitudes, the water is frozen only in cold seasons.
Is the yak frozen sea water? If the water temperature drops below zero, a thin ball of ice emerges on the surface, which breaks when it is dry. It’s a lot of freezing in small tiles, I know it’s hot, until I’m so called kryzhany fat - spine kryzhini, as it grows one by one. Such ice is called blinch for its similarity to rounded mints on the surface of the water. Dilianki of such ice, freezing, make young ice-nilas. With the skin rock of the whole ice munch and feast on. It can be a big ice float with a height of 3 m, or it can be rostanuti, as the current flow of the kryzhina in warm water.
The change of ice is called a drift. Drift (or pack) ice covered
Krizhany burn tanut, nabuvayu chimerny form
the space near the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, bilya shores of the New and New Earth. arctic ice drift with a short distance of kilometers per day.
Iceberg
From the majestic crooked curves it is not easy to see the colossal shmats on the ice, as they go near the water. Їх are called "Krizhany mountains" - icebergs. Do not be, oh, the ice mantle in Antarctica will grow steadily. By the way, the icebergs will compensate for the tannins and ensure the balance of the Antarctic
Iceberg bilya shores Norway
I will curl it. Deyakі icebergs reach gigantic sizes.
If we want to say, as if it’s a possibility or a phenomenon in our life, there can be no more serious inheritances, we say, “it’s just the top of the iceberg”. To what? Vyavlyayetsya, above the water is about 1/7 part of the whole iceberg. Vona buvaє table-like, dome-like or cone-like. There is such a majestic piece of ice cream, which is found under the water, maybe more over the area.
sea flows take away icebergs far away from the nation. The closure of such an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean became the reason for the
the famous ship "Titanic" in the 1912 week.
Are the iceberg alive? Kryzhany mountains can sail in the waters of the Pivdenny Ocean for more than 10 years. Proceedingly, it stinks, raskolyuyutsya on more other parts, or, at the will of the flow, move to more warm water and tanut.
"Fram" in ice
Check out the drifting ice, the great Norwegian mandrivnik Frithof Nansen has been drifting on his Fram ships at once with them. Tse smіliva ekspeditsіya trivialo tsіlich three rocks (1893-1896 rr). Allowing the "Fram" to freeze into the drifting pack ice, Nansen rozrahovuv collapsed with it in the area of the Pivnichniy Pole, and then abandon the ship and prodovzhuvati paths on dog sleds and on licks. However, the drift passed through, didn’t transfer, and Nansen’s attempt to reach the pole on the slopes did not end with success. Having traveled more than 3000 miles from the Novosibirsk Islands to the western Uzbek coast of Spitsbergen, "Fram" took a unique information about the crisis and flowing into the ruins of the earth.
Cordon of land and sea є gradually change its line. Hvily, to transfer the found particles of the suspension to the sand, to move the pebbles, to turn the skeletons. Runnyuchi coast, especially in case of strong deterioration or storms, in one place, the stench is busy "buduvnitvom" in the other.
Misce diy of the coastal hvil - vuzka oblyamivka of the coast and the first sub-water skyla. There, de yde in the main ruinuvannya coast, over the water, yak
as a rule, overhanging skeletons - glyphs, hvili “vigorize” in them nishi,
the miracle of the grotto and the wind of the sub-water ovens. This type of shore is called abrasive (Latin Abrasio - scraping). With a change in the sea level - and also repeatedly trampled in the recent geological history of our planet - the abrasives could end up under the water, or, navpaki, on land, far from the northern coast. per
to such forms of coastal relief, which are found on land, as a result of the history of ancient coastlines.
On the dilankas of the virgin coast with small ditches and a gentle sub-water gravel, the khvili deposit (accumulate) material, which was transferred from the ditched dalyanok. There are beaches here. At the time of the tide, there is a need to move the sands and pebbles into the bank of the bank,
nі alongshore val. For an hour it is possible to grow shells and sea water on such shafts.
Creep and pull up tied with pulls | ||||
Misyatsya, companion of the Earth, and Sontsya - our great | ||||
the zest star. I will pour in Misyatsya and Sontsya | ||||
warehouse (tobto Sonce and Misyats appear | ||||
on one straight line to the Earth, | ||||
go in the days of a young man and a new month), then | ||||
The face of the inflows reaches its maximum. | ||||
This tide is called siziginiy. if | ||||
Sleep and Misyats let loose in one one, | ||||
see the smallest increase (they call | ||||
quadruple, stink of a young man | ||||
and turn the month). | ||||
How to use the form for insertion when | ||||
hvilyuvanni seas? With his own Russia to the coast of | ||||
per gradeє by size and transfer food | To fight against the shaking of the shores as a result |
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particles, changing the bridle of the coast. | not often on the beaches will be out of town |
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TYPES OF SHORE |
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The fjord coast is established in the flood | name for this type of Uzbek). stink of education |
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lazy sea of glabrous ice trogus | when the fold structures were flooded by the sea |
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valleys. Zivists are set in the valley of the valley | girskikh breeds, Parallel coastal lines. |
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inflows with steep walls, which are called | Rias coast to pretend when flooded |
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yutsya fіords. Great and beautiful | by the sea of girls of river valleys. |
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fiordi rosіkayut the shores of Norway (samy pro | Skerries - small skeletons of islands |
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heavy here Sognefjord, yogo dozhina 137 km), | Bereziv, as they know lodovikovy obrob: |
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uzbezhya Kanadi, Chile. | іnodі tse flooded "lamb lobi", pagorbi і |
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Dalmatian | Coast. | ridges of kintsevoy moraine. |
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not the smiles of the islands framing the Uzbeks | Laguni is a shallow part of the sea, separated |
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Adriatic Sea in the Dalmatia region (zvidsi | not from the waterfront by the coastal shaft. |
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Benthos (from the Greek. Benthos - Glybina) - living organisms and dewlines, living on Glybin, on the bottom of the oceans and seas.
Nekton (from the Greek. Nektos - floating) - living organisms, built independently to move in your water.
Plankton (from the Greek. Planktos - bloody) are organisms that live near the water, they can be carried by sickness and leakage, and do not grow over-saturated by themselves.
GLIBE SURFACES
Giant steps descend from the Uzbek coast to the bottom of the ocean. On such a skin "underwater verse" - your life, and also think about the sensation of living organisms: illumination, water temperature, її power sourness and small words, the grip of a water stop - to wiggle a lot. In a rational way, they are brought up to a bit of sleepy light and clearness of water. For example, dewlines can live only there, de-illumination is allowed to pass through the processes of photosynthesis (the glibini in the middle is not more than 100 m).
Litoral - periodically drained in the coastal smoga. People enjoy the sea creatures, wine with water and praise, as life is attached to life all at once in two centers - water
і povitryanoi. tse krabi
і crustaceans, Morski Yizhaki, Molluscs, including music. Near tropical latitudes, on the littoral, there is a lining of mangrove leaves, and in Pomirny Zones- "fox" from the lamіnarії water growth.
Below the littoral, the sublittoral zone (up to depths of 200-250 m) grows, the coastal smoga life on the continental shelf. Right up to the poles, the sleepy light penetrates into the water slightly (not more than 20 m). On the paths and on the equatorial exchanges, they fall practically vertically, allowing them to reach the glybin up to 250 m. warm seas In the oceans, there are weeds, sponges, molluscs and light-loving creatures, as well as corals and reefs. The creatures do not just stick to the surface of the bottom, but rather move in your water.
The most common mollusk, which lives on milky water, is the tridacna (the shells of the shell reach 1 meter). Yak, only the victim is flooded in the stools, the stench is curling up, and the mollusk starts to over-catch the stool. Deyaki mollusks live in colonies. Мідії - two-stalked molluscs, which attach their shells to stones and other objects. Sour molluscs,
We can find the stench in the water, because the stench on the larger surfaces of the ocean does not occur.
Cephalopods - octopuses, octopuses, squid, cuttlefish may sprinkle tentacles and be sucked in your water and squeezed
m'yaz_v, which allow їm vishtovkhuvati water through a special tube. Among them there are gigantic tentacles up to 10-14 meters! Morskі zirki, morski lіlії, їzhaki
Attach to the bottom and corals with special suction cups. Similar to the divovizhni quits of the sea anemones, they let their beloved pass through their tentacles - "peels" and wrap them up with a mouth opening, roasting them in the middle of the "quilts".
Millions of ribs of all kinds live in water. Among them are small sharks - one of the largest ribs. There are moray eels near the stones and stoves, and at the bottom there are stingrays, which are allowed to get angry from the surface.
The lower shelf is to be repaired under the water skil - bathyal (200 - 3000 m). Mind for life here change with a skin meter (falling temperature і growing vise).
Abissal is an ocean bed. There is a lot of space that takes up more than 70% of the bottom. Numerous yogo bags - foraminiferous and simple worms. Glibokovodnі sea ryzhaki, ribs, sponges, sea stars - all attached themselves to a stinging vice and are not similar to their relatives in milkywodd. On the slopes of the kudi, there is no sleepy exchange, sea bags winnickly pristosuvannya for illumination - small organization.
Drive land to become less than 4% of all water, when you are on our planet. Approximately half of them can be found in ice-floes and permanent snows, rushta - in rivers, lakes, swamps, piece waters, subterranean waters and subterranean ice of the permafrost. all natural water the land is called water resources.
Nice for people є reserves of fresh waters. In total on the planet 36.7 million km3 of fresh waters. The smell of zooseredzheni, persh for everything, in the great lakes and ice dwellers and the growth of the continents unevenly. the largest stocks Antarctica, Pivnichna America and Asia, sometimes the smallest ones - Pivdenna America and Africa, and the most abundant in the pristine waters of Europe and Australia.
