Etapi bonіtuvannya ґruntіv. Yakisna soil assessment and methodology

Productive building of land in significant world climatic minds So, as with them, the ripening of soils for their processing is tied, I sowing agricultural crops and growing crops, the triviality of the vegetative period. In addition, for the step up of the inflow factor in the rural regions of the republic, the buv vikoristany is an indicator of bioclimatic potential, the values ​​for the urahuvannyam of the sum of temperatures in the food + 10 ° С and atmospheric waste... Regardless of the values ​​of bioclimatic potential in all regions of the republic, the correction capacities for the climatic minds are insured, as in the process of bonding robots they were repeatedly adjusted.
Naybilsh friendly for the rural community and the climatic minds of the ancient and ancient districts. To that, the correction function for the climate in the cich areas of the road is the same. Right from the beginning of the day for the winter and winter period, we think it’s easy to get lost and there’s a correction factor for the unpleasantness of the classmates who become in the number of districts4.
During the third round of the assessment of land in the republic, there was a need for a continental climate in the lower districts of the republic, in order to rotate in the lesser triviality of the vegetation period. big glybin freezing of soup and loamy runts. The number of days with the temperature of the food is +5 degrees and the depth of freezing gives the opportunity to judge the triviality of the spring and autumn period, as well as the term for the development of winds, which is very important for the development of temperature. The intensity of photosynthesis in dewlins is also closely related to the triviality of the vegetation period and the sum of positive temperatures.

It was established that the shrubs of natural forage significantly reduce their productivity, since it is practically impossible to drive from the Silk Spartan viceroy large areas, as well as the acceleration of the stagnation of the Silk Sportive machines. Moreover, when carrying out land surveys, introduce a correction factor on the steps of the shrubbery. Correction of performance values ​​for decilcoh groups of shrubs (supplement 6c). The shrubbery starts in% of the outside area of ​​the dilyanka. Natural grassy beetles and pastures, which become less than 5%, are practically not used, and an amendment for bushes is not introduced when the soil value is assigned.

Productivity depends on why it may be found in a meliorative course of drained lands - virivnya surfaces, the manifestation of elements for organizing surface runoff, a level of wear and technical inequality of elements in a draining system. In addition, the factor of compensation for the value of correction factors is up to scores for the meliorative mill of drained lands (supplement 6b). With all the draining of the land due to the unfavorable work of draining systems, it can be divided into two categories: 1) draining the land, which requires agricultural melioration, and 2) draining the land due to its old draining period, , can be divided into 9 stages of the meliorative mill. For cich steps behind two groups of crops (1st - grains, prosapni, lion; 2nd - alfalfa, stables, grasses), the correction factors are broken down.

The productivity of the agricultural lands is also to be found in a significant world in the areas of cultivated land plots. As a sign of caution, along the edge of the field the yield of agricultural crops is less low, lower in the middle, due to the negative influx of such factors here, as the reduction of the soil on smogs is more severe than the development of agricultural aggregates of agricultural machinery soil cover during the development of canals and roads, there is a strong resistance to the growth of the bush.
It has been established that in the world of an increase in the middle size of the cut-off dilenka, the contour flowing into the yield is gradually decreasing, and with an average size of the contour of more than 15 hectares, the flowing factor into the productivity of the land is practically in the daytime. During the process, when assessing the dalyanoks, it will be possible to infuse contour into the productivity of the land, introduced correction coefficients with an average contour size of up to 15 hectares (dodatok 6-a).

With the complex of agrochemical authorities of the soil, with the yaky dressings, the harvest and the appearance of the soil of the soil moisture, the most important value may be acidity (pH in KCl), reducing the amount of phosphorus Therefore, according to the їkh zmіst, it was taken to estimate the cultivation of the soils and for them the values ​​of the optimal parameters (supplement 4).
Summarizing the assessment of soil cultivation in a complex indicator - the index of cultivation (1st ok.)
Before the front to get rid of the given indexes (І rel.) For skin indices according to the formula:

de X fact. - the actual value of the indicator (pH, P2O5, K2O, humus);
X xv. і X wholesale - as a matter of fact the least and optimal value of the indicator of quality for a given soil group
For practical applications, the following agrochemical indicators have been established: for pH - 3.5; for cleaning P2O5 and K2O - 20 mg / kg soil (mineral soil) and 100 mg / kg soil (peat-bog soil); for humus - 0.5%. If the actual indicator is greater than the optimal one, then the formula replaces the actual value with the optimal indicator.

