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The geographic aspect of the development of lighting in the world. Additional information: "The role of geographic awareness in the development of a child's specialty at a modern stage"

We are all alive in one booth behind the address: Vsesvit, Chumatsky shlyakh, sleepy system, Planet Earth. As kind gentlemen of the house, we are guilty of the nobility of the house, all the problems, keep an eye on him, take care of and seize him. In order to formulate a better understanding among the inhabitants of the planet, it is necessary to have a child of great geography and nadati and first significance.

Geography of Vinikla in Glyboku long ago, in hours Eratosthenesі Ptolemy, І s quietly to serve people. A collection of geography was descriptive in nature (“ geo"- Earth," grapho"- I am writing), people have accumulated in deeds and systematized knowledge about the Earth, for whom the minds of the mechanics of the robotics of the natural and natural-anthropogenic systems have come to mind. Infections of geography is a whole complex of fundamental geographic sciences, which are involved in pre-existing, knowledge of geographic laws and forecasts. Vona is based on modern satellite, geoinformation systems, Earth probing systems, methods of analysis in natural and social spheres.

The value of the school geography of the polarity lies in the fact that it is a single school subject of an eye-catching character, that it is formulated in a complex, systemic and socially-organized study about the Earth and about the planet of people.

There is also a single object that can be learned from a teritorial approach using a special method scientific knowledge... The Danish subject can be brought up to the number of quiet classical school subjects, on which the young people are especially promising for the formulation of humanistic vision among the schoolchildren, the patriotism and love for the Fatherland, the intellectual and modern Geography is a unique place of the middle sciences, playing the role of its own kind of "misconception" in the natural and suspicious sciences.

Unfortunately, the school geography, as all the education in our land, was not worried only for the first time, but for the fall, but the geography as a school subject was brought to the attention of the Uzbek middle education.

Years are not only children, but grown-ups do not shy away from geographic knowledge - navigation, taxation, literature and the Internet, all information can be known with just a handful of hilin. Tse of its kind the syndrome of Pani Prostakov, yak, yak vidomo, respected the geography of unpopular science, if it’s a visitor ... It's a pity, so I think so was a part of father’s scholars. As soon as you grounded on such a way to objects, then you can easily skasuvati mathematicians, even a calculator has long been lost, by the way of reading books, you can also marvel at the story of everything in a year, not to learn history, and it’s already so long ... and so far. Taku dumka wickedly і Veda in the wilderness kut. Ignorance of geography is not only about environmental disasters, but about political and demographic problems. krizova ecological situation, Which is spread all over the place - the price of the ignorance of the ignorance of the laws of nature. Applying this to the helpless, if it is economically necessary to go in contrary to the laws of nature and a healthy deaf.

Why is the prestige of school geography falling?

The modern scholars have become more rational and more efficiently able to handle such objects, which do not need to be navigated in life, but before the hour I’ll enter into other basic pledges. And geography to such subjects cannot be found. Science, which is guilty of being the basis of economical, geographic specialties at the Higher Education Institution, will be able to ignore them. I would like, on my own glance, geography is needed by the manager more, nіzh suspіlstvoznavstvo.

In a wide number of educational disciplines of geography, come a little bit in the basic naval plan. For example, in the second class it is less than one year per day (without urahuvannya regional component). In this, the eighth and ninth - two years for a week, in the tenth and eleventh - one year for a day, for the mind, which is a class of education. And as the class is a master's profile, geography may not be involved.

Within the framework of this problem in Tashlinsky district there were held an additional 13 middle school with a rating of the geography of the subject in the middle and high school. Dane doslіdzhennya show, scho lowering the significance of geography to be found in the world of advancing academics and the choice of profession... For food "Is geography needed in the life of people?" the greater the number of "So", the decrease in the significance of the subject of children, explain the unrequired geography of the VNZ at the introductory tests.

The Federal State Educational Standard does not signify a number of primary years of subjects. Only in the documents to the standard є approximate initial plans, scho be of a recommendation nature. Itself on them, as a rule, are used author of educational materials and creators of work programs. It is well-known to the general plans of the vivchennya geography to be repaired in the fifth class.

Tobto cob course geography, distribution for two one-year courses in 5 and 6 classes. With this, I will fold the topic yak, for example, "Scale" children will be vivchati in 5th grade, and fractions from mathematics will be vivchayut in 6th grade, in rik piznish. There is no indication in the interdisciplinary links.

For this purpose, geography took up every day in the world, it is necessary to quickly feed the significance of the subject for a growing generation and including those who are older:

Geography is guilty of being a compulsory subject in schools for at least 2 years per day and is included in the programs of the main foreign, middle foreign (new), cob and middle professional education;
The geography of the fault is included in the transcript obov'yazkovyh izpitiv to universities (especially on those specialties, such as without being tied with it);
Geography is to blame for being an independent, subject, and not for moving in a very fast view in the warehouse of such items as "Priroznavstvo", "Suspilstvoznavstvo", "Russia in light", "OBZH".