They are called podzemnyi vodi, scho to take revenge in the earth's crust. Stink tied to the atmosphere surface watersі take part in the circulation of water on earth. pіdzemnі
icemen
- postіynі snіgu
rychki
lakes
swamps
Underground water
- under the ground ice in the permafrost
The waters are not only under the continents, but under the oceans and seas.
Underground water and asserting that one giant breed will let water through, and others will take it. Atmospheric fallen down, which falls on the surface of the Earth, seeps through the threshing floor, empty and water-permeable rocks (peat, sand, gravel and in.), And water-borne rocks (clay, marl, granite.)
Іsnu kіlka clasifіkatsіy subterranean waters for hikes, camp, chemical warehouse and the character of the lagoon. Drive, as the boards go, or the snow can penetrate into the ground, sniff and accumulate in the ground ball, call it ground. On the first part of the surface of the earth, the water sphere is covered with soil water. The stench to revel in the atmosphere
spherical debris, filtration of water streams and waters and condensation of water steam. seen from earthly surface until the level of groundwater is called glibinum of groundwater... won
It will grow in the next season, if it falls a lot or if it falls off, or changes in the dry season.
Below the ground waters, there may be a small ball of spheres in the depths of the underground waters, which are reduced by water layers. It is not often between layers of water and water. Tse vіdbuvaєtsya, if the balls of girskikh sorts of light fall at the viglyadі bowls and the water, laid in them, is found in a grip. Such underground waters, the name of the artesian, go up the hill along the drilled hole and gush. Often, artesian aquifers occupy a significant area, and even artesian dzherela may be high and reach the last vitrate of water. Deyakі vіdomі oasis Pivnichnoi in Africa winikli near artesian dzherel. On breaks in the earth's crust, artesian waters sometimes come from the aquifers, and in the period between the seasons of the boards, the stench is not very easy to get.
On the surface of the Earth, there are water and water flowing in the yars, rychkovy valleys near the viglyad dzherel - dzherel abo keys... The stench settles there, de the aquifer of the girskikh rocks to come to the earth's surface. Oscillations of the depth of groundwater are changing in fallowness during the season and in the number of fallen goods, dzherela in some rapid growth, and in some of them are key. The water temperature in the dzherels can be quite high. Cold vvazayutsya dzherela with a water temperature of up to 20 ° C, warm - from a temperature of 20 to 37 ° C, and hot
Water permeable girski breed
Vodotrivkі gіrskі breed
Types of underground waters
or thermal, - with a temperature of 37 ° С.More hot dzherels grow in volcanic areas, de horizons of underground waters heat up from hot rocks and melted magma, so that the earth will come close.
Mineral underground water and a lot of salts and gases, as a rule, may not be in power.
The value of underground waters is even greater, їkh can be brought to the number of corystic copalins in the order of vugilli, naphtha or gold ore. They lead to live the rivers and lakes, the growers of the rivers do not drink too much, since there are few boards, and they do not dry out under the ice. Lyudin is widely used to drive underground water: to pick up the land for water supply to the inhabitants of the city and the power, for the needs of industry and for the grown-ups of the agricultural community. Unimportant on the great reserves, underground waters are being renewed every now and then, because they are not safe for their supply and obstructed with industrial and industrial wastewaters. Above-ground intake of water from the mountain horizons changes during the low-water period - the period, if the water level is low.
A swamp is a delinka of the earth's surface with overwhelming disturbances and a stagnant water regime, in which the accumulated organic speech is seen in the view of undecomposed surplus dewiness. Swamps є in all climatic belts and marshes on all continents of the Earth. They have close to 11.5 yew. Km3 (or 0.03%) of the fresh waters of the hydrosphere. Most swampy continents є Pivdenna America and Eurasia.
Swamps can be divided into two large groups - wetlands, De nemaє kindly twisted peat ball, і own peat bog, de peat accumulate. Before the wetlands are carried over to the wetlands tropical fools, Salted mangrove bogs, saline swamps, wilderness and willow, grassy bogs of the Arctic tundra and in. Peat bogs occupy about 2.7 million km, making 2% of the land area. Smells are the widest in the tundra, lisovy zones and lisostepu and, in their own turn, go to the lowlands, the transition and upper reaches.
Low-lying marshes will start to move away from a flat surface; The stench is often found on the shores of rivers and lakes, and in some areas of overflowing water reservoirs. In such swamps, groundwaters go close to the surface, and grows grow here without mineral springs. on
low-lying marshes often grow willow, birch, aline, sedge, outline, rogiz. In cich bogs, a ball of peat accumulates more and more (in the middle 1 mm per pik).
The top of the swamp with a lumpy surface and a taut ball of peat settles down on the waterways. The stench is mainly due to the rakhunok of atmospheric falloffs, which are surrounded by mineral rivers, so that on the cich bogs mensh vimoglivi roslini - pine, heather, fluff, sphagnum moss settle down.
The industrial campsite between the lowland and upper ones occupy the transitional swamps with a flat or slightly convex surface.
The swamps are intensively steaming in theology: more active behind them are the swamps of the subtropical climatic belt, boggy tropical forests, and in the inner climate - sphagnum-sedge and forest swamps. In such a rank, the swamps increase the healthiness of the food, decrease the temperature, help reduce the climate of the new territories.
Bogs, like a free biological filter, purify water from broken particles in different chemical spheres and solid particles. The streams in the swampy areas of the river do not grow catastrophic
trophic spring floods and floods, splinters of the stik regulate the swamps, so they tell the doctor a step.
Swamps regulate not only surface water, but ground water (especially the upper reaches of the bog). To that, overwhelmingly draining, you can create a shkodi malikh rik, who are rich in their own ears in the swamps. Swamps are a lot of mischief-makers: here there are no birds, there are plenty of industrial creatures. Swamps are rich in peat, licar herbs, moss and berries. The dumka has been expanded, scho, viroshuyuchi on the drained swamps of the silskogospodarsky culture, it is possible to cut off a rich harvest, pomilkovo. Leave the first dough of rock in the drained peat and lay it down. The plans for draining the pains are possible for all the daily needs and economical projects.
The development of a peat bog is the process of peat accumulation as a result of growth, reduction and partial distribution of growth in the minds of an excess of vology and lack of acidity. All peat in the swamp is called a peat deposit. Vona can bogatosharov budov and revenge from 91 to 97% of water. The peat has a lot of organic and inorganic speeches.Tomu yogo it’s long time to play in to the Silk State, Energy, chemistry, medicine and other areas. Forward about peat yak about "combustible earth", an adjunct for heating, writing Pliniy the Elder in the 1st century. not. In Holland and Scotland, peat yak was sown in the XII-XIII centuries. Promislovo the purchase of peat is called a peat family. Most industrial reserves of peat may be in Russia, Canada, Finland and the USA.
Riduchі іchkovі valleys have long been mastered by people. Richkas bully navazhlivіh transport paths, іkh drove the fields and gardens. On the banks of the river, the most populous places emerged and developed, a cordon was established along the rivers. The flowing water wrapped around the wheels of the mill, and gave me electric power.
The skin rychka is individual. One - is always wide and deep, and in the other channel it becomes dry more part of the rock and only before the hour of the riverside boards are reminiscent of water.
Rikoyu is called a watercourse of significant sizes, flowing along the riverbed, molded by him himself, in the bottom of the river valley. The river forms a river system with its tributaries. If you are astonished downward by the flow of rivers, then all the rivers that fall into the right-hander are called right tributaries, and if evil falls - they are livim. A part of the earth's surface and soils and soils, small rivers and tributaries take water, are called a catchment.
The river basin is a part of the land, which includes the given river system. Between the two pools, the suspended rivers pass through the watersheds,
Richki pool
Richka Pakhra protest on Skhidno-European Rivnin
wake up tse visochini abo girski systems... Basin rychok, which flows into one and the same water, is united in a basin of lakes, seas and oceans. See the head water earthly coo... Vіn rozdіlya the pool richok, which flows into the Quiet and Indian Ocean and from one side, і the pool rychok, which flows into the Atlantic and Pivnіchny Ice ocean and, - from іnshy. Besides, on the earth's soil, it is a non-stable area: little rivers that run through there, do not bring water to the Svitovoye Ocean. To such arid regions are, for example, the basins of the Caspian and Aral Sea.
The skin rychka is repaired in a round. There may be a swamp, a lake, a tane girskiy lodovik or vikhid to the surface of underground waters. The place where the rychka falls into the ocean, sea, lake or іnshu river is called the mouth. Dovzhina rychka - turn the channel into a loop and with a hand.
Falling in the size of the river is great, middle and small. Baseyni richok zvvychay roztashovani in some geographic zones. The middle and small basins grow in the boundaries of the same zone. Behind the minds of the passage of the rychka, they rise to the rural, semi-mountainous and girski regions. Rivninni rivers flow smoothly and calmly in wide valleys, and girski rivers burrly and rapidly rush along the gorges.
Popovnennya vodi in rychki name kharchuvannyam rychki. Vono can be snigovim, boardwalk, icecap and underground. Deyakі rychki, for example, they pass in equatorial regions (Congo, Amazon and others), are known to boarding houses, as in these regions of the planet the whole country is called boards. Most of the little richest
There is a grudge against the climatic belt: a stench of stench for rakhunok of boards, canopies - for rakhunok tanennya snigu, and the charge is not given to get rid of the ground water.
