This is also the Atlantic Ocean. Lead your ruku in the ocean
Pokhodzhennya oceanic waters. Water from the oceans and all the hydrosphere of the world on the planet as a result of the degassing of the mantle. At the cob stages of the development of the planet, the process is going through the arc actively. Basalt floats are super-hydrated to see water vapor and gases from the upper mantle during volcanic processes. You can see the gases that are responsible for the production of water, carbon dioxide, chlorine, ammonia, methane, etc.
Every day to show that no less than 75% of the bulk of volcanic gases are stored in water, others for the value are dioxide in carbon (6-19%). The water vapor, which comes into the ancient atmosphere during the degassing of the mantle, is to blame for the condensation, having already at the earliest stages the development of a small water shell after a lot. Before the її warehouse was transferred atmospheric gases and dioxides in carbon, acidic acids, sour cleanses and amіac.
Until the moment the ocean depressions are set pervinna hydrosphere bilsh-mensh bezperervnim ball overwhelmed the surface of the planet. At the borders of 3.8 billion rocky, since the process of convective collapse of mantle speech, on the surface of the planet, the first ocean depressions have crept up, and the hydrosphere has often kept the whole society. The water ball has become pokryvati deprived of the most absurd pitfalls.
Significant part of the primordial hydrosphere was clouded by rocks earth measles... The process of hydration is especially active in the oceanic crust when a gabro-serpentine ball is formed. At the zyazyka z tsim pririst obsyagu hydrosphere timidly prisupiniv. Repairing from 2 billion rockets, fueled by water of the species of earth measles, spared a new ossuary of the hydrosphere to її occasional razmіrіv... In such a rank, the water of the Svitovoy ocean є for the long-time adopted, і for its own time, only three years younger than the Earth and the planet.
imovirno, chemistry warehouse waters of the primordial ocean By starting, first, for everything, in new atmospheric gases: carbon dioxide, ammonia, acidic acids and pure spolucs. Significantly more items were transferred to the warehouse from girskikh breeds earth measles. For 1 kg of sea water, 600 grams of sprinkled solid rocks are brought into the ocean, and 66% of them go into the ocean, sodium, 10% magnesium, 4% strontium, 2.5% calories, etc. At the same hour, instead of chlorine and bromine (head anion) in water, in a lot of times more than that, it could have been harvested from 600 grams of a hard breed. It is considered to be vodka, all of which are made from the products of degassing of mantle, and cation is from the revived girs (Vinogradov, 1967).
The vast salinity of the waters of the primordial ocean has been cheaply treated. Vona became 2.5% (Strakhov, 1960). However, until the Earth is 2 billion. Rocky salt warehouse of the oceans has never been seen as anything else. The ancient oceans were characterized by a high temperature regime. 3.8 billion Rok_v that the temperature of oceanic waters became close to 100 о С; after 500 million rubles it dropped to 70 o C, and up to 2 billion rubles - to +22 o C.
In such a rank, the primary source of the hydrosphere for its supply, storage and temperature has changed from the current to the last 2 billion rubles.
Chemical warehouse of ocean waters, salinity. From the water to the river and from the lakes sea water to develop a girly-salty taste with a great deal of power, which can be explained by the difference in the number of mineral words. Morska water є weak (4%) difference and all the power of weak differences: a decrease in freezing temperature, an increased boil point and a decrease in heat.
At nіy razchinenі all vіdomі chemistry elements, Which is being set up on the Earth. In 1 ton of sea water there is 999.989 grams of speech, which is stored in the 20 first elements of the table of D.I. Mendeleva. The head mass (99.9%) stores 11 ions, including Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, Br, F and in.
The most important development in the oceanic waters of chemical spoluces is used to ferment spoluca chlorides (88.7%) - sodium chloride (77.8%) and magnesium chloride (10.9%). In 1 km 3 of sea water there are 19.8 million tons of NaCl, 9.5 million tons of magnesium, 6.33 million tons of water, 31 yew. T bromine, 3.9 yew. Aluminum, 79.3 tons of manganese, 79.3 tons of medium, 11.1 tons of uranium, 3.8 tons of molybdenum, 2.5 tons of silver, 0.05 tons of gold. In total in the waters of the ocean in the razscinenny stanі is located close to 140 trillion. t in carbon dioxide (in 1 liter - 50 mg), which is 60 times the amount in the atmosphere, and sour - 8 trillion. t. (in 1 liter - 2.9 mg), which is 130 times less than that in the atmosphere. Recognition, how to enter to the sea water warehouse, cleverly walk on the steps of five groups:
- heads of ions (salts) in vigels of ions, complexes and molecules (in the greatest number);
- gas detection, especially in the case of molecules, and often in the case of hydrated spoluks (hydration - coming to the speech);
– organic speech in molecular, high-molecular data and in a coloidal mill;
- biogenic speech;
- microelement.
Nitrogen in the oceans is contained in the vivid molecules of N 2, the depleted gas-like molecules of NH 3, ion inorganic speeches NO 2 and NO 3, organic speech. In such a rank, the chemical warehouse of sea water is a folding complex of mineral and organic rivers, which can be found in different forms of ionic molecular and coloidal form.
Heads of them (sol). Sea water є by the range of folding sums of salts, moreover, the storehouse of salts is saved and does not accumulate in the form of extra quantities of salt. The backbone of the salt mass of the Svitovoy ocean reaches 5. 10 16 t. Tsikavo, if it is cleverly "rozsipati її" on the surface of the continents, then the ball is set up for 200 meters.
The process of recovering salts in the Holy Ocean and the first vitratus salt balance... Nadezhdennya salt in the ocean, go for a rakhunok:
- continental runoff (3.2 billion tons per year);
- products of degassing mantle (CO 2, CO, SO 3, SO 2, etc.);
- atmospheric debris (1.0-1.3 billion tons of salts in pik);
- calculating the number of falls on the bottom of the ocean.
Salt vitrate of the Holy Ocean is stored from:
- vipadannya of salts in the siege (2.2 billion T. In rіk);
- Salt winery when sea breezes are blown to the shore (up to 0.4 billion T / pk);
- from the loss of salts during the vaping of water in legends, inflows, etc. (Do not be appraised).
Naturally, the processes of the salt balance of the waters of the Svitovoy ocean, in the zagalny one, will temporarily bring one to one, in conjunction with a trivial hour (hundreds of millions of rocks) the salt warehouse of the ocean waters is permanent. The storage of the salts of the waters in the ocean is close to the storage of the salts of the blood of creatures. Behind the salt storehouse, the sea water is closest to the juvenile waters, which can be seen at volcanic waters, or to the waters of hot dzherel. Obviously, scoot out the sea water with a laboratory path without reaching it.
gas distribution in the oceans, they set themselves up for exchange with the atmosphere, biological processes in water, river runoff and other processes. The main gas is represented by sour, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water.
Before і z l about p about d (O 2) to come from the atmosphere and see in the process of photosynthesis, because the surface of the ocean, the water is saturated with sourness. O2 prevalence is found in temperature. At high latitudes, the temperature at the surface becomes 8-9 mg / l and decreases to tropics up to 4-5 mg / l. At the depths of the ocean, instead of sourness, it changes from a great change to every day, so that a quick life begins, the process of changing waters and transferred leaks.
And z about t (N 2) come in the process of gas exchange with the atmosphere. Yogo instead of 2 times more in the place of sourness. With glybin instead of nitrogen, let it change, even if there is a great decline in organic speech, there may be more growth and change zagalny rіven zm_stu.
D і o to c і d u r l e r o d (CO 2) as a result of gas exchange with the atmosphere, to see with dysfunctional organisms and to claw during photosynthesis. In the wilderness, the amount of CO 2 in a hundred times less than in 15-20 times less than the amount of CO 2 in a hundred times in the water.
Water (H +) borrows a special place, which is of great importance for chemical and biological processes. In the waters of the ocean, the acidity indicator (pH) varies from neutral to weak and low on the surface (pH 8.0-8.35). Establishments for the intensive recovery of CO2 in the process of photosynthesis, dissociatio- drop into parts) to water and bicarbonate і them, і rest to water and carbonate. With the increase of the glybin pH, the pH changes.
Grain water (H 2 S) settles in the bottom balls with a weak water exchange and throughout the day, which is oxidized. It is gradually found in the Black Sea (6 mg / l) at depths of 150 m across the depth of the borehole water exchange through the Bosporus channel. Gradually establish themselves with the gnitty organic surpluses of food hoarding. Timchasov was established in the Caspian Sea, in the deep fords of Norway, in the depressions of the Baltic Sea.
organic speech in the oceans, it is uninterruptedly produced at the primary products - green mass of roslin with one-hour processes of living, receiving and distributing.
As a result of the biochemical decline, surplus of dead organisms are found in the ocean near the suspension and the daisy chain of organic speech in molecular and colossal processes. At the warehouse of distributed organic speech sources, there are the main organic spoluks: pectin, humus and alcohol, carbohydrates, fatty acids, enzymes, antibiotics, vitamins.
Before biogenic speech It is carried out in carbonate (carbonate), phosphorus (phosphate), nitrogen (nitrate, nitritium, ammonia), partly silicon (silikati). The value of nutrients is equal to the values of nitrogen and phosphorus good for the growth of agricultural crops. number non-organic spoluk nitrogen and phosphorus in the oceans outweigh the number of organisms. For the life of organisms it is necessary in the main nіtrate nіonі, in the menshіy world nіtrіnі and іonі amonia.
Biogenic speech in the ocean is located in the station of the post-life cycle. The stench comes from water dews, mainly phytoplankton during photosynthesis in the upper, well-illuminated sphere. It allows the regeneration of biogenic speech in the process of being seen by creatures (direct regeneration), as well as in the process of expanding organisms (indirect regeneration).
As a result of the direct regeneration of the turning of the spokes, they are brought without the middle into the surface productive sphere. In case of indirect regeneration, accumulation is brought up in bowls, and the wine in the surface ball goes for the turbulent mixing and for the vertical circulation of ocean waters, especially in the zones of water (upwelling).
The very founders of the whole process are involved in the recovery of zones and photosynthesis by organic speech, and the result is the formation in these zones of industrial regions (for example, the regions of ancient and western Africa, in the Californian Concentration of biogenic words is found in the sphere of communication and communication.
microelement in the waters of the ocean, there is a lot of everything. The most common representations of lithium (Li) - 178 μg / kg; rubidium (Rb) - 124 μg / kg; iodine (I) - 59 μg / kg.
The multicomponent oceanic water and the foldability of the connections between the components and the sound and the foldability of the foldable chemical system. Moreover, sea water can be characterized as a system, I can set up a system without storage elements, because water (H 2 O) can be overwhelmed with water, which is the best in the whole system (Mak Arkthur, 1972).
salinity - The price of the number of changes in mineral fluxes, rotation in grams per kilogram of sea water, for the amount of bromine and iodine replaced with equivalent amounts of chlorine, all carbonic acid salts are transferred to the organic ). In the middle of 35 g per 1 kg of water.