The state is guilty of taking the light of its own description, and not giving it to the general market, information about the social and material status of the Russian teacher.

In front of the school there is a staff of gotuvati fakhivts - mathematicians, physicists, biologists, geographers. At 1918 rotsi, in front of the teachers, the People's Commissar of Education Anatoly Vasilovich Lunacharsky Considering that it is necessary for the nobility of the whole orchestra, and after understanding the knowledge of the people with the orchestra member, which is beautiful on its musical instrument in the orchestra, but all at once I can sense the sounds of the whole orchestra, which is getting angry for another in one harmony, in the name of it.

From the period from 1924 to the ear of the 30s. school education, including geography, was paralized by the Lviv "complex program", as it did not transfer the education of certain objects. Deyakі geograficnі vіdomostі the chief rank of the statistical character were given in the programs of natural science and suspension knowledge. Scientists were given a self-made setting of a map, work with presenters, and graphs. In 1932, the beginning of the lessons began to take shape. A hundred fracture at the right school education from geography instructed in 1934 by Uryadov's decree "About the Victory of geography in pochatkovіy middle school CPSR "having confirmed the geography as one of the most important disciplines of school education, established stable programs, requirements for all schools. Provisional scholars, professors of Moscow State University, bully prepared handpieces of high quality, were seen with small correctives stretching for 20 years. I reacted to the decision to expand the scale of geographic education, organize specialized faculties in universities and pedagogical institutes. The land demanded well-educated readers and faculties for the development of productive forces and the economy was rapidly developing. Pidruchniki A.S. Barkova and A.A. Polovinkin for the fifth class, G.I. Ivanova - for shostoi, SV. Chefranova - for this one, M.M. Baransky - for the eighth, І.A. G. Vitvera - for the ninth grades, unaffected by ideological vitratic and interconnecting to physical and economic geography, for their hour they would be wonderful. Pidruchniki Baranskiy and G. Vitver Bouly were awarded the State Prize. For the help of the readers, the editorial board of Baranskiy will see the magazine "Geography in schools". Quite often, the role of the picture has moved in geographic coverage. There is no geography behind Baransky, without a picture. “Map,” said Baranskiy (1990, pp. 218, 219, 222), “alpha and omega” (i.e., E. Pochatok and kinets) of geography. From the picture to every geography to go to the picture and to come to the picture, start from the picture and end with a map ... geograficheskogo doslіdzhennya... The protection of the geography of the Vikings is possible by a large number of people assigned for the purposes of the Victory of the maps. efficiently until the announcement of the entire production of the initial information on the line of geography. " Until 1940, a series of geographic and special demonstration maps and primary geographic atlases were published. The followers of the Vikhladannya methodology celebrated their visit: in 1938, A.A. Polovinkin "Methodology of Physical Geography", in 1939 - to a team of authors from the editorial board of V.G. Erdeli "Methods of Victory of Geography", "Narrative of School Methods of Economic Geography" M.M. Barans'kogo, in the updated and revised view in 1960 under the title "Methodology for the Victory of Economic Geography". Vikladannya geography bulo delivered to firm methodological basis, Buli legalized the structure of the lessons, the principle of illuminating the geographical position, the order of the territorial characteristics of natural and state complexes. It is a precondition for the past with small changes to take care of the endurance of geography in the surrounding classes with a hard subdivision in part: a collection of physical, along with economical geography. The course of school geography "Social and economic geography foreign lands". U 1950-1960s pp. Buv period, if the program of the geography of the country was completed by the geography of his land - "Economic geography of the SRSR". The logic of the innovation has been skewed, and the geography of Batkivshchyna has become a "passing" part of the school course.

The modernization of the school course was taken for the growth of the strength of the scientific advance with the one-hour quickness of the most quick and easy-to-use razdiliv, the winter about the rise in price and the rise. Happy hour, Baranskiy (1957, p. 37), with a certain number of meanings, that in school geography, "a year of speed, initial planning of urbanization, programs and handlers, such as speedy ... Sight without the last year of the land and the area? "The process of" urization "was tied up not only by the personnel involved in the social and economic geography. The world is still more sensitive to thinking about the rise in price and development for natural warehouse geography. At the pidruchniks of the 1980s, pp. did not guess the name of P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shanskogo, V.V. Dokuchava, A.I. Voykova, D.N. Anuchina, V.I. Vernadsky, N.I. Vavilova, L.S. Berg. V.A. Hoops і A.Є. Fersman guessed yak mandrivniki (Maksakovsky, 1984). V.P. Maksakovsky і in 1998 Bilsh nіzh is a wondrous camp, since the zonality is not supervised by the ugly name of A. Humboldt and V. V. Dokuchaev, landscapes - L. S. Berg, the powers of the biosphere - V.I. Vernadsky, geographic shell - A.A. Grigor'eva i SV. Kalesnik. It’s a simple matter in the program that the handlers heard the drive to improve the theoretical knowledge with a one-hour change in the factual material. I want to be respected for the need for overworld acceleration initial materialі re-entangling of scholars, making up the roll, advancing the steps of science in school geography, trivial dosi. “Scientifically overexert the senses of power, create a normal process of misdirection; naval rock the stench is forgotten ... Author of the program and the handlers on the details of the "science", which is forgotten: it is difficult in science with such a journey until the beginning of the inevitable - through the wake and leave of the out-of-bounds horizon; children still have a lack of life, they do not have a lot of space and time, they are abstract, and so on. scientific facts, Zvyazku, processes) Scientists become feverish, so as not to hear unknowable words without imagining in the misleading real action. The stench is not the style of great material, but of the fact that it was not prepared before it was finished and learned. Smells like a wizard, in which everything is to be reclaimed from science ... School geography began to transform itself into a primordial subject with an increasingly complex wisdom, little intelligence and that is unfortunate for scientists. " Such non-transmission of the effect of the overworldly "learning" of the school geography is impressed by the state-of-the-art methodologist T.P. Gerasimova (2000), I won’t be selfless in my visnovka. Until the number of not far away, the experiment of the Federal Center IM will be carried out. L.V. Zankova, A.N. Kazakov “Geography for young schoolchildren. 2 class "(1996), in which up to a hundred names and prisvish are pointed, up to two hundred names geographic institutions... Such a handler could be used by university students in the course of mastering the course of history of geography.