The nature of the behavior of the rychka for the seasons of the rock is the amount of water flowing, coverage and the descent of the ice cover and in. -Name by the mode of the river. It is scrupulously repeated to mean better water
in ricci - povin - in the rural rivers of the European Territory of Russia, there will be a great deal of intensive use of the canopy. Richki Sibira, which is flowing from the gir, in the flow of water for an hour tanennya snigu
v mountains. Short-hour pidyom rivnya vodi in rictsi is called flood. For example, if you are viewing the boards, or if the hour is extended, you will be charged intensively. samiy low rіven drive in rіchtsі -meshen. It’s not enough to get up at the end of the hour, there’s not enough of a river to live on over groundwater. There is a low-water period and ample time, in severe frost.
The floods can become the reason for the strong winds: til the planks lead to re-stream the channel, and the rivers go from the banks, flooding not only their valley, but the new expanse. Water, which flows from the great shvidk_styu, volodya majestic ruin_vnoy power, won’t wear the booths, vykorchovuvati trees, zinkyuyu soil from the glades.
Food beach on the birch of the Volga
Before TO LIVE IN RICHKA?
V Richkah live not only ribi. Lead, the bottom and take care of the rychok - the midst of living of living organisms, they grow on plankton, nekton and benthos. To plankton, for example, green and blue-green algae, rooters and lower crayfish. Even more versatile brood benthos - coma larvae, worms, molluscs, crayfish crayfish. On the bottom and on the banks of the rychok, there are growing lines - pond, outlines, outlines and in., On the bottom of the growth of water growth. Richkovy nekton of representations by ribs and deyakim great spineless. Sered ribs, which linger in the seas, and only go into the rivers for spawning, - sturgeon (sturgeon, biluga, stellate sturgeon), salmon (salmon, pink salmon, salmon, chum salmon, etc.). Gradually live near small rivulets carp, lash, sterlet, pike, min, perch, crucian carp and іn. Also linger in the small and large squares.
Richki protіkayut call on the days of the great river valleys... At the bottom of the valley there is a stream of water flowing along the riverbed, which has been lost by itself. The water flows into one bank of the shore, wiggling it and taking it down the course of the ulamka of girskikh rocks, pisok, clay, mule; In quiet times, the trend of the current changes, the material is transferred by it. Ale rychka do not just apply, spread with a rychkovy stream; before the hour of the burrowing boards and the tannins of water, dripping on the earth's surface, crumbling soil, fluffy soil and transferring other particles to the chinks, which later deliver them near the river. Ruyuyuchi and razchinyayuchi girski breed in the same moment and vіdkladayuchi іkh in the smallest, the little river step by step opens its valley. The process of crushing the earth's surface with water is called erosion. There is stronger there, deeper swiftness to the stream of water and de soil more puff. Apply, and lay the bottom of the rychok, call it the bottom inserts іlіlluvіem.
BLUKAYUCHI RUSLA
In China and Middle Asia, there are rivers, in some of which the channel can go for more than 10 m. The stench, as a rule, penetrates into the easily growing mountain rocks - forests or peaks. For a few years, the water flow of the building is significant, one bank of the rychka, and on the other coast, de current, it grows, in the area of the small parts. In such a rank, the channel is replaced - "blukak" along the bottom of the valley, for example, on the river Amudar in Central Asia up to 10-15 m on the dobu.
The trekking of the river valleys can be tectonic, ice-cold and erosive. The tectonic valleys repeat directly the gleaming breaks in the earth's crust. The stragglers of ice, which covered in the period of the global icing of the winter regions and the Eurasian and Eastern America, collapsed, violated the glades of the valley, in which times the rychkovy valleys were formed. For an hour the flow of water rushed through the ice, forming a great decrease in the relief. In the midst of a decrease in the navkolishnyh pagorbivs, the streams went straight, making a great stream of water, as if they were in their valley.
Budova Valley Rivninnoi Richka
Thresholds on girskiy rictsi
DRY RICHKI
On our planet, there are rivers that are filled with water just before the hour of the small boards. The stench is called "wadi" and is played in the kestrels. Deyaki wadi reach up to hundreds of kilometers and fall into the same, like the stench of yourself, dry traps. Gravel and pebbles at the bottom of the dry channels give a lot of relief, but in a large period of time the wadi could be water rivers that could carry great load. In Australia, dry riverbeds are called cries, in Central Asia - Uzbek.
The valley of the riverside rivers is stored from the flood (it will be flooded before the hour of the day or before the hour of significant floods in a part of the valley), which is retracted on the lower channel, and also in the valley from the decilcom overhead terraces, Scho descend by descents to the float. River channels can be straight, lively, split on the sleeves or bloody. Vigina, ilimeandri can be seen near the zivistic channels. It will roll up and down at the escaped coast, the small river will form a splash - a glib section of the channel, and this section is called perekatami. Smuga in the riverbed with glibins, which are most friendly for navigation, is called a Farvater. The water flow is the number of deposits that form the island. On the great rivers, the islands can be up to 10 m high, and the last one - decilkoh kilometers.
On the way to the road of the river, there is a ledge from hard rocks. The water cannot be pumped and falls down, settling the water fall. Near quiet people, a little deer, the hard breeds, which grow more and more, form thresholds, which stand on the back of the water stream.
V girl swiftness of water and it is important to develop,
і The small deposit has been added to a larger part of its sediments. pretend the delta is a low-lying flat in the form of a tricot, here the channel is divided into a free-flowing branch and a channel. Flooded by the sea, the girl is called a rychok.
On the Earth, a bezlich rychok. The children from them, with small, medium-sized snakes, pass through the boundaries of one forest massif and then fall into a large river. And deyakі rіvdі majesty: descending from the mountains, the stench overwhelms the great lands and carry their water to the ocean. Such rivals can travel along the territory of decile powers and serve as transport routes.
Give a characteristic of the river, give it a good meal, an average stick of water and an area of the pool. But not all great rivers have all the parameters. For example, having found a small river in the light - Nil is far from being waterlogged, that area of the basin is not large. The Amazon borrows the first place in the world in terms of water content (її vitrata water 220 ths. M3 / s - as much as 16.6% from the runoff of all the rivers) and over the area of the pool, albeit by more and more to Nil. Some small rivers are found in the Pivdenniy America, Africa and Asia.
Find small rivers: Amazon (at the turn of the Ukayal river at 7 thousand km), Nil (6671 km), Mississi with the Misur tributary (6420 km), Yangzi (5800 km), La Plata with the Parana tributaries and Uruguay km ).
Naybilsh riverside rivers (there may be the maximum value of the middle river runoff): Amazon (6930 km3), Congo (Zair) (1414 km3), Ganges (1230 km3), Yangzi (995 km3), Orinoko (914 km3).
Most of the rivers of the earth (in the area of the basin): Amazon (7180 thousand km2), Congo (Zair) (3691 thousand km yew km2), About (2990 yew km2).
Volga - Naybilsha Richka Skhidno-European Rivnini
Mysterious NDL
Nil is a great African rika, її valley is a koliska yaskravoyu, self-made culture, which has been pouring into the development of human civilization. The mighty Arabian conqueror Amir ibn al-Asi said: “There is a kestrel lying on the sides, and there is a land of wonders, Egypt. And all of its wealth is to walk around the blessed little river, flowing all over the country from the year of the halif. " In the middle of the current, Nil is opposed to the most popular hedgerows of Africa - Arabian and Libyan. Zdavalosya b, guilty of swallowing or dry up for an hour of specotny lit. But in the very beginning of the summer, the water rises in Nilia, to go out from the shores, flooding the valley, and when entering the ground, the ball of the rocking mule is placed on the ground. It’s worth seeing that Nil approve of the evil two rychok - White and Black Nil, the turns which lie in the subquatorial climatic belt, De vlіtku the area of a low vice and vypadaut ryasnі boards arises. Blakitny Nil is shorter than Bily, who was reminded of the water of the board that reached Egypt earlier, and then the flood of Bily Nil.
Onisey - great rika Siberia
AMAZON - THE QUEEN OF THE RIVERS
The Amazon is the best small river on Earth. Її to live without an inflow, including 17 great rivers up to 3500 km, which can be secured for their own sizes
to the great rivers of the world. The source of the Amazon lies in the skeletal Andes, de from the lake Patarcocha, the head tide - Marañon. If Maranyon is angry with Ucayali, the little river will be taken away from the Amazon. The lower region, on which the stream is large, is the land of the jungle and the bolite. On the way to the skid tributaries inevitably popovnyuyut the Amazon. Vona is flooded with a stretch of the rocky rock, that is why there are tributaries of the river, which are raised in the winter season, and from the birch tree along the spring,
a right tributaries, roztashovany in the first season, in the water part of the rock. For an hour of sea tides in the rivulets from the side of the Atlantic, enter the water shaft with a height of up to 3.54 meters and straighten up the hill after the current. Mistsev inhabitants call tsyu hvilyu "vice" - "ruinivnik".
МіССісіпі - VELIKA RIKA AMERICA
The mighty little river in the early part of the Indian American continent was called Messi Sipi - "Batko Vody". Її is a foldable rychkov system with a non-flowing inflow, similar to a giant tree with a densely rounded crown. The pool of Mississippi borrowed more than half of the territory of the New States of America. When you fix in the Great Lakes region at winter time, take your boat for the weekend - to the Mexican inflow, and the stick is two and a half times more than the Russian Volga river to bring to the Caspian Sea. Pershovidkrivachem Missisinvvazhayut the Spanish conquistador de Soto. At the jokes of gold and the finest things, we went to the depths of the mainland and in 1541 we went to the shores of the majestic glibo rychka. Some of the first colonies - the fathers of the Ozuity, who were promoted in the New World with their own order, wrote about Missis: “Richka is even more beautiful, the width of the country is more than one lion; everywhere to it they adhere to foxes, more game, і interruptions, de bugato bizonіv ". Before the arrival of the European colonizers of the great territory in the basin, the rivers of the boules are occupied by unencumbered forests and interruptions; national parks, The part of the roseran lands is great.
