Natural sciences list. The main factor of inaccuracy is transferable to the experiment. In addition to the gross blunders of the experimenter himself, it can be divided into two groups. Short course of lectures on the subject
Vidavnicho-trade corporation "Dashkov i K °"
M. K. Guseikhanov, O. R. Radjabov
Concepts of modern natural science
Vidannya shoste, refined and updated
Ministry of Education and Science
Russian Federation yak pidruchnik
for students of the most important pawns
Moscow, 2007
UDC 001 BBK 20 G96
reviewer:
A. D. Gladun- head for the sake of for outlying natural sciences of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Physics and Mathematics, Professor of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology;
L. V. Korolova- Doctor of Physics and Mathematics, Professor of MDPU;
O. P. Melekhova- Member of the Expert for the sake of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Scientist in Science;
G. K. Safaraliev- patron of the head of the committee for nutrition of science and education of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Physics and Mathematics, Professor of the Children's School.
Guseikhanov M.K., Radzhabov O.R. - 6th ed., Revised. і add. - M .: Vidavnicho-trade corporation "Dashkov and K °", 2007. - 540 p.
ISBN 978-5-91131-306-7
The handler can see the most important concepts of modern natural knowledge: the stage of development of natural-scientific picture of the world, the development of the nature of micro-, macro- and megamі-riv; Evolution is a declaration about space, hour and mother; principle of validity and completeness; spivvidnoshennya non-values; laws of safety in micro- and macro-light; the nature of the elementary particles, energy and speech; concept of approach to the evolution of wildlife and people; biosphere and ecology; the specifics of the current natural knowledge; synergetics; self-organization in industrial systems, problems of modern natural knowledge; svitoglyad і НТР.
The handbook was prepared in accordance with the State standard of educational professional education and values for university students, who develop the concept of modern natural science, victories, graduate students and theorizing young people
UDC 001 BBK 20
ISBN 978-5-91131-306-7
© M. K. Guseikhanov, O. R. Radjabov, 2006
OCR: Іхтік (Ufa)
Ihtik.Lib.Ru
introduction 9
Chapter 1. natural science YAK ЄDINA SCIENCE
ABOUT NATURE 13
Natural Science and Humanitarian Culture. 13
The place of science in the system of culture and structure 14
Characteristics of Science 18
Natural science is a fundamental science 21
Chapter 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE 26
structure scientific knowledge 26
Basic methods of scientific advice 29
Dynamika development of science. The principle of consistency 36
Chapter 3. NAYVAZHLIVISHI Etapi development
natural science 41
The system of ancient philosophers 41
Geocentric and heliocentric system in Budov and Svitu 49
Mechanical and electromagnet paintings to light 55
Modern natural science picture to svitu 60
Chapter 4. CONCEPT OF RELATIVITY
SPACE I HOUR 69
Understand the vastness and hour 69
Vimiryuvannya to hour 73
Space and hour in the special theory of reliability 76
General theory of viability about space
at hour 86
chapter 5. BUDOV MATERIAL SITU 94
structural budova material light 94
Short characteristic of mikrosvita 95
A short description of makrosvita 100
Short characteristic of megaworld 106
Chapter 6. Communication and rukh
STRUCTURES OF SVITU 113
Chotiri vidi vzaєmodiy і їх characteristic 113
Concept of short-range and long-range action 116
Rech, field, vacuum. Superposition Principle 117
Fundamental post-svitobudovi 119
Anthropic cosmological principle 123
The nature of the ruku structures light 126
Chapter 7. BASIC LAWS
mikrosvita 133
Elementary particles 133
Corpuscular-Khvilova nature mikroob'ektiv 142
Concept of additional information 148
Imovirnіsny character of the laws of micro-culture. Concepts of non-value and causality 150
7.5. Electronic shell of atom 153
chapter 8. CONCEPT of speech and ENERGIS .162
8.1. Riznomanittya forms of matter 162
Rechovina i yogo stanu 164
Manifest energy and energy in nature 167
Take care of nature 182
Law of Conservation and the Principle of Symmetry 189
chapter 9. WAREHOUSE, STRUCTURE
I mutually re-realizable RECHOVIN 197
Conceptual terms in the development of speech 197
Warehouse speech and chemical systems 201
The structure of speech and power 209
Chemistry 213
The evolution of chemistry systems and the prospects for chemistry 217
Chapter 10. THE NATURE of mega-light 222
Vіdstantsі and rozmіri in megaworld 222
Earth yak planet i nature tilo 230
Warehouse i budova sleep system 243
Sonce, zirki and mіzhzoryane sredovishche 253
galaxy 259
Chapter 11. THE CHARACTER OF NATURAL SCIENCES
THE LAWS OF NATURE 269
Determinism of the processes of nature 269
Thermodynamics and the concept of invisibility 273
The problem of "heat death to Vsesvit" 279
Chapter 12. SIMILARITY I EVOLUTION
VSESVITU 286
Great vibuch and expanding Vsesvit 286
Pochatkova stage to Vsesvita 292
Cosmological models for Vsesvita 297
chapter 13. SIMILARITY I EVOLUTION
Heavenly BODIES, EARTH 301
Adventure and Evolution of Galaxies and Zirok 301
Walking the planets of the Sleeping System 307
Walking and Evolution of the Earth 317
Space and Earth 330
chapter 14. CONCEPT OF LIKE LIFE.. .343
Concept of life on Earth 343
Classification of biological structures
and organization of living systems 357
Genna Engineering and Biotechnology 363
Problems of walking life at Vsesvit 367
Chapter 15. EVOLUTION OF LIVING NATURE 374
Prove the Evolution of the Living 374
Whore that Causes the Evolution of the Living 378
Evolutionary theory of Darwin 381
happy theory organic evolution 384
The Synthetic Theory of Evolution 387
Інші concepts of the evolution of the living. 389
chapter 16. THE CONCEPT OF HIKING
I EVOLUTION PEOPLE 397
Lyudina yak subject of natural sciences and science ... 397
Details and opinions of people from tvarin 399
Concept for people to appear on Earth. anthropology 402
Evolution of human culture. sociobiology 410
Problems of the joke of the underground civilizations 415
The problem is the call underground civilizations 420
Chapter 17. LUDINA 425
Physiology of people 425
Emotions and creativity 432
Health and maturity 435
Biomedical nutrition 440
Chapter 18. Vchennya about BIOSPHERE І ECOLOGIS 448
biosphere 448
Ecology 453
Ecological problems 456
Noosphere, 460
Demographic problem 467
Chapter 19. METHODS OF THE ADVANCED
natural science 474
Systematic method of up to 474
Cybernetics - the science of folding systems 479
Mathematical Model Method 481
Mathematical modeling in ecology 484
Chapter 20. SELF-ORGANIZATION IN NATURE 491
The paradigm of self-organization 491
synergetics 493
Features of the evolution of non-essential systems 495
Self-organization - Dzherelo and the basis of Evolution 498
Self-organization in different types of Evolution 503
Chapter 21. FAST natural science
І MAYBUTNЄ SCIENCES 508
Features of the modern stage of development of science 508
Natural science and svitoglyad 511
Natural science and philosophy 514
Natural science and scientific and technical revolution 516
General laws of modern natural science 524
Schasna natural science picture to light
i Lyudina 526
21.7. Features in development modern science 529
literature 535
Holy memories of our fathers and readers of the book
Entry
The harmony of the light of the building The mortal touch, Whose coming and coming For the most immodest ones?