Significant inflow on the quality of the soil creates a type of soil and boulders. It has been established beforehand that it is not the same for other cultures. To that, the corrective performance is induced for some groups of crops: cereals and legumes, prosapni, lion, bagator grass.
It has been established that the decrease in the productivity of agricultural crops on native lands becomes 5-20% on low-sown crops to 30-60% on soil strength.
The boulders (rocky) of the green lands reduce the yield of the agricultural cultures, as it is without the middle, so it is mediated, through the quality of the obrob and the harvest.
Otrimanі results dlіdzheny show that the shortage of the harvest on the debris-laden lands in the minds of Bilorus becomes 0-8% for the crops with weak debris up to 16-30% with deeper debris. I will look at the meanings of the nature of the inflow of the culture and technical camp of soils, breaking up the correction factors for the age and boulders.

Scale otsіnochnih balіv gruntіv rozroblena for dіlyanok gruntіv scho volodіyut complex optimal growth i rozvitku sіlskogospodarskih cultures vlastivostey ґruntіv i їh kulturtehnіchnogo become: vіdsutnya erodovanіst i zavalunennost gruntіv, agrohіmіchnі vlastivostі vіdpovіdayut їh optimal parameters robochem dіlyanku vklyuchaє okremo obroblyuvanі dіlyanki Area Hope 15 hectares. In such cases, the quality of the land is ranked according to the appropriate assessment of the soil on the scale. On the tables, the power of the runts is considered to be optimal, in the values ​​according to the tables of the average values ​​of the ball of the runts of the designs, the level of correction of the soil is to be introduced

The scale of bonification scores is the main tool for conducting land surveys. A 100-point scale has been closed for carrying out bonification work in Bilorus. When prompted in quality, the assessment criterion was the main power of the runts, which began to establish the types of views, the steps of swampiness, granulometric warehouse and the nature of the soil-forming species. The current inflow of power, which visually starts the change of soil, which appeared on the basis of the yield, on the control dilens of the past, as well as on the straight lines of the polovy regions on the agro-technical soils. When the scores are high, there are also statistical data on the yield of agricultural crops on different soils and the number of literary dzherela.
At the time of the demonstration of the effectiveness of virobnitting of soils when growing on them of small crops, the score for some crops on the main soils was broken down, as they are re-fermented in the structure of the ryuntsy curvature of the ryllis republic. Reshta, mensh, start building up the ground, assessing it with a rakhunkovy way.
The scale for assessing the soil is stored in the form of tables (supplementary 1), de-orderly given the type of soil, the steps of the formation, granulometric storage, the budding of soil-forming and interstitial types, the pressure of peat deposition, and for the graphs - the numbers Ornich's reasons for the agricultural culture in the middle and for the types of crops, Bali, estimates of the primitives of natural forages (polyphenols and natural). Podstіlanіі porіd, poured into the productive building of іrunіv, wіll hаvе 25-100 cm іn hіlіbіn. ... Peat-bog soils assessed in a drained mill.
Bali soil for agricultural crops in the middle value of the soil from the points of soil for the specific culture and the average quality of the soil in the republic.

Bonituvannya runtіv (in Latin Bonitos - goodness) - a preliminary assessment of the quality of runts for their efficiency. Boniuvannya to take all kinds of silkskogo gospodarnyh reasons: rabbit, snow, pastoral, load, bagatori nasadzhennya.
Bonding of soil conditions in the field of good availability of working children for the development of the main agricultural cultures from the soil cover
Bali bonitetu soil for growing agricultural culture can be victorious on their own or serve in quality scientific basis for carrying out an economical and varied assessment of lands.

The success of the agricultural industry is to accumulate because of the fact that it is more efficient to grow the land resources, to save and improve the quality of soil. rational vikorystannya land resources it is unfortunate without knowledge of the ground cover of the territory, of the science of science and technology. In connection with the tsim, it is more important to assess the assessment of the runts, or bonituvannya.
Dani bonіtuvannya ґruntіv є warehouse part state land cadastre and serve the purposes of the organization effective vicarystanny lands and іх protection, planning of the state dіyalnosti, distribution and specialization of the rural and consumer society, small-scale and chemistry of the social state gifts.
To this, the fakhіvets of the high quality of the agronomical profile is guilty of the mother of much knowledge about the methodology of carrying out the bonification work and effectively victorious in its practical activity.

Bonitet of the soil - the power of the soil and the level of productivity of growing on certain crops as a total indicator of productivity. insurance on natural areas and regions. [...]

