Gospodarsky zanepad. Change your mind about the great confusion in Russia
Gentlemen's Zanepad... x pp. XVI Art. Cornish Hour of Troubles on the cob XVII century. slid shukati in the front of Moscow life.
The crisis of the 70s-80s became a forerunner of the future. XVI in the r_znі sides of the life of the land stuck.
At the hour of the chanting of the oprichnini 1572 r Russia came gospodarsko rozorenoi ekonomіchno zasilenoyu, ala in 70-80-s rr. XVI Art. the teeth of the villagers and the townspeople were trivial.
A lot of places and settlements were deserted, as well as the population of either vimerlo, or shukati small valleys on the outskirts of the state. For the tribute to Pistsova, census books and census dzherel from the end of the XVI - the first half of the XVII century. in Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Kolomna, Murom, up to 84-94% of the townsmen's courtyards have grown up. The fate of the “great rozorennya” has rapidly become empowered by the landlessness of the nobles. Vlassniks of old men, who did not have the opportunity to carry out the service of the sovereign, enrolled in slaves.
The abandonment of the places and the desolation of lands, for which payments did not come and the service could not work, allowed a series of costs for the implementation of the Lviv war. Pragnuchi wanted to fix the financial camp, Tsar Ivan the Terrible made a number of visits that surrounded the church land: the fence was passed to serve the land from the clergy volodinnya (1572-1580 rr.), Tarkhanov skasuvannya in the church estates (1584). Church volodinnya did not carry service and taxation, and at the same time they became a significant part of the crumbled lands (up to 2/5 or 37%). At the same hour, up to 40% of the lands in the significant world were transformed into empty spaces.
With such a rank, pranguchi to the interchange of church land, the rite was officially recognized as a crisis, and when they came in, they imagined a way to go out. Obviously, as a result, the decision has come to bring the villagers to the ground. The world was to blame for the protection of the state of the necessary tribute and for the maintenance of unreported service. 2. Formation of the sovereign system and legal law For example, the XVI century. the camp of the fallow population in Russia has been changing for a long time. Even in the middle of the capital, the villagers could go to the singing term (one day before the Yur'ev day of autumn and stretching out the last day), having fun with their master, go to the last.
The norms of Yur'eva of the day served as an important regulator of the economic life of the village. The fate of hunger or the state's rozorennya peasant at once see his unhelpful vlashnik and by himself a unique toothbrush.
In the end of the XVI century. the villagers have lost their rights. Livonska vіyna and oprichnina were summoned to the state rozorennya of the land. In the cich minds, the state and feudal lords enforced the exploitation of the townspeople and the villagers, which led to the last of the central developments of the land on the outskirts: Don, Putivl region, Krim. In the course of the villagers, the feudal lords of the working hands were relieved, and the state of the paid tribute. The state was robbed of everything possible, so that you could keep your hands behind the feudal lords. Since 1581, in the territory of the land, reserve fate has been introduced, since the villagers who have been hardened by the time pass from the feudal lord to the feudal lord in Yur'ev in the day. Tsei zashid widened not only to the villagers of Vlasnytsia, ala and to the sovereign ones (chornososhnu, palatsovyh), but also to the townspeople.
Expanded architecture will ring with the introduction of "zapovednyh rock" - an hour, if the villagers are fenced off from their masters. It is possible, such a decree of visions by Ivan the Terrible in 1581. However, the regime of "zapovednye rokiv" was introduced not all at once or skrіz.
Introduced to the regime of "western rock" has been done in a step-by-step manner in the new parts of the state and, the first for everything, is tied to the folds of the Book of Books (from 1581 to the Chinese capital), which described the state fund of lands, as long as it was found. It is characteristic that one can see the reigns of the princely estates (Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Shuisky and Rostov) before the hour of the ruling of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, they did not bully with descriptions.
Tse indicated about the pragmatic uryad to put in order the fund of sovereign lands and by themselves to get out of the state crisis. Recorded in the Scripture books taxes for the house and the courtyard must be saved, first for everything, so as not to allow a change in income in the household. Tell him about “ reserve lita»Appeared immediately after the folding of the Scripture books. However, in the forgiveness, the regime of "zapovednye rock" ceased to provide for cob purposes - to prevent the desolation of the state fund of lands and the development of the financial system.
As a result of the attachment of the villagers to the ground, the nobility evaluated it and began to domination from the tsar of the continued practice of time-consuming "no need". Surrounding the village vikhid, the state was withering away with a singing problem. They switched to the "zapovidnі lіta" until the last lords of the villagers already faced the experience of the pilgrims for the hour and to re-create in the permanent paid taxes. Turning such villagers back to the old vlarsniks would be in the region unwittingly.
The first time the terms are rostered in the boules with the help of the border. So the decree of 1597 appeared on the fate of “ urochni lita" With such a rank, go in, direct to the fortress of the villagers, Mali on the basis of a financial crisis. Meta tsya reached, from one side, by way of changing the material encampment of the head support of the autocracy - the nobility, and from the other - by way of securing the endless harvests of the peasants.
Three-star hunger, experienced by Russia on the cob of the 17th century, majestic inheritance, enhancing and without that crisis in the Russian camp, for the peasant was never given the opportunity to shukati the way out of the dead. Before the denunciations of the mass hunger and the ruin of the village, the unit of the new Tsar Boris Godunov sent out the news of Yuriy day. However, the decree of the villagers poking around are not of all categories of landowners and not in the current state.
In the Moscow district, the village's crossover cannot be revisited, even if the villagers in jokes were demolishing the hungry deaths in Moscow, the district again saw the decree about the renewal of the Yur'ev day (1602), having included in the past the day of Moscow. In such a rank, in the minds of ruinuvannya Silski population The state whispered support in the most economically strong feudal lords, who prodovuvali to serve and pay tribute.
The feudal lords of Mali have the material opportunity to take over the villagers and pressure them real help... However, the state did not, at will, deprive other landowners. The reception of the peasants by the great landowners of the boulevards is strictly enclosed - no more than 1-2 people for one mattu. Protest, the famine in the village and the order went down in the order of the growing social pressures. Dribnі landlords, for those who lost to navіlkoh peasants meant rozorennya, became the force of pereshkodzhati rural settlement.