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
State educational standards of food professional education of the Russian Federation will help students master the humanities and social and economic specialties on the initial course in the discipline "Concepts of modern natural science". The inclusion of the central discipline in the program of the humanities faculties of universities is justified by the need to know students about the unrecognizable element of a single culture - natural science - and the formation of a complete look at the world of light. The whole course of poklikaniyu to accept a wide basic product of education, to accept the all-purpose development of a special feature. The initial course presents the basic complex of concepts of modern natural science, and gives a panorama of the most common methods and laws of modern science, demonstrating the specifics of the rational method of learning about new knowledge. This is more necessary, since at the same time the rational natural-scientific method penetrates ever wider into the humanitarian middle-class, molding the whole scientific knowledge of the suspension. Science is growing more and more universal, adequate to philosophy, psychology, social sciences and to create a mystery. The evolution of the current tendencies to the harmonious synthesis of two traditional cultures, humanities and natural sciences, is responsive to the needs of the suspension in the general light of sight and the relevance of this discipline.
For vivchennya it is possible to understand those straightforward and problems, such as start a glimpse of curious natural science and scientific pidhid to culture. One of the beginning of the course is the formation of a statement about the picture of light as the basis of the integrity and development of nature. In addition, the program includes the introduction of the most important concepts of contemporary natural knowledge: a statement about space, hour and matter; laws of safety in the light; the concept of walking and evolu- tion to the All-power, life and people; biosphere and ecology; the specifics of self-organization, systemic methods of advancement and in.
It is good to see people know the backbone of the world in the everyday life-changing speeches and manifestations of nature. Tse pragnennya was involved in the manifestation of the unity of the light. The whole vision of the light is the result of the synthesis of the natural sciences: physics, astronomy, chemistry, biology, etc.
Historically, a visual glance evolved into a complex of primordial empirical knowledge, mythological, religious phenomena to a philosophical and theoretical visual glance, The introduction of a rational phenomenon has little glimpse of the obviously new cracker, but I didn’t know by itself about the non-scientific visualization of the action, about the manifestation of the rational element in the whole light.
Pragnennya to the odnosti rіznomanіtnogo lost some of its involvement in the scientific benefits of the misters of the Ancient Descent, ancient Greece and Rome. It was a slid of admiration, that of hints, and at the same time, hypotheses were the unity of natural-scientific and philosophical approaches to the analysis of action.
Idea about Vsesvit as a single goal, the laws of the function of what is accessible to human knowledge and intelligence, played and promoted a constructive role in the formulated scientific picture of the world. Surely, the very idea of an outside stone lies in the clear and methodological presentation of modern science. "The basis
all our scientific robots "," the most powerful and gentry of the springs of scientific preliminaries, "calling Einstein the transformation into rational (lawfulness) Budov Vsesvita." Without the vitality of the inner harmony of our light, - fond of wine, - there could be no science. "
The formation of a modern natural-scientific picture of the world is a historical, revolutionary or evolutive change of some scientific glances.
The history of human knowledge is the process of the history of recognition, the development and replacement of some science pictures by others, as they emerge in the frames in front of them, and in the process of evolution, they come close to an active picture of science. The main forms of communication of facts in the system of light, such as to prevent the evolution of development, are: 1) clarification of facts within the framework of the existing system of light; 2) clarification of the facts by way of introduction to understand them, New ways of formalization or, for additional help, the introduction of the principle of theory. In such a rank, the scientific revolution in the form of stretching at the hour, in order, regular and regular and periodically repeating the stage of development of scientific knowledge, for which is characterized by a strip-like formulation of a new fundamental scientific theory of systems of science.
Suchasna is a scientific picture of the world - the whole picture of the evolution of the whole world. Evolution of All-power includes the evolution of speech, structure, as well as the evolution of living and social support. The evolution of the speech is supervised to reduce the temperature, health, and the sanctuary of chemical elements. The evolutionary structure is linked to the determination of superclusters of galaxies, the formation and formation of stars and galaxies, the establishment of planets and their supporters.
With such a rank, Vsesvit stands before us as an endless rise in the hour and space of the process of evolution of motherhood. In the whole process of interconnection, the most popular objects and the manifestations of the micro-society and the megaworld appear. Z'yasuvalosya, scho in the era of the Naukova thought
Terized with additional macroscopic and microscopic aspects.
For a humanities student, it is especially principled to assimilate the problems of suspicious life in their connection with the basic concepts and laws of natural science. At the same time, the development of natural science should be shown in a rank opposite to the dialogue of science and suspension in the historical period, demonstrating the decline and uninterruptedness of nature.
Dana distsiplіna not Yea mehanіchne poєdnannya traditsіynih kursіv fіziki, hіmії, bіologії, ekologії that іnshih and Je product mіzhdistsiplіnarnogo synthesis on osnovі complex іstoriko-fіlosofskogo, kulturologіchnogo that evolyutsіyno-synergistically pіdhodіv to Suchasnyj prirodoznavstva, to її efektivnosti osvoєnnya mozhlivo on osnovі zastosuvannya novoї paradigm building on natural science and humanity components of culture, and learning the universal role of metamotion, which synthesizes the fundamental laws of natural science, philosophy and synergetics.