Thousands of parts of the whole are called promile (‰), also, average salinity from the Svitovoy ocean to 35 ppm (35 ‰). Such is the salinity of sea water and it is normal. The salinity of sea waters rises from 8 (near the depression of the great rivers) to 310 ‰ (Chervone sea). Zm_st of salts near the waters open to the ocean It changes slightly - from 33 to 37 і yak move along the area, so і along the vertical view. Salinity rose on the surface of the Svitovoe ocean to show itself on the maps isohalin- Linear salinity.
salinity wines Surface waters are due to the exchange of salts and salts with the atmosphere: in areas where there is a drop in the salinity over the vapors, the salinity is often reduced, and in the regions where the vapors are grown, it is increased. The regularity of the image of the meridional wake of the mid-latitude salinity in the oceans. Behind the cards of the isochalins, the zagalnaya tendency of salinity reduction from low latitudes to high latitudes can be traced.
At the same background, two maxima of salinity are seen: at a latitude of 30 degrees in the first half of the year and at a latitude of 20 degrees in a winter season, confined to mid-season zones (the reason is in the substitution of a thermal adequate for an adequate one). The first drop in salinity reduction to 32 ‰ can be explained by malim vapors, a great number of fallen and small tannins of ice. Close to the tropical region, the salinity of growth is up to 37.5 ‰; Bezposeredno in the equatorial area, there is a lot of decline. temporal salinity tropical zones the ocean is the result of intensive vaping with clear weather.
The salinity of the ocean waters goes down to 1.5 km vertically, the lower level of the ocean water is even smaller. Salinity with glybin can be reduced (anachalence), growth (katakhalinnost) or become insignificant (homochaliness). The general regularity of the vertical salinity growth is the improvement of the glybin. The price is tied to the displacement and tide of waters from the other regions in the ocean.
The change in the salinity of the waters near the open ocean with glibinium in the other regions obviously grows. In the polar regions, the growth rate is 1.5-2.5 ‰. At the same time, there is a thin upper, good mixing, a ball of one-sided salinity, and lower, up to 1-1.5 km glibin, it is easier to increase salinity. In tropical areas, navpaki, salinity changes with glybin, on a glybin of 0.8-1.0 km there is a minimum, which is why it is spared.
Below 1 500 m the amount of salinity is minuscule. At a row of the Holy Ocean, the salinity of the same ancient horizon is significantly larger. So, in the polar regions, the salinity varies greatly only up to 200 m glibine, and more to the bottom it is practically unimportant. In the Arctic and Antarctic regions, one-year salinity growth on the depths will collapse horizontal collapse clayey and bottom waters.
At the connection with the great versatility of the vertical salinity, one can see the onset of the most typical type of salinity (Stepanov, 1974): polar, subpolar, mid-tropical, equatorial-tropical, mountainous In the tropical-tropical type, the minimum salinity at the depths of 600-1000 m is formed by the waters of the polar promenade, and the decrease in the salinity of the mountain in the bottom horizons is summed up by the changes in Antarctic waters.
Timing salinity in the upper sphere of water and in the open ocean is insignificant, not overlapping 1 ‰. Only in coastal parts of the ocean, seas and tributaries of the stench can reach 3 ‰. In the deep water parts of the ocean, the salinity changes only in the fringes of 0.02-0.04 ‰.
Temperature regime for the ocean. The ocean is a colossal accumulator of heat on our planet, and the source of the dynamism of water and the atmosphere, and the heat is re-generated on the surface of the Earth.
The main source of warmth for the Ocean is to serve short-lived sleepy radioactivity, which is stored in a direct radioactivity and radioactivity, in a rosy atmosphere. The additional warmth of the Holy Ocean will be removed as a result of condensation of steam on the surface of the sea, for the heat flow, that is, and the energy of biological speech in the ocean, thermal contrast of waters, differentiation of waters, wrap around the Earth at once. At the same hour, the ocean draws in warmth during vaporization, effective vaporization and water exchange.
The algebraic amount of heat that comes into the water and is lost by water as a result of all thermal processes is called thermal balance of the sea... All heat flows in the sum will be zero, so Average temperature Drive the Ocean for a long period of time.
The temperature of the water in the Svitovoy ocean changes in the depths of the wide gaps along the horizontal and vertical lines, as well as in the hour. The main reasons for the spaciousness of the clock are: the meaning of the change in the water and the cooling of the water in the lower regions of the ocean, the overrun of heat by leaks, the change of the upper and lower spheres, the coverage of the lower and lower regions.
The Svitovoy Ocean is characterized by offensive temperature visibility:
- between the waters of the pivnichnoy and pivdennoy pivkul,
- between the waters of the back and back parts of the oceans in low and middle latitudes,
- superbly high surface temperatures in the private part of the Atlantic Ocean,
- between the waters of the Atlantic-Indian and Pacific parts of the Antarctic water cycle.
The temperature variation of the waters of the winter and winter season is higher by 3 ° C. geographer and in a friend - with the asymmetric growth of the continents.
The rise in temperatures between the western and inner parts of the oceans in the low and middle latitudes is explained by the fact that in the lower parts of the anticyclonal bed of waters it is to carry cold water from the inner latitudes to the adequate. For example, Benguela and Peruvian Current. V backward parts leaks transfer heat water from an adequate place to a greater latitude. At the beginning of the season, the temperature of the backward and backward parts of the oceans in front of the inflow of the backward transfer of surface waters is evident.
Extremely high surface temperatures in the private part of the Atlantic Ocean due to the victories brought by the Gulf Stream and in the warm waters. As a result of the great amount of warmth, the part of the Atlantic Ocean is abnormally cold.
The history of the Atlantic-Indian and Pacific parts of the Antarctic water circle is tied to the eccentric positions of Antarctica in relation to the Pole Pole. So, the center of the cold continental masses is located in the midst of Antarctica, the Antarctic waters, and in the Atlantic-Indian sector, more cold, lower in the Pacific.
In the Svitovoy ocean, the water temperature changes from 29 o C in the equatorial zone to -1.9 o C in polar latitudes. Ale yaksho look temperature regime not only in the critical parts of the ocean, but in the new temperatures confined to the inland tropical seas. For example, when the temperature of surface waters is found in Persian water (35.6 o C), and when the temperature (62 ° C) in clay waters is found in the Red Sea, an anomalous phenomenon can be seen, associated with clay processes, which is dumped cori.
Bagatorial is cautious to show that the average temperature of the surface waters of the Holy Ocean is 17.54 o C. Nayteplish is the Pacific Ocean (19.37 o C), fragments of the surface of the clay are the most heat, far from the Indian Ocean) (17 the dark is Atlantic (16.9 o C), the coldest one is the Pivnichny Ice Ocean (-0.75 o C).
If the greatest amount of sleepy heat falls on the surface of the Earth, falls on the zone of adequate, then the temperature of the surface waters of the Holy Ocean falls on the same latitude, and there are three for the first time about 10 meters. pass here Termichny Ekvator Zemli... In the middle of the day, the water temperature is 27-28 ° C and over the past seasons the rock will change no more than 2-3 ° C. In tropical latitudes the temperature of the western regions is 25-27 ° C, and in the lower seasons it is 14-16 ° C. The difference in temperature parameters is explained by the tide of cold waters from the winter in Pivnichniy pivkuly and from the first to Pivdenny.
V outside latitudes The surface water temperature is 14-15 ° С in Pivnichniy pivkuli and close to 13 о С in Pivdenny. At night, an important warming role is played by the warmth of the current (Golfstrom, Kurosio) with a weak water exchange The Pacific from Pivnichny Lodovitim through the Bering channel. In the early days of the year, they are chilling out the waters of the Antarctic. Near the polar latitudes, the water temperature on the surface is close to zero.
The water temperature in the Holy Ocean is lower than the water temperature, but in the middle latitudes the decrease is not the same, which is explained by the insights into the penetrated sleepy radioactivity in the middle of the winter zones, as well as advect factors.
The transfer of heat to the depth of molecular heat conductivity is less significant, since the heat conductivity of sea water is small, for example, in relation to metals (1000 times less, lower in midi). The major role in the transfer of heat to the glib balls is to play the convective and turbulent processes, at the same time the efficiency of heat conductivity is increased in a thousand times and the change in heat is increased to great glitches.
The most intense over-rise of warm and cold waters vertically increases in convergence and divergence zones. Zones divergences to see the rise of surface leaks, so that there is an unrestricted rise in the liquidity of the wind streams over the oceans. The development of qix zones is supervised by downward streams, in some more cold Glybinny Vodi, Nasicheni live salts, wine to the surface of the ocean. Zones convergence the convergence and drainage of the warm surface waters of the Svitovoy Ocean will be seen.
In extreme parts of the ocean, lower temperatures rise rapidly to a glibine of 300-500 m and a higher level to a glibine of 1200-1500 m; Below 1500 m, the temperature decreases even more. Near the bottom balls to the ocean, at depths lower than 3 km, the temperature trims between 2 and 0 ° C, reaching -1 ° C in the Pivnichny Ice Ocean.
Glibshe 4000 m the water temperature and the adiabatic program), For a rakhunok, a hopeful warmth from the Earth ( superadiabatic program). For the rakhunok of a super-adiabatic pedigree, the bottom convection occurs, overshooting the stagnation of water in the gutters, so that it opens up for a glibo-water life.
Change of hydraulic elements (temperature, salinity, salinity, etc.) to one country is called gradient of the winter the value of this element. A ball, in a vertical gradient of the number of large elements and rapidly emerging from the cities in one of the balls, is called a striking ball.
The ball is driven with a great vertical gradient of temperature. thermocline... For oceans, it is accepted to use a ball of a strip of one in a city that is not less than 0.1 o C per 1 m of water. During the fall, if the balls are driven in the ocean, the temperature rises to the scale of degrees, without the need for a second to go one by one. The main characteristics of the thermoclin are referred to: the depth of the lagoon, the pressure (toughness) and intensity (the vertical gradient of temperature).
There are two types of thermoclines: post-seasonal and seasonal. Constant (head) thermocline is cold and frosty on rather large depths. The seasonal thermocline is set for hanging and charging. Win yaskravo bends in the middle and high latitudes in last hour and dressings with strong surface water conditions during the season. At the pomirnykh climatic zones You can create an insult of a type of thermoclin. So, in the Sargasso Sea, the interval of the seasonal thermoclin is fixed at a level of 50-150 m, and in the post-lay one - at a level of 500 to 1200 m.
As the temperature of the water drops down, and then it grows again , then a ball of cold water, how to lie between the upper and clay balls of warm water , be called cold industrial ball, and a clay ball with an adjusted temperature - warm.
