Geography of soils in Russia with regard to the regional component

Typi and power of runts in rural natural zones natural area Types of soils Instead of humus Powerful soils Umovs and soils Lacking arctic areas Low heat and lack of moisture Tundra Tundra-gleyovs Few Low-water, gley-free balls, acidic, slightly frozen 1, roslinny surplus - needles B) Taiga of Skhidnogo Siberia Taiga-permafrost Few low-ferrous cold Frosty frost c) degraded leaves soddy podzolisty more, lower in higher industrial Big oily ====== Stepu Chornozemi, chestnuts 10-12% nyroduchі K = 1, abundant growing surplus, abundant heat Napivpusteli bury, less humus less salinization of soils Dry soil, rosulation, dew 1, roslinny surplus - needles B) Taiga of Skhidnogo Siberia Taiga-permafrost Little low-ferrous cold Perennial frost C) thin leaves soddy podzolisty More, less in large industrial large) Big oily ====== Stepu Chornozemi, chestnuts 10-12% nyroduchі K = 1, abundant growing surplus, abundant heat Napivpusteli burі, sіro burі humus less Salinization of soils Dry soil, rosling, growing

Lisova zone of light coniferous taiga of the European part of Russia; Light coniferous taiga of the European part of Russia; Overwhelmingly disturbing; Overwhelmingly disturbing; Having washed out humus (vimivannya horizon - pidzol); Having washed out humus (vimivannya horizon - pidzol); Little fall (needles); Little fall (needles); Підзолисті рунти. Підзолисті рунти.

Closing 1. Is there the most accumulated humus in the zone? 2. Yakі ґrunty nairoduchіshі? 3. Why does the accumulated humus change in the zone of leaves? 4. Are there accumulated salts in the zone? 5. Why in Skhidny Siberia the soil is not pidzolic like in the European part of Russia? 1.Stepi; 1.Stepi; 2. Black earth; 2. Black earth; 3. Overwhelmingly perturbed (having poured out the soil); 3. Overwhelmingly perturbed (having poured out the soil); 4. Napivpusteli; 4. Napivpusteli; 5. Permafrost pereshkojaє method of washing. 5. Permafrost pereshkojaє method of washing.

Among the natural zones є are confined to the singing belt. For example, the zone of the Arctic and Antarctic Kryzhany Kestrel and the tundra zone are located in the Arctic and Antarctic belts; the forest-tundra zone is sub-arctic and sub-antarctic belts, and the taiga, winter and broad-leaved forests are of the middle. And such natural zones, such as interruptions, lis-steppe and steppe and napivusteli, widening in the world, as well as in tropical and subtropical zones, looming in them, intelligently, their own specialties.

Natural zones, climatic features, soil, longevity and tvarinny svit the skin continent is described in chapter 10 and in the table "Continents (pre-conditions)". Immediately zupinimsya liche on the wild rice of natural zones yak most great natural-territorial complexes.
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Arctic and Antarctic Kestrel Zone
The temperature is steadily lower, there is little fall. On small wilderness through the ice, the land is rocky heaths (in Antarctica, stinks are called oases), poor growth is represented by lichens and moss, small branches of small trees (in Antarctica, two are seen in practice).

tundri zone
The tundra zone is widened in the arctic i subarctic belts, Settled swamp with a width of 300-500 km The icy ocean... At the Pivdenniy pivkuli dilyanka with tundra roslinnosti grows on some islands near Antarctica.
Climat suvoriy with strong winters, with a cold wind it trims up to 7-9 months, while the polar weather does not change with a short and high light (summer temperatures do not exceed 10 ° c). The fall is not large, 200-400 mm, mostly in a solid viglyad, ale and a stench does not rise, and the tundra is characterized by an overwhelming disturbance, there are a large number of lakes and pain, which is why it is frozen and frozen everywhere. Head vidminna of tundri rice - bezlisya, perevazhannya razredzhenny moss-lichen, grassy grasses, mowing; in small parts with dwarf shrubs and chagarniki and spreading forms. Ґrunty - tundra-gleyovі.

Lisotundri and Ridkolissya zone
Zone of Lisotundri and Ridkolissya. This is a transitional zone for what is characteristic of deerless tundra dilyanoks and lisivs (ridkolisya), which are also signs of healthier zones. Tundra natural complexes are characteristic for water-water spaces, the riders climb to the pivnich along the river valleys. On the day, the area is occupied by the forests.
Near the Pivdenniy Pivkuli (sub-Antarctic belt), the Lisotundri on the islands (for example, Pivdenna Georgiya) borrow ocean bows.

Lisova zone
The leaf zone in the winter season includes the forest of the taiga, the green and broad-leaved leaves and the sub-zone of the green leaves, in the winter season there are only the green leaves. Deyaki vcheni vvazhayut ts pidzoni independent zones.
Near the taigovy pidzon Pivnіchno Pіvkulі klimat varіyu from the sea to the sharply continental. It is warmer (10-20 ° c, the amount of water drops from the distance to the ocean (in the Siberian Siberia up to -50 ° c), and the number of drops changes (from 600 to 200 mm). Perevazhayut bіdni by species warehouse dark coniferous (from the willow and yalitsі) and light coniferous (from the modrina in Siberia, de widening permafrost soil) foils with the house milky-leaved soil (pine birch, wasp) descent і permafrost taiga.
The zone of small and wide-leaved forests (some of them see two independent zones) has been expanded significantly in the oceanic and transitional belts of the continents. The winter season has small loans, winter is much warmer here, and the winter is not everywhere. Coniferous-broad-leaved foils on soddy-pidzolic soils change at the inner parts of the continents in coniferous-dry-leaved and alternate-leaved forests, and pivdennish (in Pivnichniy America) But in the west from (in Europe) broad-leaved trees from oak, maple, lime, ash, beech and hornbeam on blue fossils.