I am guilty of being guilty of clearly recognizing the unity and integrity of nature; physical and chemical manifestations between themselves and with lives, with a mind.
SUBJECT I STRUCTURE OF NATURAL RESEARCH
The term "natural science" resembles the knowledge of the Latin nature "stvo", that is, nature, and "knowledge". In such a rank, until the smallest term is knowledge about nature.
natural science in the modern day - science, which is a complex of sciences about nature, taken together in tandem. When nature comes to mind, everything is, all light in different forms.
Natural science - a complex of sciences about nature
natural science in the bitter reason - the sukupnist of the sciences about nature, taken in conjunction with them.
However given value the whole world does not represent the dayliness of natural science; At the same time, we do not open ourselves up to private science, not all of it. The lack of special natural sciences and science disciplines, with my own wickedness, does not pick up on everything, which is based on respect for nature: nature is more and more abundant than all obvious theories.
understand " nature»Treat yourself in a smart way.
The greatest sense of nature understands everything, all light in different forms. Nature in the most significant is in the same row with the understandings of mother, Vsesvit.
Naybіlsh sphivanі tlumachennya understanding "nature" as the sukupnostі of natural minds іnuvannya human suspension. This interpretation characterizes the place and role of nature in the system of historically minded people and suspensions.
In the big university sense of nature, the mind is an object of science, and more precisely, a sukupny object of natural science.
Nowadays, natural science is developing, new go to the intelligence of nature as one whole. The focus is on the development of nature, on the development of the ruins of matter and on the development of the structural elements of the organization of nature, in the expanded declaration on the types of causal connections. On the other hand, from the roots of the theory of viability, we have changed the view at the spacious-hour-long organization of nature's objects, the development of the current cosmology, the development of the development of the direction of natural processes, the progress of the pre-ecology
In the last hour of natural science, one should think more precisely about natural science, so that knowledge about nature is also based on a scientific experiment, characterized by a rooted theoretical form and mathematical design.
For the development of special sciences, it is necessary to have a knowledge of nature, to comprehensively comprehend the objects and manifestations. For the rejection of such zagalnye manifestations of the skin and history of the viroblyaє, a natural picture of the world is presented.
The structure of modern natural knowledge
especially natural scienceє the division of science, research on the development of empirical revisions of hypotheses and the establishment of theories, for example, empirical problems, how to describe natural phenomena.
sukupniy Ob'єkt of Natural Science- nature.
natural science subject- the facts and manifestations of nature, as our organs are sensing, without preference, or mediated, for the help of others.
Zavdannya vcheny polyagє in the fact that you can see the facts, publicity and set a theoretical model, which includes the laws, which are the manifestations of nature. For example, the manifestation of a burden is a concrete fact, of rulings for additional information; the law of all-sacred labor is a variant of the explanation of the phenomenon. With a great deal of empirical facts and publicity, being established, they retain their cob meaning. Law can be changed in the course of the development of science. So, the law of all-sacred labor of corrections for the establishment of the theory of viability.
The basic principle of natural science is to say: knowledge about the nature of guiltempirical change... Tse means that it is true in science that there is a camp, as it is supported by us. With such a rank, it is a great argument to accept this theory.
Nowadays natural science is a folding complex of sciences about nature. It includes such sciences as biology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geography, ecology and in.
Natural sciences are being developed as the subject of their own vivchenny. For example, the subject of the development of biology and living organisms, chemistry - speech and transformation. Astronomy is in the sky, geography is a special (geographic) envelope of the Earth, ecology is in relation to organisms between oneself and the navkolishn_m middle.
The dermal natural science itself is a complex of sciences, which has led to the development of natural science in the new stages. So, the warehouse of biology includes botany, zoology, microbiology, genetics, cytology, etc. Science. With the whole subject of vyvcheniya botany - roslin, zoology - creatures, microbiology - microorganisms. Genetics of vivchaє regularity of decay and diminution of organisms, cytology - I live a client.
Chemistry can also be developed into a number of larger sciences, for example: organic chemistry, nonorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry. Before geographic sciences carry out geology, land exploration, geomorphology, climatology, physical geography.
Differentiation of sciences called for more other areas of scientific knowledge to be seen.
For example, the biological science of zoology includes ornithology, mentology, herpetology, ethology, ethology, etc. Ornithology - science, scho vivchak ptahiv, entomology - coma, herpetology - plasun. Etology is the science about the behavior of creatures, іkhthіology vivchaє rib.
Chemistry area - organic chemistry goes to chemistry of polymers, naphtha and іn. Science. Before the warehouse of non-organic chemistry includes, for example, chemistry of metals, chemistry of halogens, coordination chemistry.
The current trend is the development of natural knowledge, so that one hour, with the differentiation of scientific knowledge, go through anti-modern processes - the development of the surrounding areas of knowledge, the establishment of synthetic scientific disciplines. At the same time, it is important that the integration of scientific disciplines is considered both in the middle of the rural areas of natural science, as well as among them. So, in the chemistry science on the chemistry of organic chemistry from inorganic and biochemistry, the chemistry of metalorganic plants and bioorganic chemistry is obvious. Applications of inter-scientific synthetic disciplines in natural science can serve such disciplines as physical chemistry, chemistry physics, biochemistry, biophysics, physical chemistry biology.
However, the current stage of the development of natural science - integral natural science - is characterized by not trivial processes of synthesis of two or three sumy sciences, but by large-scale procedures of other disciplines and strains scientific doslіdzhen Moreover, the tendency to large-scale integration of scientific knowledge is growing unhealthily.
Natural sciences develop fundamental and applied sciences. Fundamental sciences - physics, chemistry, astronomy - create the basic structure of light, and the applied ones take care of the results of fundamental knowledge for the development of both educated and socially practical enterprises. For example, physics of metals, physics of conductors є theoretical applied disciplines, and metal knowledge, such as providnikov technology - practical applied sciences.