Vinikin industrial ball in convergence zones. Yogo winninennyu spriyє is also a very special convection, wyclican to winter cold, if during the spring period the water rises only on the upper horizons, and below the water grows out, cooled during the winter and sank to the mountain. Tse the phenomenon is yaskravo bends in to the pomirny belt and in the polar regions. Winning the industrial ball with a horizontal and horizontal displacement of warm and cold masses. For example, the Middle Sea waters, passing through the Gibraltarsku channel, widen in the Atlantic near the warm and salty projectile at a depth of 1000 m.
The upper ball of water (in the middle up to 20 m), shilny up to pre-colivan temperatures, is called with a big ball. Seasonal temperatures penetrate up to 400-500 m. The lower temperature of the winter mountains is not strong until we add it, nor until the season.
The strength of the sea water. The proficiency of any kind of speech is a magnitude, as it is seen by the mass of speech in the same volume. The level of distilled water is taken as a unit at 4 ºС and normal atmospheric pressure. The power of sea water is the weight of water (in g), laid in 1 cm 3.
At the point of time, there are thousands of parts of one unit in terms of water and salinity in terms of water and salinity, and a quick witness has been introduced cleverness. For the whole, the numerical value is shown as one, and to whom to transfer three digits to the right. For example, the density of sea water at a temperature of 0 ° C and a salinity of 35 ‰ to become 1.028126 g / cm 3. This means that the weight of 1 m 3 of such water is 28.126 kg more, less the weight of distilled water and the same volume. With a great intelligence, the yak 28.126 will be recorded.
The average density of the surface waters of the Svitovoe ocean (with the seas) - 1.02474 g / cm 25.4 or 1.02543 g / cm 3).
The value of the salinity lies in the temperature and in the smallest world in the salinity, as the salinity changes in the smaller boundaries. On the slopes, the ability to lay down and in a vice. The scope of change in the vastness of the Svitovoe Ocean is subject to the temperature and salinity of the water. The greatest regularity of the distribution of the density on the surface of the ocean is a change in the values from the minimum in the equatorial zone (1.0210 g / cm 3) to the maximum in the polar regions (1.0275 g / cm 3).
The change in the depth of the ocean along the horizontal is insignificant. It’s tied together, that the temperature and salinity are the factor, that the efficiency changes, and one compensates for one thing. So, on the surface of the oceans, the temperature drops from low latitudes to high latitudes, which moves the water density in a straight line, and the salinity, navpaki, changes from low to high, lowering the water density in a straight line. In addition, there are altogether little horizontal visibility to the capacity of the pumping out of the forced horizontal circulation of water.
With a lot of change in water power and similar to change in temperature. In the upper balls, approximately up to horizons of 1000-1500 m, where it is possible to reach the level of growth with a glib, the value of 27.5 is reached, and at the same time, the increase in the level of achievement is even smaller, and at even less than 27.8-27.85. In the equatorial zones, there are freshened warm waters on the surface, and at the bottom there is more salty and cold water, the thickness up to 200 m glybin will increase rapidly, and sometimes more often.
Near the climatic zones, the surface of the water in the winter period gets very cold, the power of the lower spheres grows, as a result of which the water gradually sinks down. Having descended, cold and warm water and collapsed right in the right direction, and for the change come new, more warm and less important. Vinikє close the circulation of waters near the vertical area, as long as the water in the oceans gets cold and cold all hour. Below 4 km, the area of sea water changes even more insignificantly, reaching 1.0282 g / cm. 2
On maps, lines, where points with the same values are called ізопікни... Thermocline is called piknokline. One of the most visible spheres of the fungus. For example, in the Baltic Sea there are two piknoklinu: in the interval of glybin 20-30 and 65-100 m. "Dead Water"- the density stratification of the spheres, when the ponnocline is located close to the surface of the sea. When the ship enters the ball of dead water, when the ship enters, it’s quick to get along.
On the surface of the "dead water" the lightest detritus is concentrated and subdued, passive plankton accumulate, and the purchase of ribs, molluscs and shrimps is found. Piknoklin vikoristovuyutsya inodi sailors in the capacity of "living runtu", but allowing the submarine chavnam to lie on the new one, not just gwents.
The vice and the stiffness of the sea water. At the touch of the moment, the water is growing more and more powerfully, the vice of the sea is going to be in the ocean, in the ocean, in a lot of development, less of a change in the atmosphere. The vice in the seas and oceans grows on the skin of 100 m of water at 1 MPa or at 1 atm. (1 bar) on skin 10 m of glybin. Its value lies in the power of water. Under the grip of the upper spheres of the pitom, the sea water was squeezed, and it was shrinking.
The trickyness of sea water is insignificant: at normal salinity (35 ‰) and temperatures of 15 ° C, it is more than 0.0000442, so pouring the grip of water onto glide-water organisms is not so significant, as you can do it. At the time of absolute incompressibility of water, the total volume of the Svitovoy ocean increased by 11 million km 3, and the last one increased by 30 m.
Optical, acoustic, electrical and radioactivity are also referred to the main physical powers of the drive.
optical authoritiesє: the penetration of light into the water, the penetration and growth of the light in the water, the penetration of the light and the color. The surface of the sea hangs without a middle sleepy promenade (direct radio) and light, atmospheric and chimneys (rosciana radio). The penetration of light is located in a straight line from the height of the Sontsya over the horizon. So, with a sharp drop in water changes, 98% of light energy penetrates into the water and only 2% is absorbed, and when the temperature is 10, 34.5% is absorbed above the horizon.
At the sound of the tim, that sea water є like a transparent middle, light on great glibini it does not penetrate, but grows and is absorbed. The degree of these processes can also lie in the sky above the horizon. It’s tied to each other to go through the sleepy paths, so when there are 10 times about the interchange, go through the paths to the given horizon in 1.5 times more, less with the sharp fall of the exchanges.
When growing, there are only changes in the trajectory of light changes and glancing to the side, when glinting, the light is transformed into the form of energy (heat, chemical). Rozsіyuvannya buvaє molecularly and come to take place in the sea water of a respected part. The process of weakening the light flow with glybin is called extinction.
insight sea water and lay the head of the rank of the size of the waters and the number of waters near the water particles. From the depth of the depth, the bore of a white disc with a diameter of 30 cm, on which wine it ceases to be visible. Discernment is visible with singing minds, so that the value is to lay down for an hour, dob, hmarnost, hvilyuvannya of the sea and at the same time caution. It is called the time to be held at noon, in calm and clear weather, at a height of 3-7 m above the surface of the water.
color The sea water is a sukupnistu of light energy, and the main role in the whole development of diffusion (development) is the energy of light energy, from the depths of the sea. Potency of light, claims to molecular growth, wiklicka pure blaky color, which is absolutely pure (without houses) sea water with a lustrous color. The storage of the surface of the sea can also be found in a number of calling minds: kuta zoru, color of the sky, manifestation of coldness, winter trees, etc.
In an extreme sea of color and vision, it begins with valuable particles of organic walking, plankton. Sheds and sunsets, in the period of boisterous development of phytoplankton, the vision of the sea changes, and the sea swells with green color. In the central parts of the ocean, the penetration is 20 m, and the color is in the boundaries of the blue tones. Naybilsha soreness is registered in the Sargas Sea (65.5 m).
Water in the middle and polar latitudes, rich in plankton, may have a greenish-blaky color, and the depth of the water here becomes 15-20 m. In the world close to the coast, the vision changes, the water is green, and sometimes the water is green, and the water is green, and the water is green, and the water is green, and the water is green. For example, in the times when the great rivers fall in the colors of the sea water and the muddy brown-gusts with a penetration of up to 4 m.
Massive purchase of any one organism can barvit the surface of the sea in zhovty, rhyme, milk, chervonia, brown and green colors. Tse appearances to be called flowers of the sea... For children at night they see light of the sea (bioluminescence), tied to the vypromynuvannyam of biological light by marine organisms.
The main role in the whole display of plankton is seen, as well as the display of the light. "Pour" on the surface of the sea light wicked with bacteria (bacterial light). Svitinnya of great organisms: sharks, octopus, ribs, especially glibokovykh, they call it "rapid" svitinnyam. Most often it is possible to take part in warm waters.
acoustic power(View of Greek. akustikos- rumors) – the whole possibility of widening the sound in the sea water is that the number of particles of the spring center is widened similarly. The force of the sound to lie down at the frequency of the springs per second, so that the ultrasound is heard in the echoing.
The broadened sound of the sea water lies in the depths of the water, as it becomes salty, temperate, gripped and nurtured by the volume of water. The speed of the sound in the sea water varies from 1400 to 1550 m / s, which is 4-5 times the speed of the sound in the evening. In the world of perceiving sound in the water, there is a breakdown and appearance of sound problems, as well as its extinguishment in the past, due to obsession and development.
There is a zone where the ocean water is in good shape, the sound is minimal. Here the sound promenades, conceived of the inner view of the mirror, extend to the far distant places (the maximum registered distance is 19,200 km). Tsei ball with minimal shvidkistyu widened by name audio channel... Near the Svitovoy Oceans, a canal of expansion in the middle at a depth of 1 km, and in the polar seas at a depth of 50-100 m.
electrical power- the quality of the sea water and the conduction of an electric stream. Morska voda is kindly to conduct an electric stream in a connection with tim, but on the view of a clear water and on the other hand, it is more likely to be an ionization of wins. Electricity of sea water and accumulates in the form of salinity and temperature: the smell of smell, that of the electricity. Moreover, the role of grain salinity is greater.
radioactive power ... Oskіlki in the sea water rozchinenі radioactive elements, won volodya radioactive. The main part of the attack is on the isotope 40 K, significantly less than the isotopes Th, Rb, C, U and Ra. Natural radioactivity of water is 180 times less than radioactivity of land and 40 times less than radioactivity of precipitation of continents.
Ice cream and ice cream. Ice on the surface of the seas and oceans can be set only in the minds of a tricky winter period in high latitudes. The freezing temperature in salty water is lower, lower in salty water by 1.5 to -2.0 o C. Chim is salty, and the freezing temperature is lower. For example, at a salinity of 35 ‰, freezing occurs at -1.9 ° C, and at a salinity of 40 ‰ - at a temperature of -2.2 ° C. Period can not get cold to the freezing point, so it is difficult to establish ice in the oceans.
For the freezing of sea water, you need to think about it: there is a lot of heat loss, overcooling of the water from the freezing point and the presence of crystallization nuclei (saws, snacks). The most friendly mind for the establishment of ice may be on the shelf seas of the polar part of the Holy Ocean: there are the lowest winter temperatures here, there are usually few mountains, so I can take a quick change of all the cold waters of the sea.
A number of other discs are set on ice near the nuclei of crystallization. Growing up among yourself, the stench is transformed into goals... On low water, the heads reach up to 10 cm, and on shvilovany - from 0.5 to 2 m. Salo, Yake at the viglyadі plam or nalotu siruvato-lead colora curtains the sea. If on the surface of the water and vipadaє snig, then pretend Snezhura.