Drive the rychok and strumkiv, vibrate sobly, it is not easy to see through the skel and the ledges. This is how the watershed can be pretended. In some cases, there are small steps in the channel with insignificant differences in the height between the upper stage, the drops of water, and the lower. However, in nature, there are some great “steps” and ledges, the height of which reaches hundreds of meters. The first and second watersheds are formed, if the water is "open", tobto ruinu, naked dilyanki with large hard rocks, not capable of getting material from larger dylyanoks. The upper ledge (brivka), with a drop of water, is a larger reservoir, and lower, in the course of the current, less water is flowing. Such a Budova, for example, is famous for the entire waterfall on the river Niagara (the name in Movi Irokeziv means "grimlyacha water"), as two of the Great Lakes Pivnichniy America- Eri and Ontario. The Niagarskiy waterfall is quite low - only 51 m
The scheme of the ruku vodi in the Nіagarskoe vodospadі
Cascade of decilkoh waterfalls in Norway. 19th century engraving
lokolnaya "Ivan the Great" in the Moscow Kremlin is 81 m high), protest of the celebrities of their larger and more high-water "brothers-in-arms". The popularity of the waterfall was brought not only by the growth in the unprecedented proximity of the great American and Canadian cities, but it’s good luck.
The water stream, having collapsed from any height to the end of the cradle, fixing the sink, I need to navigate in the top of the mountain rocks. Ale і the upper edge of the step-by-step swing and run through the flowing water. Goats to the ledge will collapse, i. waterfall yak bi stepped backwards, "backward" uphill along the valley. Bagatorial steps behind the Niagarsky waterfall showed that such a "backward" erosion for 60 rockets "z'ydak" the upper ledge to the waterfall by about 1 m.
In Scandinavia, in the coverage of the watersheds "vinny" lodoviks form a relєfu. There, little streams with a glacial iceman of the tops of the mountains with a majestic height fall into the fiordi.
Even more effective, great watersheds, which have come to a head before the tectonics - the inner forces of the Earth. Colossal stages of waterfalls are established when the river bed is damaged by tectonic breaks. To traverse, not one ledge is formed, but all at once a decal. Such cascades of waterfalls are very beautiful.
I will fascinate the sight of a waterfallє. Not vipadkovo ti natural phenomena unknowingly win over the respect of the number of tourists;
VODOSPAD VIKTORIA | WATERFALL Churun-MIRU - |
"Flip ANGEL" |
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"Dim, how to make up" - so z Movi Mistsev | |
residents change the name "mosi-oa tupia" | The waterfall found in the light is located in the south |
Others have long known the African water | New America, in Venezuela. micro quartzite |
pad. First Europeans, who were kicked in 1855 | breed of Gvian massacre, shattered and broken |
the whole branch of nature in the village of Zambez, | Mommy, set up a trip in a kilometer of kilometers. |
bully participants of the expedition of David Livingstone, | In one of these lines at the height of 1054 m fall |
gave the waterfall I will name in honor of the ruler Todi | flow of the famous Churun-Meru waterfall on |
Queen Victoria. “The water, when it was good, went into the glib | inflows of rychki Orinoko. Tse yogo indian name |
earth, since another grabbed the gorges, in the yak won | no nastіlki dobre vіdomo, yak Evropeyske Angel |
Vergal, being only 80 feet away from me "- so | abo Salto Angel. First hitting and flying |
having described Liveston's feud. Vuzke (from 40 | close to the waterfall, the Venezuelan lotchik Angel (in |
up to 100 m) riverbed | cross from Spanish - "angel"). Yogo name i |
zi, reachє glibini 119 meters. If all the water is rychka | gave a romantic name to the waterfall. vidkrittya |
go straight to the gorge, water-saws, viriva- | tsya waterfall in 1935 rotsi saw "palm tree first |
uphill, visible from the distance of 35 km! At the breezes | venues "at the African watershed Vіktorіya, believed |
hanging over the waterfall permanently. | lurking until the very best in the light. |
Iguasu watershed
One of the most beautiful and most beautiful water | |
Dov in sviti є American Iguasu, | |
rosetting on the same price, | |
Parani. Vlasne, the price is not one, but more | |
250 watersheds, streams and streams of yak | |
sya from k_lkoh sides in the funnel-shaped canyon. | |
Most of the waterfalls in Iguasu, with a height of 72 m, | |
call it "the devil's kovtk"! walk away | |
on the waterfall, tied to the Budova lava plateau, | |
along the yaku rychka Іguasu. "Leafy pie" | |
basalt cuts in trenches and ruinous uneven | |
numbered, scho and led to the knowledge of the peculiar | |
but go down, on the scabbards as they direct- | |
going down the river. Waterfall of roztashovany on the cordon | |
Argentina and Brazil, so one side of the water | |
pada - argentinska, on yak waterspad, zmіnyuchi | |
one one, stretch more low per kilometer, and іnsha | |
part of water spills - Brazilian. | Waterfall in the Skeletal Mountains |
Lakes are called lakes filled with water - natural loss on the surface of the land, which is tied to the sea or the ocean. If the lake has settled, you need to think about it: the manifestation of natural destruction - a closed decrease in the earth's surface - and a kind of volume of water.
There are no lakes on our planet. їх Zagalna square to become close to 2.7 million km2, to approximately 1.8% of the area of all land. The richest wealth of lakes is pure water, so people need it. Lakes take revenge close 180 yew. Km3 of water, and in 20 of the largest lakes in the world, at once they are located, a part of all accessible people of good water is laid.
Lakes grow in the best natural areas... Most of them in the private parts of Europe and America. There are even more abundant lakes in areas where the permafrost is wider, є stench and in dry areas, in the floods and deltas of the river.
The deyaki lakes become unstoppable only at the beginning of the seasons, and the only part of the rock to stand dry - the whole time of the lake. A little more lakes are gradually filled with water.
The fallow areas of the lake grow on an even greater area, with an area of 1000 km2, large areas - from 101 to 1000 km2, middle - from 10 to 100 km2, and small - with an area of less than 10 km2.
Due to the nature of water exchange, the lake podilyayut on static and non-stable. Roztashovani in a cat
Lovina, lakes take water from navkolishnyh territories, little streams and rivulets flow into them, while there are many small lakes in Vitikak, one rychka would be desirable, and outflowing ones do not boil. Baikal, Ladozke and Onezke lakes are connected to the stray lakes, and Lake Balkhash, Chad, Issik-Kul, and the Dead Sea to the dry ones. The Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea are also non-stable lakes, ale to the great size and regime, similar to the sea, and the waters are cleverly used by the seas. The so-called deaf lakes, for example, are found in the craters of volcanoes. Richkas do not fall into them and do not viplivayut from them.
Lakes can be divided into pristine, salty and salty, or mineral. The salinity of water in the natural lakes does not change 1% - such water, for example, in Lake Baikal, Ladozkoe and Onezkim lakes. Water-saline lakes may have salinity from 1 to 25% o. For example, the salinity of water in the Issik-Kul is 5-8% o, and in the Caspian Sea - 10-12% o. Salinity is called lakes, the water in which water is salinity is from 25 to 47% o. In food 47% of salts contain mineral lakes. Thus, the salinity of the Dead Sea, lakes Elton and Baskunchak are stored at 200-300% o. Salt lakes, as a rule, settle in arid regions. For some salt lakes, the water is in the range of salts, close to nasichennya. As soon as we reach it, the precipitation of salts is brought into the lake and the lake transforms into a sedimentary one.
In addition to the deterioration of the salts of the lake water, it is necessary to take revenge on organic and inorganic words and gasses (kissen, nitrogen and in.). Kisen does not only come into the lakes from the atmosphere, but it is seen as dewlines in the process of photosynthesis. Wine is necessary for life and development of water organisms, as well as for oxidized organic
Lake in the Swiss Alps
It’s a speech to be in the water. If in the lake there is a surplus of sourness, then we go into the atmosphere.
Behind the minds of the harvesting of water organisms of the lake, go to:
- lakes, bіdnі lively speeches. Tse gliboki lakes with open water, to which are included, for example, Baikal, Teletskoye lake;
- lakes with great hopes of lively speeches and rich growth. Tse, as a rule, milky and warm lakes;
YOUNG TA OLD LAKES
Life of the lake is ma pochatok and kіnets. Once we got the idea, in a step-by-step manner, to be remembered with rychok sediments, surpluses of vidmerlich creatures and roslin. With the skin rock, a number of fallen off at the bottom grow, the lake is millen, overgrowth and transformed into a swamp. Chim is more primordial than the depth of the lake, tim is more than triple life. In small lakes, a lot of thousands of rocks accumulate, and in large lakes there are millions of rocks.
Lakes in the overworld organic speeches, Oxidized products for living organisms.
The lakes regulate the flow of water and reduce the lukewarm inflow into the climate of the adjacent territories.