In such a rank, the understanding of the laws of nature and prompting on the basis of the picture is light - the best, the best meta of natural knowledge. Adopting practical vicarious laws is a kintsev task.
From the community and technical sciences, natural science is based on the subject, goals and methodology of preliminaries.
At the same time, natural science is looked at as a standard of scientific objectivity, as well as the area of knowledge that is open to the meaningful truths, taken by all people. For example, one of the great complex of sciences - suspension knowledge - is dependent on tying with group values and interests, which are obvious at the very beginning, as well as in the subject of preliminaries. To this, in the methodology of suspension knowledge, there is an order with the active methods of enlightening the great significance of the experience of the pre-slidzhuvanny podії, sub'actively putting it down to the new one.
Natural science is a methodological insight and from technical sciences, understanding them, by means of natural science є knowledge of nature, and, by the way of technical sciences, the study of practical nutrition, connected with the transformation.
However, it is impossible to draw a close line between natural, huge and technical sciences at the current level of development, there are only a number of disciplines, which occupy an intermediate position or are complex. So, on the stick of natural and sustainable sciences there is economical geography, on the stick of natural and technical - bionics. Complex discipline, which includes natural, scientific, technical, social ecology.
In such a rank, Nowadays natural science is a great development of a complex of sciences about nature, which is characterized at once by the processes of scientific differentiation and the establishment of synthetic disciplines and development on the integration of scientific knowledge.
Natural science є the basis for the formation naukovoi pictures svitu.
From a scientific picture of light to the mind of the whole system. foreign powersі regularities, wіnіkа as a result іzagalnennya of the basic natural-scientific theories.
The science picture is in the post-development development. In the course of the scientific revolutions, in the course of the new revolution, the old picture is changed to a new one. The skin's historical epoch forms its own scientific picture of the world.
Our hour has become a fashion to talk about the laws of nature and suspension. One hundred percent to the point of nature, strictly seemingly, nevirno. Nature does not know laws. I’ll come up with a thought, I would like to systematize those that I want to see. The term "law of nature" is a trace of intelligence in the sense that natural phenomena are repeated and transferred. It’s not like that, the repetition of natural manifestations gives the power to formulate laws, as accepted by the laws of nature. Among those who have been preoccupied with people, they are guilty of superstitious principles that can lodge the process of inoculating natural manifestations.
One of the best natural and scientific principles - principle of causality, Yakiy stverdzhu, which is one natural phenomenon will give rise to іnshe, being its cause.
Nuvannya lantsyuzhka causal-inherited links allow іnodі growth of visnovka zagalny character. So, spiraling only to the uninterrupted lance of reasons and inheritance, the famous ship likar Robert Mayer zumiv formulated the law of conservation and re-creation of energy, as well as the fundamental law of modern natural knowledge.
Beastly respect for those who feed "chomu", suvoro, it seems, wrong. We don’t know і, mabut, nicholas are not aware of the Kintsevo cause of this natural phenomenon. Correct bulo b pitati "yak". What kind of regularity can I describe this phenomenon?
Science, in its development, is developing over the manifestations of all the greater and greater causes of natural phenomena. The whole process is given to theologians under the supervision of the verdzhuvati, that in the end of the day the scientific process is guilty of bringing to the point of the endowment of the cause, that is, God, and in the whole point of science and religion to illumine.
By the best gallant principle є Kur principle i. Winning names by the name of the very same P'ara Kyury, which at once with his squad Mary Sklodowska - Kyury vidkriv chemistry element radiy. Krym ts'go P'ur Kyuri for his lack of life has spent a lot of time scientific indications... Mabut, who found them є the Kuri principle.
Reveal such a personality A. For example, an electric charge, for example, a rudium of the color of hair, or something else. It is unlikely that it will be more or less equal in space. Nayimovirnіshe in the open space will іnuvaty the gradіnt (Gradient of scalar function I call the vector, conjugation in the biknaiyshvid growth of the central function.
Curi principle stverdzhu, as if there is a sense of quality A, then inevitably there will be no transfer of quality towards this lack, and the reason for the quality of A, that is, of the same number, will be carried across a single area, at the same time
Uyavіt sovі spacious rozpodіl goods under the name bay leaf in our land. The maximum of this is brought, most of all, to the subtropical zones of the Caucasus, and the minimum of this, which is entirely natural, falls on the districts of the Extreme Pivnoch. In the obviousness of the gradients of the bay leaf. According to the principle of Kyur, the idea of such a gradation is due to the transfer of bay leaves from the regions of the Caucasus to Pivnich.
There is a great number of empirical laws from the physical and chemical kinetics according to Ohm's law and to the classic equivalent of diffusion, inherited from the Curie principle. I should be built, but economists should respectfully set themselves up to the principle. Yasna yogo rozumіnnya allow uniknuti a lot of pardons.
Super-visually productive in scientificє already guessing earlier principle of dependence (additional)... A win for two to the nature of the knowledge. You, melodiously, already brightened the respect for the guys' idea of understanding how to spillove the side of the whole. The vision of such parts is a part of the process of understanding.
Describing what would not be there, mi vma until abstractions- seeing the sides of what is considered important in this particular experience. Bear the sides and invite them to go down from the gaze. Nadal, if the abstraction is drawn, it appears to be fruitful, then it replaces the previous manifestation of the earlier manifestation. When the side is seen, the appearances descend from the look, wind up like a stench є finish with a hundred.
principle of dependence
principle of dependence I will instruct us to look at the two sides at once in the inventory of something. One of them may appear in the background from the surroundings of the greater Sutta. It is more important to appear in these circumstances. Iakshcho, if you wake up to see the problem, if you have seen the overwhelming difficulties - try the ideas, sketches on alternative definitions. To deliver it іmovіrno, wіn wіn appear in the distance.