Purchase of Snezhur and kryzhany fat called sludge... When it’s an hour of ice-melting, you’ll get sick, then ice-melt at the bottom of the water pool - tse internal water (clay) and bottom ice... When the sea is calm, the fat goes into a thin and elastic ball - nilas, not more than 10 cm in weight. blue ice They are small discs with a diameter of 30-50 cm, which can be established in case of mild deterioration.
Steadily ice grows up, settling curvature. For three hours in the sea, the water will consume much less heat and the ice will build up from the bottom more often. We can practically see through and get the correct crystal structure. The salinity of the ice is lower than the salinity of the water, for which it is established. In the last hour the ice becomes more and more saline, and the surface of the ice-forming ball becomes saline.
Regularly from vіku razrіznyayut: odnorichnі ice, We didn’t do more than one winter, and bagatorіchnі. Lead, after waking up more than two rocks, call himself pack. It has a hunchbacked shape and a thickness of 2.5 m. Tovschina packs ice up to 4 m, so it can be stored due to the number of frosty days and the stability of the snow cover. In Atlantitsa, the ice is 1 m in the middle, in the Arctic - 2 m. The ice is 15 m in the middle, the process of ice melting is more active here.
Morskiy lid can be booty unrulyі floating. unruly ice, Are called from the shore solder... The stench of pretending to be the head rank for the accumulation of vipadas for the snig and vologues, and can grow for hundreds of kilometers from the coast (in the Laptyvikh Sea - 500 km ). Bagatoric fast ice, which floats above the sea level more than 2 m below the sea level, is called ice shelf.
Floating ice, not tied by the shore, are called drift. Flying at once, floating ice make the pull krizhany hummocks, Visotoyu from 6 to 20 meters. The average production of such ice is 2 times more than that of such ice normal ice... In the majority of the Arctic seas, during the winter period, floating ice practically increases the surface of the surface, shaping the majestic kryzhany fields, which are found in permanent Russia. The average drift speed is 2-3 km / dobu, and in the greenland half-day, the distance is 10-23 km / dobu. Dynamical stress, as a result of the drift of crooked fields, sprinkling on larger fragments.
There is ice at the Pivnichny Ice Ocean tsiliy rik... Pivdenna between rukhomikh lodіv pass through the misa of Saints Nіs until remote shores Spitsbergen, to Jan Man, along the middle part of the Danish channel and far to the Pivdenno-Western Greenland. The cordon of sea ice in the first half of the year to enter in the latitude of the significant distance. In the Atlantean ice, there is a misa Horn, close to 50 o pd., In the Pacific Ocean, a cordon of ice is going to pass at 60 o pd.
There are two more images of ice - river glacial- the price of freshwater ice, brought to the sea from the mainland. Rich ice, brought from the mouth of the great rivers, not a great role, more significant ice ice, which accumulate on the continents with thousands of years and may be the most demanding (for example, Antarctic).
As a result, a flood of young bureaucrats descend into the sea of the valley ice-dwellers and rush into the ocean iceberg- this is the name of "floating Krizhana mountain". The size of icebergs is 100 × 400 km (in the middle 1.5 km), with the height of the above-water part up to 137 m.
Mostly icebergs in the winter season are Greenland (first icebergs), and in the winter season - Antarctica (table-like). The triviality of the Arctic icebergs is 1-2 rocks, of the Antarctic - 10-13 rocks. Near the Svitovoy Ocean there are 250 yews. Icebergs: 200 yew. - in Antarctica and 50 yew. - in the Arctic.
Icebergs play a role in ice transport of siege material, especially in Antarctica. sea ice at the same time, there is no practical significance, since the wide expansion of the shelf ice lakes is a great opportunity to get into them terigenally material.
The shorter drift of ice only from the ice shield of Antarctica to become close to 1,450 km 3, with a larger part of the ice (close to 60%) going to induce the shelf ice. Icebergs take revenge up to 1.6% (for the whole lot) of siege material. However, it’s possible to transfer that in the early hours of Antarctica the ice hobbyists will preserve the continent, but not give birth to it.
Rukha water and special features of the circulation of the waters of the Svitovoy ocean. The main dynamical processes in the ocean are: flow of water, tidal leaks and all types of flows that start to circulate in the ocean. All the physical and chemical oceanological characteristics and all the parameters that are provided with them will make the ocean change without interruption both in space and in hours.
All dynamical processes and changes are viewed on a spacious and hourly scale. On the basis of the spacious-hour principle, the classification of the rucks of the ocean waters has been broken up. According to the principle, all the development of the waters of the Svitovoy Ocean is cleverly divided into 3 main groups: micro-, meso- and macroscale spaces and time-consuming hands (according to Burkov and in., 1973).
Before micro-scale rukhs surface and internal weaknesses, turbulence and rapid changes in the vertical microstructure of the ocean, with timeframes ranging from a fraction of seconds to dozens of weaknesses.
Before mesoscale ruham take short and long periods of time, during periods of time before and after; meanders and vikhori (rings) with diameters in a few hundreds of kilometers and periods of decreasing from decilkoh dib to months. On the vidminu of hwilovy and tidal rucks, wicked by the additional progress of the sleepy radio, the head official of the control of meanders and rings є atmospheric inflow into the ocean at the sight of a warm inflow and a wintry wind. In addition, to mesoscale systems, there are zones of upwelling and downwelling of ocean waters.
Macroscale ruch (macrocirculation systems) to form in the main straight lines in the atmosphere and close to them on a horizontal scale (up to 5 thousand km along the meridians and up to 15 thousand km along the parallel lines). pid inland circulation of the Svitovoy ocean the size of large-scale bagatories of water in the water masses that are located on the surface and the depths of water: surface, sub-surface, intermediate, clay and bottom.
Mittal picture of the ocean circulation in the ocean has little to do with the middle bagatoric circulation scheme. The time scale of the change, when it is seen in the outer circulation of the waters of this great
I will take away the energy for the ruch of the Svitovy Ocean as a result of my interaction with the atmosphere; Climatic factors for mechanical and thermohalinic.
Prior to the mechanical climatic officials, they carry the same strain on the surface of the ocean and pouring in the atmospheric pressure that is irregularly raised over the ocean; Mechanical factories є calling factors, And thermohalinic - internal. In such a rank, according to the physical nature, the deep circulation of ocean waters can be distributed in two warehouses: vitra circulation and thermohalation.
The main idea of the cich two officials of the field is that, mechanically, it is to produce oceanic water in the rue, but it does not pour water into the power of power, into the depths of power; at that time, as thermohalinous, acting on the surface, they form the characteristics of the highest water masses, and in their own way, through the minds of the community, one cannot get lost in the camp of calm and start to circulate.
The first type of inflow will accumulate a drift (drift) leak, and the other - a thermohaline (grad) leak. There are many types of currents that interfere with oneself: three currents that carry uneven water from some areas of the Ocean to the other, more and more inconspicuousness in the development of the school, and the way in which we live
Mechanical and thermo-technical climatic officials є active factors, Scho to form the bathing water circulation. Before passive factors(Not climatic), which is not so infused on the zmist, but on the shape of the elements of the backward circulation, to convey: the configuration of the Svitovoy Ocean itself, the superficially folding relief of the bottom of the Holy Ocean, cut the shores and view of the Corridor through the sea.
Global system of vіtrіv in lower atmosphere, Through a bit of stress on the surface and in the direction of the power of the Coriolis, to lead to the formation of the majestic gyres. Likewise, in areas of high atmospheric pressure in Pivnichniy Pivkuli fall after the year of the year, and in the Pivdenny - against, so and the downfall of waters in the oceanic circulation, in The power of the Coriolis is one of the most important officials, who summarize the basic laws of ocean circulation - oceanic gyres.
In a sphere up to 150-200 m, circulation begins, as the head rank, with panuyuchi vіtras. Pid injected atmospheric circulation surface leaks Establish anticyclonal water circuits in tropical and subtropical latitudes and cyclonic - in high and low latitudes.
Pivne-skidny and pivdenno-skidny pass to marry surface water to the ocean in a remote direction, passatna leak, Rozdіlenі by the zone of compensation Intermediate leaks... Reaching the skid shores, the stench rotates to the pivnich (in Pivnichny pivkuly) and to the pivden (in Pivdenny) and the continents collapse to approximately latitude 40-45 °.
Have shidnykh uzberez Of America, Africa and Australia in the midst of the recent waters of the surface current (Brazilian, Mozambic and Western-Australian) go to the world and, in the midst of the cold waters of Antarctica, to overcome the cold waters of the Antarctic Having reached the mainland, the cold water brought back the water - the Peruvian current off the western shores of America, Benguela - from Africa and Western Australia - from Australia.
In the region, water is already heated, and the subtropical anticyclonal cycle of water in the oceans of the Holy Week is frozen. I will glide around Antarctica in a clear stretch, orintovanie from a descent to the west, as well as from the winds of the current winds.
Periodically, as a result of the penetration of warm waters, a system of leaks in the winter season was formed. seasonal crossing El-Niño uzdovzh of remote shores in Ecuador up to 15 ° N lat. (Pivdenne vidgaluzhennya pacific internecine prototypes). A thin ball of warm waters emerges from the cold water of the Peruvian current, vicious serious meteorological changes in the regions of the planet and the most important ecological problems on water (bend of rib and in.) and on land (weather anomalies, hurricanes, events and in.).
The circuit of water in the oceans geographic provisions and the size of the continent of Eurasia and Wine of America... Passengers in the middle of the summer season in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans From the beginning of the year, we cross into the Californian coast off the western coast of America and the Canary Islands - off the back coast of Africa, the beginning of the winter season will heat up the surface water. The cold currents calm down anticyclonic circulation ocean waters in Pivnichniy pivkuli.
Skhidno-Greenland, Labradorskoe (on the western coast of America), Oyasio-Kamchatka and Primorske (on the Asian shores) cold currents freeze the oceanic waters in the middle latitudes. Zagalna scheme surface leakage characteristic riceїх offensive large-scale systems.
Equatorial anticlonic system in the Atlantic, there is a runway between the equator and 10-15 ° Mon. latitude, in the Pacific Ocean, it is formed from small anticlonic gyres in the boundaries of the five-degree equatorial smog, and in the Indian Ocean, there are such roundabouts in the opposite direction. The whole system is characterized by temporal intensity of circulation. The fluidity of leaks near the upper ball (up to 200 m) is 20-30 cm / s. The inner periphery of the equatorial system and the flow rate of the first pass, and the second one - equatorial leakage, the efficiency of the reach is 75%, and the flow rate is 30-60 cm / s.
Under the surface leaks equatorial zone roztasovany leaking subsurface ball of water(Lomonosov - in the Atlantic Ocean, Cromwell - in the Pacific Ocean and Tareev - in the Indian Ocean) The stench can be quilted on depths of 50-300 m, and їх їх їх іхівісті reach 1.0-1.5 m / s.