The stench smells of an increase in the number of fallen goods, the number of days with fogs, and in general help the climate. Lakes move the level of groundwater and pour on the ground, tvarinny svit navkolishnyh districts.
glancing at geographic map, on all | ||
lakes can be found on the continents. One of them is | ||
pull, іnshі roundabout. Some lakes are located | ||
squads in girsky districts, inshi - in great | ||
flat troughs, deyaki duzhe gliboki, and | ||
deyakі zovsіm drіbnі. Form і glybin lake | ||
to lie down in the area of the ugovini, yaku wono | ||
loan lakes pretend to | ||
Most of the great lakes of the Earth | ||
ma tektonichne prokhodzhennya. stink of races | ||
to pledge in great progyns earth measles on | ||
pivninakh (for example, Ladozke and Onezke | ||
lakes) or zapovnuyut glibokі tectonіchnі | ||
trishchini - Rift (Lake Baikal, Tanganyika, | ||
Nyasa і ін.). | ||
Lakeside valleys can be crater і | ||
caldera vimerlikh volcanoes, and one or less | ||
nya on the surface of lava flows. such lake- | ||
ra, called volcanic, start | ||
for example, on the Kuril and Japanese Islands, on | ||
Kamchatka, on the islands of Java and in the largest volcanoes | ||
some areas of the Earth. Buvak, shho lava and ulamki | ||
vverzhhenikh girskih porid partition to- | ||
line of the river, in the whole fall there is also a volcano | Lake Baikal |
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nichny lake. |
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TYPE of the lake district |
Lake in the valley of the earth Lake in the crater
The basin of Lake Kaali in Estonia is a meteorite trek. Vono to be in the crater, having accepted the result of the fall of the great meteorite.
Lodovik's lakes will be remembered as a result of the activity of Lodovik. Collapsing, lodovik viyoryuyut more soft soil, flaring decrease in the relief: in some places - dovgі and vuzki, and in others - oval. In the course of the year, the stench was filled with water, and the lakes of ice appeared. Such lakes are even more abundant in the winter of Pivnichnaya America, in Eurasia on the Scandinavian and Kolsky pvostrovy, in Finland, Karelia and on Taimir. In the mountainous regions, for example, in the Alps and in the Caucasus, ice lakes grow in carats - bowl-like burrows in the upper parts of the mountain grabs, in some of which small ice ice and snowfields took part. Melting and entering, the ice-cream overlaps the moraine - the purchased sand, clay with included pebbles, gravel and boulders. As soon as the moraine dammed the river, as it was in the ice, the ice lake would form, often with a rounded shape.
In the regions, which are stored by vapnya, dolomite and gypsum, as a result of the chemical development of the cich from the surface and underground waters, karst lakes are found. Comrade sand and clay, which lie above the karst rocks, sink into the underground void, set on the earth's surface of the crumbling, like an hour to be filled with water and melt into lakes. Karst lakes grow in the cave
pah, you can go to the Crimea, in the Caucasus, in the Urals and in other regions.
V tundra, and inodi in taizi, the deep permafrost is widened, in warm weather the soil is tanty and prosidє. There are lakes near the small destructions, calledthermokarst.
V river valleys, if meandering, the river straightens its channel, the old channel of the river flows out. so pretend old lakes, often in the form of pidkovi.
Dam, lakes, lakes spring up in the mountains, if, as a result of the collapse of the mass of mountainous rocks, the river bed is partitioned off. by the way,
v In 1911, on Pamiri, an hour for an earthquake, a giant girskiy collapse occurred, and the river Murgab was filled, and Lake Sarez was settled. Rowing є Lake Tana in Afritsa, Sevan in Transcaucasia and rich mountain lakes.
Have the coast of the sea from the sea of the sea can rise from the water on the coast of the sea from the sea water, as a result, to form lake lagoon. As far as pischano-clayey flows through the city, the rychok flooded by the sea is flooded; There are a lot of such lakes on the Uzbek coast of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
Osvita zaprudny, or rowing, lake
Naybіlshі lakes of the Earth: Caspіyske sea | |
lake (376 thousand km2), Upper (82.4 thousand km2), Vіk- | |
toriyu (68 thousand km2), Huron (59.6 thousand km2), Michigan | |
(58 thousand km2). Niglibshe lake on the planet - | |
Baikal (1620 m), followed by Tanganyika | |
(1470 m), Kaspiyske sea-lake (1025 m), Nyasa | |
(706 m) і Іssik-Kul (668 m). | |
Naybilshe lake on the Earth - Kaspiyske | |
the sea roztashovane near the inner regions of the Eurasian | |
zії, get revenge on 78 yew. km3 of water - more than 40% | |
all the lakeside waters are svit, and in the area of | |
go to the Chorne sea. By sea Kaspiyske lake | |
call through those who are there Volodya Bagatma | |
maritime characteristics - a magnificent area | |
dyu, great vmistom vodi, strong storms | |
і special hydraulic mode. | ribs, which were lost in quiet hours, if Caspiy |
On the afternoon of the day of Kaspiy, he stretched out on | Buv z'єdnaniy from the Chornim and the Middle-Earth Seas. |
1200 km, and when approaching the highway - by 200-450 km. | Rivne vodi in the Caspian Sea perebuva nizche rivnya |
For walks of wine є part of the old | Svitovoy ocean and periodically change; at- |
slightly salted pontic lake, which existed | chini qih kolivan leave lack of clarity. me- |
about 5-7 million rubles. The lodovikovy period is | yutsya and outlines of the Caspian Sea. On the cob XX Art. |
Arctic seas in the Caspian have penetrated a seal, | rivn to Caspian, becoming approximately -26 m (according to the |
loribitsa, salmon, other crayfish; є in tsomu | nosinnya to the level of the Svitovoy ocean), in 1972 |
sea-lake and middle sea views | do bulo registered at the bottom of the camp for |
the rest of 300 rocks - -29 m, at the bottom of the sea-lake |
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more often than not, and at the same time make up |
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about -27.9 m. |
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70 names: Girkansky, Kaspiyske, Khazar, |
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Sarayskiy, Derbentskoe і іinshi. its modern |
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I will name the sea in honor of the ancient ple |
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men Kaspiyu (konyariv), who lived in the 1st century BC. on |
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yogo pivnіchno-zaіdnom uzberezhzhі. |
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Lake Niglibshe of the planet Baikal (1620 m) |
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to be located on the pivdnі of Skhіdnogo Sibir. there is |
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woman at a height of 456 m above the sea level, yogo dovzhina |
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636 km, and the greatest width in the central hour is |
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tee - 81 km. Є kіlka versіy promenade |
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name the lake, for example, from the Turkom Bai |
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Kul - "Bagate Lake" abo from the Mongolian Bai |
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gal Dalai - "great lake". On Baikal 27 ost |
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dovov, the most famous of Olkhon. Into the lake |
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close to 300 richok and strumkiv, and vitikal |
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small river Angara. Baikal is a long-standing lake, youmu |
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approximately 20-25 million rubles. 40% roslin і 85% vi- |
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dov tvarin, who sluggish in Baikal, |
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(To do it only in the whole lake). obsyag |
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drive in Baikal close to 23 yew. km3, what to become |
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20% light and 90% Russian reserves nice |
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drive. Baikalska water is unique - neobiknoven- |
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ale of a glimpse, pure and laced with sourness. |
their history was repeatedly changed by the scribblers. se- |
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green shores of lakes, slopes and even |
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malovnichi, and paternal and paternal |
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significantly low, clayey and food. take care |
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Great Lakes are fully populated, |
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tough industrial districts and most |
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to the USA: Chicago, Milwaukee, Buffalo, Cleveland, |
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Detroit, as well as others beyond the size of the city of Cana |
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di - Toronto. In the roundabout of the rapids, the richok, |
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close the lakes, build canals and outfalls |
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sutsilny water route of sea vessels from the Great |
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lakes in Atlantic ocean the length of the |
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lo 3 yew. km and a depth of at least 8 m, accessible |
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for great seagoing ships. | ||||||||
African Lake Tanganyika - Same |
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dovge on the planet, it became established in tekto- |
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a natural depression in the African-African zone |
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rozlom_v. | Maximum glybin | Tanganyiki |
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1470 m |
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Baikal. Beyond the coastline, the length of |
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next 1900 km, pass the border of the chotiroh Afri- |
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Kansko powers - Burundi, Zambia, Tanzania |
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There are 58 species of ribs in the lake (omul, whitefish, harius, | and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Tanganyika |
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taimen, sturgeon і ін.) | even a long time ago a lake |
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copying - Baikalska seal. | demichnyh types of ribs. Alive organisms populate |
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At the central part of Pivnichnaya America in the basin | the lake is close to 200 meters to the glibini, and the lower is in the water |
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Not the rivers of St. Lawrence get over the Great | take revenge | great number | sirkovodnya. |
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lakes: Verkhny, Huron, Michigan, Eri and Ontario. | The skeletal banks of the Tanganyan are numerous |
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The stench of the rosette steps, the difference at the height | Lennim bays and inflows. | |||||||
pepper chotirhoh DO NOT pre- | ||||||||
hangs 9 m, and if the lower | ||||||||
neji, Ontario, is | ||||||||
mayzhe at 100 m lower than Erі. | ||||||||
z'єднані | ||||||||
short | ||||||||
rich | ||||||||
rychki. At ricci Ніaga- | ||||||||
z'єdnuє | ||||||||
pretending to be Niagarsky | ||||||||
50 m). Great Lakes - | ||||||||
most | purchase | |||||||
(22.7 ths. Km3). stink | ||||||||
the hour was melting | ||||||||
majestic | ||||||||
I'll cover it in pivnichniy | ||||||||
North American | ||||||||
continent | ||||||||
Bagatory ice purchases in the high mountains and cold zones of the Earth are called ice hobbyists. all natural ice to be united in the so-called glaciosphere - a part of the hydrosphere, which is located in a solid state. It has icebergs entering the ice of cold oceans, and icebergs. Near the mountains, the lodoviki set themselves up from the snig. As a result, during the recrystallization of the snow as a result of the degradation of the water and the new freezing of water in the middle of the country, the phirn is approved.