What about you, what kind of light? At the school they explained to you what the purpose of electromagnetism is. The price is accepted in the classical paradigm and in the zagalny it is impossible to describe the power of light. However, as you know, light is stored around particles - photons. Without tsyogo submission it is unwise to explain the photo effect, the effect of Compton and a lot of it. So what is the same light - the purpose of a hvilya or a lot of particles? With the evocation of the power of light, this abstraction is permissible. In accordance with the principle of dependence, it is possible to distinguish grants in the inventory, if they are carried out in parallel.
superposition principle
The principle of superposition is based on the fact that the result is injected onto the material system of two officials. In general, the principle is implicitly transferred, but when the factor is applied, one does not overwhelm one. The principle is less than the level of spirituality, not the principle of Kyur. However, at bagatokh vipadkah it appears to finish korisnim.
symmetry principle
The principle of symmetry on cob displays about the uniformity and isotropy of space. Transferring invariance of natural processes to the transformation of symmetry. Primed on the principle of symmetry, Emmi Noether showed that the main physical laws saving energy and impulse (as much as possible) є inherited uniformity and isotropic space.
The principle of symmetry of vikorist is intuitively expressed about the equal equality of the right and the left. Tim is wondrously guilty of giving you "liva" the spirit of nature. You, mabut, see that the molecules of the natural molecules are twisted onto the spring. Such a twisted structure can, for example, tsukor or enter into your organisms cholesterol. The spinal structure may be rich in enzymes of the herb and foodstuffs. If you cut off such a path of chemistry synthesis, then, in view of the principle of symmetry, we use approximately the same number of molecules, twisted according to the right and along the lines of the spiral. So the axis, everything that lives on our planet, is composed of molecules twisted along a spiral. To brutalize respect, and in your heart you have mercy on the left, and not on the right. Whom it’s so, it’s natural to have z'yasuvati. Let it be obvious that the principle of symmetry, if we will be self-consciously obvious, will not look around, є we will be surrounded by Velma and Velma.
We will be more confused, if this is not the least, the principle of need. It is a common principle of writing a kind of reconfiguration of a family, describing similar systems, and appearing the same.
At the same time, for example, this is how the little ones are called. To appear, for some mathematicians, the conversion of the vantage, adapted to the thread, and the electric strum in the colial contour, can be described by one and the same equal. The principle of pod_bnosti should be zastosuvati, sorry, do not zavzhdі. However, as long as in the process of your practical activity you will be able to see more of them as groups of appearances, - respect yourself, that you have succeeded in your care.
principle of validity
The principle of validity is not an absolute ruin. And yet, not in absolute space, in absolute time, and so on. P. Tsey principle of transferring, so that the interruption of natural processes does not lie in the fact that the point of view of the loan is sposterigach, I describe it. Buv visunutiy Albert Einstein in the position of one of the foundations of the private theory of viability. Zaperechuvavshis bagatma vchenymi. In the Danish hour, the mint has moved into the inner core of the modern scientific paradigm.
Directly inherited from the principle of viability є the principle of invariance of the laws of nature to the transformation of the system and vidlik, in such a stench the bullets have been formed. The principle of invariance of the principle, which is the type of basic ryvnyany, how to describe the natural phenomenon, does not lie in the transformation of coordinates at the hour, which is included in the cycle of life.
short course lecture on the subject
"Basics of modern natural science"
Subject and zmіst of modern natural science
natural science- science about nature; Sukupn_st natural sciences, taken as a whole. The land is alive on yak. All is true, that it is drawn near us, the mother is alive and inanimate, as it is known in its visions, and it’s nareshty, the people themselves are the axis of those who are living in nature.
In other words, the subject of natural scienceє. Today, natural science is established in such areas of scientific knowledge, such as:
· Physics, taken yak sukupn_st disciplines;
Chemistry of organic non-organic spoluk;
· Geography, geology, mineralogy, meteorology;
· Astronomy, astrophysics, astrochemistry;
Biology - from taxonomy to molecular biology
· Sciences about ludin
In a public view, one can say that natural science is composed of such lastly invested one in one main part such as physics, chemistry, biology and psychology.
· Be it a science in the environment and all natural science in general should be based on logically grounded and grounded mathematics.
Mathematics in all disciplines is a universal tool for scientific knowledge. It is necessary for all accurate natural science mathematicians to start from the simplest answer (arithmetic) and from all the simplest ones (the simplest geometries of Euclid). In the world of its own development, natural science is victorious, all mathematicians are more proficient than ever.
Natural science vivchaє svit, yak vin є, in yogo natural camp, taken yak udine tsile. Natural science vivitsya our planet, near and distant Space, solid speech, generation and gas, living speech and people, as a product of nature.
Natural science is not a part of the spiritual culture of people. Nobility is needed for the fundamental science, Naybіlsh zalny complete picture nature, suspensions and people.
It is our hour to see the all-important humanitarian and ecological revolution, which is a change of scientific and technical, or, more simply, a technical vibration, which is based on the accumulated knowledge in the XIX-XX centuries. In 1687, if the main robot I. Newton's "Mathematical Cobs of Natural Philosophy" physical light seems to be a whole and interconnected person. With the help of it, it can be described beyond a small number of compact formulas. So Newton, in his robotics, describes three laws of movement - the law of inertia, the law of proportionality of force and acceleration, the law of equality of action and antidia, from which there are a great number of inheritances, which create the foundation of classical mechanics. In a whole lot of creatures, from a mutually heavy til, proportional to the masses and wrapped in a proportional square of the appearance of them, Newton viviv was established by I. Use Kepler to rule the ruins of the planets. It is unlikely that Newton, for some reason, may be a fundamental science.
More recently, physics was given to chemists and biologists as a closed sect, members of which marveled at the uninitiated superior and linked themselves to the non-noisy movement. There will be an hour of boisterous development of the theory of elementary particles, the first experiments on the great accelerators (synchrophasotrons), in the vivid world of problems of the rejection of thermonuclear energy, the popular victories of the theory. Recently, there were popular science statistics, and a wide publicity could have been disclosed about everything. The time has come for the university specialization, if there are problems, how to work in the minds of physics or science, they have ceased to be one of one. In order to assess the size of the problem with the help of the sum of the topics, you will need the special knowledge. Hours went by, if the universals could be engaged either in electricity, or in heat, or in the development of mathematical methods. The first axis, after 300 years of Newton's thought, through a great number of new special knowledge of the state standard for universality.