Tropical cyclonic systems Settle from the cold currents of the Canary and Benguela in the Atlantic Ocean and the Peruvian in the Pacific Ocean, as, going from the western shores, heading for the ocean. Tsi systems are injected into the heat and water exchange of the ocean with the atmosphere.
As a result of the rush of great voyages in the coastal waters of the inner parts of the oceans, there are no more compensation for the upwelling, like to wine up to the surface with the biogenic speeches of cold water in the lower parts of the oceans, in the middle of the ocean there is a wide range of temperatures. start from.
Subtropical anticlonic systemsє some of the greatest circuits of water in the ocean. The stench can be quilted from one coast to the ocean up to 6-7 yew. Km in the Atlantic Ocean, up to 14-15 yew. Km in the Pacific Ocean, and along the meridian, the length becomes 3-5 yew. Km. Those, which are becoming tsi systems, are perceived as great style and high quality. As soon as they give rise to passive leaks, liquidity in those close to the beginning of an increase, the growth rate increases up to 0.5-1.0 m / s. and more.
Reachable by the distant shores, passatnі currents rozgaluzhuyutsya. A lesser part of the waters is turned to an adequate degree and there is a cob of intermittent streams, and a great part of them in the high latitudes, allowing the forced heat flows, such as the most powerful streams to the ocean. In the Atlantic Ocean, there are flows before them: Guyanske, Antilles, Golfstrom and Brazil, in the Indian Ocean - Madagascar and Somal, in the Pacific - Mindana and Kurosio. The speed in them is stored at an average of 25-50 cm / s.
Reaching the surrounding latitudes, the stench lingers in the back streams, as they carry the water from entering the skid in the zone of re-distribution of the back winds. In the winter season, before them, the winter-Atlantic and the winter-Pacific current, in the new period - the Atlantic-Atlantic, and the Indian-Atlantic-Pacific current. At the closest to the skid shores of the oceans, it is a part of them that they transfer the waters to turn into the bik of the ekvore, registering cold currents, and freeze the anti-cyclonic systems.
Antarctic circumpolar system to be shaped by one tense plate, as I change the majestic mass of water from the approach to the skid near Antarctica. Replenish the waters of the currents of the ancient parts of the oceans and coastal currents of the Antarctic, or, at the same hour, draws in a part of the waters, the subtropical circuits of the winter season and the emerging continents of Africa are frozen. Antarctic circumpolar system є the hardest in the ocean: the width of its reach 1000-1500 km.
High latitude cyclonic systems razr_znyayayutsya between the size and intensity of the water pollution. Private cyclonic systems are established in the areas of the Icelandic and Aleutian baric minimums from the inflow of the wine cells of the Winter-Atlantic and Private-Pacific flows. You have passed through the hillside coasts of the oceans and reached the private channels, where you can go on two parts.
One of them penetrates into the Arctic basin, and іnsha turned to the west and then later to the day, giving an ear to the cold currents - Skhidno-Greenland, Labradorskoy, Kamchatsky, Oyasio (Oyasio). The establishment of an active water exchange with the Pivnichny Ice Ocean and the system in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans is good and spread over a number of extreme cyclonic circuits - in the Seas of Labrador, Baffin, Norwegian, Barents, Bering.
The Southern Cyclonic System is being established along the coastal periphery of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and is developing with great intensity. Especially active і great cyclonic circulation in the Pacific sector of Antarctica, even weaker - in the Weddell Sea.
Anticclonic system of the Arctic basin. Ships go through the Pacific waters through the Bering Channel and the Atlantic waters from the Western Spitsbergen, and the Arctic waters to wine through the Nansen Channel and through the channels of the Canary Archipelago. Ogina Basin Zakhidne Arctic Perebig.
Horizontally, the mass zbuzhu folds a system of vertical rucks, which does not only gnaw at the upper sphere, but all the waters of the ocean. At the central parts of the anticyclones, the vertical decline is observed to be a hydrodynamic effect, and along the periphery - the lower one. In cyclonic systems, a reverberating picture is observed. In the residual bag, there is a collapsible interdependent beating of water masses, as it grows in horizontal and vertical strands.
At the Svitovoy ocean, beyond surface and sub-surface leaks, isnu glybinna and bottom water circulation... The diversity of the rice and the near-bottom circulation allowed the ocean to be united into one circulation of the lower sphere. The nature of the cycle of circulation is traditionally derived from the circulation of the upper sphere.
Particularly great visibility between the surface circulation and the bottom, however, on the horizons near the cordon of the upper and lower spheres, there are a number of special features. In such a rank, the transition from the circulation of the upper sphere to the circulation of the lower one does not appear as a streak, but in steps, in a sphere of 1000 - 2000 m, which is why the crossing for the lower points of the Holy Ocean is found on the lower slopes. The average frequency of circulating flows in the lower sphere is approximately five times lower than that of flows on the surface of the ocean.
The main direct flow of the waters of the lower sphere is the meridional, the main structural element here is the backcountry currents that flow only in the backward parts of the oceans (Stomel, Arons, 1960). Zahіdnі prikordonnі glibinnі techії in Atlantichnomu okeanі ydut on Pivden parallel uzberezhzhyu Pіvnіchnoї i Pіvdennoї Americas od temple pіvnіchnih latitudes to temple pіvdennih, and Іndіyskomu i Pacific takozh in zahіdnіy chastinі, ale, navpaki on pіvnіch od Antarktichnogo tsirkumpolyarnoї techії to Ekvator i Dali in pіvnіchne pivkulya. Sinking near-bottom leaks in three oceans go from the first high-latitude dzherels to ekvatore, change it and fall into the winter season up to about 40 ° mon.
Dzherela of the Glybinny and bottom waters of the Svitovoy Ocean are located in the shelf zones of the polar seas. To serve with the head power of the water circulation bore of cold polar waters... The bottom cold waters of the Icelandic Iceland are enclosed by land (the Shetland Islands and Iceland) and the Milky Waters (Faroese-Icelandic Porig) of the Pacific Atlantic. Tilki in the midst of the winter skylines of Greenland and the Reyk'yanes ridge, the sinking of the cold waters of the Arctic before heat leak Irminger.
The main mass of waters near the bottom, like in Pivnichnoye, as well as in Pivdenniy pivkuli, on the cob near Antarctica. According to the theory of thermohalinic circulation, cold water, the main center of the formation is the Weddell Sea, along the continental cliff of Antarctica, it descends downward from 40 to 60 ° NL. From the Atlantic Ocean, a part of the cold waters flows into the Indian Ocean. Near the Pacific and іnshikh oceans, cold waters were dazzling and dazzling.
U 1969 rotsi buv vidkritiy new type of formation of clay waters- in the open sea. The essence of the yogi pole is in the fact that in the local area open to the ocean, de glibini is great, when the surface ball is cooled winter hour improve your proficiency. As a result, in the cyclonic circulation, it is brought down and hit the piknokline. Piknoklinu nabuvaє power of the hard shelf, bridging how cold the surface water is flowing downward, setting up a cold sub-surface ball.
For the vortex change, the difference in the density and the strength of the balls is set, a single one-sided ball goes from the surface to the bottom. With a small, intense storm inflow of the vine, the convective mixing of the ball is stronger. As a result, the "young" clay waters are established, as for their thermodynamic characteristics they strongly differ from the characteristics of the "old" clay waters, adopted in the traditional dzherels.
Zd_yusnyuchi without the middle link of the upper and lower spheres to the ocean, more conventionally viroblyaє "ventilation" of the rest. Such areas of high convection, growing in the middle of the straight stratified water, and are not trivial for an hour and are not prone to pressure from atmospheric influx (storm).
The water from the upper horizons goes down and grows out of the way, and the place takes up light and warm water from the periphery of the central region, which will break down the stratification. The temperature of the upper one-sided cold ball of water during the convective mixing increases, so there is a lot of inheritance for ice seas (for example, a giant oval in the Weddell Sea). The triviality of the loan process.
A great role is played in the development of clayey and especially the bottom circulation of the boundary, which is a passive factor, vidozmіyuchi, defying and intertwining the circulation, wicked by active factors, so that the forces that go to the ocean.
First for everything, the relєf is strongly infused into the behavior of the bottom streams. The stench is crumbling over the isobaths і, the founders of the stratification of water resources, the current does not cross the bottom. For example, the ruh of the Antarctic near-bottom water on the island is bordered by the Zakhid-Indian ridge, Australia-Antarctic, Pivdenno-Pacific and Pacific-Pacific uplifts at the bottom of two oceans. In addition, they provide and interconnect the water exchange between the waterways, relativize the isolation of the circulation systems of the wellbore and bottom waters.
Khvily and Khvilyov rukh in the Svitovoy ocean. Lead the Svitovoy ocean to react to the inflow of new forces, both internal, so and called, vicinities and hamsters. Hvilyuvannya in the seas and oceans є with one sight in the water. Hvilyuvannya є sukupn_st hwil, and hvili - a lot of periodic parts of the water and іh rіvnovagy, so to stay behind a closed or even closed orbits in a vertical and in a minor world in the horizontal be your own wasp. The name of the process is manifested in the viglyadi of the offensive, one after the other, and the loss of them among them.
Seeing the onset of reasons for sickness: wind, heat, atmospheric pressure, earthquake and volcanism, injecting debris bodies. There are five genetic types of genetics: grating (frictional or vitreous), tides, anemobaric, tsunamis and shipworms.
In addition, according to the rosetting of the surface, superficial When they come to the surface and in the surface of the sea, and internal, As they appear on the surface. isnu also progressive hvili, For those who have a visible change in the form of hvili, and standing, the visible form of which does not move in the open space - the price went beyond the nature of the fall.
Falsely from the form of Khvili and Shvidkosti and її expanded development short hvili, some of them have a hvili less than glibini sea i dovgі with more gin, lower g
86, Superficial circulation of waters of the Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean - other beyond the magnitude of the Pacific Ocean, the Earth's ocean. Yak and Tikhiy, it is possible to stretch from the subarctic latitudes to the Subantarctic, i.e., from the sub-water threshold, from the Northern Ice Ocean in winter, to the shores of Antarctica in the north. At the descent of the Atlantic Ocean, the shores of Eurasia and Africa, at the entrance - of the Pivne and Pivdennaya America.