Expansion of ice on the Earth in the ice period
as if it was time to transform into ice. For the time being, it’s hard for the people to move among the vigilants of the crooked streams. The main mindset of ice hobbyists - both small and great - is consistently low in temperature, stretching out a large part of the rock, with the accumulation of money over the last. So think about it in the cold regions of our planet - the Arctic Antarctic, as well as near the high mountains.
Lodovic period
IN THE ISTOORIЇ LAND
V The history of the Earth, the kilka developed the colder climate led to the growth of lodoviks
і approval of one abo decilkoh ice curls. Call an hour Lodovikovy abo
icy periods.
V Pleistocene (the era of the quarter period of the Cenozoic era) of the area, including the ice dwellers, perevischuvala today mayzhe three. At the same hour
v the mountains and on the plains of the polar and inland latitudes, the majestic shields of ice, which, more and more, covered the majestic territories in the peaceful latitudes. Uyaviti, as the Earth was looking at that period, is possible by looking at Antarctica or Greenland.
How do you know about those old ice clocks? Seeing through on the surface, the ice hockey player lays down his track - material, like having buried himself with him for an hour. Such material is called a moraine. The stages of their standing of Lodoviki are
Rukh of earth measles with colossal nascent ice shield (1) and with nobility (2)
lami kintsevoy moraine. Often, after the name of the ice, they call it glacier. Dalí all lodovik on the territory Skhidnoi Europe reaching the Dnipro valley, the glacier was called Dniprovsky. On the territory of Pivnichnaya America, the maximum let-down of ice lakes on a weekday should be carried up to two ice: in the state of Kansas (Kansas ice) and Illinois (Illinois ice). The rest of the ice reached the state of Visconsin in the Visconsin Icelandic era.
The climate of the Earth has changed greatly in the quarter, or anthropogenic, period, which is about 1.8 million times that and three times. Chim zumovlene so grandiose colder - food, like virishuyut vcheni.
Dozens of hypotheses start to explain the appearance of the majestic ice dwellers without earthly and cosmic reasons - the fall of giant meteorites, catastrophic volcanoes, like currents in the ocean. Even more popular is the hypothesis of the Serbian witch Milankovic, which is explained in the last century by the periodical hustle and bustle of the axis of the planet and the visibility of the Earth from the Sontsya.
icemen of Spitzbergen
Moraine of steep icy
In the early days of the ice dwellers, there are surpluses of the majestic shields of ice, as in the old days of the ice dwellers they dwindled in the middle latitudes. I want the stench of this year is not so large, as in the past, all one thing is different.
One of the most significant is the Antarctic ice curtain. The maximum pressure on the ice is 4.5 km, and the area is widened by 1.5 times more, below the area of Australia. From the decilkoh centers of the dome in the small sides, the ice rises to the lidoviks. Win collapsing in the view of the majestic streams from 300-800 m in the river. Take over the whole of Antarctica, prying at the viglyadі vivіdnіh lodovіkіv stіkє in the sea, giving life to the number of icebergs. Lodoviki, which lie abo, virnish, floating in the region of the coastal line, are called shelf, some of them grow in the region of the sub-water edge of the mainland - the shelf. so ice shelves Fly only in Antarctica. Most ice shelves are located in Western Antarctica. In the middle of them is the shelf ice of Ross, on which the American Antarctic station "McMurdo" is laid out.
The largest colossal ice mound is located in Greenland, taking up 80% of the
Peredgirny Lodovik
the best island of the world. On the ice of Greenland, nearly 10% of all ice on Earth falls. Shvidkosti leaking ice here nabagato less, nіzh
v Antarctica. Ale і in Greenland є own record holder - ice hockey player, who collapses behind the great shvidkistyu - 7 km in rik!
often icy typical for the polar archipelagos - Franz Josip Lands, Spitsbergen, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The whole type of ice is transitional between curved and girskim. The planets of ice dwellers will make a mesh mesh, name and name. From the ice in the bagatokh mountains you can see the islands in the oceans, peaks, sharpened lists, skeli, dilyanki sushi. Їх are called nunataki. "Nunatakov" is the word for an eskimoske. In the field of science literature, the word was consumed by the well-known polar Swedish scholar Nils Nordenskjöld.
Before this kind of "semi-cover" type of ice is admittedbeforegіrnі lodoviki... It is not often an ice-hooder who descends from the mountains along the valley, reaching from before and going with wide blades
v the zone of tanennya (ablyation) on the plain (this type of icecap is called the Alaskan one) or
on the shelf or into lakes (Patagonian type). The front of the ice-dwellers is one of the most effective and beautiful. Smells are seen in Alaska, at the celebrations of the Great American, in Patagonia, on the extreme winter of the Great America, on Spitsbergen. Nybilsh vidomy in front of Malaspina's ice hockey player in Alaska.
Often icy spitsbergen
There, the latitude and the height above the ditch of the sea do not allow the tanuti to stretch out to the rock, the ice dwellers are found - buying up ice on the mountain skylights and peaks, in the saddle, lowered and low on the skyla. Zgodom SNIG pre-
wrap up in firn, and then in ice. Leading power of viscoplastic body and building flow. With a lot of wines shlifuє і vioryuyut
the surface, on yak_y collapse. In Budovia Lodovik they see a zone of accumulation, or accumulation, as well as a zone of ablation, for example. Tsі zonі zdіlenі cordon kharchuvannya. One day, one won’t get out of the snow line, something like a stretch of the rock to lie with. Power and behavior of lodoviks vivchayut vcheni-glaciologists.
YAKI BUY ICE
Small hanging ice dwellers fall in depressions on grabs and often go beyond the cordon of the Snow Line. Such є abundant ice lodges of the Alps and the Caucasus-
Randklyuft - bichni trishchini, who see lodovik from skel
Bergschrund - trіschina in the region
Harchuvannya Lodovik, who will give to the unruly and the rukh
parts of ice
Middle and common moraine
Cross troughs on the move of lodovik
The main moraine - material pid lodovik
per. Carov lodoviki zapovnyuyut chalice-like death on school - circuses, or kari. At the lower part of the circus is surrounded by a transverse ledge - a crossbar, but a threshold, beyond a lidovik without overstepping hundreds of rocks.
Bagato girnicho-valley lodoviki, like rychki, are angry with decilkoh "tributaries" into one great one, which will keep the lodovik valley. Such lodoviki especially great razmіrіv(They are also called dendritic or tree-like) characteristic of the highlands of Pamir, Karakorum, Gimala, Andes. For the skin area, there is a large report on the subject.
Lodoviki peaks are located on the rounded abo virivnyan surfaces of the gir. Scandinavian mountains may be the top of the surface - a plateau, on some extensions of this type of ice. The plateaus are shaved off with sharp ledges up to the fjords - the ancient ice valleys, which are re-created in gliboki and vuzki sea streams.
Rivnomirny ice in ice can be changed by drastic changes. Todi Mova Lodovika started to collapse along the valley with a speed of up to hundreds of meters for more or more. Such lodoviki are called pulsating. Їх building up to the ruins is pummeled to accumulate with a force
v lodovikovschі. As a rule, always keeping an eye on the ice hockey player will allow the transmission of a pulsation. Tse of additional help to remember the tragedy, similar to the present, which became in the Karmadon Gorge in 2003, since as a result of the pulsation of the ice-dweller Kolka in the Caucasus, there are many settlements in the small valley of the bogey Some pulsating icefish are not the same
v nature. One of them - the lodovik Vedmezhiy - is located in Tajikistan, on Pamir.
Lodovikovy valleys may have a U-like shape and make coryto. The name is trog (from the name Trog - corito).
If the girsk top is covered by ice-dwellers from the sides, they grabbed it step-by-step, the state-of-the-art peaks - the carlings - are set up. Every now and then, circus circuses can get angry.
The land of the ice hockey player in Gimalai
Ulamkovy material on the surface of icefish in the Alps
Richkas, scho lodovikov's food, to viplivayut s-pid lodoviks, even kalamutny and burhlivi during the warmer months of rock and, navpaki, melt clean and see through the fall and fall. The shaft of the kintsevo moraine is inodi є a natural bed for the ice lake. With a tumultuous tanenna, the lake can grow wide, and then mudflows - mud-stone drips.
HEAT AND COLD ICE
On the bed of the ice-cream, so that at that part of the ice, the temperature may be different. Near the high mountains of the surrounding latitudes and in some polar ice-drifts, the temperature is close to the melting point of the ice. Walk around, where the ice is dry and the surface is made up of a lot of water. Behind her, like a vindicator, and a frogman collapses. Such ice cakes are called warm, in the form of cold ones, as they are frozen to the bed.
Apparently sobі tane attachments notice. When it is warmer, it starts to settle, its boundaries change, it moves from the "wintering", from the beginning to run the little streaks ... winter months: All kinds of dirt, disgraced leaves and leaves, smittya. Now I'll try it
So, you will notice in a little more milion, and that means, a lot of "smittya" when you are going to grow up to the mountain! The great lodovik at tanenna, as he calls it backsliding, has left for himself even more material - even in his society there is more to it than "smittya". All inclusions that are free of ice tannins on the surface of the earth are called moraines, or ice wedges.
Lodovik ruinuє valley, erase and dryapaє, put the skel on your way. In addition, I can carry all of the ulamki to great places from that world, devil-may-be-drowned. from
Shho tane mov lodovika
donna moraine
bichni moraine
ice lake
Kintseva moraine
Announcement of the Girskiy Lodovik
In addition, there are ulamki, as the stench was transported by the ice-man, and the ice-cream is distributed.