Lisstep
Listep is a transition to the natural zone of the Pivnichnoe Pivkuli, from the Cherguvannya of the fox and steppe natural complexes... Due to the nature of natural growth, the forest steppe grows with broad-leaved and coniferous-leaved forests and interruptions.

interruptions
Prerequisites - pidzona lisostep (inodi look yak pidzona stepu) with clear troubles shidnykh uzberez Skeletal grasses in the USA and Canada from high grasses on chernozem soils. Natural growth is practically not protected here. More landscapes of the power of subtropics in the hid regions of Holy America and Asia.

step
Qia natural zone has been expanded in pivnichny pomirny or both subtropical geographic zones and is itself a desolate expanse of grassy growth. The growth of village roslinnosty here on the vidminu from the tundra does not go over low temperatures, but rather short on vology. Trees can grow in lichen along the valleys of the rychok (the so-called gallery foils), in great erozy forms, for example, beams, which draw water from navkolishn interfluvial spaces. A large part of the roseoran zone is contagious, in the subtropical zone, farming and pastoralism develop in the subtropical zone. On the rozoruvati earth, the erosion of the runts is strongly rooted. Natural growth is represented by drought- and frost-resistant grassy dews from panuvannya sod grasses (kovili, fescue, tonkonig). Ґrunty rodyuchі - black earth, dark chestnut and chestnut in the middle belt; brown, gray-brown, saline in subtropical).
Subtropical step in Pivdenniy America(Argentina, Uruguay) is called a pampa (i.e., E. Rivnina, step in Movi Indians of Quechua).

Empty and empty
There is a wide range of natural zones in six geographic zones - peaceful, subtropical and tropical in terms of offense to the sides from an adequate extent, but there are not many drops in vipaday (10-30 times less than a vaporization), as well as the emergence of vital organisms. To that, the grassy cover is wild, the soil is weakly rosy. Great things are in such minds girski breed They store the territory, and in the fallowness from them they grow clayey heaths (takiri in Asia), kam'yanisty (Gamada Sahari, Middle Asia, Australia), food (tar hedges in the Indian and Pakistani, American). In the middle of the belt, heaths are formed in areas with a very continental climate, subtropical and tropical heaths of crops are tied to their own long baric maximums at 20-30 ° latitudes. Ridkisnі share of altered disturbances ( high r_ven ground waters, go dzherel, growing from the closest rychok, lakes, wells, etc.) - the center of the middle of the population, growing village, chagarnik and grassy growing are called oases. Some of these oases occupy a great deal of space (for example, the Nilu valley stretched out for tens of thousands of hectares).

Savannah
Savannah is a natural area, expanded mainly in subquatorial belts, Alle to develop in tropical and subtropical. The main specialty klimatu savan - a read of the change of dry and board period. The triviality of the boarding period changes from Russia from the leading districts (here there are more than 8-9 months) to tropical heestrels (here the boarding season is 2-3 months). The shroud is characterized by a thick and high grassy curvature, standing close to or in small groups of wood (acats, baobab, eucalyptus) and so called galleries of foxes. The soils of typical tropical shrouds are chervonozem. In the empty shrouds of grasses, the cover of the growth and soil is red-brown. High-quality savanes in Pivdenniy America, on the left bank of the river. Orinoko, I call it lianos (form іsp. "Rivnina").

lisov subtropics
Lisovy subtropics. The monsoon subtropical pidzone is characteristic of the lower outskirts of the continents, and on the contact with the ocean and the continent it is formed to change according to the seasons of circulation povitryan mas A dry winter period is spared, and in summer it is with bright monsoon boards, often with typhoons. Green and deciduous (throwing off the leaves through the instability of the vologue) grow here on the red earth and yellow earth soils with the great versatility of the village generations.
Seredzemnomorska pidzona is typical for the western regions of the continents (Seredzemnomorya, Kalifornia, Chili, Australia and Africa). Fall off vipadaut in the main charge, it's dry. Greens and broad-leaved foxes on brown and brown soils and hard-leaved chagarnaces are well stuck to summer dryness, the sprouts that stick to hot and dry minds: smells like a wax layer or, tossing oil on leaves

Natural zones, which change one of the poles to an adequate level, are developed according to the types of soil.

Polar zone (zone of arctic kestrels). The arctic land is the whole of the islands and the highlands of the mainland Uzbeks of Asia and the Pacific of America.

The most widening type of automorphic soils of the Arctic - arcto-tundra soil. The demand for the soil profile of soils is enriched by the clay of the seasonal rise of the soil and soil, which grows 30 cm. (A 1). In the arctic-tundra soils, there is overwhelming atmospheric permafrost and a high-growth surface of the frostbite; during the short season of positive temperatures, the weather is growing throughout the hour. Such soils can be slightly acidic or neutral (pH from 5.5 to 6.6) and replace 2.5-3% humus. On a partily shvidko dilyanka z great number kvitkovyh roslin is established by the soil with a neutral reaction and is replaced by humus (4-6%).

Salt accumulation is typical for landscapes of arctic kestrels. On the surface of the soil there are parts of salts, and as a result of the migration of salts, other salty lakes can form.

Tundra (subarctic) zone. On the territory of Eurasia, the zone is occupied by a wide swamp on the winter continent, a larger part of it is located beyond the Winter Polar Stake, the protest on the northern continent of the tundra landscape expands significantly from the winter to the narrow sea. At Zakhidniy pivkuli tundra zone occupies the widest area of ​​Alaska and the great area of ​​Canada. Widened tundra landscapes on the ancient Uzbek coast of Greenland, in Iceland, on the other islands of the Barents Sea. Tundra landscapes are seen in the mountains in the mountains.

Above the surface, permafrost is widening the tundra-gley soil, the stench is formed in the sinks of the obstructed drainage of ground-ground waters and the lack of acidity. For them, as well as for the lower types of tundra soils, the accumulation of Weakly decomposed debris surplus is characteristic, due to which the upper part of the profile grows like a turn of the peaty horizon (A m), ) humus horizon (A1) of brownish brown color. Distant overflowing gleyovy soil horizon of a specific bluish-gray color, which is accepted as a result of random processes in the minds of water saturation of soil products. The glacial horizon is trivial to the upper surface of the bagatorial permafrost.

Infection in connection with the active development of the mineral resources of Pivnoch, there was a problem of protecting the nature of the tundra, і, in the Persha Cherga, її soil cover. The upper peaty horizon of tundra soils is easily destroyed, and ten years are required for its renewal. Follow the transport, drilling and wake-up machines to cover the surface of the tundra, allowing the development of erosive processes. The destruction of the ground cover is the plant of an unjustified Shkodi of the entire unique nature of the tundra. Strict control of the state dіyalnosti in the tundra is foldable, but in the region it is necessary.

Taigova zone. Taiga-forest landscapes establish a great belt in the winter season, which drags on from the approach to the stage in the Eurasian and Eastern America.

For the weather permafrost on the good water-penetrating food and supine soil-satisfying rocks to establish rіznі vidi pidzolic soils. Budova profile of cich soil:

A 0 - fossil bedding, which will be stored for the siege of needles, surplus trees, chagarniks and moss, which are overloaded at different stages of distribution. The toughness of the horizon is from 2-4 to 6-8 cm. The reaction of the fossil layer is strongly acidic (pH = 3.5-4.0). And 2 - the luvial horizon (obriy vimivannya), which is in the lower horizon of the winery of all the big-mensh ruins. In cich soils, the horizon is called podzol_stim. . Food, it is easy to grow, it’s a lot of fun for the blue-gray, the big color. Unimportant for a slight strain (from 2-4 cm at winter and in the center to 10-15 cm in the middle of the taiga zone), the whole horizon is clearly visible in the soil profile of the plant of its own color.