The trend, the ringing of the specialization, was the main reason. The infection took the mountain, the sum of disciplines appeared, such as cybernetics, biophysics, biochemistry, biology, geochemistry, geophysics and іn. In common zusil fahivtsiv of the young galuzei, knowledge is often shy to the top of the problem, which earlier could not be resolved by the methods of the same science. We can use the butt to decipher genetic code: At the beginning of the investigation, the authors took into account the essence of biological (genetic) development, methods of experimental physics (X-ray structural analysis), methods of biochemistry and mathematical analysis.
Science is currently undergoing a phase of synthesis and building of bridges that have recently reached one distant region. I’ll look at the tendencies to the definition of the ideas of the young people themselves, knowledge, by the way, there are analogies in the new world, the possibilities of the systems of the very small nature to self-organizing is possible, by the plan, to see all the life, our people, our ... This will give the ability to predict the future of the planet and the people, and the potential for technological activity.
Moreover, the last decade in natural science is characterized by an intensive development of such sciences as socio-biology, ethology, environmental ethics, biopolitics.
sociobiology(From social-that biology) is an interdisciplinary science (direct science), which was formulated in the mid-70s for the style of scientific disciplines - evolutionary biology, ethology and sociology. Viva genetic basis social behavior creatures and people. In other words, sociobiology will be able to explain the behavior of the living by a set of singing passages, which has been rocked in the course of the evolution. Qia science is often viewed as a view of biology and sociology. At the same hour, the pre-slidnitsky field of sociobiology will merge with the evolution of evolutionary theories, zoology, genetics, archeology and other disciplines.
Sociobiology was one of the most controversial and supremely eloquent scientific disciplines of the other half of the 20th century. All came back in 1975 from the publication of the book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis by the entomologist Edward Wilson. The book was first to clarify such types of social behavior of creatures (in the main, creeps, so as the whole of Vilson's specialization) such as altruism, aggression, etc. For the help of evolutive mechanisms. At the bottom of the bottom, the last head of the behavior of people. Piznishe Wilson is writing a book On Human Nature (sociobiology about human behavior). The book won the Pulitzer Prize for the author.
ethology- the Polish discipline of zoology, which can lead to the behavior of the twins (sphatka - people). It is closely related to zoology, evolutionary theory, physiology, genetics, racial psychology, zoopsychology. Founder of ethology, laureate Nobel Prize Konrad Lorenz, calling the ethology "morphological behavior of the creature." The term "ethology" of recognition from walnut movi, the word ethos- in walnut movi means name, character, name, call.
Etology can be protistavity appropriate psychology, Yaka also vivchaє behavior of twins, I will explain it from the point of view of psychology. Rivne psychology viewing behavior in the context of the psychology of people, ethology Look at the behavior of creatures in the context of what is known about the anatomy and physiology of the creature. In addition, early robots, in terms of practical psychology, were mainly directed to the development of new life, and as a matter of fact, we
ecological ethics- the tse of interdisciplinary complex area of education, which was formulated on the basis of ecology and classical ethics. Environmental ethics is also called nature conservation, green, environmental. The subject of environmental ethics є priming and packaging ethical principles and rules to regulate the morality of people to nature and to respect representatives. Methods of ecological ethics є: dialectical method, systemic method, evolutive method, extrapolation, caution, [experiment] and general scientific and private scientific theoretical and empirical methods, in the specificity of the situation. Ecological ethics motive of nature conservation projects in two directions:
People live for uniqueness for the sake of peace and for the sake of the good of nature itself, for the protection of nature for the sake of its self;
Tsі dії vіdbuvajutsya on a moral principle, without any corriline interests of the people, and then і thе іmu іn a Skoda.
biopolitics- the galuz of science, representing its own kind of "centaur" with a biological tulub and a political head. On the basis of biological data and concepts and, especially, a bit of biosocial systems in the old days of the evolution, you should not go to the analysis of political problems. Tsei directly historically originated in the nadra of American politics - the science of power management in the broadest sense, that is, science about the political system of suspension. Political scholars were stumped by the lack of a theoretical basis of their science, zokrem, obviously lack of respect for the nature of people like the only one diyovoy individuals on the political arena.
Biopolitics is one of the main scientific and philosophical strains of sociobiology, noting that it is the development of biological laws that lie at the basis of people's behavior. In the given robots, by the terms of the term, there are political colossions and conflicts, linked to the social control of the psychological functions of people. Those who are from the XXI century will become the "countries of biology" already do not hesitate. To deliver nagadat, new terms have appeared: "biology of social and humanitarian sciences", "human genome" (recently deciphered by students ), "Bioinformatics", "Bioculturology", "Biotechnology", "Bioetics", as well as "Bioterism". In a word, biology for the rest of the rock to make a hundred contributions to the roster of folding concepts of cultural and economic development of people. News of the advance, for example, gene technologies (cloning of organisms, stovburovs of cells), additionally help people to get around from the bagatokh nevilikovnyh earlier ailments in humans. Achievement of genetic engineering gives the ability to virishity to a global problem for people - marriage of products. At the same time, there are problems of bioetics and biopolitology.
Why is natural science necessary? According to the first, cultural, people are considered to be guilty of the nobility, as well as the theory of vivacity, genetics, sociobiology, ecology, and the science of science, and the principle of prompting that evolution of the whole world, the Earth and all living things. In a different way, it is important to the fact that our life will be rich in scientific methodology. If people want to be far from the thorough scientific organization of pratsi, it’s not the least, the scientific principle is to lie in the basis of bagaton types of performance, and it’s necessary to be victorious. In the third place, knowledge, it is necessary to be a fakhivtsy, so that those who are tied and in such a world are based on scientific dues. I, nareshti, by the way of natural science є training of people, at least people who could be able to recognize charlatans from people.
JOIN
1. General information about the subject of the "Concept of the modern
2. Natural and humanitarian culture.
3. Scientific method in vivchennі navkolishnogo svіtu. Mastering method,
accumulation and expansion of the current natural
knowledge on the practice of good practice.
4. The main views about the measurement of quantities in natural sciences.
Headline statements about the discipline "Concept
modern natural science ".
Nowadays natural science is established in such areas of scientific knowledge, yak
■ physics, chemistry, physical chemistry, mechanics;
■ geography, geology, minerology;
■ meteorology, astronomy, astrophysics, astrochemistry;
■ biology, botany, zoology, genetics;
■ anatomy and physiology of people, -
і bagatoh-bagatokh іnshikh, quietly, hto vivchaє our planet, near and distant Cos-mos, solid speech, rіdini and gazi, speech and people are alive as a product of nature.