On the surface of the ice-cream, the surface of the moraine is established - all that material that falls on the ice-boat. Naybіlshe ulamkіv accumulate from lying grabbed. Here, the flock of bichon moraines will set in
kih mov, then with їkh zlitty in one move,
dіnnimі. Pislya tanennya such a moraine is similar to a dovgі nasipu, how to be pulled down the valley.
Lodovik is located in post-ruin Russia. Yak viscoplastic tilo, vіn maє zdatnіst tekty. Otzhe, that ulamok, which has fallen into a new skeleton, in a ten hour you can appear to reach far away from all over the world. Zbirayutsya (akumulyuyutsya) tsі ulamki, as a rule, on the edge of the ice-hopper, there, de-accumulating ice, the tanennya is going on. The accumulated material, I repeat, outline the move of the icebreaker and the ma viglyad zignutoy nasipu, the partitions of the valley. If the lidovik vidstupaє, the kintsev moraine will fall on the colic mice, step by step, rimmed by the thawed waters. With the entrance of the ice-dweller, there may be a few rocks of the Kintsev moraines, which will talk about the intermediate positions of this moraine.
Ludovik stepped in. In front of the front, a moraine bank was covered. Ale tanennya is trivaє. І for the Kintsevo moraine to repair the accumulation of ice
kovy drive. Vinnik - lodovikov lake, yake stream - rowing is natural. When such a lake is drawn through, it is not easy to establish a runny mud-stone flow - mudflow.
When the icefish is poured down the valley, it runs its own base. Often times, the process, which is called "ekzaratsiya", is rendered nervously. And then the steps are set in the lodovik's box - the crossbars (from the name Riegel - the crossroads).
Stains on the banks of the ice in the middle of the sea
Introductory ice cream
Aje, as a rule, stinks long ago. It’s not so easy to put it on the plain, as in the Girskiy Lodovik valley.
In the end of the Lodovik era, the majestic Lodovik collapsed from the area of the Baltic crystal shield, from the Scandinavian and Kolsky pvostroviv. There, de lodovik viorav crystal lodges, vinyagnut lakes and dovgy ridges - Selge - were established. Oh rich in Karelia and Finland.
Lodoviks themselves are principals of the crystalline species - granites. With the trivial transport of ice, the uneven lands of the ulamkiv are erased, re-transforming them in the boulders. Until the first day, such granite boulders were found on the surface of the earth in the more districts of Pidmoskov. The ulamki brought here are called erratics. From the maximum stage of the remaining ice - Dniprovskoy, as soon as the icefish reached the valleys of the modern Dnipro and Don, only a few moraines and ice boulders were saved.
Pislya tanennya pokrivny lodovik having overshadowed the hunchbacked space - staining the plain. In addition, from the edge of the ice dweller, the numerical streams of the thalikh lodovik waters were virulent. The stinks rocked the bottom and the ice-cold moraine, carried thin clay particles, and sank in front of the ice field's edge - zandry (in the form of sand - sand). Thawed water did not wash away so much of the tunnels as they lost the lumpiness of the icemen. In cich tunnels, especially when a frogman comes out, he has accumulated rewired material of moraines (pisok, pebbles, boulders). The purchase price was saved from the viglyadi of the living zivisty shafts - they are called.
V In a cold climate, water is found in the nadra and on the surface, freezing to a depth of up to 500 m and more. On 25% of the surface of all land the Earth is occupied by vichniy rocks.
V Our land is more than 60% of this territory, and even in the wider zone there is more than the whole of Siberia.
I will call this phenomenon “bagator” or “permafrost”. However, the climate in an hour can change into a warmer, so the term "bagatoric" is more suitable for the whole phenomenon.
V summer seasons - and the stench here is even worse and shvidkoplinny - the upper ball of surface soils can be seen. However, below 4 m there is a ball, which does not see a nicoli. Root water can be known whether it is frozen in a ball, or it is collected in a native land between bagatoric frosty comrades (won’t approved water linzi - taliks) or over a frozen ball. The upper ball, which is a schilny before freezing and opening, is calledwith a big ball.
Polygonal GROUND
Ice in the ground can be set up by krizhans. Often there is a stench in the mountains of frosty (settling in severe frosts) troughs, which are filled with water. When the water is frozen, the soil between the thrusts will start to fill, and the ice will take up a large area, there is no water. The surface is slightly opaque, framed by lows. Such polygonal runts cover a significant part of the surface of the tundra. If it’s not so long lasting and the kryzhany lived to repair the space, to create space, similar to the lattice of the shmatochki of the land, otchenie water "canals".
Among the polygonal creations are widely widened kam'yani bagatokutniki and kam'yani kiltsya. In case of bagatoraz freezing and when the earth is pulled out, it is brought into the ice, icing on the surface of larger ulamki, so that it can take place in the ground. In such a way, we see the sorting of the soil, fragments of other small particles are left in the center of the chicks and bagatokutniks, and the great ulamki shrink to their edges. As a result, there are stones that frame other material. On a new one, mohi settle, and in the fall of the kam'yan, bagatokutniki feud with unsupported beauty:
yaskravі moss, inodі with bushes of cloudberries or lingonberries, otochenі from the sides with gray stones, similar to specially cultivated gardens in flower beds. At a cross-section of such bagatokutniks they can reach 1-2 m. If the surface is not equal, but stolen, then the bagatokutniks will transform into kam'yani smuga.
Vimorozhuvannya from the ground ulamki to produce before, on the top surfaces and clumps of gir and pagorbiv in the tundra zone, a chaotic pile of great stones, as they get angry in the kam'yani "seas" and "little rivers". For them, the name is "kurumi".
bulgunnyakhі
Tsim Yakut word for zdivui
kovi form relєfu - pagorb abo hillock z le- | ||
water core in the middle. Win pretending | ||
zbіlshennya obsyagu water when frozen in over- | ||
permafrost ball. As a result | ||
to the surface of the tundri і vinikak hillock. | ||
Great Bulgunnyakhs (in Alaska they call the EU- | ||
kimoskіm word "ping") can reach up to | Osvita polygonal soils |
|
30-50 m high. |
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On the surface of the planet, there are not only belts of suction-free frost in cold natural zones. Dilyanki are sourced from the so-called island frost-resistant permafrost. Vona іsnu, as a rule, in high mountains, in suvoric mountains with low temperatures, for example in Yakutia, and in surplus - "sharks" - a wide wide belt of bagatorny frozen frozen
The main reason for leaks is viter. For the dripping cold winters of the winter, the most cold currents of the Western winters, like the setting of a circle near Antarctica. Also on the direct flow of the inflow of the position of the continents, the outline of the banks. In the ocean and sea in the course of time, set up through the great waters. Bigger water flows are transferred to the side of smaller flow rates. On the straight sea currents, the majestic flow is celebrating the wrapping of the Earth. Ocean currents pour into nature and climate. The stench re-grows cold and warmth between latitudes, as well as gases and vivifying speech. For the additional flow of creatures and growths, they move, populate new territories. The Canary Current is a cold current of the Atlantic Ocean, it collapses from winter to evening, fires to the Pireneysky Pyrostriv and Pivnichno-Zakhid of Africa. The width of the Canary Current is 400-600 km. The Labrador current is a cold sea current in the Atlantic Ocean. Take a ride in the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, and carry icebergs from Greenland to the trans-Atlantic peretina. The Bengal stretch is the cold current of the Atlantic Ocean and the backwaters of Africa. The Falkland Current is a cold current of the Atlantic Ocean bilya of the shores of Pivdennaya America, which has crossed the Western America. I'm carrying a lot of icebergs. The current of Zakhidnykh Vіtrіv - the current of the Holy Ocean, also called the Antarctic, is very cold. Peretinaє three oceans - Atlantic, Indian and Pacific. The flow of the earth is without interruption, the cold Benguela, Western-Australian and Peruvian flows are everywhere. Dovzhin yogo perevisch 30 thousand km, average width - close to 1000 km. Techіya Zakhіdnykh Vіtrіv penetrates the mayzhe to the very bottom of the ocean at a depth of up to 4.5 km. The rate of flow in the middle is 2 km / year. It is characterized by strong vigines, which are found under the inflow contours in the mainland and the bottom relief. The current of Zakhidnykh vіtrіv - tse hardened energy, vono set up cyclones and anticyclones, which shape the weather on all planetі. The Somali current is the cold current of the Indian Ocean, off the western coast of Somalia in Africa. Viklikano monsoon winds, changing directly in fallowness throughout the season. The Californian current is the cold current of the Pacific Ocean. Walk along the coastline in the state of California. Peruvian current - cold current of the Pacific Ocean, even on a private day the western coast pіvedenno-American continent. Skidne Greenland is a cold current of the Pivnichny Ice Ocean, which passes through the skid coast of Greenland. Cyly carried the ice of the Arctic basin and icebergs in the summer months.
Pidvodnі leaks - a wintry phenomenon; in them the temperature, speed, strength and strength are constantly changing. All the prices are superbly strong inflow to the mainland climate, and in the endless rakhunka to the activity and development of the people.