Discussion about the change of structure and the change of school geographic coverage of the trio over a span of ten years. Particularly about the need for extraordinary geography on the physical and socially-economical parts, which is taken into account for those who are and space ”(Rozanov, 2001.). I don’t get involved in the construction of bridges between two different geographies, saying A.G. Isachenko, then we are overloading a new spill. In the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences, in NDI zmistu and methods of the Academy pedagogical sciences The scholars and teachers of the bullet have proponated the development of the new structure of school geographic education, new disciplines, which combine geographic knowledge into a system, so that there is a knowledge about the same process in the future. Basic straightforward integration in the sphere of education in the field of blame, on the thought of participants in discussions, culture, culture and geography. Geography as a svitoglyadna discipline, which is fundamentally important for the education of people in the biosphere, and the formulation of rational rules of nature conservation in a wide sense of the concept, guilty of knowing the special school in the final class , to mark the first stage of the ecological-geographic navkaz of the whole population. For people who are special, who take on a general solution, tied with the development of productive forces and involved in a folding system of natural processes, basic knowledge will be lost to those who have learned in geography lessons in middle schools. This means that the level of knowledge is guilty but adequate to the understanding of the problems of the modern world.

One of the options in the project lighting standard geographic coverage of the publishing house for discussion in 1997 r The project has the correct meaning of the goal of geographic education - “to accept the formulation from the knowledge of the systems and views, principles, behavioral norms of the geographic center That is to start the formation of a people and a huge man ", because of the urgency of the fact that in the nearest future you can become sharpened to the critical camp of nutrition between people and the middle of their perebuvannya. The project was brought to the standard to a neutral triad of "nature-population-gospodar", a humanistic triad of "middle-man-man-behavior". The very sukupna behavior of people will be the beginning of the prosperity of the people or the inevitable end of civilization. Let's set the goals correctly in< проекте, однако, были предложены не соответствующие целям принципы трансформации географического образования. В проекте, как было отмечено (Богучарсков, 1997), «постулируется ныне действующая схема распределения времени на обучение географии, при которой может быть узаконен сокращенный график уроков в 10-м классе и их полное отсутствие в 11-м. Но если географии нет в заключительном классе, то теряется ее общественная важность, какие бы по этому поводу ни провозглашались декларации!» Разгромную рецензию на проект образовательного стандарта дал B.C. Преображенский (1997): «В стандарте - концентрация внимания на "пользовании" природой. Вот и весь идеал "гармонически развитой личности!"» В качестве основных недостатков проекта стандарта Преображенский отметил: «Выдвижение категории пользования, рожденной в рамках потребительской идеологии индустриального общества, и отказ от познания и природы, и человека как самоценностей... Отсутствие попыток передать если не единство, то тесные взаимосвязи природной и общественной географии... geographic obolonka and landscapes postyut yak purely "natural non-human" objects ". The state of affairs has not been shown by any more declarations. In the course of concretization of the happy geography"Planet of people" appeared zruynovanim. lighting region it was like a deyakiy unclearly enlightened, a formally structured field, sowing on a large scale, entrusted with pledges, not tied by other witnesses. "

Let us especially remember the book press on geography in the course of preparation for the preparation of the basis for transferring to the 12-year school education. The author's team led by Kerivnistvom V.P. Dronova buv preparatory project of the concept of geographic education in the 12th school. On the basis of the concept, the sovereign doctrine has been adopted about the development of education into three stages: cob, basic (obovyazkov, which includes 5-10 classes) and more (11 and 12 classes, need for intelligence, not necessarily) middle education. The participants from the central model, author of the concept and formulated the structure of geographic disciplines. The first project does not know the home business. Vozgolosheni Tsіlі - the prelude to the unsettled one of the territorial natural-suspicious systems - the authors of the concept rose to the point of being a very fast natural part. The author of the book (Bogucharskiy, 2000a) is preoccupied with underestimating natural warehouse geography in the concept of V.P. Bula zrozumil. Maksakivsky (2000). "All-purpose" olyudennya "school geography, as they voted, - meaning the academician, - is not guilty of attracting the interest of geographers of the natural profile." We need to think about everything at once for the satisfaction of the interests of our partners and sites.