Anyone who came to Boris Godunov's ranks could not muffle social damage. The main mass of the nobility was more keen on the policy of weakening the peasant fallowing. In 1603, the order about the renewal of Yur'ev did not last a day. In the bag of the politician Boris Godunov, not only did the encampment of the poverty-stricken peasantry linger, but he made it hard in the middle of the panic class. The toothing and the loss of freedom by the peasantry, the dissatisfaction of the nobility became some of the reasons for the conflict, such as in the case of a Russian suspension on the ear of the 17th century. The development of the state system of the law called for a sharp sharpening of the social super-speeches in the land and the village.
Zakrypachennya peasants in the end of the XVI century drove into the rebellion on the cob of the XVII century. A lot of rosy people are ready to be called out to fight for ruined freedom. 3. Dynastic crisis. Convergence to the throne of Boris Godunov Boris Godunov (1598-1605), converted to the kingdom by the Zemsky Cathedral of a thousand five hundred and ninety years, becoming a monoaxial ruler of the state for the life of the ailing and politically undisciplined Fyodor Ivanovich.
Boris Godunov, having promoted the policy of consolidated autocracy and change of the state, was based on the change of position of the nobility and weakened feudal nobility. He successfully defended the noble boyars, unhappy with the new tsar - "viskochkoyu"
One hour, the tribute to the privileges of the great svitsky and church feudal lords (for example, the so-called Tarkhani) will be lifted. for change bloodshot B. Godunov increased the number of shooters and service people. Try to put things in order at the finances (revision of the belongings), in the municipal administration, and the administrative evil success is not mali. In 1589 r, a patriarchy was introduced in Moscow, which promoted the international authority of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Having become the first patriarch, Lyudin is close to Godunov. Boris Godunov kіlka zmіtsniv international camp of the land. Pislya vіyni zі shvetsієyu 1590 r The boules were turned by the earth in the girls of the Neva, ruined by the Russian letter of Livonskoy vіyny. In 1592 r buv images of the nabig of the Krymsk khan Kazi-Girey. At 1600 r being the same tsar, Boris Godunov took the armistice from Poland for 20 years. However, its position in the middle of the country has become German.
The nobility relied heavily on the firmness of the autocracy, pragmatic to great power. At 1591 r in Uglich, the Tsarevich Dmitro was killed. Comisia of Prince V.I. Shuisky was officially naked, but Dmitro had lost the hour of an epileptic attack. However, the people were sensitive to the fact that Dmitro was killed by Godunov's people, the deyakі stverdzhuvali, that the prince was vryatuvatisya into the distance, and the knocked in the buv was not guilty. Fear in the minds of a legitimate dynasty after the death of Tsar Fedor paused to save and expand its role in the governing power, which caused the vicious displeasure of the popular masses by the way, sending him against the "wretched" Tsar B.F. Godunov.
At his house Godunov spent his time coming in for the weakening of dissatisfaction. In 1598, the winners did not get enough money for tributes and tributes, giving deyakі privileges to serve and townspeople people at the state duties. Ale still couldn’t take the ghost of superfluous things. I without that important camp of the population was consumed by famine 1601-1603 rr. In the atmosphere of the chaos of hungry rockyv Godunov got mad not to admit the people's whistle.
Winning the border price for bread, in the fall of 1601 r allowing the peasants to cross, giving away bread from the sovereign comoros, having made reprisals on the rogue right and allowing these slaves as their gentlemen, they couldn’t. However, come in to success. U 1603-1604 rr. the rebellion of serfs fell asleep from the servant of the Bavovnia, which hunted all Pidmoskov. The insurrectionary bulo is strangled. Godunov's order would come in for the development of industry and trade, giving food to earth merchants, asking the land of well-known landowners for help and information about the safety of food.
Forward, a number of young noblemen have been sent for the navchannya beyond the cordon. Godunov's praise began before the split with the civilized Sunset. Under Boris, in Moscow, they began to widen their old names. The policy of colonization of Siberia, the Middle Volga region and the new regions of the land was actively pursued, as well as the new regions - Tyumen, Tobolsk, Surgut, Urzhum, Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsin and іn. Wide expansion of church and church life - vidminna of rice state power B. Godunov.
Boris Godunov pragnuv to know the outcome of the state crisis on the roads of the frivolous zakrypachennya villagers. Mozhlvo, in the minds of the post-crisis crisis - the neglect of the central provinces - the tse buv one way to get the state-owned rozorennya of the country. The specialty of Boris Godunov is treated ambiguously in historical literature.
Yaksho historians N.M. Karamzin і N. I. Kostomarov painted Godunov as an immoral intrigan, then S.F. Platonov characterized him positively. Winning Godunov as a talented political action, who didn’t spare the role of a pacifier of the power of deprivation due to the significance of the situation. V.O. Klyuchevskiy, by the way, when he heard Godunov’s goodness, at the same hour he cracked his uncompromising self-love, slyness and negative feelings, as they did not allow him to become an authoritative ruler. 4.
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Great Troubles (Russia for example, XVI century)
In Russia, this was of a transitional nature, since the rickety system of government of the monarchy and the institute is going through a breakdown, but from the other .. In the history of the winters, we have gone by the name of the Time of Troubles. However, the Troubled Hours - tse .. There is a lot of reason for the experience of our state at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. typical for Russia this year ..
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Having taken down the throne after the death of Ivan the Terrible, Tsar Fedir Ivanovich (reigned in 1584-98) Buv sick and bewildered. Sered the throne of the palaces was lost, the struggle for power was raised by the state government. Nezabarom, who saw the princes of Shuisky and F.I. Mstislavsky, I will play a role in the court, becoming the gratitude of the king's brother-in-law - boyar Boris Fedorovich Godunov (brother of Tsaritsa Irini). W mid-1580s. Godunov became the de facto ruler of the state. Tsar Fedir Ivanovich did not overshadow the decline (one daughter died in dynasty), his younger brother Dmitro Ivanovich, who was left straight from the backward throne, went to Uglich in 1591. (For the official version, mortally wounded himself with a knife before an hour of an epileptic attack).