B - yaskravo brown, kavovy or rzhavo-stormy illuvial horizon, in which it is overwhelmed, so that precipitated spoluk is quiet chemical elements and other particles, such as boules vimiti from the upper part of the soil (head rank, from the pidzolic horizon). With a glibinous horizon in the whole horizon, the rusty-storms are decreasing and gradually move into soil-producing rocks. Requirement 30-50 cm.

З - soil-producing rocks, represented by gray peaks, crushed stone and boulders.

The need for the profile of the soil is step by step to grow from winter to weekday. The soils of the early taiga may be the same for Budova itself, like the soil of the early and middle taiga, but there is more pressure on all horizons.

In the Eurasian pidzolisti of the runt, there are only broadens in the part of the taigovy zone at the end of the Anisei. In the Pivnichniy American pidzolisti ryunti widened in the paved part of the taiga zone. Territory on the path from the United States in Eurasia (Central and Eastern Siberia) and the private part of the taiga zone in the Indian America (the old part of Canada and Alaska) Here acid brown taiga soil (podburi) is formed, and sometimes it is permafrost-taiga soil soil.

In the medical and geographical environment, the zone of taiga forests is not readily receptive, as, as a result of intensive stimulation of the soil, it consumes a lot of chemical elements, including the necessary for the normal development of people in iodine, міді, calcium ta in.)

Zone of wandering leaves. On the first day, from the zones of taiga leaves, there are growing coniferous-leafed leaves. In Pivnichniy America, there are widening lines on the descent of the mainland in the region of the Great Lakes. in Eurasia - on the territory of the European-European Rivnini, de voni set up a wide area. Outside the Urals, it is a long way to the skid, right up to Priamur, if I do not want to establish the essential zone.

The zone of wandering lisiv can be finished with a stringy soil cover. The most characteristic type of automorphic soils of green forests – pivdenna type of pidzolic soils. The soil is formed only on loamy soil-filling rocks. Sod-pidzolic runts can be found in the same soil profile, as well as pidzolis. From the pidzolic stench, there is less tautness of the wood bedding (2-5 cm), more strain all horizons and more clearly swinging the humus horizon A1, so to lie under the forest floor. Zovnishny viglyad The humus horizon of soddy-pidzolic soils also grows towards the horizon in pidzolic soils, at the upper part of it there is a large number of roots of grasses, which often make the sod turn better. Kolіr - a series of young wines, folding down to the fluff. Demand for the humus horizon is from 5 to 20 cm, instead of humus - 2-4%.

At the upper part of the soil profile, it is characterized by an acidic reaction (pH = 4), with a glybin reaction it is gradually becoming acidic.

Vikoristannya soils of green leaves in agriculture, lower soils of taiga leaves. In the pivdennye regions of the European part of Russia, the roseoran is 30-45% of the area, on the private part of the rosian land is much smaller. Farming has been accelerated due to the acidic reaction of the soil, strong viluzhenia, and due to swamps and boulders. To neutralize excess acidity, soak the soil. For rejection of high vrozhaiv, great doses of organic and mineral kind are required.

Zone of broad-leaved leaves. In the middle of the belt, in more warm waters (in the case of taiga and subtaiga forests), broad-leaved foils are widened with a rich grass cover. In Pivnichniy America, the zone of broad-leaved leaves is stretched on the descent of the continent for every day from the zone of small leaves. In Eurasia, there is no need to establish a suction zone, but to be pulled by the overpriced smogs from Western Europe to the Primorsky Territory of Russia.

There are two types of soil formed in cich landscapes:

1. Sire lisovy soils, Formed in the inner continental regions (central regions of Eurasia and Pivnichnoy America). In Eurasia, the islands stretch from the backcountry cordons of Bilorus to Transbaikal.

The soil-forming rocks are the most important forest-like loams.

Budova profile of gray fox soil:

A 0 - fossil bedding for siege of trees and grasses, give rise to a slight exertion (3-5 cm);

А 1 - humus horizon of gray or dark gray color, brisk-powdery structure, to take revenge on a great number of roots of herbs.

А 1 А 2 - humus-eluvial horizon, more clearly marked with breast structure.

А 2 В - eluvial-illuvial horizon, siruvate-boring or siruvat-brown color, with a clear, non-grave-fine-nut structure.

B - eluvial, nasal, brown-brown, with a nutty or prismatic-nutty good twisted structure. Behind the steep turn morphological signs develop on images B1 and B2.

BC is a transitional form of an illuvial to a primitive breed, which is less clear-cut and less structured.

The type of blue foil soil is suitable for three types- light-blue, gray and dark-blue, what are the names of such ties from the intensiveness of the humus horizon.

Green wood soils are much more fertile than sod-pidzolic soils, the stench is friendly for growing grain, fodder, garden-city and deyaky technical crops. The main drawback is the greatly reduced efficiency as a result of the high-quality victoriousness and the significant reduction in the result of the erosion.

2. Buri Lisovi Orunti settled on the territory of the m'yakim and vologim oceanic climate, in Eurasia - tse Zakhidna Europe, Carpathians, Girskiy Krim, warm and vologic regions and the Caucasus and Primorskiy Territory of Russia, In Pivnichniy America - A part of the Atlantic continent.

The profile of brownish-fossil soils is characterized by weakly differentiated and not very dark humus horizon, and it is formed from the onset of genetic horizons А 0 -А 0 А 1 -А 1 - В t (В t, I, h, f) -BC-С.

A 0 - fossil bedding for siege of leaves, needles and slabs, tautness from 0.5 to 5 cm.

А 0 А 1 - deep humus humus horizon of dark gray color, plump.

А 1 - humus horizon of dark-brown or gray-brown color, fluffy-brisk or brisk-granular structure, loamy one with included crushed stone. Tightness - 10-20 cm.

In t, I, h, f - metamorphic horizon of brown or brownish-brown color, clayey, one degradation, with a lumpy-nutty or granular-nutty structure.

ВС - horizon transition to the breed.

С - the parent rock is represented by loamy stony-crushed stone eluvia and eluvia-diluvia of fine-earth rocks.