For the implementation of plans in the transfer school education for the 12-year period there will be a competition for the finalization of the draft Basic Plan. Creations in the Ministry of Education Russian Federation The coordination of a number of the usy package has been nominated for options in the plan of the vibra in the quality of one short, but the most not far from the position of geography. The course of geography, a well-known project, saw an hour less in 7, 8 and 9 classes. “Those who are promoted by the draft Basic Planning Plan,” wrote an open letter to the address of the Federal Committee of V.T. Bogucharskiy (20006), - focused on the development of life, on mittuvian pragmatism and not for the purpose of evangelism about the middle ground, more precisely, about the mind and resource base of living to find ten people. It is not possible to ignore a part of knowledge in the schools of Maybut. Navpaki, geography yak nosy tsikh knowledge is guilty, but it is thoroughly understood and the power for its development is right. " Massive in appearance contradicting the basic plan was adopted. By the order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated 03/06/2001 r approved the experimental Basic basic plan, in which geography, if it is in an urgent view, is presented in 6-10 grades, in 11-12 grades - only in the profile groups of geographic, geological economic specialization. It is unlikely that the structure of the school geographic training will be shaped in the light and the land of the ecological and geographic environment. The demand for knowledge, which is put up to the school course in geography in the meaning of the world, is tied to the provisions of geography itself, and authority in the suspension of the sciences.

Problems of the geography of the middle school and the power and geography of the secondary school. First for everything, it is all the more important to get away from physical and social and economic geography. One of the young nobles of consolidation of natural and social and economic knowledge for the purpose of education and pre-development of natural and social systems can be knowledge based on integrated cultural knowledge (Mashbits, 1998, 1999). “Complex krainoznavstvo, - on the thought of Mashbits (1999, p. 4), - can help to improve the efficiency of environmental management and the government, the establishment of effective economics, the development of the minds of life and health of the population”. More recently (Bogucharskiy, 1998, 2000V) the bounty of organizing the departments of regional studies, in which, on the par with the rights of the Buli, are represented by victories and sciences of natural and suspicious geography for complex regional programs for the development of geography, School is not required for a teacher of physical geography and a teacher of social and economic geography. In the first place in the school, geography is guilty of being out-of-the-box, undeveloped. The Department of Regional Studies is guilty based on the principles of unity and mutual understanding of natural and social (natural and social) processes. It is important for the geographers themselves to be aware of their minds and on the other side, but geography has a theoretical core - the theory of harmonization of the relationship between suspension and nature. The problem of being born in the field of geography and deprivation in the last quarter of the XX century. I gained the respect of the other regions of knowledge. On the ground environmental problems geographers bouli streni kursi, department and faculty of geoecology. Dominant directly in them is guilty of geography. In reality, on the basis of geochemical advances, geoecology is increasingly becoming a world of love and sonorous turbot of geologists.