BONITET GROUND (bp) -integral assessment of soil productivity. Call me when assessing B.p. the scale is 100-point, and the soil is estimated at 100 points, so that a good harvest will not be damaged by the erosion of black soil. Semi-leafy soils will absorb 60-80 points, pidzolis, chestnut or girly incomplete development - 30-60 points, etc. D. B. p. allowing the date to complete an accurate forecast of the yield of agricultural crops. B. p. be secured in the case of a land parcel for a sale, a prescription for the amount of taxes pay rent.[ ...]

Soil type and groundwater level. With the introduction of legislative attributions about the payment for land management (OeSe1g1ai, part, No. 71, st. 487 ... 493), the value of the bonitet of the soil is increased, which is the basis for the change in the price of payment. Pidgruntya budmaidanchik viznacha boundary permissible imposition and by the very definition of the foundation. [...]

Linking the bonitet of soils with differential rents I and II will help you with such indicators, such as the value of gross production, clean income, etc. [...]

The contours of the classes in the bonitet of soils in rosefarbovyt brown, orange and green color of the highest intensity. Chim vishche otsinka, tim darker color. [...]

Bali's note of the bonitet of soils to be corrected (if necessary) for 1) granulometric storage, 2) the pressure of the horizon. [...]

Prior to the factors that ruin the soil and reduce its durability, it is recognized that the irrigation is most likely to manifest itself on newly irrigated lands with humped or wobbly relief, as well as on emergencies. Soil-forming rocks here there are forests and streams. So, as the quality of the cich is generated in a way that lowers the efficiency for establishing the bonitet of soils, it is also not the same (Table 44). [...]

For leafy breeds on the loamy soils of the left bank Polissya, PS Pogrebnyak will install, as a rule, the bonitet of soils, as a rule, are tied with the rivulets of the soil waters, which will cover the slopes of 1-3 m. [...]

However, for a good assessment of lands, the bonitet of soils is often insufficient. Regardless of the configuration of the land plot, its contour, the features of the relief, stonyness and other factors, the actual productivity of growing crops will grow. The rate of change is taken during the assessment of the lands introduced before the assessment ball of the territory (BT) of the given correction factors on the mind (Table 65). [...]

The growth of cultures is not the same for developing on the same soil, so they store the assessment tables and visually increase the soil bonuses in 100% of the main crops, in the first place to cereals. When bonding the soil in the taiga-forest zone up to the X and IX classes, the bonitet will be given good cultivation of medium- and light loamy soils on carbonate rocks. Up to the same classes, with good cultivation, it is possible to carry out and deyaky heavy loamy soil, supіshanі soil on double-segmented sediments and the development of pіd rіllu float turf soils.[ ...]

In the table there are 25 indications of the way of rating the average scores for the bonitet of the runts for the state gifts and for the region as a whole. [...]

There is one more modern technique that will preserve the assessment of the efficiency of soils, lands, productivity of soil-climatic minds, broken down I.I. Karmanov (1989) at the Soil Institute im. V.V. Dokuchaєva. Vona allows for the initiation of soil and ecological indicators and bali for the bonitet of soil in pillars, bagatorny plants, grasses and pastoralists for any scale of scale (from a specific development, fields up to the geographers). On the basis of regional bonito-roving work, a methodology is given to give results on a single basis for the entire territory of the country. [...]

There are no drops, if the soil from the other agro-groups should be included in the field, especially along its edges. However, in the case of the whole polarity, it is not easy to find out about the authorities and the bonitet, the soil should not be included in one field. Especially not considered is the amount of carbonate black earth with other types of black earth -by yakost_ roslinnaya products, minds storing goodness and chornozems occupy a special place. Up to the soil of the general profile, it is possible to bring only a weakly rooted variety. Medium-and-silnosity to the soil, but to set up on the soil of agro-groups, do not go down to the more profiled soils, more importantly to bring out the vineyards or special soil-cultivation sows. [...]

The meta to take is to find out the students to store and correctly draw up the cartogram of the bonitet of the soil. [...]

The stagnant method of dialectical materialism, then characterizes the leaves in the first winter to the ground not only by static static moments, but it became very common and often without the authorship of the authors in the pre-revolutionary past, but in the late winter the soil is injected into the process of life of the forest itself. Using the cinnabar method, it is easy to show the variability of the qualities of the soil, as well as in the pre-revolutionary lisivnistvі they were invisible without the state's involvement of the people. [...]