It is unwise to name all those who have contributed most of the additions to the development of natural science, but it is impossible to talk about natural science, not apparently such genii, like G. Galilei, I. Newton, R. Descartes, M.V. Lomonosov, C. Darwin, G. Mendel, M. Faraday, D. I. Mendelev, V. I. Vernadsky.
The main ones are described below. concept modern natural knowledge. As it seems, under the term “concept”, the system of glances is clever, those who are not clever of appearances, processes, or only one, which is the origin of the idea, is leading the thought of any creature.
Meta KSE - study natural science students, yak warehouse part of the culture With the basic principles and concepts, formulate an integral glance at the light, how to appear as the unity of nature, people, suspensions.
For the completion of the formulated in the program, the newcomer knew the following aspects. The characteristic of the dialectical interconnection of natural and humanitarian warehouse cultures is discerned. Vikladeno is the basis of the scientific knowledge of new knowledge, the classification of the scientific methods of education. Introduced information about the measurement of quantities in natural sciences. Motivated by the need for KSE vivchennya with the form of a form lucky picture light.
Described is the stage of the inception of rational development as a methodology for the development of svit, as it was seen as a result of the dialectical struggle of the development of science and religion. Vikladeno basic views about science paintings of the world. The result of the development of methods of scientific knowledge was the dialectical lack of vision of experimental and theoretical ideas.The evolution of the natural-scientific picture was shown at the exhibition by the prats of Isaac Newton, which I called mechanistic.
The next step in the development of natural-scientific knowledge was the lack of evidence in the chemistry of the living and biology. Within the framework of the rest, evolu- tionary manifestations were conceived and formulated;
Vidkrittya in the XVIII -XIX centuries electric and magnetic fields called for the development of an electro-magnetic picture to light, a viral role in such a close-range theory... With the insight of the atom and its budovy, science, spawn, physics, survived the last and the most tumultuous revolution. Until the ear of the 20th century, a large number of facts have accumulated, explaining from a scientific point of view the electro-magnetic picture of the world. It is necessary to be buduvati new, as I will call it “lucky”. Vona is uneasy tied with quantum mechanics, Viability theory, as well as the rest of the reach genetic engineering and in.
The selection of the principles of the concept of a contemporary scientific picture of light, to which they are introduced - the systemic method of awareness, the principle of global evolutionism, the theory of self-organization or synergetics. Grounded on the conceptual peculiarities, one can present the main tendencies of the development of the modern world, and look at the panorama of the modern natural knowledge.
It is possible to see how they are going, from the scale of a posteriori, whether they are about material nature, or from the positions of the corpuscular, or from the positions of the continual concept, to describe nature. Principled difference here is not to be spared, I want, madly, to manifest one of the global laws of philosophy "about the transition of quantity to quality".
Zdіysnyuєtsya transition to vivchennya spіvіdnoshennya order and chaos in nature. Given the meaning of chaos and yo come in - entropy. Models and mechanisms of order and chaos were discussed, connections were made out of the same energy of the material system.
Primed on a systemic approach to science, visions of three levels of organization of matter. A microsvit is viewed from the point of view of a modern picture of light, manifested in a new corpuscular-sickly dualism. The macro-light of descriptions from the positions of classical natural science, which is well-known to the mother of the field. The systematic organization of the megaworld is registered.
Vikladeno basic information about space and hour. It is shown that the structure begins to form a mass of material objects in an hour and to lay down in a wide range of materials. The evocative laws of symmetry in light є links to space and hour with the basic laws of natural science - the laws of conservation. Introduced the concept of biological, psychological, social space and hour.
Looking at fundamental relationships. Formation of a statement about the parts, about the zyaznyuyut in vzamodii, about the constant sound. The characteristics of the interaction from the point of view of the radius of the action, the intensity, the dzherela and the appearance of specific manifestations have been introduced.
Respect is concentrated on the concepts of long-range and short-range action, the laws of conservation. I will show you the rosibrani other areas natural science.
The basic principles of the physical picture are given to the light, to which the principle is applied validity, non-value, additional value, superposition, symmetry. Concentrated respect for the tight interconnection of vicious principles and such attributes of matter such as hour, space, masa, energy. Vikladeno is the basic definition of Einstein's theory of validity. Rozkrito resists the principle of non-value of Heisenberg and the principle of complementaryness. Concrete applied to the manifestation of the principle of superposition in electrodynamics, high-speed processes, quantum mechanics and knowledge in the humanities.
I’ll see the understanding, dynamic and statistical laws in nature.
Vikladeno the basic, fundamental laws of nature and on the basis of the explanation of the power and behavior of folding, abundant atomic systems. The concrete butt of the function of the old systems has been introduced and the manifestation for them of such an important understanding of natural science as point of bifurcation. The cleverness of the fundamental laws of natural science allows one to move on to the development of synergetic phenomena about low-organized matter.With the material, we should be able to see that in the meaning of the world there are changes in the new world, connected with the chemistry interconnected with the elements, or the complexities that have been established from them, so that the processes are summarized by the processes. For the entrants to the interaction of the speech, the reaction of the design is based on a budget or structure to set up all the elements. It is by the very nature of budov that they enter into the reaction of speech and the power possessed as a result. Formulated conceptual background in chemistry. It has been shown that the self-organization and evolution of such folding biological systems, such as Lyudin, can be used by a wide variety of plants. chemical reactions... Dalіyutsya uyavlennya about zіrok, zoryanіh systems, їх basic characteristics. A statement is given about Vsesvit and the developed models and the appearance. At the presentation of the theory of global evolution, respect is concentrated on the development and development of the Sonyach system. Vikladeno main views about internal budov and history of geological development of the Earth, formed happy concept development of geospheric saplings. Presented scientific knowledge about the lithosphere as the biological basis of life. It is shown that a number of factors rob the Earth as a special planet of the Sonyach system. At the same time, the hydrosphere is a colisk of life, and the light ocean is a "geochemical reactor". Significant respect has been given to the development of ecological functions of the lithosphere. There are two main directions of ecology and development of the project. The main information about the geographic envelope of the Earth and the parameters has been provided. geographic obolonka The earth allows the origin of coordinates, be it a point of the surface, the intelligence of the mechanisms of forming the climate, the growth of the visibility and the glibini, the moment it comes, the moment it comes out. The basis of scientific knowledge about the peculiarities of the biological level of the organization of matter has been formed, and the understanding of the culture and the meaning of the basic power has been formed. Collected and high-quality processes, their characteristics are discerned. On the basis of these phenomena, the processes of life of organisms are analyzed and the processes of life of organisms are broken down about their cycles. Shown is the development of living organisms without providing stability and stability of geobiocenoses.