U 1598r. The Zemsky Cathedral took over as Tsar Boris Godunov (reigned until 1605). U 1580-90-i pp. in the country, having thought of an economical pidyom, I would like the inheritance of the oprichnina and the Lvivs not to come until the end of the podolan. Stabilized international camp of Russia. As a result of the Russian-Swedish war of 1590-93, which ended in the Tyavzinsky svit of 1595 rubles, Russia turned part of the lands that were consumed in the course of the Livonian war (including Ch. Mista Yam, Kopor, Gorishok). In 1601 r, the armistice with Rich Pospolita was promoted for 20 years. Active trade with England, Holland, Persia. We are tired of Russian positions in the Pivnichny Caucasus. Continuing the development of Siberia, the fortunes of the fort will be built: Surgut (1594r.), Verkhoturu (1598r.), Mangazeya (1601g.), Tomsk (1604r.) Ta in.; Promises and trade developed. Voronezh (1586), Bilgorod (1593), Valuyki (1593), Tsarov-Borisov (1599) іn.
The Church and the community of kam'yan were awakened to the great rosmach: they were prompted by the kam'yan fortets in Smolensk, Astrakhan, Kazan. Moscow has built Bile Misto and Earthly Misto, architectural complexes in the Kremlin, a royal residence in the village. Veliky Vyazemi (before Moscow). For robots in Russia, Inozemts were requested (oreznattsi, godinnikars, likars, pharmacies and in.). Noble children were sent for the vivchennya of sciences for the cordon. At the same time, in the last quarter of the XVI century. seen important changes v sovereign devices Russia, straightened in general for the improvement of the autocratic power, strengthened the role and in the moment of the mandate bureaucracy, strengthened the fortunes of the villagers and the townspeople, improved the tax oppression. Zakrypilosya privatelyovane camp of the Moscow nobility and nobles, who served on the Moscow list (in opposition to the nobility, which served "in the place"). U 1580-i pp. after conducting the land census, seeing the decree about the fence of the village's exit on Yur'ev day (1592/93), the 5th term of the shvidkikh (1597); in the same way, the enslaved lackeys let go of the Wikupu's right to freedom, and so on. "Vilna lackeys" are brutalized in bonded. Near the townships there are "townspeople budovs" (the turnover of the townspeople, the privatization of privatnovlasnytsky settlements). Inspired by the economic development of interruptions by the terrible famine of 1601-1603,
The atmosphere of the out-of-town dissatisfaction, as well as the dynastic crisis (the affliction of the Rurik dynasty), created a friendly soil for the appearance of impostors, as they appeared under the names of Ivan the Terrible. The time period was called the Time of Troubles by the partners. At 1603. in the central districts of the country, they drove the villagers and serfs to the village of the village. If you want an insurrection, it’s stifled, the internal political situation in the land was not stable. In 1604, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the boundary between the Muscovite powers, he destroyed the impostor - False Dmitry I, who saw himself as Tsarevich Dmitry, who was bent in Uglich (ruled in 1605-06). Yogo vlada was recognized as a place of the Siverskoy land (the territory of Novgorod-Siversky), the Komaritskaya volost and the Krom volost. Before birch 1605. "Polish Mista" swore allegiance to him Voronezh, Bulgorod, Alets, Kursk and іn. After the death of Boris Godunov (April 13, 1605), a significant part of the fortune of Krom the Tsar's Vijska went over to the side of False Dmitry I. The army was brought down to Moscow, de 1 worm, a coup was put on the curse of the impostor: Fedir Godunov and his mother, Tsaritsa Marya Grigorivna, were taken from the war, and she was killed without a bar, and the impostor was banned in the Kremlin. Praise the Polish king, False Dmitry I renamed the Boyar Duma into the Senate, and introduced changes in the palace ceremonies. An impostor, having emptied his belongings with vitrates on the polish and Nimetskoy varti, on the gift of the Polish king; in the backyard, there was a wikklikal of her friend with the Catholic Marina Mnishek. At the middle of the boyar noblemen, they have ripened. 17 May 1606 r pid hour of the insurrection of the townspeople against the Poles, False Dmitry I was killed.
Prince Vasil Ivanovich Shuisky became the king (ruled in 1606-10). Visunutiy with a high stake of courtiers, the new tsar did not repent of popularity among the people. Expanded a little bit about the "pryatunok" False Dmitry I called to the mass roach against Shuisky before extinguished turning to the throne of "the true Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich." Insurrection, yake ocholiv І. І. Bolotnikov, was hunted by the majestic territory (Komaritskaya volost, Ryazan land, Volga region), the Bagatothian army of insurgents, in the warehouses that were known to be driven by Cossacks, serfs, townspeople, villagers, other people of the past. overlaid Moscow. The flight of decilkoh battles from the tsarist Vyysk bogs entered Tula and the trip of the three thousandth region (grass - spring 1607). However, already on the cob 1608r. a new impostor appeared in the Severskoy Land - False Dmitry II, before the warrant, all those who were not satisfied with the district of Vasyl Shuysky began to get involved. On the territory of the weakened interjudicial war Russia, they ruined the corral of Polish gentry and Zaporizka Cossacks. At chervna 1608r. Vіysko False Dmitry II went to Moscow. At the camp in the village of Tushino, a "villainous" Boyarska Duma was approved, order, from the name of "Tsar Dmitri", rites and earths were scrapped. To fight the impostor, Vasyl Shuyskiy uklav agreed with the Swedes, for the recruitment of an earthly Viyiska, Russia agreed to Ladoga and Korel. At Veresna 1609 the Polish king Sigizmund III invaded Russia and laid siege to Smolensk. U travі 1610 Polish army on the cholі with the hetman S. Zholkevsky she brought down to Moscow and in the battle with. Klushino defeated Vasil Shuisky's v_ysko. Moscow has 17 years of 1610 boyars and noblemen, taken by a part of the population of the mayor of the capital, escaped to the palace and craved the king to see the throne. Vasyl Shuyskiy bove tonsured at Chentsi, and the participants of the serpent swore an oath "to vibrate the sovereign of all earth."