Stolittya, in principal mortgages Russia - at 17. (For example, in the Kiev-Mohyla Academy). At 17 st. The first navchalniy posibniki from geography appeared, for example, it was transferred to the Russian language on the cob of the 18th century. "Is the geography general?" Dutch ham of Varenius. Already on the cob 18 tbsp. geography was an independent primary subject in the School of Mathematical and Naval Sciences, in the St. Petersburg Marine Academy that was transferred. V. Lomonosov in the project of the initial plan of the Moscow University (de і read. V. Savich from the opening of the University). Until the end of the 18th century in geography (courses which were already read in bagatokh universities Western Europe) There were three clear lines - geography is physical, economical (it was often called statistical at that hour) and geography. Physical geography was carried out in universities at the faculties of natural sciences, statistics and culture - at the faculties of literature (history and philology). The establishment of geography as a university of science in Russia is recognized by the statute of universities in 1804, according to which two departments have been established at the faculties of literature: all-round history, Statistics and geography; history, statistics and geography Russian state... However, the training of faculty geographers has not been transferred, the basic course of geography will be "taken care of" during the preparation of history and philology. In the lands of Zakhidnoy Europe, we are directly involved in geography, in the end of the 19th century. in Great Britain and France, there are capital knowledge of local knowledge (H. J. McKinder, Vidal de la Blache), in Nimechchin - in geomorphology (A. Penk), foreign geography (A. Zupan), historical knowledge (K. geography of the population (F. Ratzel). Significant inflow on the development of G. Humboldt. French geographer and sociologist. Advertising organizing in Brussels a special primary and scientific foundation - geographic. In the United States, on the vidminu of Europe, geography developed into a tight link with cartography, especially in the system of vіyskogo vіdomstva. In 1863, in the Russian universities, there was a department of physical geography, in 1884 - in the department of geography and ethnography. There are a number of geographic disciplines at the link with the cim in the primary planning of universities and introductions of a number of geographic disciplines - geographic geography, geography of Russia, geography of the continent, anthropogeography, ethnography, history of geography, etc. Significant role in the development of vitchiznyanoy G. o. played science schools at Moscow Universities (D. Anuchin, A. A. Borzov, A. Barkov, M. A. Bogolapov, A. A. Krubera, .. Dobrin, S. G. Grigor'ev, M. S. Bodnarsky) and Peterburzky (A. Voykov, I. Brownov, V. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, S. Berg, M. Shokalsky and I.). At Novorossiysk University (Odessa) G. o. Keruvav G.I. Tanfil'ev, in Kazan - P.I. Krotov, in Kharkiv - A.N. Krasnov and in. On the cob 20 tbsp. great role in polіpshennі R. о. new teachers played at school and newcomers A. S. Barkova, S. G. Grigor'ev, A. A. Kruber and S. V. Chefranov; in the main plans of the geographic specialties of the main landmarks, a new practice was introduced, the main stations were introduced; preparation of faculty members from G. o. for the pre-scientific pedagogical robotics zd_ysnuvalasya at physics and mathematics faculties. The position of the vishny G. about. the sharp change of the great song Zhovtnevoy revolution... In 1918-25 in Petrograd, the Geographical Institute (higher educational institution) was established, under which in 1922 there was a scientific-prelude Institute of Geography, in 1923 the same scientific-pre-existing Institute of Studies at the Moscow University. Until the end of the 20th century in universities, they radically re-awakened new plans and programs of geographic specialties, especially economical geography (N.N. Baranskiy); introduced the obligatory practice of students in expeditions. U 30-i pp. There are some branches of independent geography of development, and also the geography and geology and geography faculties of universities. At the beginning of rock, more and more special analysis was made to end geography faculties, new departments were recognized. The current typical structure of geographical faculties in the universities of the USSR includes specialties: physical geography, economic geography, geomorphology, meteorology and climatology, land hydrology, oceanology and cartography. In the SRSR geographers prepare universities and pedagogical institutes for the day, evening and correspondence systems of science. The most important centers of R. o. є Moscow, Leningradsky, Kiev Universities and Pedagogical Institutes. At the university's departments of geology and geography and biology faculties. University students in the first courses will receive a wide range of geographic education, in the senior courses they will learn a cycle of special (professional) disciplines, practical training in seminars, take special practice (geological institute, geodesy, comprehensive geography) Visitors and grants courses and diplomas from other specialties, builds state-of-the-art education in supporting disciplines. The training of geographers in pedagogical institutes will be carried out without education at the university specialties. It is not the place to be introduced to vivchennyu pedagogical disciplines(Psychology, pedagogy, methodology of viciousness) and pedagogical practice. There are a lot of pedagogical institutes to train readers for two profiles: geography and biology (geography-biology, natural-geography faculties), history and geography and ін. V in the main plans All pedagogical institutes have also been given the practice of Poland at the primary bases, as well as in the form of distant excursions (expeditions). Term navchannya on geographic specialties of 4-5 years. In 1970, the readers of geography were studying 33 universities (18.7 thousand students, the number of students is close to 1.6 thousand. Fakhivtsiv) and 77 teachers' institutes (40 thousand. with two specialties), admission to the Faculty of Geography (admission, specialties) is close to 10 thousand. chol. Digit Location zaymayut spetsіalnі geografіchnі distsiplіni in The Teaching plans a number sumіzhnih spetsіalnostey in vischih The Teaching mortgages, scho gotuyut kartografіv, gіdrologіv, meteorologіv, klіmatologіv, zemlevporyadnikіv, agronomіv, lіsіvnikіv, ekonomіstіv, іnzhenerіv Transport i іn., A takozh in serednіh spetsіalnih The Teaching mortgages (topografіchnih , hydrometeorological, s.-g. and in.). At universities, as well as in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and in the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR, postgraduate studies geographic sciences... The training of faculty geographers is to be found in all regions of the world, de university and pedagogical institute. In the socialist regions of the R. of. to develop in all geographic areas. great centers G. o. є old universities - in Berlin (the capital of the GDR), Leipzig, Warsaw, Krakow, Budapest and others. In the capitalist lands, the character, directly, the form of R. of the lake. even worse. For example, in the largest universities in the United States (New York, Chicago, San Francisco, etc.) Є University of specialization (geomorphology, meteorology, hydrology, economic geography, state-of-the-art); France (Sorbonne and In. University) rewarded comprehensive geographic (regional) training of geographers, great significance in psychology, geography and inozemna mova). Pedagogical practice in the process of borrowing less money, less in the Sov. universities and pedagogical institutes. Zagalna G. about. yesє average zagalnoosvitnya school... In the SRSR, geography is an independent primary subject, systematically taught in grades 5-9 (a cob course in physical geography, which includes views about topographic plan and geographic map, Knowledge about the spheres of the Earth and the methods of its use; the physical geography of the continents, the USSR, the economic geography of the USSR and foreign countries). In the capitalist lands school programs and handlers from geography may be directly involved in the field of geography. Lit.: NN Baranskiy, Historical Oglyad in Geography (1876-1934), M., 1954; yogo, Economic geography in the middle school. Economic geography at the schools of thought, M., 1957; Geography at the Moscow University for 200 years (1755-1955). Pid ed. ... K. Markov and Yu. G. Saushkina, M., 1955; Butyagin A.S., Saltanov Yu.A., University of Education in the SRSR, M., 1957; Solovyov A. I., The current state of the art of geography. Materials up to 4 days geographic partnership SRSR, L., 1964; Osvita in the lands of the world, M., 1967. A. І. Solovyov.