At the approximate latitudes, there are two passatny flows - Pivnichne Passatne and Pivdenna Passatna, which are changed right off the beaten path. Between them, the Mezhpassatnoe leakage collapses on the road. Pivnichne Passatne pass near 20 ° Mon. And bilya shores of winter America are acting out of the way to go to winter. Pivdennaya Passatna current, about to pass the pivdenne more than from the shores of Africa to the west, to reach the western end of the American continent and to the city of Cabo-Branco to be distributed on two shores, to sail America. Pivnichna yogo gilka (Guyanske stretching) reach the Mexican inflow and at the same time from Pivnichny Pasatny Plin took the fate of the formulated system and warm currents of the Pivnichniy Atlantic. The Pivdenna Gilka (Brazilian Current) reaches 40 ° NL, develops through the circumpolar current of the Western Winter - cold Falkland Plains. There is one more day of the current of Western wines, wine-growing at winter in every cold water, entering the Atlantic Ocean for the Eastern-Western Uzbek coast of Africa. The Benguela Current is an analogue of the Peruvian Current in the Pacific Ocean. It’s just pouring into the sky until it reaches the height, it’s devilishly pouring into the Pivdenne in a stretch, the winding circle of the Atlantic is quieted down and the temperature of the surface waters is significantly lower than the coast of Africa.
Significant picture of surface leaks Pivnichnoy Atlantic more folded, now less in the paved part of the ocean, and there is also the understanding of the systems and currents of the paved part of the Pacific Ocean.
Gilka of the Pivnichnogo passatnoy current, supported by the Guiana Plin, penetrates through the Caribbean Sea and the Yucatan Channel into the Mexican outflow, where there is a significant movement of water in the ocean. As a result, a sewage leak, a yak, fired at Cuba, through the Florida channel, go into the ocean for the name Golfstrom("Potik from the inflow"). Thus, the best system of warm surface currents of the Svitovoy Ocean was born on the paternal-skid shores of Pivnichnaya America.
Golfstrom at 30 ° Mon. і 79 ° W to be angry with the warm Antillean Plin, as well as the continuation of the Pivnichnaya Passatnoi Leak. Dali Gulfstrom pass along the edge of the mainland milin to approx. 36 ° Mon. lat. Bilya misu Hatteras, looking at the flowing wrapping of the Earth, turning to the skid, burning the edge of the Great Newfoundland Bank, and going to the shores of Europe and called Pivnichno-Atlantic Protreyf.
When going from the Florida channel, the width of the Gulf Stream reaches 75 km, the depth is 700 m, and the flow rate is from 6 to 30 km / h. The average water temperature on the surface is 26 ° С. vitrate of water from the warehouse 82 million m 3 / s, i.e. 60 times the vitrate of all the richok of earthly water is changed.
Pivnichno-Atlantic stretch at 50 ° Mon. і 20 ° W to be distributed into three pins. Pivnichna (with the hold of Irminger) go to the ancient and western shores of Iceland, and then to the old Uzbek coast of Greenland. The main part of the middle group prodovzhu collapsed on the winter skid, to the British Isles and the Scandinavian pіvostrovі, and to the Pivnіchny Ldovitiy ocean under the name Norvezke. The width of the stream on the snow from the British Isles is 185 km, the depth is 500 m, the speed of the current is from 9 to 12 km. The water temperature on the surface will become 7 ... 8 ° С at a charge and 11 ... 13 ° С during the flow, in the middle at 10 ° С, below at the same latitude in the western part of the ocean. The third, pіvedenna, penetrates into the Biskayska inflow and triva on the first day of the Pireneysky pіvostrov and the old-fashioned coasts of Africa near the cold Canary current. Pouring into Pivnichna Pasatna in a stretch, the subtropical circulation of the Pivnichna Atlantic locks up.
The winter-western part of the Atlantic Ocean is located in the main underflow of cold waters, coming from the Arctic, and there are some hydroelectric ideas. Near the area of Newfoundland Island, the Gulf Stream is collapsing the cold waters of the Labrador Current, and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream from the ancient western American shores. Water intake from the Labrador current is 5 ... 8 ° C colder than Golfstrom; the whole temperature does not change 10 ° C, the stench is so called "cold wall". Convergence of warm and cold waters with the development of microorganisms in the upper sphere of water and, hence, the abundance of ribi. Especially famous in the whole period Great Newfoundland Jar, De catch tricky, oseledets, salmon.
Until approximately 43 ° Mon. Icebergs and sea ice from the Labrador are grapevine, and in the daytime the fogs, characteristic of the whole ocean, represent a great need for ship sailing. A tragic illustration of the catastrophe of the Titanic liner, which was the announcement of an accident in 1912, 800 km away on the first road to Newfoundland.
temperature drive on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean, as well as in the Pacific, in the summer season in the whole lower, lower in the winter. Navigate 60 ° Mon. (For a blame in the winter-western regions) the temperature of the surface waters rises in length from 6 to 10 ° С.
The most warm surface waters of the Atlantic (26 ... 28 ° C) are confined to the zone between the equator and the winter path. However, the maximum value does not reach the value, but it is indicated at the same latitudes in the Pacific and Indian oceans.
indicators salinity The surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean are growing on a larger scale, lower in the other oceans. The most significant (36-37% o is the maximum value for the upper part of the Svitovoy Ocean) is typical for the tropical regions with small natural sums in the fall and strong vapors. Visoka salinity is also tied to the salty waters of the Seredzhnaya Sea through the water of the Gibraltarska channel. From the side, the great water surface may be of the middle ocean and lower salinity. The price is tied to the great sums of atmospheric fall (in the equatorial areas) and is determined by the influx of great rivers (Amazon, La Plati, Ornoko, Congo, etc.). At high latitudes, the salinity reduction is up to 32-34% o, especially in the summertime, it is explained by the tannins of icebergs and floating sea ice.
The peculiarities of Budov and the Northern Atlantic area, the circulation of the atmosphere and surface waters in subtropical latitudes, or the discovery of a unique natural solution here, called Sargasov sea... The price for the Atlantic Ocean aquatic area is 21 and 36 pn. і 40 і 70 ° W The Sargasov Sea is "borderless, but not borderless." Yoogo with certain frontiers can be in the course of the current: Pivnichne Pasatne at pivdni, Antilske at pivdennom call, Golfstrom at sunset, Pivnichno-Atlantic at pivnichi and Kanarska at the descent. Between crumbled, the area of the Sargasso Sea rises between 6 and 7 million km 2. The position is approximately consistent with the central part of the Azores barichesky maximum. Near the Sargasso Sea there are volcanic and coral islands of the Bermuda Archipelago.
The main features of the surface waters of the Sargasso Sea in some small waters are small rupture, weak development of plankton, and the greatest growth in the Holy Ocean, especially deep (up to 66 m depth). Characteristic also high indicators of temperature and salinity.
Surface water circulation in the Atlantic Ocean. Superficial leaks in the ocean are triggered by the head rank of panuyuch vіtra, to which there is a similarity in the straight lines and leaks. The Rukh of the waters set up the stile in the hour of the large-scale oceanic circuits in the other regions of the ocean.
Subarctic (subpolar) cyclonic circulation turns off Skidno- і Western-Greenlandic currents at winter, Labrador at sunset, Pivnichno-Atlantic at winter, Irminger ( Іrmіnger with a stretch, heat flows in the Atlantic Ocean, on the northern coast of Iceland, on the other side of the Atlantic-Atlantic Current, the speed is close to 1 km / year. Water temperature from 5 ° C to 7 ° C charge from 10 ° C up to 12 ° C vlіtku. Salinity 34.8- 35 ‰. Named after the Danish seafarer K. Irminger (S. Irminger), for the first time describing it in 1853-54.) - at the descent.
The private subtropical anticlonic cycle is stored in the course of Golfstrom, Pivnichnoatlantichesky, Kanarska and Pivnichne passatna. The whole cycle is a wider and more tightly circulating view of the Atlantic. Gulfstrom, having renamed its name through a pomilkov thought, will not be born in the Mexican zatotsi. In English, "Golfstrom" means "stretching the flow". per happy news, Vlasne Golfstrom is being formed in the area for the weekend from the Little Bahamas Banks as a result of the angry Antil and Florida trends. Most of the speed on the surface 3 m / s.
Pivnichny tropical cyclone circulation to be shaped by Pivnichny Passatny and Pivnichny Equatorial prototypes. Mіzh tropical cyclones in a circuit and an ekvator is obvious Pivnіchny tropical antіtsіclonic circulation, Opening by the Pivdenny Passatny and Guiana Leaks on the Pivne and Pivnіchny Ekvatorialny prototypes, transferred to Guinea, - at the weekend. Pivdenny tropical cyclone circulation It will be recognized as an Equatorial Proof at Pivnos, Bengelskiy at Pivdennim and Angolan (Pivdennim) at a gathering. The first subtropical anticyclonal circulation, the statements of Bengal on the third summer periphery, the Brazilian one at the entrance and the Circular Antarctic (the plate of the Western winds) on the second half of the Atlantic - the most significant ocean
From the circular Antarctic current to the shores of Antarctica, crossing the cyclonic debris of the waters. Zahіdne coastal current zamikє Pivdenny subantarctic cyclonic circulation.
The variability of surface currents in the Atlantic Ocean varies in a wide range of values. The average frequency of leaks on the surface of the ocean is approximately 10 m / s.
Detailed advances in the dynamics of the waters of the Atlantic Ocean have led to important geographic views.
The hour of the American-American expeditionary robots in the winter-western Atlantic boulevards emerged vikhori, growing by the sizes and the hour of the beginning, closed circular anti-cyclones. Some of them are established and seen as stationary wind vortexes over the ocean and may range from 50 to 200 - 300 km, and the circles of water in them stand up to horizons of 800 - 1000 m. The trekking of the family of vygins is tied to the Golfstrum, the stream of waters in which one is seen at the viglyadi of the viginous vigines is a meander. On the side of the leak in narrow smogs (up to 100 - PO km), small vikhori with a diameter of 50-60 m and more can be observed. The stench is accepted as a result of the production of mass media from the main stream of the GolfStrum. Evil in relation to the flow of cyclonic vikhori, the water in which is wrapped against the year's arrows, and the right-handed person is anti-cyclonic, so the water will wrap behind the year's arrows. In some cases, when the meander is drawn from the Gulf Stream, a whirlwind with a diameter of 100-300 km is set, and from one thousand to several thousand meters. The speed of water flow in them reaches an hour of 300 cm / s. Such whims can be seen from decile months to decile rockies. Vikhori, who settled into the meander of Golfstrom, transfer warm water to pivnich, and cold water to pivden. The geographical role is important in which to manifest itself.