When you see the assessment groups of government donations for large-scale plants, especially vineyards that have been poured on the graves, they get paid: bonitet of runts, land grabs, exposure, hanging over the sea level, sum of active temperatures (special factors) and labor supply of galuzi (economical factor). [...]

On the assessment map, the folded areas of land types and the primary assessment areas for vineyards, as well as the area of ​​soil groups for the types of land, and varietal storage of vineyards and breeding storage of fruits. The number of areas (in whole hectares), soil bonuses and parameters of land types should be entered in the corresponding columns of the table of the form. [...]

For the vikonannya zavdannya student otrimє vіd wikladachu a soil map of the state's gratitude with the legend і know from the visually decorated cartogram of the bonitet of soils. [...]

The sum of active temperatures is the integral characteristic of the minds of the relief of the world, in which there is the Agroindustrial-virobnic group of soils. In such a rank, the relief of mismatch is seen in the first place as a redistributor of temperatures. All the values ​​allow for the value of the basic indicators for the estimated groups of soil for the large nests of the urahuvannya of the regions according to the profile and the particularities of the crumbled breeds and grades. For a skin group of soils under vineyards, the correction factor to the bonitet of soils is based on the assessment maps of average values. Bonitet of soils, multiplication on the whole efficiency, gives an indicator of the bonitet of lands under vineyards, so that the power of the soil itself, ecological reasoning, the power of given groups of soils, and the steps of [...]

V the rest of the rock It has been broken up and widely used for soil-ecological assessment (Shishov, Durmanov, Karmanov and in., 1991). The methodology allows for the initiation of soil-ecological indicators and bali for the bonitet of soils in rural areas, on any rivnya - specifically, a village, a region, a zone, a country as a whole. At the same time, there is a lot of growth: soil indexes (with soil temperature, deflation, gravelly and inn.), Average to humus, .). Rootrack also includes indicators (soil, agrochemical, climatic) and, in general, a subsoil-ecological index. [...]

Conducting an assessment of land in the boundaries of the administrative district of the field in the public materials of the assessment of the lands of specific government agencies and of the designated average indicators for the district as a whole. Land appraisal robots, like vidomo, include bonding of soil and economic assessment of land. At the first stage of assessment robots, bonification of grounds for state gifts and on the basis of bonification of robots in the whole district will be carried out. To carry out bonuses for state donations, the scale of bonuses according to natural authorities and signs and data about the warehouse of state donations to the district for the estimated groups of soil should be used. On the basis of tsikh danikh rozrakhovuєu [...]

The determination of the base yield for grain and cluster fruits is carried out as well from the assessment of the assessment of estimates for fruit crops. In the quality of the outgoing tributes, when the baseline grows, I grow viciously for the average growing area for the estimated farm, the yield and quality of the crop is appropriate for grain and seed gardens. Otrimanі, as a result of rozrahunіv land-assessment indices for groups of soils are created in the evaluation scale for the skin evaluation subdistrict. Scales for assessing lands for grape cultivation include scales for assessing the efficiency of processing grapes, grain and bunchy fruits. [...]

Otzhe, organ_zmi roslin will be chemical elements navkolishny middle, and organisms of the creatures - for the rakhunok of the chemical elements of the roselin and the other creatures. Mi bachili, scho miscellaneous geochemistry high step Visa and visibility in chemistry warehouse organisms of creatures, to that there is no wondrous and unmatched in the fact that the quality of the ground and the minds of the fools is growing as the reason and the bonuses of the fools are thought to be This moment is extremely important for the fox misalignment, so it allows him to use the ready-made data of the knowledge, and in practice, the data of the order. However, it will be used with a rude grace to respect, how it is possible thoughtlessly, mechanically to respect the lonely bonitas equal to the bonitet of hunting management. [...]

In such a rank, on the assessment maps, the data about the area of ​​the breed-varietal stock of nasadjens is concentrated, it seems to be indices, about the runt curvature, about the absolute heights of the slope, about the positioning of the slopes, which start with horizontals, and about the steepness. For the sake of easy reading of the central information and registration with the memorized table of the forms, the estimated card is supervised by a wicked legend in the view of two forms. The first form characterizes the steepness of grains at degrees: 0-1; 1-5; 5-10; 10-15; 15. Another form of display ґprimary curvature from the fruitful bagatore plants and includes the code of the group of soil, the numbers of the soil, which went down to the group, the bonitet of the soil in the vineyards (technical and dining), bonitet of the soil in the breeds of fruit.