Vlada moved to the Timchavoy boyarsky district on the choli z prince F.I. Mstislavsky - t. Sound. Sambirshchyna. 17 serpnya 1610 r new uryad sent with the hetman Zholkevsky a contract about defrauding the Polish prince Vladislav to the Russian throne and letting the Polish garnizon to the capital. The Swedes seized Pskov and Novgorod without a bargain. The actions of the boyars' uryad were raised in the country as an act of health and served as a signal to the unification of patriotic forces before extinguishing foreign zagarbniks and defrauding the sovereign "by the will of all the earth." Serving the nobility stood at the top of the ruch, and the upper ranks of a number of places. Bully svereni Pershe militia (1611 r), another militia under the leadership of the Nizhny Novgorod merchant people K.M. Minin and prince D.M. Pozharsky (1611-1612 r). The other militia, pidtriman patriotically nestled in the populations, was in Moscow. Zemsky Cathedral in 1613 crowned Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (reigned in 1613-45) by the Tsar; ...
At the end of the Hour of Troubles, the international encampment of Russia will be foldable. For the Stolbovsky svit 1617 r, Sweden turned Russia Novgorod and Novgorod the land, having overshadowed the Izhora land z r. Neva and a gateway to the Finska inflow. For the Deulinsky truce of 1618 to the Commonwealth, the Smolensk land went.
The majestic hack of the land was inflicted by the robbery nabigs of the Crimean Tatars. For the 1st half of the XVII century. Crimean Tatars the bullet was taken in full and sold on non-commercial markets in Istanbul not less than 200 yew. Russian people. gospodarske rozorennya Russian state on the cob XVII art. the threatening scale has collapsed. Bully cast down the majestic array of cultural lands. Some people suffered from a certain world, roztashovani in the west and the first day from Moscow, in the mensh - for the first time from it. Over the next few years, the desolation of ornicholas has gone up to 60%. Come in a row (a list and a patrol of sporozhnye areas, rozshuk and a turn on a number of places of residence in and out.) I started to replenish my belongings with a stretch of 5 rocky choric times (until 1619). It was "p'yata grish" or five (a part of the crumbling lane of draft population), and also "nourished pennies" from the clergy and serving people. Bully housed all the pilgrims of the land on the basis of payment of taxes, privatized private houses, t. N. bili, settlements. In 1619, in order to organize the collection of taxes, the folding of new Scribe's books and sentinel books were replenished. At 1637. The visions of a decree on the improvement of the term for up to 9 rockets for those who are, and in 1642 up to 10 times for those and 15 times for the villagers.
During the reign of tsars Mikhail Fedorovich and Oleksiy Mikhailovich (reigned in 1645-1676), the order of the Boyar Duma was "close" or "taєmna duma", which was made up of the former people requested by the tsar. U 1619-33. patriarch Filaret, the father of the king, was the actual ruler of the land. In the 1st half of the XVII century. prodovzhuvala the role of the mandated bureaucracy - dads and children. In the hands of the voivod zooseredzhuvala all vіyskova, ships and financial vlada in the places. In the beginning of the XVI - the ear of the XVII century. the role of the nobility grew. Vіyskovі consumed vimagali polіpshennya camp of service people, with the help of the uryad carried out a massive distribution in the mat of the black (sovereign) lands.
Intensively populated territories for the first day in the Bilgorodskoy rice, as well as in the Middle Volga region and Siberia. The Yenisei fort was built in 1619, in 1628. - Krasnoyarsk, in 1631r. - Bratsky, in 1632r. -Yakutsk. At 1639. Russian land makers reached the Uzbek Sea of Okhotsk.
At the end of the period, the legal registration of the fundamental law has been completed, and the process of concentration of other monastic markets in the United All-Russian market has been completed. U 1620-30-i pp. in Russia there was a reproduction and trade. The guests and members of the Western Hundreds were attracted by the Posad tax. For the end of the order of traders, people conducted state trade, ruled the mitts and shinoks. An important statute of the nadkhodzhen of the households before the sovereign belongings was the monopoly of the tsars and the tsar's monopoly on trade in hlib, khutrom, middyu and іn.
Until the middle of the XVII century. Silskoe statehood and craft were discussed in the legacy of the Hour of Troubles. There was a revival and a rise in the ring, which led to a massive re-implementation of the local craft in other commodity products, a change in specialization of the city was adopted, and the development of merchants and nobles began to grow. The first manufactories have appeared: in the river transport and salt production, as well as in the distillery, shkіryanoy (yuft production), rope-spinning and metal-working galuses. Moscow has pratsyuvali Garmatniy, Monetniy, Drukovaniy, Oksamitovy dvor, Zbroyn, Hamovniy chambers and ін. For the leadership of the state, there were the first metallurgical and sklyan backwaters. On the business day of enterprises, the call was made by the foreign merchants (A.D. Vinius, P.G. Marselis and I.). The sounds of other musical markets were changed, and the All-Russian market was formed. The number of local and rural trades, marketplaces and fairs has increased. bidding in most places(Moscow, Yaroslavl і іn.), Makarievskaya Fair (near Nizhny Novgorod) added zalnorosіyske meaning. The capital of the state, Moscow, became the center of the All-Russian market. In the development of commodity exchange with Ukraine, an important role was played by Svenskaya Yarmarka (near Bryansk), from the Don - Lebedyanskiy (ninth territory of the Lipetsk region), and from Sibir - Irbitska (ninth territory of the Sverdlovsk region). The internal business of trade (hlib, silly, etc.) has become one of the main forms of merchant capitals. However, as і earlier, the head dzherelom їkh approval was the call of trade. Sea trade with countries Western Europe traveled through the single seaport - Arkhangelsk (on the White Sea), on a part of which brought 3/4 of the country's trade turnover. Western European comrades were delivered to Russia by dry route through Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk. By the head rescuers of the imported goods (supplied by the head rank of promislovi virobi - zbroya, cloth, papir, tin, items of rosome, too.) From the Asian lands of trade, they traded through Astrakhan, de order with the Russian merchants, they traded with the Russian merchants; Russian merchants supplied vichiznyany comrades, the main rank of sirovin - hemp, lion, yukhta, potash, shkiri, bacon, linen, khutro. The name of trade in Russia may have been more often passed in the hands of foreign merchants, who did not operate only in Arkhangelsk, but in some places of the country and in such a rank they penetrated the internal market. The dominance of the foreign trade capital on the internal market was vicious among the Russian merchants of the state hotel of dissatisfaction. At the Zemsky Cathedrals of the 1630s-40s rr. the food was received about the sale of the trade to the earth merchants only in the subcordon towns.