With a great number of good and rational agrotechnics, the soil is given even higher crops of agricultural crops, spruce, new crops of grain crops can be caught on cich soils. Near the ancient regions of Nimechchin and France, the soil is vicorist, mainly vineyards.

Zone of meadow steppes, forest steppe and archery-grass steppes. In Eurasia, on weekday from the zone of broad-leaved forests, the zone of the forest steppe stretches, which is the same as the new zone of steppe. Automorphic soil landscapes in meadow steppes zones and forest-steppe and archery-grass steppes zones and steppes were called black earth .

The soil-forming rocks of the black earth are represented by heavily forest-like enclosures (the forest is a fine-grained sedimentary rock of the light-yellow or pale yellow colora).

The most characteristic peculiarity of these soils, which was summed up by its name, is the hard-working humus horizon of the intensely black color.

Budova profile of typical black earth:

A - humus horizon, uniformly Dark horizon due to granular structure.

AB - humus Dark from the backbone russet to the bottom or unevenly colored from the dark humus dylyanoks and dark brown, blue-brown beaches or wedged, granular structure.

B - transitional to the breed, which, in spite of the borax of uneven grain, step by step go into the color of the soil-forming breed. Behind the step, the forms of humusiness and structures can grow into B 1 -B 2.

The accumulation of carbonates is deposited in the horizon of the BC up to the parent rocks of the Wc.

Chernozem is famous for its family, the regions of widening are the main base for the production of grain crops, chergu, wheat, as well as a number of the most popular technical crops (red beet, dormouse, corn). To lay down the harvest on black soil, as a head rank, from the place of the water in the form available for the growth. In our land, for the black-earth regions, boules are characterized by neurosis, wickedness in dry land.

Another not less important problem is black earth - the chain of soils, viciousness of the earth. On vikorystovuvanih pіd farming of black earth soils, you need special protection.

Zone of dry steppes and napivpustel pomirny belt. In the area of ​​steppes, the zone stretches to the bottom. The wilderness steppes (they call it dry steppes), which intertwine with the willows, are often formed by a verdant cover and soils from the wilderness steppes. Behind its high-lying cover and soils of the paved steppe is closer to napivpustel, lower to the steppes.

In arid and extra-continental minds of dry steppes and in a desert, they form like chestnut-brown willow-steppe soils.

In Eurasia chestnut soil occupy a small area in Romania and are more widely represented in the arid central regions of Spain. Vuzkoy smoky stench to stretch along the Uzbek coast of Chorny and Azov Sea... On the road (in the Lower Volga, in the Western Caspian Sea), the area of ​​the soil is growing. Chestnut soils are widened even wider in the territory of Kazakhstan, there are signs of succinic smog in them in Mongolia, and sometimes in Central China, occupying a larger part of the territory of Mongolia and the central provinces of China. At the Central and Eastern Siberia, chestnut soils are formed as islands only. The most widespread area of ​​chestnut soils is the steppes of the Pivdenno-Skhidny Transbaikal.

widening burrow of hollow-steppe soils bolsh is surrounded - it is important for the regions in Kazakhstan.

Near the Pivnichniy American chestnut and stormy soils grow in the central part of the continent, from the descent between the black earth zone, and from the sunset - through the skeletal mountains. In the past, the area of ​​the widening of the cich runts is bordered by the Mexican flatlands.

Forest-like loams are used as soil-forming rocks;

Budova profile of chestnut and brown soils:

A - humus horizon. In chestnut soils, wines of a siruvato-chestnut colorah, weed with dewline roots, a brisk structure and may have a tautness of 15-25 cm. % in chestnut soils and close to 2% in burrows.

B - a transitional horizon of a brown-brown colorah, valleys, at the bottom there is a carbonate new solution. Requirement 20-30 cm.

З - soil-producing rocks, represented by forest-like loams of zhovtuvaty-brown color in chestnut soils and brown-fawn in burikh. At the upper part, new carbonate is observed. Below 50 cm in brown soils and 1 m in chestnut soils, new gypsum is growing.

In the middle of chestnut soils you see three types, Shho change one to one pivnichi per day:

Dark chestnut, may the pressure of the humus horizon be close to 25 cm or more, chestnut the tightness of the humus horizon is close to 20 cm; light chestnut The tightness of the humus horizon is close to 15 cm.

characteristic particularity The primordial cover of dry steppes is a supra-specific line, which is tied to overgrowth behind the forms of meso- and microrelief of warmth and especially vologues, and at the same time, watery spoluks. The lack of knowledge is the reason for the even more sensitive reaction of goodness and ground relief to wind on the weakness of the problem. Zonal automorphic soil (tobto chestnut and brown to empty-steppe) occupy less than 70% of the territory, the sieve falls on saline hydromorphic soil (solonets, salt marshes too.).

Kestrel zone. In Eurasia, for every day, the kestrel zone is drawn from the kestrel zone. Vona roztashovana at the inland part of the continent - on the great plains of Kazakhstan, Middle and Central Asia. By zonal automorphic soils, hedgehog є siro-bore, hollow soil.

Among the soil-forming species, there are forest-like and ancient alluvial inclinations, and are broken up by the wind.

Сіro-burі soil to be molded on pidnesenih ravennykh relfu. A characteristic feature of the cycle of soils is the accumulation of carbonates at the upper part of the soil profile, as well as the surface porous pick.

Budova profile siro-burik soils:

And before - the carbonate horizon, the central edge with characteristic rounded pores, cracked on polygonal elements. Tightness - 3-6 cm.

A - the humus horizon is weakly twisted in a gray-brown color, at the upper part there are weak crumbling to roots, down to the bottom, it is fluffy, it is easy to grow in the middle. Tightness is 10-15 cm.

B - the transitional deflection horizon of the brown color, prismovid-clayey structure, to take revenge on the rare and rotten carbonate light. Demand from 10 to 15 cm.

З - soil-producing rocks - fluffy forest-like loam, re-sowing with other crystals of gypsum. At a depth of 1.5 m and below, there is often a free-form gypsum horizon, representations of the purchased vertically expanded loose crystals of gypsum. Demand for the gypsum horizon from 10 cm to 2 m.

Kestrel є saline soils are characteristic hydromorphic soils , To the soil, there should be 1% and more light-corrosive salts near the upper horizon. The main mass of salt marshes is widened in the hollow zone, de voni occupy about 10% of the area. In addition to the empty zones, the salt marshes can be widened in the zones of the wilderness and the steppes, the stench is established when the ground water is close to the ground water and the water regime is similar. Salt water dissolves and reaches the surface of the soil and vapors, as a result of the salt deposit in the upper horizon of the soil, and the salinity appears.