Naturally-scientific hypotheses of life are looked at. Demonstrations of possible paths, development and vision of change of mind and victory. The presentation of the material allows you to respect the Earth with a special object of the Sleeping System, de-bulo the appearance of living things.
On the basis of modern materialistic evidence, the first for everything about natural goodness, the hypotheses of the people’s resemblance were formed. A group of rice has been seen to knit it with food light, and is presented with characteristic features.
The line is folded to the clan of the people.
On the basis of paleontological information, the main factors, which were responsible for the social sense of the people, were for the living, the appearance of fire, pratsya, member of the labor force.Based on the principle of global evolution, it is shown that the development of living organisms and groups is in accordance with the laws of genetics. Її basic provisions є the statement about mutations, decline, population. The main provisions of the synthetic theory of evolution have been seen. given short vistavi about health, care and emotion of people and factors that start. The inflow of space cycles into the Earth's biosphere and processes in it is demonstrated. Zokrem, it is shown dobova, is seasonal and inflow to the life of people, including those in the service of services. The noosphere has been formed, at the presentation of which the paths of the young development of the new world and people have been nominated. Induce to show the importance of protecting nature in part of the problems of bioetics, which are tied to the principle of non-gate development of motherhood. Tsey same principle to produce before such a parameter of matter is often non-turning.
Presentations about self-organization in inanimate nature, Otrimanі on the basis of the phenomenon of closed systems.
It is shown that the hour їkh іsnuvannya is surrounded by a rakhunok zrostannya entropії. On the basis of synergistic statements about in critical systems it is shown that the stench can be adjusted permanently or to reduce the level of the center of the economy for the exchange of the name of the center of speech, energy, information. The development of a living with a wide variety of signs of manifestation of fluctuations and positive ringing bell... It is shown that the processes of self-organization and self-complication are trawled with broken symmetry in systems, so that if the stench is found far from the path.
Vikladyeniy material allows you to confirm the message in the future, to try to reveal the new knowledge from the positions of one culture through the determination of such disciplines as KSE, the establishment of the "Internet" and in.
for independent robots students on the topics of the subject will be taught, first for everything, basic newcomers, Nayavnі in biblіotetsі unіversity. There is a lot of literature, there are people who know and how you can take it when preparing to the seminars to take a sleep. Most of the time, the following authors follow the programs of the course: S.G. Khoroshavina, V.N. Lavrinenko, S.Kh. Karpenkova, G.I. Ruzavina,
At the lectures, it is necessary to outline the material, to study the material, to see the meaning, laws, basic figures and diagrams. It is necessary to fill in the fields for adding additional information and explanations in the process of independent robots. Bazhano re-read the material on the day I will write it down and in every meaning it is not clear.
When preparing to seminars, it is necessary to learn the basic provisions of the material of the lectures. Rivne of mastery can be assessed from food, as it is guided in the course of lectures or from food before the seminar. Food, not marked with (*) є binding for comfort. That is, as a sign of meaning, it may be more important for you and you may be presented with a viewer when you see it. seminars... Preparing to sleep on the basis of the fundamental basis of the theoretical material of the course, as well as taking notes of seminars, choose from the material of the main one that went into the nutrition of the examinations of the students.
At the lectures and seminars, the history of science will be discerned: a collection of knowledge of people about new knowledge, to finish the development, chaotic ( Ancient Egypt, China, Mesopotamia, India), and then there was a transition to the system of knowledge within the framework of philosophy (natural philosophy) of Aristotle, to the stage of the emergence of modern science (the birth and development of scientific methods.)
To the stem natural sciences(Fixing from the end of the 18th century): physics, chemistry, biology, geography, geology, astronomy, psychology and in. Brought differentiation Knowledge about nature is tied to the visions of preliminaries, processes, methods of development, and in conjunction with the spirits of the results. In the Danish hour, try uyaviti svit yak udine tsile, Viyaviti naibіlsh zagalnіy regularities Vsesvіtu vyavilsya in uzagalnіy, integrative science - natural science. One of the leading establishments is to protect the development of philosophical, methodological information about the universality of the foreign laws of the world, about the systemic organization and self-organization of the knowledge. Along with the principle of historical stench, it is permissible to talk about an active, intelligent light, in which we are alive, determined by the goals and sense of our civilization.
In general, the course of the KSE won the following: the evolution of natural science and science picture of the world (history of natural science); the scientific picture of the world is so lucky; main modern cosmological manifestations; the main hypotheses of life and people; a place of people at Vsesvit, a place of science in to the lucky dayі forecast її development and ін.
Before the most foreigners understand the course to apply:
concept(View of the Latin Conceptio) to get used to the meanings:
a) a system of glances, those who are smart about phenomena, processes;
b) One, which is the origin of the idea, the thought of whether it is to the creation, scientific practice, etc.
natural science- system of knowledge about nature; a branch of science, such as vivchaє navkolishnіy svіt, such as vіn є, in yogo natural state, as well as right to people.
the science- the system of knowledge about appearances and the processes of observational education and human svidomosty, and the laws of development; science as a social institute є the sphere of human activity, in which science and knowledge about the phenomena of nature and suspension are systematized.
natural science concepts- name the results of scientific advances in the views of scientific theories, laws, models, hypotheses, empirical studies.
Achievement of natural sciences є warehouse part zagalnopolyudskoy culture, to the initial course, Yakiy is guilty to show the role and significance of natural knowledge in the intelligence of the new world, in the learned people in the whole world, in the form of the scientific picture of the world.