At least 96% of the population lived near the village, it was a natural patriarchal statehood that was not less than a zemlerobske one. Zbіlshennya obsyagiv virobnitstva silskogospodarskoy products reached the top rank for the development of new lands in the central and especially the outskirts of the regions (new developments in Russia, the Middle Volga region, Priurallya, Siberia). Zrostannya will drink for bread, as well as for lion and hemp, especially for export, with a significant increase in the sale of agricultural products. In the 2nd half of the XVII century. We started forming districts, which robbed the commodity hlib, as well as specializing in commodity cattle farming: Middle Volga region, Chornozemny center. There were also districts, which were used for living: Pivnichne Pomor'ya, Lower Volga region, territory of Viysk Donskoy and Sibir. Before the commodity-penny wins, they began to act in favor of the palaces and the patron saints of the state. The industry, as well as earlier, developed over the course of the development of industrial and commercial production and loss on the basis of galuze specialization in the industry. The centers for the preparation of canvases for sale on the internal market and beyond the cordon steel are Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vologda. Shkiryan vyrobnitstvo has been established in Yaroslavl, Vologda, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod and Kaluzy. Tula-Serpukhovskaya boulevards, Tikhvinsky and Ustyuzhne-Zheleznopolskaya districts are the centers of the living spaces. The main areas of the salty-bui are Pomor'ya boules (Sil Galitska, Sil Kamska, Sil Vichegodskaya), Stara Russa on Zakhodi and Balakhna in the Middle Volga region. In the XVII - the ear of the XVII century. The concentration of remnants and industrial goods in the old towns has been increased, and the new center of industry in the European part has been recognized (Simbersk, 1648r., that inn.).
The posadski people were attracted by the lіkvіdatsіі "bіlikh" slobіd, who owed the feudal lords in the form of great tributes (up to 1649-52 rr.), monasteries), protested against the oppressive oppression, and, not at once, with the shooters and the people who served "according to the law," rose up against the sway of power. Zrostannya takings, empowerment of exploitation of the townspeople wikkali Solyany revolt 1648 r Novgorod insurrection 1650 Pskov insurrection 1650 r.; in 1648-50 rr. The insurrection also took place at the places of Pivdnya (Kozlov, Kursk, Voronezh and іn.), Pomor'ya (Veliky Ustyug, Sil Vichegodskaya), Priurallya and Sibir.
By the order of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich folding the stars of laws, T.N. The landlords denied the right to order the power and specialty of the peasant. Completion of the formalization of the state system and the state law in Russia. In the 1st half of the XVII century. respected factual, and in the last four of the XVII century. and is legally sanctioned for the sale of villagers without land. U 1649-52 rr. bully is registered in the settlement "bili" of the settlement and the fence was secured for the self-imposed transfer of the townspeople from one place to the other, and it was also fenced in "pledging", that is, to enter into a special field of importance of these feudal parts. The trade of the bully was stripped by the privilege of the townspeople, the villagers were fenced off by the mother of the shop in the towns. In 1652 r Bula, a state monopoly was established on the trade in blended wine (gorilkoyu). By the Trade Statute of 1653, the uryad was unified in the mitt of the opodatkuvannya, having lost a lot of other countries, made it difficult to develop the inter-business trade; in 1667 a new trade statute was adopted, which fence the foreign trade at the internal cities of Russia.
However, the state of the main mass of lands and villagers in the hands of the church and the feudal lords intervened the power of the growing income of the state. Naybіlsh important tyagar of tribute hit on altogether innumerable vernaculars of the population - on the townspeople and especially the villagers of Siberia and the winter regions of European Russia. In the 1670s, rr. the stench paid taxes from the court approximately 2-3 times more, not monastic villagers, and 4-6 times more, not farmers. Chee is no easier than the position of private villagers, comrade K. Growing up their payments and obligations for the criminality of their feudal rulers. The folding processes of social and economic development and strengthening of feudal oppression led to the sharpening of social superpowers. A massive character was taken by the peasants and townspeople in the paved areas (the number of cossacks was increasing), in the Urals and Siberia. The migration of a significant number of villagers and remissniks in the central districts and the land has been actively developing the development of rural areas. Sturbed by the masses among the peasants and the shortage of working hands, the priests vimagali in the order of enhancing the rule of law. З 1650-х рр. for the napolyagannya of the nobility, the bully opened the committee for rozshuku vіkachіv. Trivializing the growth of the private feudal-kriposnitsky state, the head of the rank for the rakhunok mass transition (distribution) at the volodinnya feudal lords-krіposnikіv sovereign and palace lands and lived on the cich lands of the villagers. Until the 1670th pp. close to 80% by paying the tribute of the populace vyavilsya power of the king, boyars, nobles, monasteries and other church feudal lords.
In the region new policy They were scared to the end of the superpowers from Rich Pospolita, Switzerland and the Ottoman Empire. Try to turn the land, flooded by the Rich Pospolita, the bullet was destroyed before the hour of the Smolensk War 1632-34 rr. Disregarding the success in cob period, Viyna ended in failure. The Russian army from Smolensk, having spent some time in the room, capitulated. For Polyanovsky svit 1634r. The Poles turned Russia tilka Serpeysk on the occasion of the visit of the Russian Uryad about the Vidmov Vladislav IV from the House of Man to the Russian throne. For the representation of Tatar nabigivs from Pivday to the end of the 1640s. the end of the Bulgorod rice - system of defense sporud. At 1637. Don Cossacks seized the Turkish fortress of Azov and volodilia with it for 5 years (the so-called Azovske Sydinnya), showing the region of Turkish-Tatar vіysk. However, the uryad didn’t get rid of the Cossacks, they were afraid of the confrontation with the Ottoman Empire.