In 1959, in the past, the ship "Mikhailo Lomonosov" carried out a complex vivification of the equatorial regions in the Atlantic Ocean. Pid hour tsikh robit bulo vidkrito m A significant under-surface contradiction, named after the ship's name by Lomonosov's Plin. It is 4,600-4800 km long, overwhelming the entire Atlantic from approaching from 40 to 38 ° W. up to 6 - 7 ° sideways, pass in both branches symmetrically to the length, covering the swamp 370 - 440 km wide at entry and 185 - 220 km at the descent. Perebig zaymaє ball between horizons 25 - 30 and 200 - 250 m, I want to go to the surface in every single moment or go down the middle line. Yogo core is located at the horizons of 70 - 75 m, and sometimes it goes up to the horizon of 50 m. The trend of growth in the rural areas and changes in the glybin. The maximum speed - 150 cm / s - is promoted in the core, in the area of 23 "30" W. In the middle of the 60s, the Radiansky vchenyi bulo opened the great Antilo-Guyanskoe prototype, which collapsed in the sub-upper horizons to the appearing skid. Yogo width is close to 250 km, the horizon of the lagoon is 1000 - 1500 m, the maximum swiftness is close to 50 cm / s - it is more favorable for the upper balls. The vertical displacement of the Atlantic waters is upwelling, with a depth of 100-150 m, the height of 400-500 m, goes up to the surface. As a result, the surface water leads to lively conversations, which increases biological productivity in the upwelling zones. The stench is being created in the remote regions of the Atlantic Ocean, albeit the most upward turning bends of the Uzbek coast of Africa. Vіtrovе hvilyuvannya grows in all the vastness of the Atlantic. Vono most often spontaneously in cold weather in the zone from 40 to 60 ° C. sh., mіzh 30 "east and zero meridian. The average height of the hvil here is close to 2 m, and the maximum height is 25 - 26 m. 40 ° S lat. In the equatorial part of the ocean, the tranquil camp is rewarded.
Sometimes in the oceans there are beggars from the state authorities of the poor, so they can be found in a cold weather. The stench is headlessly piling up, and the water without any apparent cause is viral in the cauldron. Tse a phenomenon called "Sula". It will give rise to developmental and fixing problems.
The current Atlantic Ocean
Pivdenna passatna perebig. To fix up on the coast of Africa, close to 10 degrees latitude. The interval between the current is close to 1 ° N and from the coast of the Indian America it reaches 6-7 ° N. Duzhe stiyko, the best speed - 55 miles. The tax rate is less, less than a drop. To reach the place of Cabo Branco, to go to the Brazilian current, to go on a weekday, and Gvianske perebig.
Gvianske perebig. From Misu Cabo Branco, it is directed to the winter off the coast of the Pivdennaya America, 30-60 miles ahead, temperature 27-28 °. It can take you up to 90 miles. Entering the Caribbean Sea, flowing from the channel through the Malimi Antilles Islands to the Yucatan prototypes across the entire surface of the Caribbean Sea. Speed up to 35-50 miles. Pass through the Mexican inflow, in the main, get to the Florida prototypes. Let's get angry with the Pivnichny Pasatny Plin.
Pivnichne passatna perebig. Repair from the Green Misu with smoky mіzh 8 and 23 ° N. The swiftness is up to 20 miles. Go to. Malim of Antil'skikh islands, step-by-step to take care of the western end, being distributed on two gilki. I will call the ocean head the Antil current, which is 10-20 miles long. Nadal Antilski reach the Golfstrom. Another girl is angry with the Guiana Plin, entering with him in the Caribbean Sea.
Golfstrom. Repair from the Florida channel. Up to 120 miles per ride and 40-50 miles for Misa Hatteras. Protesters from the shores of Pivnichnaya America from the Florida Channel to the area of the Newfoundland Banks, which have begun to work. During the winter, the speed of the current falls from 45-50 miles to reach 25-30 miles. In the middle of the current, expanding at 50 ° W up to 350 miles, there are swarms with high temperatures and temperatures. Between the Gulfstrom and the coast of the mainland, the smog of cold water has grown, so that the continuation of the cold Labrador current from the inflow of St. Lawrence. We will move down the Gulfstream border to the area around the skid edge of Newfoundland, approximately 40 ° W.
Pivnichno-Atlantic broach. The name is assigned to the whole complex of flows in the Atlantic Ocean. To fix the stench from the Gulfstrom, while continuing to the Newfoundland and the English Channel, the average flight time is 12-15 miles to go, and the open boundary passes approximately 40 ° N. Omivan Azorskі islands, tsya gіlka be called Pivnіchno-Afrikansky, or the Canary current. For its temperature of water, it is 2-3 ° colder than the temperature of the water. Nadal Kanarska current, turning to the fifth day, gives an ear of the Pivnichniy passat flow. The Atlantic current, approaching the shores of Europe, step by step goes to the pivnichny skid. At the parallel of Ireland, one can see a little bit of water, yak is called the Plin of Irminger, who goes to the western edge of Greenland, and far in the middle of the Devian canal into the Baffin Sea, which transcends the warmth of the Greenland. The main part of the Atlantic Current passes through the channels between Iceland and Scotland to the outskirts of the mainland school of Norway and the whole coastline at winter. Passing Norway, stretching out on two heads, one boat on the way to the north Cape current in the Barents Sea, and the other to Spitsbergen, on the other side of the river, on the other side of the river and steadily changing.
Skhidno-Greenland stretching from the pivnichny descent to Misa Farwell, and from the mish to the Devis duct along the coast of Greenland and warm Zakhidno-Greenland plin. In the Danish prototypes, the speed of the current flow reaches 24 miles.
Labrador stretching along the cob from the channel of the Pivnichno-American Archipelago, running along the western shore of the Buffin Sea. The speed of a yogi in a whole sea of trochas is less than 10 miles for a dob, or in a frivolous growth, up to 14 miles. Lead the flow of things, create with Gulfstream, go down; Icebergs are brought to the region with a strong smell of wine from Greenland, which is not safe for judges, more so, in the region of strong currents, up to 43% of foggy days in Russia are considered. Until the Labrador stretch in the Devic prototypes and the bilya misu Faruella, they reconcile the Western-Greenland and Shidno-Greenland currents.
Brazilian current. Є 15-20 miles, in addition. On a weekday from the girla r. Parents step by step to go out of the coast and from 45 ° S zgortє to the turn, getting angry with the plate of the Wandering Winds, we will straighten up to the place of Good Nadia.
The Falklands stretched out in the cold waters of the Western winds, which are still close to the old shores of Patagonian and Eastern America. The current flow, reaching up to 40 ° S, carries with it a large number of kryzhany gir, the head rank is vlitku, pivdennoy pivkuli (zhovten-breast). Nadal won it before the current of Winter Weeks.
Benguela with a stretch of wine is like a wine of the winter of the winter, so that we can go from the bile of Good Nadia to an adequate distance from the western coast of Africa. Shvidk_st is close to 20 miles for doba. It will go up to 10 ° S, and it will turn up there on the west, giving an ear to the Pivdenniy Pasatna leak.
87. Surface water circulation in the Pacific Ocean.
1) home data
2) bottom topography
4) climate and circulation to the ocean
5) leakage and surface circulation of water masses
Pitannya: ROSKAZHIT about the manifestation of the FIR - NІNO.
The global ocean is an atmospheric phenomenon. The warmth of the El-Niño flow, which is stored from the planktonic tropical water, is heated by the industrial flow in the equatorial stretch, replacing the cold, heavy planktonic waters of the Great House of Humboldt, also The phenomenon of El-Niño polyaga in the high temperature (by 5-9 ° C) of the surface water ball on the Pacific Ocean descent (in the tropical and central parts) on an area of about 10 7 km 2. El-Ninyo. El-Niño is a warmer Pacific equatorial current, as soon as it is close to rock. For the last 20 years, five active cycles of El-Niño: 1982-83, 1986-87, 1991-1993, 1994-95 and 1997-98, in the middle through the skin 3-4 rocks.
Near the rock, since El-Ninyo is in the daytime, the bridle of the Pacific Uzbek coast of the Eastern America through the coastal cold clay waters, wicked by the cold surface of the Peruvian Plin, the temperature of the surface of the ocean rises from 19 ° C to 15 ° C between 15 and 15 seasons. The temperature of the surface of the ocean in the coastal zone increases by 6-10 ° C. When El-Niño is in the area where the current is adequate, the current progresses more strongly, and does not hesitate. To that passatnі vіtri weaken, for zvsіm do not blow. Heated water, roasted to the sides, going back to the American coast. Vinikak is an anomalous convection zone, and hurricane boards collapse on Central and Northern America. Globally warming Even in the near future, you can lead to catastrophic inheritances. Vimiraut tsіlі vidi tvarin and roslin, as they do not stick to the clamat. Through the tandem of the polar ice, the ocean can move a whole meter, and the islands are smaller. For a warmer month, you can reach 8 degrees.
Abnormal weather earthly cool in the rocky El-Ninyo. Along the paths, there is an increase in fall over areas on the way to the central part of the Pacific Ocean and a change in the winter of Australia, in Indonesia and on the Philippines. At breast-fierce fall, more norms are more likely to be promoted on the Uzbek coast of Ecuador, on the first entry of Peru, over the New Brazilian, central Argentina and over the Equatorial, the central part of Africa, and in the middle part of the western part of the United States.
Appear El-Niño, also due to the large-scale anomalies in the temperature of the whole world. In the center of rock, there is a noticeable increase in temperature. Greater warm, lower normal, sink in the chest-fierce boules over the ancient-skidny Asia, over the Primorye, Japan, the Sea of Japan, over the ancient-skid Africa and Brazil, on the first descent of Australia. Temperatures are also normalized in worm-and-sickles on the western Uzbek coast of the Indian America and over the ancient Brazilian. Most cold winters (breast-lute) are on the western-western Uzbek coast of the United States.
Lanin. Lanin - on the opposite side of El-Niño, a decrease in the surface temperature of the water appears on the descent of the tropical zone of the Pacific Ocean. Such phenomena were spoken in 1984-1985, 1988-1989 and 1995-1996. During the period, the weather is invincibly cold and will rise on the Pacific Ocean. During the destruction of the zone of warm water and the "mova" of cold waters, it stretches for 5000 km, in the region of Ecuador - the islands of Samoa, in the same place, when El Ninyo, the belt of warm waters is to blame. At the end of the period in India, India and Australia, people are encouraged to try hard monkey boards. Lands of the Caribbean basin and the United States when there are tornadoes wandering through dry land and tornadoes.
Abnormal weather speak to Earth cool in Lanin's rock... With a stretch of Lanin's periods, let him fall in love over the western equatorial part of the Pacific Ocean, Indonesia and the Philippines, and more and more in the middle of the ocean. It is important to fall off in the chest-fierce on the winter of the Great American and over the Great African, and in the heart-sickle over the Great-Western Australia. You should be more dry and try to speed up over the Uzbeks of Ecuador, on the first visit of Peru and over the equatorial part of the Middle Africa stretching out from the chest-fierce one, as well as over the open-air Brazil and central Argentina in the middle of the world. All sorts of things mean large-scale decisions based on norms. To help the most of the regions with abnormally cold minds, for example, cold winters in Japan and in Primorye, over the Great Alaska and Western, Central Canada, as well as cold summer seasons in Africa big warm winter step on the first entry of the United States.
Lanin, yak і El-Nіnyo, most often they see from the breast on the birch trees. The reason is that Yel-Ninyo is victorious in the middle once every three rocky, and Lanina - once every seven rockies. The grievance of the appearances is due to the number of hurricanes, ale before the hour Lanina їkh buvaє three times more, lower at El-Niño.