Geography "chesky svitnoi" nya, The system of training faculty geographers in universities. The basic discipline of geography was introduced in the various universities of Western Europe and already in the middle capital, in the primary deposits of Russia - in the 17th century. (For example, in Kiev-Mohyla Academy). At 17 st. The first navchalniy posibniki from geography appeared, for example, it was transferred to the Russian language on the cob of the 18th century. "General geography" of Dutch vchenius Varenius. Already on the cob 18 tbsp. geography of Bula is an independent primary subject in Schools of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences In the St. Petersburg Marine Academy, this bullet was transferred to M.V. Lomonosov in the initial plan of the Moscow University (de і read by D.V. Savich from the letter to the University). Until the end of the 18th century in geography (courses like those were read in the Bagatyokh universities of Western Europe), three straight lines emerged - geography is physical, economical (it was often called statistical at that hour) and krainoznavstvo. Physical geography was held in universities at the faculties of natural sciences, statistics and culture - at the faculties of literature (history and philology).

The establishment of geography as a university of science in Russia is recognized by the statute of universities in 1804, according to which two departments were established at the faculties of literature: all-inclusive history, statistics and geography; History, statistics and geography of the Russian state. However, the training of faculty geographers was not transferred, navchalny kursi geography bouly "pidsobnymi" in the preparation of history and philology.

In the lands of Zakhidnoy Europe, we are directly involved in geography, in the end of the 19th century. in Great Britain and France, there are capital knowledge of local knowledge (H. J. McKinder, G. Vidal de la Blache), in Nimechchin - in geomorphology (A. Penk), foreign geography (A. Zupan), historical knowledge of K. , population geography (F. Ratzel). Significant inflow to G.'s branch of the lake. at all schools of thought the Nimetsian geographer A. Humboldt. The French geographer and sociologist E. Reklu organized in Brussels a special scientific and scientific foundation - the Geographical Institute. In the United States, on the vidminu of Europe, geography developed into a tight link with cartography, especially in the system of vіyskogo vіdomstva.

In 1863, in the Russian universities, there was a department of physical geography, in 1884 - in the department of geography and ethnography. There are a number of geographic disciplines in the context of the basic planning of universities and introductions of a number of geographic disciplines - geographic geography, geography of Russia, geography of the continent, anthropogeography, ethnography, history of geography, etc. Significant role in the development of vitchiznyanoy G. o. played science schools at Moscow Universities (D. N. Anuchin, A. A. Borzov, A. S. Barkov, M. A. Bogolapov, A. A. Krubera, B. F. Dobrin, S. G. Grigor'ev, M. S. Bodnarsky) and Peterburzky (A. I. Voykov, P. I. Brownov, V. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, L. S. Berg, Y. M. Shokalsky and I.). At the Novorossiysk University (Odessa) G. o. Keruvav G.I. Tanfil'ev, in Kazan - P.I. Krotov, in Kharkivsky - A.N. Krasnov and in. On the cob 20 tbsp. great role in polіpshennі R. о. new teachers and teachers of A. S. Barkov, S. G. Grigor'ev, A. A. Kruber and S. V. Chefranov played at the school; Introduced in the Naval Plan of Geographical Specialties first practice, Buildings of the Naval Stations; preparation of faculty members from G. o. for science-pre-past and pedagogical robots, I was trained at physics and mathematics faculties.

The position of the vishny G. about. the sharp change in the song of the Great Zhovtnevoy revolution. U 1918-25 in Petrograd pratsyuvav Geographical Institute(University), at which in 1922 there was a scientific-prelude Institute of Geography, in 1923 the same scientific-prelude Institute of Science at the Moscow University. Until the end of the 20th century in universities, they are radically awakened by the initial plans and programs of geographic specialties, especially economic geography (N.N. Baranskiy); introduced the obligatory practice of students in expeditions. U 30-i pp. There are some branches of independent geography of development, and also the geography and geology and geography faculties of universities. At the beginning of rock, more and more special analysis was made to end geography faculties, new departments were recognized. The current typical structure of geographical faculties in the universities of the USSR includes specialties: physical geography, economic geography, geomorphology, meteorology and climatology, land hydrology, oceanology and cartography.