At 1647. in the Ukraine, as it passed under the rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the insurrection fell out, as it outgrew at Vizvolna vіynu 1648-54gg. Vіysko Zaporіzky Cossacks under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, a number of victories over Polish Vіyski (battles at Zhovtykh Waters and Korsun at the grass in 1648 r at Pilyavets at Veresna 1648 r Zborov 5 sickle 1649). The struggle included not only cossacks, but a wide range of Silsky and Mysky populations. On the cob itself visually Khmelnytsky has developed a lot of zvertavsya up to the Russian uryad in order to accept Ukraine in Russian citizenship. The situation in Russia did not welcome the prospect - the country was not ready until the end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as I thought it would be worthwhile to write about the news of Ukraine's transfer from Russia. Lyshe 1 Zhovtnya 1653 Zemsky Cathedral near Moscow accepted the decision about the acceptance of Ukraine in Russian culture. An embassy has been sent to Ukraine on behalf of the boyar Buturlin. On the 8th of June 1654, representatives of the Zaporizkiy Viyisk, who took part in the parliament in Pereyaslav, swore allegiance to Russia.
Entry of Ukraine to the warehouse of Russia caused the war from Rich Pospolita. At the first stage, the events were carried out successfully for Russia. In 1654, the Russian people of Russia became home to Smolensk and 33 cities of the Great Bylorus, including Polotsk, Vitebsk, and Mogilev. Acceding to the weakness of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, during 1655 r Swedish King Charles X invaded Poland from Pivnichi and seized a large part of the territory, including Warsaw. The Russian uryad has investigated, the capture of the Swedish Polish lands to change the position in the Baltic states and to accelerate the struggle of Russia for the withdrawal to Baltic Sea... On 24 October 1656 Russia broke the armistice with Rich Pospolita. Until the end of the hour, Russia had already passed in the station of the train. Russian vіyska ovolodili Derptі, Kokenhausen, Dinaburg, Marienburg and went to Riga. Ale of Riga's log was unsuccessful. With a stretch of two rockets, since Russia was leading the way to Sweden, Rich Pospolita, having removed the re-fixes, renewed the actions against Russia. One hour to wage war against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, Russia didn’t have a fortune on the 20th of 1658, in Valiesar, the armistice of Switzerland was turned into 3 rockets. At 1660 r, Switzerland made peace with Ricch Pospolita, and Russia was impressed by the Kardis light (worm of 1661). Renovation of the war with the Rich Pospolita nabula of a protracted nature and ended with the signing of the Andrusiv armistice in 1667 r, after which Smolensk and Chernigivske voivodship were issued before Russia. Changed to the Russian biker of the hetman of the Right-Bank Ukraine P. Doroshenko wikipedia in the Ottoman Empire (1676-81), Yaka also claimed the territory of Ukraine. Russian-Ukrainian Viyisko, healthy in 1677-78 rr. a number of victories over a numerically overwhelming enemy and showing strength during the defense of Chigirin, stopped the expansion of the Ottoman Empire's thoughts. 13 June 1681 in Bakhchisara, there will be signed agreements, which have established a 20th-century truce. In the course of the movement of the bulwark, the third defense line, 400 miles long, was opened behind the rakhunka - Iziumska, which sent the message to Slobids Ukraine. Russian-Turkish vijna and invasion of Turkish viysk in central Europe(1683) was given a regulation of the common world between Russia and the Rich Pospolita ("Vichnyi mir" 1686). Russia joined the anti-Turkish coalition (Austria, Rich Pospolita, Venezia). However, the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689, when they lived in Russia, because of their stubborn stings before the allied powers, did not bring any success to Russia, which became one of the reasons for the fall of the order of Tsar Sophia. Struggle against the Ottoman Empire and the Krimsky Khanate by continuing to advance Peter I.
At the same situation, he prodded the state mode (the first for all the autocratic dominion of the tsar), step by step heightened the character of the absolute monarchy. The successes of absolutism in Russia were taken away from the weakening of the positions of the boyar aristocracy and the church, the strengthening of the small nobility, the growing significance of places in the economic life of the country. The formation of absolutism was supervised by the administrative institutions that were characteristic of the monarchy of the country. From the middle of the XVII century. the activity of the Zemsky Cathedrals by the head of the governor. Zemsky Cathedral in 1653, which, having adopted the decree about the establishment of Ukraine from Russia, will become entangled with the remains of the cathedral in the main warehouse. A series of transitions to the practice of asking for a deprivation of representatives of the stanis, in the Duma of some kind of bulo zatsіkavlene (for example, together with traffickers in conjunction with a financial crisis, victorious payments of middling pennies). On the so-called "cathedral act", which was confirmed in 1682 by the church, there were two churches in attendance - Boyarska Duma and Consecration Cathedral. The meaning of the Boyarsky Dumi, the warehouse of which has replenished with unborn members, has just fallen into place. In the district of the 1960s-70s, pp. I play the role of a grail, and they hang out to their own special qualities, who are ignorant of the hikers A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin, A.S. Matvev. In 1653 r, 89% of the number of members of the Boyarsky Dumi fell on the part of the boyars and the okolnichy, in 1700 r the pitoma of the vaga їkh dropped to 71%. The number of Boyars' thoughts changed. Yaksho in 1638 the Duma included 35 members, then in 1700-94 rr .. The Duma was reimagined on ineffectively large-scale installation. Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich himself opened the room at the new state, and Yogo Sin Fedir Oleksiyovich - the Dispatch chamber, which was stored from the university's stake, in front of the negotiated food, how to wine for the late Boyar's mind. Quite a few changes were introduced to the order system.