It is worth noting that the last ones are cautious, the situation of El-Ninyo or Lanin, it is possible to make a difference, as:
1. In the region of Eqvatore, at the lower part of the Pacific Ocean, there is a beach of more warm water, not too much, in times of El-Niño and cold - in times of Lanin.
2. Yaksho atmospheric grip in the port of Darwin (Australia) it tends to decrease, and on the island of Taity - until it is moved, then El-Niño will be cleared. In the first place, Lanin’s vipad.
El-Niño and Lanina - the best turn to show the global rural minlity to the climate. The stench is a large-scale temperature change ocean, Opadiv, atmospheric circulation, vertical collapse over the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean.
Loans 1/3 of the Earth's surface. The found, the greatest, the most warm and the greatest from all oceans. Rosetting at all pvklyakh. Reflections by Eurasian and Australian at the entrance, by the Indian and by the New America at the descent and by Antarctica at the beginning. The cordon goes through the Pivnichny Lodovitim Ocean along the Berengov Protocea, from the Atlantic Ocean along the most high-profile place - the Drake Channel, and from the Indian Ocean along the catch line at the turn of Australia until the 145th meridian. The coastal line is very straight, strongly divided between the banks of the Sivsha. Pd. America and Eurasia. Area - 178.62 million sq. km., average depth 3980 m, the best place in svit 11 022 m.
The relief is foldable. Significant part of the ocean lies on one Pacific plate. For the її cordon roztashanі seismic belts. The shelf is vuzky. At the beginning of the meeting there will be a gathering of the Pivdenno-Pacific Day.
On the American and Asian shelves, pack naphtha, in the girdles of the rychok - genera of color and expensive metals. At the bottom there are zalizomanganese concretions.
The Pacific Ocean of Razorstovaniye in Usіkh Klim. belts. On the climate and adjacent territory, there is a great flowing in may pass, how to pan in the paths, and in the old days, how to dim in the lower latitudes. From the ocean to the land, there is a dim of winter wind - muson, which flow into the climate of the skid coast of Eurasia.
- PEREBIGU
Make two rings. Pivnichne - Pivnichne Pasatne, Kurosio, Pivnichne Pacific Ocean, Californian. The flow of the flow collapses behind the year of the year. Pivdenne Kilce includes Pivdenna Pasatna, Skhidno-Australiska, Peruvanska and the current of Zakhidnykh vіtrіv. The cycle of leaks collapses against the year's shoots.
The stench is literally infused on the overrun of heat and in the oceans, on the nature of the adjacent territories. For example, passatny leaks transfer heat water from the lower parts to the ocean in western parts, that in low latitudes the part of the ocean is often warmer than the ocean. In the middle and high latitudes - navpaki, the lower part of the ocean is warmer than the last.
In the subpolar belts, there is an intense circulation of waters, so there is a stench of riba. For a pivnichnogo around the belt is characterized by the interaction of warm and cold water wt. Bagati of sour water and polymorphic organisms. The wandered part of the Pivnich subtropical zone of heat, wandered - cold. Lead slightly to mix, the amount of plankton and ribs is not large.
Guess:
Pitannya: So also the Svitovy Oceans and how to lead the cordon between them in some parts?
Suggestion: The light ocean is the main part of the hydrosphere, without interruption, but not the water shell of the Earth, which drains the continents of the island, and grows into the spirit of the salt warehouse. The light ocean covers 70% of the earth's surface.
To navigate between oceans on continents, islands, and on expanses of water, either on sub-water periods, making water exchange more difficult, or navigating cleverly along meridians and parallels. The cordon between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans was drawn along the meridian of Mis Gorn (the island of Vognyana Zemlya), between the Atlantic and Indian oceans- along the meridian of Misha Golkoviy (Pivden of Africa), in the Indian and Pacific oceans - along the meridian of Misha Pivdenny (the island of Tasmania) and along the western shores of the island of Malacca, Great and Malikh Zondskiy islands. The cordon of the Pivnichniy Ice Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean pass partly along the sub-water rapids and islands: from the Sogne-Fjord outflow (Scandinavian Piostriv) through the Faroe Islands and Iceland, which went along the ancient Giester Island until the end of the ocean. Then, on the basis of the early schooling of the uzvishshya in Davis's prototypes, to the labrador pvostrov. Cordon mіzh Quiet and Pivnichny Freezing oceans walk along the Bering prototype from Misa Dezhnyov in Chukotz to Misa of Prince of Uelsk in Alaska.
Pitannya: What are the islands? Yak stink pretending?
Suggestion: Ostriv is a small (in terms of the mainland) dilyanka of land, from the sides of the drainage water. There are single islands, groups of islands - archipelagos and lantsyuzhki islands - islands of the arc. For the hikers, there are islands of decilkoh types:
Continents - moved from the mainland as a result of the sinking of earthly measles, in which the mainland of the earth's crust lies;
Volcanoes - established as a result of the emergence of sub-water volcanoes and appear over the surface of the water and volcanic cones, folded by volcanic mountain rocks;
Corals - stems as a result of living organisms with a skeleton - corals.
Pitannya: Do you call ocean currents warm or cold?
as follows: ocean currents As a result of such water flows, they move from the area to high latitudes (naturally, the water of such flows is warmer than the waters of the ocean) are called warm, and in the opposite direction - cold. Today, the temperature of which is the same as the temperature of the waters, which can be sated by a stretch, is called neutral.
Apply leaks:
Warmer: Skhidno-Australian, Pivnichno-Atlantic, Golfstrom.
Colder: Peruvian, Benguela, Labrador
Neutral: Aleutski, Pivdenno-Atlantic, Pivdenno-Tikhookeanske.
Food: Yaki is not safe for people natural phenomena tied with the Holy Ocean?
Indication: Tsunamis, sub-water volcanoes, sub-water earthworms, storms, tornadoes, tropical cyclones, typhoons.
My geographic information:
Nutrition: Know the mid-ocean ridges on the map and name them in the skin of the oceans. Install on the cordons of distribution lithospheric plates stink?
View: Atlantic Ocean:
Mid Atlantic Ridge (20 thousand km): South American and African Plate.
Pacific Ocean:
Pivdenno-Pacific, Antarctic plate and Indo-Australian
Indian Ocean:
Skhidno-Indian, plate Somal and Indo-Australian,
Western Indian (abo Australian), Somal and Antarctic plate
Pivnichny Ice Ocean
Middle Arctic ridge: Gakkel ridge (Eurasian and Pivnichno-American plate).
Food: To guide the butts of glibokovodnykh zholobіv and to stand on the cordons of the convergence of which lithospheric plates will stink?
View: Oceanic glibokovodnі zholobi- the process of lowering the bottom of the oceans in the transition zones between the mainland and the ocean, which represent the current geosinklinal structures. Glibina zholobiv more than 6000m. Zholobi roztashovuyutsya from the outer (oceanic) sides of the ridges of sharp arcs.
Zholobi: Aleutska - 7855 m, (Pacific - Pivnichno-American plate) Kuril-Kamchatsky - 9783 m (Eurasian and Pacific plate) Mariansky - 11022 m (Pacific and Fіlіppіnska - 102 m. practically in one month (Australian and Pacific plate)
Pitannya: Visnachte, in which from the oceans in the deep water in the gates of the oceanic bed, may there be any more changes? Guide the butts of the glide-water uglovin.
Suggestion: The basin is the price of lowering the bottom of the seas or the oceans in overly rounded outlines. Most of them are located in the Pacific Ocean.
Ulices: Pivnichno-skhidna (7168m.), Central (6957m.), Pivdenna, Bellinshauzena, Filippinska, Marianska (zadna і skidna), Karolіnska, (Fіdna іdesіdna), Melanska Guatemalan, Panamska, Peruanska, Chileyska.
Power supply and power supply:
Pitannya: Yak obsyag water and lay in the bottom of the ocean?
Suggestion: A lot of water in the ocean lies in the area and depth of the ocean.
Food: Store a report on the coverage of flow cycles.
Suggestion: In the polar zones, the water becomes colder, becomes more intense and sinks to the bottom. Everybody goes to get the answer. The waters are cold at all latitudes. Wind at the bottom of the water and keep the temperature just 1-2 ° above zero. So, since it is adequate for the flow of heat to bring water in the middle latitude, then at the same time, cold water more often flows from the mountain. On the surface, it warms up again, as it goes in the polar zone, de ostiga, sinks to the bottom and along the bottom again moves to an adequate level.
Thus, in the oceans there is a free circulation of water: on the surface, water collapses from the adequate in the polar zones and along the bottom of the oceans - from the polar zones to the adequate. The whole process of mixing up the order with the other appearances, about which the creature spoke, opens the unity of the Holy Ocean.
The main power to bring the surface of the water and the ocean into the ruff is є wind. To that, the surface of the current should be seen, de-perevazhayut three.
In the boundaries of the pivdennaya periphery of oceanic anticyclones pіvnіchnoі pіvkulіі pivnіchnіy periphery of anticyclones in pіvnіchnoі pіvkulі (center of anticyclones to rotate at 30 - 35 ° pіvnіchno і paternal latitude) There is a system of passages, before the inflow of which there is a set of forceful surface leaks, direct to the west (Pivnіchnі and Passatnі leaks). They move on their way to the continent's coastlines, while the current moves to the higher latitudes (Guianske, Brazilian and I.). In the middle latitudes (close to 40 °), they cross the western ones, before the current flow goes to the skid (Pivnichno-Atlantic, Pivnichno-Tikhookeansky and in.). At the lower parts of the oceans, between 40 and 20 ° in the winter and in the latitude of the current direction to the Evequor (Kanarska, Kalifornyyske, Bengelskoe, Peruvanska etc.). In such a rank, for private and for every day, from the oceans, a stable system of water circulation is established in the oceans, which is a gigantic anti-cyclonic circuit. So, in the Atlantic Ocean, the anti-cyclonic cycle runs from 5 to 50 ° Eastern latitude from 5 to 80 ° Western latitude. The center of the whole circuit will destroy the center of the Azores anticyclone in the west, explaining the improvement of the strength of the Coriolis in the latitude. Tse lead to the intensification of leaks in the remote parts of the oceans, but I can use it to form such strained leaks, like the Golfstrom in the Atlantic and Kuroshio in the Pacific Ocean.
Food: To provide the regions of the Svitovoy Ocean to become a source of security for people.
View: Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuriles, Uzbeks of the Pacific Ocean, Indonesia, Chile, Peru, Japan, Skhidna Java, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, Hawaiian Islands.
From the early latitudes of the oceans, the most ruinous cyclones will emerge
Pitannya: What are the links between the ecological problems of the oceans?
Vidpovid: With an uncontrolled viewpoint of ribs, sea creatures, sea dew (brown seaweed, eg lamina "sea cabbage"), obstructed by the ocean through the access of people, especially in the coastal corners