As soon as the earth's rivers flow along their channels, the zavdyaki are viciously more difficult, then with the ocean currents everything is folded. The change of oceanic waters is victorious for no reason, for those who are known to navigate beyond the boundaries of the planet. The science of oceanography is far from being a skin change of water, but is called an ocean current; on a dummy in the midst of a sea (or oceanic) with a stretch - only the progressive stream of waters. Why should we be victorious about displacement?
viter
One of the reasons for creating a stream of waters is viter. Confirming in the result of the yogh day in a stretch means yak drift. At the first stage, they were allowed to start with the natural rank, but it would be straightforward to return to it. Ale viyavilosya, so tse justly for a little water or a small expanse of water. With the significant change from the coast to such a reversal, the start of the planet’s wraparound is started, and the water mass is shifted to the right ( Pivnichna pivkulya) Abo vlyvo (Pivdenna pivkulya). At the same time, the surface ball, the force of grating, the bottom ball, the third one, and so on. As a result, on a multi-meter depth, the water ball started to collapse in the opposite direction, as well as the surface changes. Tse vykliche extinguishing of the lowest ball, which oceanography characterizes the depth of the drift current.
Water spirit and business development
The reason for the collapse of waters is coming - the difference in the strength of the birth, the temperature. With a characteristic butt, you can serve as a "zustrich" warm salty water from the Atlantic with a small cold crossing of the Ice Ocean. As a result, the water mass from the warmth of the Atlantic sinks down, flowing to the Pivnichniy Pole and straight to Pivnichniy America. Abo іnshiy butt: the bottom stretching of the salty water and move in the Chorna sea from the Marmurovoe, and on the surface, navpaki, from the Black Sea to the Marmurovoe.
High tides, long leaks
The first factor to cover leakages is the heavy heavenly til yak Misyats, Sonce. As a result of their interaction with the Earth gravitational forces set on the surface of the oceans humps, the height of which on the open water surface is not more than 2 m, but on the equator and is 43 cm. can reach 17 m. The strength of sleepy waves is less than a month old by about 2 times. However, the tide can reach the maximum force, if both Sonce and Misyats are located on the same line (young, more miscellaneous). І navpaki, і thousand і drowsy flood will be compensated for one one, so the depression will be crooked with a hump (1st, the last bit of the earthly companion).
dzherela:
- sea flows
- Peruvian stretching out cold or warm
Circulation of the waters of the Holy Ocean in the polar regions of the winter and southern waters The Arctic ocean of gagging under the cover of drifting ice. The current glimpses of the leaks in the Pivnichniy Ice Ocean will reflect on the appearance of a general transfer of water in the direct opposite direction of the year. The great mixing of the shallow cold waters of the Arctic with the shallow waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans crosses two to reach the shallow threshold between the continents. The depth of the milky rapids in the Bering Protocea, which is not far away from Chukotka and Alaska, is not within reach of 100 m, but the water exchange between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Pivnichny Lodovitiy is not much overshoot.
At the pіvedennіy pіvkulі all viglyadas inіnakše. The wide (300 miles) and wide (3000 m) Drake Channel - between the Great America and Antarctica - will provide an unlimited water exchange between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The workers who are straight are straight on the Schedule of the Last Winds, they stretch to the bottom and when the size of the vitraty is high, they appear as the largest plate of the Holy Ocean.
The current of the Western windows is presented in the same way as the Western windows, and the average performance and vitrates are based on the balance between the same force and the wind on the surface and rubbing against the bottom by force. It was established that over the lowering of the bottom stretching out to see for the day, and over the children - for the first time, to indicate the insanely pouring of the bottom into the direction of the leak.
Naybіlsh kindly bends advectіvnye streams of water in the deep-water areas of the oceans are meant to be connected to the backcountry of the basins.
5. Current
The horizontally progressive movement of waters in the oceans and seas is commonly called sea currents. The stench is set off by the flow of natural factors. Sea currents on the surface of oceans and seas are wicked by the head rank of the wind (wind leak). Yogo pruzhennya pruzhennya sash, rubbing, and rubbing rukhomiy to mend a vice on the water surface. As a result, the top ball of the driver, about 1.5 km, began to move into space. Yakshcho vіter, scho wiklikov in a stretch, stiyko for a trivial hour, approximately in one straight line, then it’s asserting itself over and over again. It can be up to 1000 km wide. As soon as a leak occurs, for a short time, it happens occasionally in a long stretch, but it is often a small hour. The lead role in the Svitovoy Oceans is played by the continuation of the current. The very stench comes from the exchange of waters between the small parts of the ocean, the very stench to transfer heat and salt, so that it will ensure the unity of the Holy Ocean.
Relocation of waters in the open space of temperature changes in leakage. According to the stench, there are: warm flows- їх water is warmer than drainage waters; cold water is colder than water; neutral - їх water is close in temperature to otchuyuyu waters.
The main characteristics of the sea flow: speed (V m / s) і straight. It remains to start in a vivid way in the case of a child, in a way of directly in the middle, so that at a drop with a plin it will appear, where the water is flowing (in the middle of the street), in the middle of the day, in the like. , signs of win dme (pivnіchny wіter dme from pіvnоchі, last from call, etc.).
Right at the bottom of the water, the currents flow straight, if the waters move along the apparently straight lines, and circles, so that they create a closed stake. As soon as the debris in them is directed against the year-old shoots, then the cyclonic leaks, and just after the year-old shoots, then the anti-cyclonic ones, sometimes they call the anticyclonic ones.
Sea currents hunt all the water from the surface to the bottom of the Svitovoy Ocean. For the glybin of its own stench, the stench grows apparently on the surface, on the surface, and on the bottom. Shvidkіst ruch of the most prominent visok in the uppermost (0 - 50 m) sphere. Glebshe won’t go down. The depth of water and collapse is much higher, and the change in bottom waters is 3 - 5 cm / s. The flow rates are not the same in other regions of the ocean.
The horizontal flow of waters to the ocean is roughly characterized by a symmetry of the eater, who wants his own specialness in the skin.
In the tropical zone of the Holy Ocean, let us pass the winter-skidny straight in the Pivnichniy pivkuli and the pivden-skidny ones - in Pivdennoe, on the side of offense, they are able to diagnose the straining ones. From the start of the Coriolis, the stench swells up a latitudinal straight line and change from the start to the Atlantic, Indian (except for the first tropical part) and Pacific Ocean and. In Pivnichniy pivkul - tse Pivnichne passatna with a stretch, the average speed is 80 cm / s, and in Pivdenny - Pivdenna passatna with a stretch, the average speed is 95 cm / s. Pasatny currents carry great masses of water, so that the surge and the occasional surge on the skid shores of the mainland. Every time you see water off the coast and in the middle of the winter and winter leaks take place Interpass (equatorial) leakage, which in other regions becomes from / from 50 to 130 It is located at 2 - 8˚ Mon. lat., Which is tied to the asymmetric growth of continents and oceans.
The Pivdenniy Pivkul is about 50˚ PDL. last and strong wins three wicked tighter Recent wins (last wins). This is because of the approach to the turn with the average speed of 25 - 75 cm / s, the curling of the inner part of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, so that I am looking for all the oceanic expanses of the earthly part.
Such a rank, Pivnichne and Pivdenne Passatny Leaks, Mezhpassatnoe (Equatorial) Prototypes and Techіya Zakhidnykh Vіtrіv - the main current of the Holy Ocean in the whole.
At the Svitovoy oceans, good turns, vortexes to the stream of waters, changes for trips, sizes, etc. So, the main structure of the GolfStrum does not collapse in a straight line, but rather asserts horizontal hvile-like vigini - meanri. Dovzhina hvili with ridges 35 - 370 km. As long as the flow of meanders doesn’t seem to be fast enough to come out of the Gulfstream on a private visit to Misa Hatteras, and to set up independently, weird vigilancies. Їх diameter is 100 - 300 km, the area is from a thousand to several thousand meters, the triviality is from several months to some rocks, the speed of water can reach 300 cm / s. The evil from the stream Gulfstream is set up by the warm anti-cyclonic whirls, and the right-hander from her - the cold cyclonic ones. First, drifting from the middle speed is close to 7 km / day to the side, I will continue right across the road.
At the pivnіchnіy Atlantitsі vyavlenі vikhori, razvonі the relief of the bottom and vіtrami. The smell of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic, the diameter is close to 100 km, the balloon is driven by about a hundred meters, and it moves with the airs about a few kilometers to the dob. Expanded in all critical areas of the ocean.
Table 1
The main currents of the Svitovoy ocean
|
Name |
temperature gradation |
style |
Average performance, |
|
Pacific Ocean |
|||
|
Pivnichne pasatna Mindanao Pivnichno-Tikhookeanske Aleutskikh Kuril-Kamchatsky kalifornіyske Mezhpassatnoe (Equatorial) leakage Pivdenna passatna Skhidno-Australian Pivdenno-Tikhookeanske Peruvian Antarctic circumpolar |
Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral colder colder Neutral Neutral colder colder Neutral |
staly staly velmi stiyke staly staly unstable staly unstable staly staly staly weakly stiff weakly stiff staly |
|
|
Indian Ocean |
|||
|
Pivdenna passatna Aguliaskoe (Golkovo Misu) Zakhidno-Australiske Antarctic circumpolar |
Neutral colder Neutral |
staly velmi stiyke unstable staly |
|
|
Pivnichny Ice Ocean |
|||
|
Norwegian Zakhidno-Spitsbergen Skhidno-Greenland Zakhidno-Greenland |
colder |
staly staly staly staly |
|
|
Atlantic ocean |
|||
|
Pivnichne pasatna Golfstrom Pivnichno-Atlantic Kanarska Irminger Labrador Interpass leakage Pivdenna passatna Brazilian Pivdenno-Atlantic Bengal Falklands Antarctic circumpolar |
Neutral colder colder Neutral Neutral Neutral colder colder Neutral |
staly velmi stiyke velmi stiyke staly staly staly staly staly staly staly staly staly staly |
|