The salinity of soils can be found in any zone when it comes to dry minds and to the close growing of ground waters, which salt marshes can serve in arid regions of taiga, tundra and arctic zones.

Small. 9.1. Cones for wine (proluvial trail) in the kestrels of Turkmenistan.

sub zone tropical belt. In tsyom climatic belt see the advancing main groups of soils: soils vologikh lisiv, Dry leaves and chagarniks, dry subtropical steppes and low-grass napivsavans, as well as subtropical kestrels.

1. Chervonozem i zhovtozemi landscapes sub tropical forests

The soil is widely widened in the subtropical parts of Central Asia (China and Japan) and in the first time in the United States (Florida and the second half of the United States). Smells in the Caucasus - on the Uzbek coast of the Chorny (Adjara) and Caspian (Lankaran) seas.

Typical type of soil vologic subtropics – chervonozem, I will name the zavdyaki my own barn, stocked with a warehouse of soil-supporting species. The main soil-producing species, on which chervonozems develop, are those converted products of a specific ferro-chervony or orange color. Such a color of accumulation of the presence of mint-bound Fe (III) hydroxides on the surface of clay particles. Chervonozemi calmed down from mother's breeds not only colors, but rather rich powers.

Budov to the ground profile:

A 0 - poorly folded leaf bedding, which is stored from leaf litter and thin leaves. Tightness - 1-2 cm.

А 1 - humus horizon of a gray-brown color with a reddish vidtink, with a great number of roots, breast structure and tautness of 10-15 cm. Instead of humus in the whole horizon - up to 8%. Down the profile instead of humus shvidko change.

B - the transitional horizon of the brown-red colorah, the red one goes down. Shilny, brisk structure, along the paths of the root roots, you can see the clay patyoka. Tightness - 50-60 cm.

З - soil-producing rocks of the red ring with white beaches, clayey okatishy, ​​є other zalizomarganese ends. At the upper part of the litter of clay and clay.

Chervonozem is characterized by an acidic reaction of the entire soil profile (pH = 4.7-4.9).

zhovtozemi It is established on clay slates and clays with rotten water penetration, as a result of which gleying processes develop in the surface part of the profile of these soils, as they wickle in soils of oxide-golden ends.

Rune in subtropical forests with nitrogen and some ash elements. For the improvement of efficiency, organic and mineral goodness is required, in the first place, phosphate. The development of soil in the subtropical subtropics will accelerate with a strong deterioration, so that the development of leaves will develop, which will require hard winter visits.

2. brownish runt landscapes in dry subtropical forests and chagarniks

The soils, called brown, are formed alongside dry woods and chagarniks, widely widened in the first European countries and at the first time in Africa (the Seredzemnomore region), on the first in Africa, Near East, in a number of regions of Central Asia. Such soils are found in warm and dry regions of the Caucasus, on the Pivdenny Birch Krim, in the Tien Shan mountains. In Pivnichniy American soil of a wide type of widening in Mexico, along with dry eucalyptus woods, stinks are seen in Australia.

Brown runts were formed before dry forests of a variety of species. At Seredzemnomor, for example, the goal is from green oak, laurel, seaside pine, tree-like yalivtsyu, as well as from dry chagarniks of the type of shiblyak and maquis, from hunger, hold-tree, fluffy oak and in.

Budova profile of brown soils:

А 1 - humus horizon of brown or dark brown color, brisk structure, with tautness of 20-30 cm. Instead of humus in the whole horizon - 2.0-2.4%. Down the profile of the yogo zmist step by step change.

B - the transitional horizon of the bright-brown color, one with the red-brown color. In the whole horizon, there are often new carbonates, in the most common areas, the stench grows at depths of 1-1.5 m, in arid regions, the stench can still grow in the humus horizon.

З - soil-forming rocks.

D - with a small pressure of the soil-forming rock below the transitional horizon, the soil-underlying rock will grow (vapnyaks, shale, too).

The reaction of soils at the upper part of the profile is close to neutral (pH = 6.3), in the lower part of the profile it becomes slightly alkaline.

The runts of subtropical dry forests and chagarniks are highly fertile and it is a trivial hour to grow up for farming, including for viticulture, olive and fruit trees. Construction of lis_v for the expansion of the areas of crumbled lands in the future with the girskiy relief from the soil erosions. So near the Bagatyokh lands of Seredzemnomorya ґprimary curvature Buv the lands and rich regions, the kolis served as granaries of the Roman Empire, now they are covered with empty steppes (Syria, Algeria, etc.).

3. dry sierozem subtropics

In arid landscapes, like a sludge of the subtropical belt, syrozems are formed , stench is widely represented in the front of the ridges of Middle Asia. A wider stench in the winters of Africa, in the continental part of the winters of the American and American celebrations.

Soil-forming rocks are mostly loessie.

Budova profile syrozemiv:

A - the humus horizon of a light-gray color, slightly ragged, unclear breast structure, taut at 15-20 cm. The amount of humus in the whole horizon is close to 1.5-3%, downward for the profile instead of humus changes.

А / В - intermediate horizon between humus and transition horizons. Large fluffy, low humus, toughness - 10-15 cm.

B - transitional horizon of brown-fawn colora, poorly compacted, revealing new carbonate. On a glybin of 60-90 cm, a newly established gіpsu is repaired. Proceed step by step to the parent rock. Tightness is close to 80 cm.

З - soil-supporting rocks

The entire profile of the soil is worn along the lines of the intensive activity of the shrews - worms, comas, and lizards.

The gray-earth nap_vpustel of the subtropical belt is intertwined with the gray-brown soils, the kestrel of the intertropical belt is tied with them by step transitions. However, the types of blue-brown soils appear as new-brown soils in the midday of the surface porous crust, less carbonate in the upper part of the profile, significantly more humus in the low and pink

In sierozem soils there is an abundance of chemical elements necessary for the growth of the dewlines, with a blast of nitrogen. Basically, the difficulty in їх silskogospodarsky vicorystannі is tied with unsteady water, so for the development of cich soil it is important to grow. For example, rice і bavovnik is grown on green gray soils in Central Asia. Farming without special cultivation can be carried out in pidvishhennyh farms in front of gir'iv.

Zone of the tropical belt. Along the paths, here you can rely on the respect of the territory between the winter and early paths, to be parallels with latitudes. Cya territory includes tropical, subquatorial and equatorial climatic belts.

Tropical soil occupies more than 1/4 of the surface of light land. Mind the environment in the paths and lands of the high latitudes of the rapidly growing. Some of the views of tropical landscapes - the whole climate, the growing and the warm light, the ale of vision is not surrounded.