In the history of the XVII century. vvazhaєt hour її rozkvіtu. Throughout the century, there were 80 orders in total, from which until the end of the capital more than 40 were saved. In the world, appear to consume in the management of new galuzy the sovereign statehood (the establishment of the regiments of the Earth's mode, the assignment of Ukraine and the Smolensk land, etc.) Immediately in the structure of the skin of them, the number and flow of unborn people grew. Yaksho in 1640 the order of people meant all 837 people, then in 1690. It has become 2739. The number of mandated servants is aware of the advancement of the roles of officials in the governing power. More important innovations were made to establish such installations, such as the mandate of the Taєmnyh righteousness and the Lichilny mandate. The order of the Taєmniks was right to have control over the activity of those orders, looking to apply for the name of the tsar of chaolobitna, having given him a royal domination. Vіn is known in the unprecedented vision of the tsar and not frowned upon by the Boyars' mind. Rakhunkov's mandate, scribbled in 1650, vikonuvav control functions in the financial halls. The changes in the organization of mass management also reflected the tendency to centralization and fall of the vibrational ear. Vlada in the provinces, which was close to 250, was transferred in the hands of the military commander, who replaced all the townspeople of the Zemsky Viborn organs: city orders, ships and log heads, lip chiefs and others. Number of people the apparatus of the military offices (dyaks and children) until the end of the century was approaching 2 yew. cholovik.
Seriously the transition to the path of the transition to absolutism was the opening of the church. Ideas of Patriarch Nikon about the overtaking of the spiritual power over the Holy Church, as and when you tried to admit them to the great power, such as Father Patriarch Filaret, father of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, led to a hospitable conflagration with Tsar Oleksych ... Still, according to the Cathedral structure in 1649, the uryad surrounded the growth of the church land, having erected a fence on the land contribution to the monastery.
Gostrota of social problems led to the 2nd half of the XVII century. to the numerical and versatile manifestations of popular dissatisfaction. Masovim vistup posad lows of Moscow buv midniy revolt 1662 r viklikaniyu financial crisis in the period Russian-Polish wine 1654-67 pp. In the 2nd half of the 1660s pp. On the Don, great people resigned (the abduction of Vasyl Us to Tula in 1666 and the Caspian trip of S.T. insurgent forces - Don Cossacks and shooters of the Lower Volga towns. Along with the Russian villagers and the townspeople, the peoples of the Volga region joined the struggle. The insurrection was amazed by the majestic territory of the Holy Day and the Great Departure of the European part of the land, ale bulo zhorstoko strangled by the uryad.
Social protection was seen in the sphere of suspension with light. As a taste of the rospecified "secularization" of the spiritual life of the suspension, becoming a rozkol in the Russian Orthodox Church. The Unification of Divine Services Books and the Reform of Church Rituals, met by Patriarch Nikon for the support of the tsarist government, created the fixes of "old-time piety". The protest of the well-known people in the spheres of the suspension: the peasantry, the townspeople's lower ranks, the shooters, the part of the white and black clergy, as well as the court nobility. Idea of the positions of the boules are very conservative. For the addicts of the "old virgin", they were characterized by the transcription of the "light" - the kingdom of the Antichrist, eschatological attitudes, strict asceticism. Opponents of the reform bully issued anathemas at the councils of 1666-67. і yielded to reprisals from the side of the official church and svіtsky authorities. Recklessly from the pereslivan, the henchmen of the old virus flew to Pivnich, in the Volga region, Siberia, in protest they spared themselves with live bait (in 1675-95. Bagato the captains of the "old virgin" took the fate of the insurrection along the line of Razin, the Solovetsky insurrection, the insurrection of K. F. Bulavin.
Nedovge rule of Tsar Fyodor Oleksiyovych (1676-82 pp.) Trying to carry out reforms, directing to the farther the improvement of absolutism (the introduction of a subsidiary support in 1679 r, the lowering of the ministry in 1682, the centralization of the apparatus, etc.), Having quickened the Moscow insurgencies of 1682 ("Khovanshchina"), having slept away from the death of the tsar, Tsar Sophia Oleksiyivna (ruled in 1682-89) came to power, Officially voted by the governor under the tsars Ivan and the young Peter - brothers. Sophia's order was ruined by the small actions of the posads and weakened the rozshuk vіkachiv, as the dissatisfaction of the nobles wicked. In 1689 r, as a result of the imprisonment of two courtiers, the ugroup of Sophia and the favorite of V.V.
Until the end of the 17th century. before the warehouse of Russia included Livoberezhna Ukraine, the territory of the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia. Entry of Ukraine to the warehouse of Russia amused the Ukrainian people from the ruinous Turkish-Tatar invasions and national-religious rot on the side of the gentry of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Catholic Church. The villagers and the Cossacks, reclaiming the land in the Volga region, in the Urals and in Siberia, brought with them a wealth of information about farming and industry, new knowledge of practice; At the same time, the economic and social development of the Siberian districts was accelerated, which were transferred at the time of arrival to Russia at a lower level. The first positive transfer of the entry of the peoples of Siberia to the warehouse of the Russian state, in the presence of those who have taken the creeps and the fighting against all over the middle ethnic groups, as well as among the other peoples, are free of their economical resources.
In the Russian culture of the 17th century. quilted rice and the transition from the middle until the new hour. The main specialty the culture of the whole period fell in the intensified process of secularization, that is, the sound of the church inflow. Literacy has penetrated widely into the middle of the townspeople: in the capital of the city, another or a third city dweller is able to read and write. In 1665 r at the Zaikonospassky Monastery in Moscow, a school was opened, as it prepared clerks for service in orders. At the doyakyh localities, there were paraphilia schools, and the Muscovites, residents of China-place, were retired in 1667. called the display "gimnasion". At the school at the drukovan courtyard, opened in 1680, there were a lot of people. In 1687 the Slovene-Greek-Latin academy was established in Moscow. Developing new territories of Pivnichno-Shidnoy Asia and Distant Descent, the Russian people were breaking new geographic view in Siberia (S. I. Dezhnev, V. D. Poyarkov, Є. P. Khabarov and I.). Expansion of trade and diplomatic links foreign lands(For example, describe to China N. G. spafarії). The accumulated knowledge of medicine, astronomy, mathematics, physics and chemistry was just a step forward. Literature of the XVII century. bv cob transition from old literature to new.