In the SRSR geographers prepare universities and pedagogical institutes for the day, evening and correspondence systems of science. The most important centers of R. o. є Moscow, Leningradsky, Kiev Universities and Pedagogical Institutes. At the junior universities є Geology and Geography and Biology Faculties. University students in the first courses will receive a wide range of geographic education, in the senior courses they will learn a cycle of special (professional) disciplines, practical training in seminars, take special practice (geological institute, geodesy, comprehensive geography) Visiting and grabbing courses and diplomas from other specialties, creating state іspiti from suspension disciplines. The training of geographers in pedagogical institutes will be carried out without education at the university specialties. It is important to introduce education in pedagogical disciplines (psychology, pedagogy, methodology) and pedagogical practice. There are a lot of pedagogical institutes to train readers for two profiles: geography and biology (geography-biology, natural-geography faculties), history and geography and ін. In the main plans of all pedagogical institutes, the practice of Poland is also transferred to the main bases, the expert and the form of distant excursions (expeditions). Term navchannya on geographic specialties of 4-5 years.

In 1970, the readers of geography were studying 33 universities (18.7 thousand students, the number of students is close to 1.6 thousand. Fakhivtsiv) and 77 teachers' institutes (40 thousand. with two specialties), admission to the Faculty of Geography (admission, specialties) is close to 10 thousand. chol.

Digit Location zaymayut spetsіalnі geografіchnі distsiplіni in The Teaching plans a number sumіzhnih spetsіalnostey in vischih The Teaching mortgages, scho gotuyut kartografіv, gіdrologіv, meteorologіv, klіmatologіv, zemlevporyadnikіv, agronomіv, lіsіvnikіv, ekonomіstіv, іnzhenerіv Transport i іn., A takozh in serednіh spetsіalnih The Teaching mortgages (topografіchnih , hydrometeorological, s.-g. and in.).

At universities, as well as in the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR and in the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the SRSR є postgraduate studies, in which science and science and pedagogy cadres from geographical sciences are prepared.

The training of faculty geographers is to be found in all regions of the world, de university and pedagogical institute. In the socialist regions of the R. of. to develop in all geographic areas. The great centers of R. of the lake. є old universities - in Berlin (the capital of the GDR), Leipzig, Warsaw, Krakow, Budapest and others. In the capitalist lands, the character, directly, the form of R. of the lake. even worse. For example, in the largest universities in the United States (New York, Chicago, San Francisco, etc.) Є the university of specialization (geomorphology, meteorology, hydrology, economic geography, the hallway of state gratitude); from France (Sorbonne and In. University), the complex-geographic (regional) training of geographers, is of great importance. science school geography of population and government; in the universities of Great Britain (Oxford, Cambridge, London), the world of oceanography is visible in the order of local knowledge and economic geography. Visitors to geography in the foreign lands of the world are also referred to as universities (3-4 r. Navchannya). It is not easy for the reader to come across two profiles (for example, geography and physics, geography and psychology, geography and earth mova). Pedagogical practice in the process of borrowing less money, less in the Sov. universities and pedagogical institutes.

Zagalna G. about. yes a middle school. In the USSR, geography is an independent primary subject, systematically taught in grades 5-9 (a cobbled course in physical geography, which includes views about topographic plans and geographic maps, knowledge about the sphere of the Earth and methods of geography; economic geography of the USSR and foreign countries). In the capitalist countries of the world, school programs and handlers from geography may have a local knowledge directly.

Lit.: Baranskiy N.N., Historical survey of pіdruchnikіv geography (1876-1934), M., 1954; yogo, Economic geography in middle school. Economic geography at the schools of thought, M., 1957; Geography at the Moscow University for 200 years (1755-1955). Pid ed. K.K. Markov and Yu. G. Saushkina, M., 1955; Butyagin A.S., Saltanov Yu.A., University of Education in the SRSR, M., 1957; Solovyov A. I., Suchasny camp and zavdannya vishoї geographic education. Materials up to 4 z'yzdu of the geographic partnership SRSR, L., 1964; Osvita in the lands of the world, M., 1967.

A. I. Solovyov.

training system for faculty geographers in universities. The basic discipline of geography was introduced in the various universities of Western Europe and already in the middle capital, and in the primary deposits of Russia - in the 17th century. (For example, in Kiev-Mohyla Academy). At 17 st. the first navchalny posibniki from geography appeared, for example, it was transferred to the Russian language on the cob of the 18th century. "The geography is general ..." Already on the cob 18 tbsp. geography was an independent primary subject in the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (Div. School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences), in the St. Petersburg Marine Academy that was transferred by M.V. University). Until the end of the 18th century in geography (courses like those were read in the Bagatyokh universities of Western Europe), three straight lines emerged - geography is physical, economical (it was often called statistical at that hour) and krainoznavstvo. Physical geography was carried out in universities at the faculties of natural sciences, statistics and culture - at the faculties of literature (history and philology).

The establishment of geography as a university of science in Russia is recognized by the statute of universities in 1804, according to which two departments were established at the faculties of literature: all-inclusive history, statistics and geography; History, statistics and geography of the Russian state. However, the training of faculty geographers has not been transferred, the basic course of geography will be "taken care of" during the preparation of history and philology.