Chervonokolorov is added to a sandy loam-loam warehouse, and it is difficult to change from decile decimetres up to 10 m or more. The number of applications was formed in the minds of the mind, with a high geochemical activity of the lake. At the warehouses, there is an oxide of zaliza;

The order of worm-colored inserts of soil-forming rocks can be in the form of lacustrine loams, which may be of gray colors, light-colored deposits of aluvial depositions, storms of volcanic biological populations of the same kind of soil, as well

1.Runti landscapes board (post-vologic) tropical forests

post_no volog_ tropical fools extensions to the great territories in the Great Patriotic War, Africa, Madagascar, Great Britain, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea and Australia. For the soil, for those who are in early hour the name of the name was missed - chervono-zhovtі laterite, feral that in.

The humus horizon is on the ground of a plank forest of gray color, even with little pressure (5-7 cm) and to avenge all the drops in humus. It is changed by the transitional horizon A / B (10-20 cm), on the contrary, there is a rise in humus vidtinok.

The peculiarity of the cich biocenoses of the field lies in the fact that the whole mass of chemical elements that are necessary for the growth of the grows, take revenge in the grows themselves, and only those who are not fond of bright atmospheric falloff. With the virginity of the tropical woodland, the atmospheric fall is already swiftly moving the upper thin, combustible ball into the soil and before we build the forest, it will become empty of the earth.

2.Runti of tropical landscapes seasonal atmospheric waste

Light tropical foils are characterized by vilny rosetting of trees, a great number of light and, like a legacy, by a cover of cereal grasses. High-quality savannahs represent the growth of herbaceous growth with sharp points of the forest or some specimens of trees. Soils, which are formed by landscapes, are called chervony abo feralite runts of seasonally in tropical forests and high-grade shroud

Budova profile of cich soil:

Above, the humus horizon (A) grows, at the upper part there is a big-mensh torn, taut at 10-15 cm, dark gray color. The lower one is the transitional horizon (B), on the contrary of a step-by-step appearance of a series of vidtinoks and a red color of the soil-forming breed. The toughness of the horizon is 30-50 cm. The ground level instead of humus in the soil is from 1 to 4%, sometimes more. The reaction of soils is weakly acidic, often more neutral.

The soil is widespread in tropical agriculture. The main problem with їkh vikorystannі - easily ruinuvannya soils pіd dієu erozії.

With a trivial dry period of 7 to 10 months, xerophytic biocenoses develop in rots and scorching sums of 400-600 mm, which represent a combination of dry village-chagarnik overgrowths and low grasses. Soil, which is formed by landscapes, is called chervono-burimi with the soil of dry shroud.

Budova cich soil:

Under the humus horizon A, taut is close to 10 cm, slightly gray, the transitional horizon B grows out, taut 25-35 cm. At the lower part of the horizon, there are some carbonate contractions. Distant slides of soil-supporting rocks. Instead of humus in cich soils, it is not big. The reaction of soils is weak (pH = 7.0-7.5).

The soil is widely widened in the central and western regions of Australia, in some regions of tropical Africa. For farming, the stench is not very useful and is vicarious to be the head rank of the herder.

When the amount of litter is less than 300 mm, the soil is formed arid tropical (like wilderness and wilderness) landscapes, dull zagalny rice with gray-brown soils and gray soils. They have a low-energy and low-differentiated carbonate profile. Oskіlki soil-forming rocks in Bagatyokh regions є red-colored products of [Neogene] vivіtryuvannya, then the soil may be red-colored.

Zone of tropical islands. A special group is set up for the soil of the oceanic islands in the tropical belt of the Svitovoy Ocean, in the middle of them the most natural soil of the coral islands - the atols.

parent rock on such islands to serve as a biofuel coral fish and reef vapnyaks. Roslinnity is represented by thickets of chagarniks and coconut palms with a partial cover of low grasses. Here is the best atolium humus-carbonate food with a low-draining humus horizon (5-10 cm), which is characterized by 1-2% humus, and pH is close to 7.5.

Ornithofauna is often an important factor of soil saturation on the islands. Colonies of birds give a great number after, what kind of soil organic speech and the appearance of a special tree dewline, chagarniks of high grasses and ferns. At the profile of soils, a taut peat-humus horizon with an acidic reaction is established. Such soils are called "Credi-humus-carbonate" atoll.

Small. 9.2. Coral bar'erny reef near French Polynesia

Small. 9.3 Atoll in the area of ​​about. Moorea in The Pacific

Humus-carbonate soils є important natural resource the number of Pacific island states and Indian Ocean, Being the main plantation for coconut palms.

Zone of girskih regions. Girskiy soils occupy more than 20% of all land surface. In the mountainous regions, in the main rice, the same combination of soil-conditioning factors is repeated, as well as on plains, so in the mountains the soil is rich in the type of automorphic soils in the plains: pidzol, black soil. However, the formation of soils in the mountainous and rural areas is of great importance, the same type of soil, established in the rural and mountainous areas, is clearly growing. Vidіlyayut hіrnicho-pіdzolisti, hіrski black earth and іn. In addition, in the mountainous regions there are such things, in which specific gypsy soils are formed, but there are no analogs on the plains (for example, vernacular meadows).

Small. 9.4. Gori Akhir close to the place of Kahramanmarash in the central city of Turechchini.

One of the most important features of the Budov and Girskih runts is the low power of the genetic horizons and the entire soil profile. The need for a profile of dry soil can be 10 or more times less than the need for a profile similar to that of a soil, which is more efficient when it comes to a general profile of a soil and a specialty.

Type and power of the runts of the rural natural zones. Natural area. Type of soil. Instead of humus. Powerfulness to the soil. Mind the grunt. Arctic wilderness. Arctic. Barely a little. Non-combustible. There is little warmth and strength. Tundra. Tundra-gleyovі. Few. Low-flow, gley ball. Permafrost is susceptible, little heat, overwhelming, lack of acidity. Lisova zone A) Taiga of the European part. Pidzolists. Few. Promivny, acid. Up to> 1, growing overlaps - needles. B) Taiga Skhidnogo Sibir. Taiga permafrost. Few. Rarely cold cold. Permafrost is susceptible. C) change the fox. Sod-pidzolic leaves. More, less in pidzolic. Big roar. Having cut the canopy, more tall surpluses. D) Wide-leaved foxes. Сірі lіsovі. 4-5%. Big roar. ======. Stepu. Black earth, chestnut. 10-12%. Nairoduchіshі. K = 1, a lot of growing surplus, a lot of warmth. Napivpusteli. Buri, siro-buri. Humus is less. Salinity of soils. Dry climate, roslinnyy crooked, K<0,5.

slide 2 s presentation "Head type of soil"... Rosemir archive with presentation 1384 KB.