The seven rooks of military-imperialistic and community-based - brought to the Radianska Russia the same state rozorennya, which the Zhodna of the country did not know when they fought.
Lessons huge wines only one ninth part of the territory of Russia was lost in the hands of the Radianskoy power, and all nine of them were interrupted by one one intervention. The productive forces of the land of the bully pidirvani. For the rock of the community's war, the bulo is zruynovano a great number zaliznychnykh koliy i ponad 7 yew. bridges (including 3.5 thousand zaliznichny bridges). The flooding of industrial enterprises, as of the flooded mines, were counted in hundreds of millions of rubles. For incomprehensible tributes, the loss of the people's statehood of the Country I am glad estimated in tens of billion rubles. Zagalna products Silskoy government in 1920, it was becoming less than half of the pre-war period. And even the pre-war rivn is the price of the buv rivn of the royal Russian village. Bagato province bully ohoplenі neurozhaєm. Nearly 20 million hectares of land have become uninhabited. Selyanske domination was experiencing an important crisis.
Promise also passed in the rozorennya camp. The products of the great industry may be more significant in seven times less than before. Viplavka chavunu for 1921 r became only 116.3 yew. T, t. E. Blizko 3% preєvene virobnitstva chavun. At the end of an hour in Radianskiy Russia, the styles of metal were playing, like in an hour of Peter I. A speedy videobutok of firing. Transport is available to the public. The number of reference steam locomotives and carriages has changed three times more than before the previous hour. The pulls went everywhere and irregularly. From Moscow to Kharkiv їkhali 8-10 dB. It was dark on the streets, so neither gas nor electricity was burning. There were no trams. It was cold at the booths and in the establishments through the opening of the fire. The land did not start out the most common: hlib, fat, firing, swollen, oily, sweet. The productivity of pratsi has decreased. The people of the Radianskaia region were rejected in the decline from the past, not only technically, but not only technically, but not completely rooted to the land.
On the edge of a strained bully and a political situation. Levy 1920-1921 rr. Khliba from the villagers began to come and go even a little. Radyanska vlada got 200 million poods from the villagers until the end of 1920 r. (33.5 million C) grain і approved a small supply of grain. Lack of vіyna, the peasantry has made peace with the frostbite. Ale if the huge fault ended, if the threat of the turnover of the workers passed, and the land was secured in the hands of the peasantry, it didn't want to be more reconciled with the food layout. Before that, the villagers demanded chintz, blotch, tsvyakh, cars and. The stench was vimagali, the state provided them with goods in exchange for khlib. Ale of the factory diali, і radianska vlada at that hour could not supply the villagers with industrial goods.
The situation in the land was accelerated by the difficult demobilization of the army and industry, as before, it was for defense. Dozens and hundreds of thousands of demobilized robots could not immediately know that they were storing their work. A part of the robots went to the village. Working class rozporoshuvsya (declarative). At the enterprises, they used to trim 100 g of bread ration for doba. On the ground, hunger and even in the middle of a part of the workers were dissatisfied.
Tovarish Stalіn so oharakterizuvav encampment Radyanskoї Russie pіslya zakіnchennya gromadyanskoї vіyni "rosora chotirma rokami іmperіalіstichnoї vіyni re rosora troma rokami gromadyanskoї vіyni, Krajina s napіvpismennim population of nizkoyu tehnіkoyu, of okremimi oases promislovostі, yak drowning Sered sea naydrіbnіshih Selyanske Gospodarstwa - axis yaku the land was taken away by us in the decline from the past. The zadannya thought that the country was going to transfer from the middle and temryavi to the racks of the modern industry and the mechanized Sylian statehood "(Art. Tse bula is unhappy with the importance of zavdannya.
Another zag_n number of 30 thousand. On the choli with the emirs Jahan-Shah and Shaikh-Ali, Bahadur rushed through the Kara-Art pass. "Skrіz, the girls knew, drove and robbed." One of the corrals on the cholі with Khudaydad Huseynі and in the largest emirs numbering 20 thousand. Close to the Bulgach tribe. The battle was trivial throughout the day and night. Bulgach bully looted and beaten in the flow, and oboi looted. With a great zdobichchyu zagіn turned into the headquarters of Timur. Most of the trips to the Chol with Timur were straightened out of the Emilya region through Ulug-Kul, and then, with the Mongols, the head of the camp of the military forces until the month of the Zboru - Yulduzu (the rivnina in the inter-world Kunges and Tekes).
By the way, they could have attacked "il and vilayet Bulgach" Nizam ad-Din Shami has been driving, there are a lot of people from the Bulgach Buli tribe. “Having punished Timur, they killed everyone who could be killed, and they robbed them. The indiscriminate wealth has been consumed in the hands of a newcomer. "
The price of the house to add to the above is to produce Shami and Khafiz-i Abru. Having smashed and rocked Bulgach, Timur went to the territory of his own sins and emirs, so that once again the Zagarbnitsa aspired to the territory of the Holy Kazakhstan-Shidny. "Emiru Yadgar, emirzade Sulaiman-Shahu, Giyas ad-Din Tarkhanov, emir Shams ad-Dinu i Toy-Buga-Shaikh, punishing:" Tsya region, yaka bulla was a miser to cross the city. Apparently, before the order, the stinks stayed there, they were busy with the improvement of that land cultivation. " True, Khafiz-i Abru, in the same way, raises Timur's instructions.
“On this territory, I’ll look at those who don’t have enough food (azuki) before the hour of turning,” ) ".
Tobto Timur bringing the conquered territory to the camp of such gospodar rozorennya But the majestic regions, for the passage of their lives, have become absolutely empty and deserted, no longer rozrahovuvav on the fun way to create someone from the small population and get food from them.