In 1863, in the Russian universities, there was a department of physical geography, in 1884 - in the department of geography and ethnography. There are a number of geographic disciplines in the context of the basic planning of universities and introductions of a number of geographic disciplines - geographic geography, geography of Russia, geography of the continent, anthropogeography, ethnography, history of geography, etc. Significant role in the development of vitchiznyanoy G. o. played science schools at Moscow Universities (D. N. Anuchin, A. A. Borzov, A. S. Barkov, M. A. Bogolapov, A. A. Krubera, B. F. Dobrin, S. G. Grigor'ev, M. S. Bodnarsky) and Peterburzky (A. I. Voykov, P. I. Brownov, V. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, L. S. Berg, Y. M. Shokalsky and I.). At the Novorossiysk University (Odessa) G. o. Keruvav G.I. Tanfil'ev, in Kazan - P.I. Krotov, in Kharkivsky - A.N. Krasnov and in. On the cob 20 tbsp. great role in polіpshennі R. о. new teachers and teachers of A. S. Barkov, S. G. Grigor'ev, A. A. Kruber and S. V. Chefranov played at the school; in the main plans of the geographic specialties of the main landmarks, the main practice was introduced, the main stations were introduced; preparation of faculty members from G. o. for science-pre-past and pedagogical robots, I was trained at physics and mathematics faculties.

The position of the vishny G. about. the sharp change in the song of the Great Zhovtnevoy revolution. In 1918-25 in Petrograd, the Geographical Institute (higher educational institution) was established, under which in 1922 there was a scientific-prelude Institute of Geography, in 1923 the same scientific-pre-existing Institute of Studies at the Moscow University. Until the end of the 20th century in universities, they are radically awakened by the initial plans and programs of geographic specialties, especially economic geography (N.N. Baranskiy); introduced the obligatory practice of students in expeditions. U 30-i pp. There are some branches of independent geography of development, and also the geography and geology and geography faculties of universities. At the beginning of rock, more and more special analysis was made to end geography faculties, new departments were recognized. The current typical structure of geographical faculties in the universities of the USSR includes specialties: physical geography, economic geography, geomorphology, meteorology and climatology, land hydrology, oceanology and cartography.

In the SRSR geographers prepare universities and pedagogical institutes for the day, evening and correspondence systems of science. The most important centers of R. o. є Moscow, Leningradsky, Kiev Universities and Pedagogical Institutes. At the junior universities є Geology and Geography and Biology Faculties. University students in the first courses will receive a wide range of geographic education, in the senior courses they will learn a cycle of special (professional) disciplines, practical training in seminars, take special practice (geological institute, geodesy, comprehensive geography) Visitors and grants courses and diplomas from other specialties, builds state-of-the-art education in supporting disciplines. The training of geographers in pedagogical institutes will be carried out without education at the university specialties. It is important to introduce education in pedagogical disciplines (psychology, pedagogy, methodology) and pedagogical practice. There are a lot of pedagogical institutes to train readers for two profiles: geography and biology (geography-biology, natural-geography faculties), history and geography and ін. In the main plans of all pedagogical institutes, the practice of Poland is also transferred to the main bases, the expert and the form of distant excursions (expeditions). Term navchannya on geographic specialties of 4-5 years.

The training of faculty geographers is to be found in all regions of the world, de university and pedagogical institute. In the socialist regions of the R. of. to develop in all geographic areas. The great centers of R. of the lake. є old universities - in Berlin (the capital of the GDR), Leipzig, Warsaw, Krakow, Budapest and others. In the capitalist lands, the character, directly, the form of R. of the lake. even worse. For example, in the largest universities in the United States (New York, Chicago, San Francisco, etc.) Є University of specialization (geomorphology, meteorology, hydrology, economic geography, state-of-the-art); France (Sorbonne and In. University) rewarded comprehensive geographic (regional) training of geographers, a great significance of the scientific school of geography of population and government; in the universities of Great Britain (Oxford, Cambridge, London), the world of oceanography is visible in the order of local knowledge and economic geography. Visitors to geography in the foreign lands of the world are also referred to as universities (3-4 r. Navchannya). It is not easy for the reader to come across two profiles (for example, geography and physics, geography and psychology, geography and earth mova). Pedagogical practice in the process of borrowing less money, less in the Sov. universities and pedagogical institutes.

Lit.: Baranskiy N.N., Historical survey of pіdruchnikіv geography (1876-1934), M., 1954; yogo, Economic geography in middle school. Economic geography at the schools of thought, M., 1957; Geography at the Moscow University for 200 years (1755-1955). Pid ed. K.K. Markov and Yu. G. Saushkina, M., 1955; Butyagin A.S., Saltanov Yu.A., University of Education in the SRSR, M., 1957; Solovyov A. I., The current state of the art of geography. Materials up to 4 z'yzdu of the geographic partnership SRSR, L., 1964; Osvita in the lands of the world, M., 1967.

A. I. Solovyov.

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