Geography grade 8

short change of the first presentations

"Mechanical warehouse for soil" - See the structure of soil. It is called a mechanical warehouse for soil. Food soil. Kam'yanist_ soil. Clay soils. Supіshchany soil. Mechanical warehouse for soil. Mechanical storage for soil and soil structure. Ground structure. Loamy soils. Grunting.

"Doslіgennya Antarctica" - 16 years in distant Antarctica. Bezkraї coniferous foxes. Nova Shvabiya. General information about Antarctica. Atlantis or Antarctica. Wimpely. Atlantis. Doslidzhennya Antarctica. Naybilshe Lake Antarctica. Straight scientific doslіdzhen. Antarctica was destroyed in the area of ​​the north pole. Ostrіv, have sunk in vitality. The myth is real. Lodovik vidpovzaє. Penetration into the past. Water purification methods.

"Form relєfu" - Significant processes of the Earth. Eoloviy Relєf. Internal powers of the Earth. Sili. Relief, folds in the window. Internal processes of the Earth. Waste heap. Development of forms to relєfu. Geographic dictation. Lodovik's relief. Eroz_yniy relєf.

"Intellectual Graz of Geography" - The main causes of high waterlogging. Zavdannya. Name of mandates on the map of Russia. Take the card. Station. Geographic pardons. Russian polar sailor. Russia. Compass. Name the most long land cordon of Russia. Write the board. Regulations of Russia. Krainy. Zh_noche denouncing. Floating shooter. Irregularities. Type of pouring spoon. Naturally dashing. Confusing the teams.

"The main types of soil in Russia" - the winner of the lesson. "Ґrunti - a mirror to the landscape." Black earth typical. Ґroot map. Main types of soil in Russia. Tundrova Chapter. Understand "Type of soil". Great development of the territory of the land. The laws of the distribution of the runts. A practical robot.

"Monuments of the nature of the Russian Rivnini" - Karelia. We are empty and empty. The first Russian resort. Vobla. Museum-reserve "Kizhi". Kazan. Lisstep and step. Russian Rivnini. Extreme pivdenny school of the village. Unintended lisi Komi. Astrakhan reserve. Follow the ancient glaciation. Natural complex. At pivnich from the Polar Stake. Arkhangelsk. Pskov. Ancient places. Delta of the Volga. Reminders of nature. Stepu. Tundra. Waterfall Kivach. Valdai Visochina.

Meta lesson:

1. Coordinating an independent robot of scientists with the urahuvannya of their special features, with the aim of establishing the most agreeable minds for them to show.
2. Think over the main types of communication, form the spiwpratsi between the scholars and the teacher for the urahuvannya of the special relationship, equal partnership at the level.
3. In the minds of a specially-oriented nadati to skin diseases, spiraling on their health, nahili, interest, sub-active information, the possibility of realizing oneself in the knowledge of the versatility of the soil

Zavdaniya lesson:

1. Vikoristovuchi sub'єktivny informations of the skin science about soils, cleverly self-regulate information for additional maps, formulate knowledge about the versatility of soils in Russia.
2. Sponuating scientists to an independent choice and making the most significant for them ways of drowning in material about the basic types of soil in Russia.
3. Stimulate learning to self-development and self-expression at the choice and visibility of practical workers, new problems of nutrition.
4. I will help the creative group at the vivchenny soil of our community, pouring the state's dignity of the population into the protection and protection of the runts.
5. Conduct a reflection, an assessment of the prized knowledge.

Vivchennya new material.

teacher: Hello, marvel at the ground map of Russia. Name the main soil, crumbling from winter to day.

teacher: As for the head natural components, they take part in the formulated soils:

1. Girski breed
2. Roslin and creatures
3. Climatic mind
4. relief
5. Rivn of groundwater
6. Permafrost
7. hour

Teacher: How do you think, is it not only in Russia that it is not only in Russia, but in the United States it is chaotic or in order to order the laws of nature?
studies: Rozpodil soils in accordance with the law of latitudinal zonality, in the mountains of elevation.
teacher: Infections you know about the main types of soil in Russia and try to memorize the table that characterizes the soil.

Heads to the soil of Russia

type of soil	wash away the grunt	instead of humus	power to the ground	natural area
1. Arctic	Little heat i linkage	dumb	Chi is not a rogue	arctic
2.tundra-gleyovі	Permafrost is susceptible, little heat, overwhelming	1,5%	Low-flow, light ball with gley	tundra
3. Pidzolists	Until uvl. > 1 It's cold. Roslinnі zalishki - pine needles, vimivannya pepper	1,5 – 2%	Promivny, sour, slightly flammable.	taiga
4. Sod-pidzol	Until uvl. > 1 More oversized surplus, having washed out the soil in the canopy	2 – 2,5%	Bigger, sour	zmіshanі
5. Sire lisov, brown lisovi	Until uvl. = 1 Pomirno-continental climate, surplus forest and grassy dewline	2 – 5%	rosy	Shirokolist- yutsya lisu
6. Black earth	Until uvl. ? 1 Bagato warmth and tall surplus	10 – 12%	Nairoduchіshі, granist	steppe
7. Kashtanovo	Until uvl. = 0.8, 0.7 a lot of heat	3 – 5%	rosy	dry steppes
8. Storm and Syro-Storm	Until uvl.< 0,5 Dry climate, little linkage	1%	soil salinity	napivpusteli

Arctic soil:

1. The whole temperature is low.
2. The mother breed is covered with snow or ice.
3. Roslinny cover of views with moss and lichens.
4. Process of priming complications.
5. Arctic soil is established on small areas of the Arctic islands, not covered by snow and ice, in a short hour.

Tundra-gley soil:

1. Lito - cold, short.
2. Evidence of bagatoric permafrost.
3. Roslinny cover: moss, lichens, undersized chagarniki.
4. Soil-satisfied, trusting through the lack of heat.
5. Humus takes revenge on 1.5%
6. Natural area - tundra.

Підзолисті рунти:

Leto is cool, To uvl. > 1.

1. It is overwhelming to create a method of humus production, to establish a non-fiery ball of vimivation - pidzol.
2. Roslinny covering the ideas with needles.
3. Soil-relief is difficult, so as needles take revenge on tar, as it slows down grit and increases acidity.
4. Humus - 1.5 - 2%.
5. The natural area is taiga.

Sod-pidzolic runt:

Lito warm, K uvl. > 1.

1. We have cut the soil only by the canopy.
2. Roslinny pokryv is more versatile.
3. The soil is more robust.
4. Humus - 2%.
5. Natural zone - zmіshanі lіsy.

Sire lisovy soils:

1. Climat pomirno-continental z warm litom, Until uvl. = 1.
2. Roslinny cover of performances with surplus of forest and grassy vines.
3. Ґrunty rodyuchy.
4. Humus 2 - 5%.
5. Natural zone - broadleaf fox.

Black earth soils:

1. Pomirno-continental and continental warm climate, K uvl. =< 1; 0,9.
2. Roslinny cover of representations with grassy growth, there is not a lot of prominence, and there is a lot of accumulated humus.
3. Ґrunty - duzhe rodyuchi.
4. Humus - 10 - 12%.
5. The natural zone is the steppe.

Chestnut soils:

1. Continental dry climate, a lot of warmth, K uvl.< 1; 0,8.
2. Roslinny cover of representations with grassy dew, a little warmth and little in theology form a less versatile growing line.
3. Ґrunty rodyuchy.
4. Humus 3 - 5%.
5. The natural zone is dry steppe.

Buri and siro-brown soil:

1. Risko-continental, dry climate, K uvl.< 0,5.
2. Maliy roslinny pokriv.
3. Osvita soil is complicated as a result of high temperatures, a decrease in the level of growth and debris.
4. Humus - 1%.
5. Saline soils.
6. The natural area is empty.

Teacher: We have stitched a change of soils with you for the afternoon on the territory of the Russian Rivnini. How can you create customizable materials about the versatility of soils and head natural components that you can pour onto the molding of soils?

Scientists: The latitudinal zonality is stitched. As a result of a change in the climatic features of heat and inology, there is a change in the tall curvature, and because of the tall leaves, there is no middle ground. However, it is disgusting for the formation of soils, as there is not enough heat and in theology, there is also an excess. Runti are easy to form when there is a sufficient amount of heat and inology and a small amount of debris.

Teacher: Are Yaki ґrunty typical for our art?

Scientists: Chornozem.

Teacher: One of the main riches of the Bulgorod region is є runtu. The main power of the soil is the presence of humus in it. The region has been cultivated in friendly natural and climatic minds, as they took the form of highly fertile soils. About the soils of our village, tell about the scientists of the pre-slidnitskoy group.

Scientists: The territory of the village of Pushkarne roztashovan on the winter end of the town of Bilgorod in the basin of small rychok Vezelki and sparkling, a tributary of the Pivnichny Dint in the yaskravo-twisted foliage zone. We have a lot of steppe space to enjoy the forest tracts, and the growth of the wide-leaved leaves grows.

In the fossil areas, the soil is gray and dark gray foils. In the plains of the steppe regions - black earth zvicheyn. Near the rychok valleys there are black-earth meadows and flooded soils.

The acidity of the soil in the winter-western part of the Pushkarska fields has been adjusted, it is necessary to water it.

The triviality of the land-use development of the territory is infused into the fuel economy and reserves of humus in the soils. Lyudin's activity negatively flows onto the ground. On the territory of our village, the relief is even more foldable, there are not many of them, so the oranka is guilty of being carried across the grasping, richly arrogant, which also slows down the robot in the fields. Perevazhaє water erosion, and humus ball from the fields. Ecological zagin of our class is led to fight with spontaneous animals on the territory of the village. Before our guard was taken, a part of the Vezelki rivulet was taken, as well as the rychka itself, from the side-by-side smittya. People in their cities sell canopies and fall of bagatta, surplus of roslin, not smart, but the price of syruvin, which increases the warmth of the soil and the bagatta burn in the soil with microorganisms.

Teacher: The soil is a natural fit. The rest of them are more and more approved, the soil is especially natural, the transition is alive and not alive.

Thank the lads for the Viconana robot. stink spent to a robot and they familiarized us with the head soils of our village.

Infected the word nadamo Bakhaev N.V., it is to know us with new technologies to allow us to cut off a lot of vigor; it can be easily placed before the ground, so as the reliability is the same as the quality of the ground Agro-saving technologies.

V I'm happy with the concept Agro-saving technologies are included in the development of all ecologically preschool and ecologically insecure methods for the protection of cultural growths from old-fashioned organisms.

The main methods are agrotechnical, biological and chemical.

1. The agrotechnical method includes the following:

a) Sіvozmіni. Correct response - head warehouse systems of farming and one of the stages of fighting with the Bur'ians, as well as the agricultural culture in a way that is infused into the growing species of the Bur'yan.

b) The processing of soil is of less importance in the fight against the Bur'ians.

2. The biological method of transferring the fight against the Bur'ians, the crops of the cultivated dews, as they are highly competitive in the planting to the Bur'ians, so that the phytocenosis of some crops will strongly drive the development of the Bur'ians (Zhito, winter wheat).

It is also possible to pick up biological objects - comas, microorganisms, nematodes, which drive growth and development of bur'yaniv. The ale tsei method has not yet gained wide development in Russia.

3. A cool method. In the daytime, herbicides are actively hardened. Winning is not virile in terms of being used to those methods, but rather vicarious in those who are familiar with them. The connection is foldable and does not depend on an unambiguously cinnamon injection of pesticides on the ecosystem. Їх zasosuvannya is rational, so economically and ecologically primed.

Everything, re-insured agricultural saving technologies, plus the introduction of mineral goodness, a natural factor, (Vivitryuvannya, vimivannya and so far) all the same, there is a little negative inflow on the soil quality, so instead of humus and, naturally, there is a problem of renewing the soil use, and one of the ways of saving those, too, is unnecessary - the cost of introducing organic, good-natured method

Home staff: Individual development

Reconstruction of the actual material.

1. Why should there be a change of soil?
2. Who є the founder of the science of root knowledge?
3. Yakі ґrunty nairoduchіshі?

Clever pratsyuvati s card.

1. Yakі ґrunty roztashovany in the Yaroslavl region?
2. Did you formulate in the lower reaches of the Volga River?
3. What is the purpose of the soil on the Kolsky pіvostrovі?

Causal linkages.

1. Why does the accumulated humus in the zone of lisiv change?
2. Why is the natural soil of Russia - black earth?
3. Why does the taiga soil have little humus and less acidity?

Creative zasosuvannya knowledge.

1. To guide the butt, as to bring the negative inflow of people to the ground, to lead to degradation.
2. Guide the butt to the soil.
3. Why is it necessary to use good people for protection?

reflexion:

1. I will appreciate my robot ...
2. I know this year ...
3. Me bulo ...